Animal The Definitive Visual Guide

MOLLUSKS 599

Class Cephalopoda to catch prey. In many species, other 3⁄8 – 3⁄4 in (1 – 2 cm) long, to giant and
modified arms are used by males to colossal squids. Many cephalopods
Cephalopods transfer spermatophores (sperm packets) breed only once and then die.
to the female. Cephalopods have a
Occurrence About 750 spp. worldwide; marine, in open rasping mouthpart (radula), a birdlike coiled, chambered shell
water and on or near seabed beak, a large brain, and well-developed
eyes. Many early cephalopods had SPIRULAS
Cephalopods include the largest, coiled, external shells, but among the These small creatures
fastest, and most intelligent of all existing species, only the nautiluses resembling cuttlefishes
invertebrates. Unlike other mollusks, show this characteristic. In all other are less than 23⁄4in
they have arms and tentacles (modified cephalopods, such as cuttlefishes, (7cm) long. Their bodies
arms), and they can move with speed squids, and octopuses, the shell is contain a coiled and
by a form of jet propulsion, which either internal or absent entirely.
involves squirting water out of the mantle Cephalopods vary greatly in size: from chambered shell that
cavity. The arms and tentacles are used tiny Idiosepius species, that are just acts as a float,

enabling them to
hang head down
in the water (see
right), at depths of up to 6,600ft (2,000m). Using
their small arms, they catch planktonic animals
that drift within reach. When they die, their shells
can float to the surface, and are often carried onto
the shore. Shells of the common spirula, Spirula
spirula, shown, are found on tropical beaches.

ribs end in
spiny knobs

NAUTILUSES I N V E R T E B R AT E S
Nautiluses are the only surviving cephalopods
GIANT SQUIDS
with a true external shell, which may be up to Members of the genus Architeuthis, distributed
8 in (20 cm) across. It contains a series of gas- worldwide, giant squids can be over 58 ft
filled chambers that act as a buoyancy device, (17 3⁄5 m) long. No giant squids has ever been PAPER NAUTILUS PACIFIC SQUIDS
and a large final chamber that houses the animal captured alive but they have been photographed. A species in the genus Argonauta, the Squids are torpedo-shaped hunters, with internal
itself. The pearly nautilus, Nautilus pompilius Their bodies are found on beaches, and their pantropical paper nautilus (shown above) is shells that are reduced to a small, horny “pen.”
undigested beaks in the guts of sperm whales. really a type of octopus. It is 8 in (20 cm) long. Some hunt alone, but many medium-sized
(above), lives in the Indo-Pacific. The breeding female has a superficial, nautilus- species—such as the Pacific Doryteuthis
opalescens, above, up to 8 in (20 cm) long—feed
like, thin shell—a case secreted by 2 of the in large schools. All swim by flapping their fins, or
arms—in which she broods the fertilized eggs. by jet propulsion. Squids have 2 long, prey-
CUTTLEFISHES catching tentacles that can be retracted, but not
Cuttlefishes have a flat, internal shell—the completely as in cuttlefishes.
familiar “cuttlebone” that is often washed up
on the shore. Their bodies are short
and broad, with 8 short arms and
2 much longer tentacles that
can shoot out to catch prey.
Cuttlefishes are known for
their ability to change
undulating fins color. The species shown HELICOCRANCHIA SP.
along sides here, Sepia officinalis, This small, semitransparent piglet squid is
is common around the found in deep water between 328 and 656 ft
eastern North Atlantic (100 – 200 m) in many of the world’s oceans.
and grows up to 12 in It has large light-producing organs below
(30 cm) long. each of its eyes, but little is known about
its behavior.

eyes similar COMMON OCTOPUS
to human eyes, Octopuses differ from cuttlefishes and squids in having more
used to spot prey rounded bodies, and in lacking the 2 long, prey-capturing tentacles,
like the Atlantic species on the left, Octopus vulgaris, 31⁄4 ft (1 m)
2 rows of powerful BLUE-RINGED OCTOPUS
suckers to grip objects long. But some “sail” bottom currents The blue-ringed octopus, Hapalochlaena
using a web of skin between the arms. lunulata, inhabits coral reefs in the Pacific
long arms Essentially they have no shell and and Indian oceans. It is small—4 in (10 cm)
to grasp prey the body is incredibly flexible. long—and beautiful, but has a venomous bite
that can kill humans in 15 minutes.

WUNDERPUS
PHOTOGENICUS
This octopus of Indo-
Pacific shallow waters was
described in 2006. It has
small, stalked eyes and a
distinctive white-spotted
pattern that becomes
more pronounced when
the animal is disturbed.
It preys on fishes and
invertebrates at twilight.

600 MOLLUSKS

Enteroctopus dolfeini octopuses, and fishes. Often it will
return to its den to feed, depositing
Giant Pacific octopus empty shells and other inedible
fragments of prey in piles at the
Occurrence 1 sp. in the north Pacific Ocean, down entrance. Like its relatives, this octopus
to depths of 2,500 ft (750 m); mostly on the seabed mostly lives alone, except for a brief
period (which may occur at any time
The largest species of octopus in the of the year) when adults come together
world, the giant Pacific octopus usually for mating. The male deposits sperm
grows to about 93⁄4 ft (3 m) in length and packets up to 31⁄4 ft (1 m) long in the
weighs up to 600 lb (272 kg). It lives on female’s mantle cavity, by means of
the rim of the north Pacific Ocean, from a specially modified arm. The female
Japan up to the Aleutian Islands and lays her eggs in a den, and will tend
south to California, where it crawls them until they hatch, which may
about on the bottom, using its long, take as long as 8 months,
sucker-covered arms. It seeks out rocky depending on the temperature
dens on the seabed, under boulders or of the water. She will not feed in
in crevices; youngsters will often dig all this time—and will die soon
holes under rocks in sand or gravel. after her young emerge. Lifespans
Here, the octopus can take refuge from range up to 4 years.
predators—seals, sea otters, sharks,
and other large fishes—too big to slip
through the den mouth. Foraging mainly
at night, this giant octopus looks
especially for crabs and lobsters, but
also takes shrimps and shellfish, smaller

I N V E R T E B R AT E S AGILE GIANT EMERGING YOUNG
The giant Pacific octopus As the eggs hatch, the mother
is remarkably agile for its size, “squirts” the young out of the den
its suckered arms enabling it to and they swim toward the surface.
move easily over the ocean floor, They will spend their first
and its flexible body squeezing few months among the
plankton before settling
through narrow openings. on the seabed.
saclike body

purplish pale 2 rows of
red skin underside suction pads
on each arm

DEFENSE AND ATTACK

When threatened, the
giant Pacific octopus
may change color,
or flee hidden by an
inky cloud. When it
catches prey, it grasps
it firmly and pulls it
apart, bites it open,
or breaks through the
shell with its beak.

FLEEING FROM DANGER
When a predator gives chase, the
octopus ejects an inky substance
that forms a dark cloud in the water.
Hidden from view, the octopus can
swiftly make its escape.

DEALING WITH A CRAB
Holding a crab firmly in its suckers,
the octopus makes a hole in the
shell with its beak, then injects saliva
to liquefy connective tissue so that
meat can be extracted.

DEVOTED MOTHER
The female lays many thousands of eggs and stays with them for
5 – 8 months, guarding them until they hatch. She continuously
washes them with a stream of water from her funnel, and
grooms them with her arms to keep them free of parasites.

601 I N V E R T E B R AT E S

602 ECHINODERMS

Echinoderms Movement

PHYLUM Echinodermata This group of marine invertebrates includes starfish, While sea lilies lead stationary WALKING
CLASSES 5 brittle stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. Their bodies lives on the seabed, most Sea urchins walk on the ocean
ORDERS 38 are typically spiny and usually divided into 5 equal other echinoderms are mobile. floor by moving water into and
parts arranged symmetrically around a central point. Starfish and sea urchins move out of their tube feet. These
FAMILIES 173 with their tube feet, spines, or extend beyond the spines and
All echinoderms have a skeleton (or test) made of the test itself. Sand dollars and grip the surface as the animal
sea cucumbers use their feet pulls itself along.
SPECIES About 7,000 calcium-carbonate plates. They also have a unique to burrow into the sediment.
PROTECTIVE SPINES
internal network, called the water-vascular Many echinoderms are protected
from predators by their long,
system, that helps them to move, feed, and take in oxygen. sharp spines. In the crown of
thorns starfish shown here, these
Echinoderms are mostly mobile, bottom-dwelling spines are also venomous. This
starfish feeds on coral polyps and
animals, found on shores, reefs, and the seabed. periodically destroys large areas
of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef.
Anatomy

Echinoderms have a wide range of external
shapes: their bodies may be drawn out into
arms (as in starfish), branched and feathery (as
in sea lilies), or spherical to cylindrical (as in sea
urchins and sea cucumbers). In most, spiny or
knoblike extensions of the skeleton project from
the body. The water-vascular system consists of
a network of canals and reservoirs, and tentacles
that form external appendages called tube feet.

I N V E R T E B R AT E S calcium-carbonate anus tube feet (cover BODY SECTION
plate whole body)
gonad spine An echinoderm’s
body consists of a
intestine mouthparts water-vascular canal central cavity enclosed by Feeding DEPOSIT FEEDING
calcium-carbonate plates, which either
fit together to form a rigid structure Most echinoderms feed on small organisms Sea cucumbers use small tentacles
(as in sea urchins) or remain separate (as or particles of organic matter. Some starfish, around their mouths to take in mud
in starfish). Echinoderms have no head however, are carnivores, and extend their and sediment, from which they extract
and no tail. The mouth is in the center of stomach over the prey, digesting it externally. food particles.
one surface (the oral end), and the anus, Most sea urchins are grazers that use
which is sometimes missing, is in the elements of their test as a series of teeth.
center of the opposite (aboral) surface.

Class Crinoidea which often branch repeatedly. All begin Class Asteroidea 40 arms, and others have arms so short
life attached to a slender stalk. Sea that the animal looks like a cushion.
Sea lilies and lilies, which inhabit depths of more than Starfish Starfish may swallow small prey whole;
feather stars 350 ft (100 m), remain attached to the some can extend their stomach through
stalk throughout their lives; in contrast, Occurrence over 1,600 spp. worldwide; on the seabed the mouth and onto larger animals and
Occurrence c.500 spp. worldwide; permanently feather stars break away from the stalk digest them externally. When feeding
or temporarily attached to the seabed when young and become free living. Thanks to their distinctive shape and on bivalves, they use powerful tube feet
Both forms resemble starfish in their abundance along coasts, starfish, also to pull the shell valves apart. Sizes vary
Sea lilies and feather stars belong to basic anatomy, except that their mouths called sea stars, are familiar marine from less than 3⁄4 in (2 cm) to 31⁄4 ft (1 m)
an ancient group of echinoderms, face upward. They feed on plankton, invertebrates. Most have a circular body in diameter. Starfish are famous for their
which are abundant as fossils. They caught by the tube feet on the arms that grades into 5 equal arms, but some ability to regenerate missing body parts
have rounded bodies and 5 arms, and passed to the mouth. The arms have more than such as lost arms.
may have a span of up to 28 in
(70 cm), and the stalks can reach long arms
31⁄4 ft (1 m) in length. Like some
other echinoderms, they are
able to regrow lost limbs. The
sexes are separate.

arms spread out tube feet on CULCITA NOVAEGUINEAE
to collect food undersides of arms This Southeast Asian species is a typical cushion
OXYCOMANTHUS BENNETTI LUIDIA CILIARIS star, about 10 in (25 cm) across, with arms that
Although stalked sea lilies dominate This seven-arm starfish has 7 long arms instead barely project from its body. Cushion stars can
the fossil record, most surviving forms of the standard 5. Up to 231⁄2 in (60 cm) across, be found in a variety of marine habitats, but
of crinoids are not permanently attached it lives on coarse sediments in the North Atlantic, are particularly common on reefs.
to the seabed, and some can even swim. where it feeds voraciously on other starfish, sea
Feather stars are filter feeders that occur urchins, and brittle stars.
in all seas, particularly on reefs. This
beautiful species has a crown of arms
up to 16 in (40 cm) across.

603

BLUE STARFISH
The blue starfish, Linckia laevigata, belongs to a group of
starfish with elongated snakelike arms. This Indo-Pacific
species is not always blue in color; a minority of individuals
are purple or orange. It lives just below the intertidal zone
and is often found in association with shrimps that feed
on detritus and mucus on the body of the starfish.

I N V E R T E B R AT E S

604 ECHINODERMS

Class Ophiuroidea echinoderms and, like many of their OPHIOTHRIX SPP. Class Holothuroidea
relatives, can regenerate their arms if These brittle stars may occur in dense
Brittle stars and these are lost. Unlike starfish, brittle aggregations on both rocky and sandy areas Sea cucumbers
basket-stars stars are either scavengers, feeding on of the seabed. They have a diameter of up to
dead animals, or suspension feeders, 8 in (20 cm). Their spine-fringed arms project Occurrence 1,800 spp. worldwide; almost all buried in
Occurrence 2,166 spp. worldwide; on the seabed collecting small particles of food drifting up into the water and filter feed. the seabed, or on the seabed surface
down to the seabed, helped by a sticky
Although they are often mistaken for mucus that is strung between the fine spines With their sausagelike shape and
starfish, brittle stars and basket-stars spines on their arms. Brittle stars are leathery texture, sea cucumbers look
form a separate and distinctive group of extremely abundant on some parts of very different from other echinoderms,
echinoderms. They have 5 long, narrow the ocean floor, forming writhing yet their internal anatomy is typical of
arms which, unlike those of starfish, are masses that contain millions of animals. this group, with organs present in sets
sharply demarcated from the small, In contrast, basket-stars feed on their of 5. They have 8 – 30 tube feet around
central disk. The disk measures up to own, holding their intricately divided the mouth, arranged in 5 rows; these
4 in (10 cm) across, while the entire body and branched arms at right are modified into finger- or bushlike
can be up to 20 in (50 cm) in diameter. angles to the current, so that feeding tentacles. Sea cucumbers
Brittle stars are the most mobile of all they can catch small animals vary from less than 11⁄4 in (3 cm) to 31⁄4 ft
drifting past. (1 m) in length. Some sea cucumbers
discharge sticky, sometimes toxic,
OPHIOTHRIX FRAGILIS threads through their anus;
This small, northern brittle star has a these can entangle a
small disk and 5 long, sinuous arms would-be predator.
with which it walks. Less than 6 in
(15 cm) in diameter, it is spiny all over.

I N V E R T E B R AT E S central disk sinuous arms PSEUDOCOLOCHIRUS VIOLACEUS
This brightly colored, reef-dwelling sea apple
ASTROBOA NUDA cucumber from the Indo-Pacific has a ring
Each arm of a basket-star branches repeatedly to give rise of branched tentacles around its mouth. After
to a mass of armlets up to 30 in (75 cm) in diameter. In the feeding, each tentacle in turn is inserted into
Indo-Pacific species shown above, each armlet ends in the mouth to be wiped clean. This animal
tendrils. At night, the basket of arms is held up into the is 4 in (10 cm) long.
water to catch small swimming animals.

Class Echinoidea is armed with the “Aristotle’s lantern”— spines and tube feet
a set of 5 large, calcareous plates that arranged in rows
Sea urchins work like jaws. After feeding, some ECHINUS ESCULENTUS
sea urchins return to refuges that The reproductive organs (gonads)
Occurrence 1,090 spp. worldwide; on or buried beneath they have excavated over a period of this large, edible sea urchin are
the seabed of time in soft rock; in the tropics, prized as food around the shores
pencil urchins use their extra-thick of the North Atlantic. It occurs down
Sea urchins typically have a spherical spines to wedge themselves into to depths of 3,300 ft (1,000 m), grazing
skeleton (test) of calcareous plates, crevices in coral reefs. The burrowing on animals and algae found on rocky
covered by movable spines. Five rows heart urchins and sand dollars are surfaces. This species measures
of tube feet—often hidden by the more disk shaped, and often have nearly 8 in (20 cm) in diameter.
spines—help these animals to creep very short spines, in some species
over rocks, so that they can graze on these look like backswept fur. Burrowing blunt, stout
algae and small animals. The mouth species are deposit feeders, mostly spines
is on the underside, in the center, and passing food to the mouth using the
tube feet and spines. Sea urchins are test
usually 21⁄4 – 43⁄4 in (6 – 12 cm) in diameter, PENCIL URCHINS
but some can grow to 14 in (35 cm). Phyllacanthus imperialis (right),
found in the Indo-Pacific, has only
a few blunt but very stout spines,
which are often covered by colonies
of encrusting organisms. Up to 6 in
(15 cm) in diameter, the spherical
test is easily visible
between the spines.

DIADEMA SP. SAND DOLLARS
These warm-water sea urchins, 12 in (30 cm) in Burrowing sea urchins such as this five-notched sand
diameter, have long, thin, brittle spines covered dollar lack the spherical test and long spines of other
by glandular tissue that secretes a poisonous species. Like the tropical species pictured, Encope
substance, which can cause severe irritation michelini, they have flattened tests, up to 6in
to human skin. Small fishes and crustaceans (15cm) across, with a slight dome and short spines.
often live among the sea urchin’s spines,
which offer them protection from predators.

INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES 605

Invertebrate chordates

PHYLUM Chordata Chordates are animals that have an internal skeletal
SUB PHYLA Urochordata rod, called a notochord. Most chordates are vertebrates,
in which the notochord is largely replaced by interlocking
Cephalochordata vertebrae. However, there 2 groups of chordates—the
CLASSES 5 tunicates and lancelets—that have no vertebral
ORDERS 9 column and are therefore classified as invertebrates.
FAMILIES 38 Both the tunicates and lancelets are marine
SPECIES About 3,000 animals. Most tunicates have a bag-shaped
body, while lancelets have a long, narrow,
rigid body.

Anatomy

Adult lancelets and lampreys retain their notochord, while in

tunicates, it is present only in the larval stage. All species (apart

from some tunicates) also have a hollow nerve cord above the

notochord, a muscular tail (although in some species this is branchial
found only in the larvae), and a perforated throat (or siphon
pharynx). In tunicates and lancelets, the pharynx

forms an internal filtering mechanism to trap pharynx

particles of food: water enters through a

mouthlike opening (known as the branchial tunic atrial
siphon
siphon) and leaves via openings that direction
extend through to the body surface. of water BODY SECTION
movement

notochord nerve cord intestines Most tunicates (left) are filter feeders that live TUNICATE COLONIES I N V E R T E B R AT E S
attached to the seabed. Water enters through
Colonies of tunicates often form a brightly
the mouth and leaves through an opening colored mass on the ocean floor. Although the
individual members of the colony have separate
called the atrium. The body of a lancelet (far mouths, they sometimes share an opening for
expelling water and waste products.
muscles left) is specialized for swimming: it is long,

pharynx LANCELET atrium anus TUNICATE narrow, flexible, and muscular.

Class Ascidiacea Class Thaliacea Class Leptocardia

Sea squirts Pelagic tunicates Lancelets

Occurrence 2,800 spp. worldwide; attached to coastal Occurrence 78 spp. worldwide; planktonic in ocean Occurrence 30 spp. in tropical and temperate zones;
rocks and the seabed in shallow sand or gravel

Sea squirts are baglike tunicates that This class of tunicates contains Lancelets are small—usually around 2 in
free-living organisms, drifting among (5 cm) long—semi-transparent animals
live fastened to coastal rocks or to the the plankton in the open sea, that have with several vertebratelike features. As
inhalant and exhalant openings at well as a notochord, they have gill-like
seabed. Some species are predators, BOTRYLLUS SCHLOSSERI opposite ends of their test. Like sea pharyngeal slits, a single dorsal fin,
In some sea squirt colonies, such as the one squirts, pelagic tunicates have and—like many fish—muscle blocks
but most feed by pumping water above, the zooids are arranged so that each a large, perforated pharynx, which arranged in V-shaped patterns down
has its own site of water intake, but groups occupies most of the body mass. the body. Lancelets also have small
through a mesh-lined pharynx, which share a communal water exit. In this widespread There are 2 basic kinds: pyrosomes, tentacles around the mouth. They suck
species, the groups are arranged in star which are colonial, and salps and in water and food particles by beating
filters out particles of food. The water patterns, and the color of the zooids—which doliolids, which have alternating microscopic hairs (cilia) that line their
are just 1⁄16 in (2 mm) across—contrasts with phases of solitary and colonial pharyngeal slits. The sexes are
is drawn in through one tube, the the colony’s jellylike matrix. existence. Individuals in the colony separate, and they reproduce by
(zooids) are up to 10 in (25 cm) long, external fertilization. In some places,
inhalant siphon or mouth, and expelled tunic, or test, of cellulose-like material. but some complete colonies may they are caught for food.
Sea squirts are sometimes solitary, but exceed 46 ft (14 m) in length.
through another, the exhalant siphon many species form colonies, in which BRANCHIOSTOMA LANCEOLATUM
individual animals (zooids) are arranged PYROSOMA ATLANTICUM This European species grows up to 2 in (5 cm)
or atrium. The body is surrounded in groups and the exhalant siphon This colonial, luminescent, warm-water long. Like all lancelets, it swims by wiggling
is shared. The zooids range from pyrosome, measuring more than 31⁄4 ft (1 m) in its body from side to side. In its normal feeding
by a large, thick, spherical 1⁄32 – 231⁄2 in (0.1 ) to 60 cm in height, length, resembles a giant planktonic test tube. position, most of its body is buried, with just
while colonies may reach several It filters food from the water, and uses its watery its head projecting out of the seabed.
to cylindrical mouth yards high or across. Sea squirts are “exhaust” to propel itself slowly through the sea.
often of particular interest because of
atrium their affinities with vertebrate chordates.
As adults, the pharynx is their only
POLYCARPA AURATA visible chordate feature, but sea squirt
This solitary sea squirt from the Indo-Pacific is larvae (which look like tadpoles) have
covered by a thick, leathery, sometimes brightly a tail that contains a notochord and a
colored, protective test or tunic, 3⁄4 – 6 in hollow, dorsal nerve cord—both
(2–15 cm) high. Two siphons project from it, and vertebrate characteristics.
these are the entry and exit sites of the water
current from which the animal filters its food.

606 GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

A BLOWHOLE The nostrils of whales and CEPHALOTHORAX In some arthropods, a are a common feature of arthropods.
their relatives, positioned on top of the part of the body that combines the head The number of compartments they
ABDOMEN The hind part of the body, head. Blowholes can be single or paired. and the thorax. Animals that have a contain varies from a few dozen
lying below the rib cage in mammals, cephalothorax include crustaceans to thousands.
and behind the thorax in arthropods. BREACHING Leaping out of the water and arachnids.
(usually the sea), and landing back CORNICLE In aphids, one of the pair
ADIPOSE FIN A small fin lying between in it with a splash. Breaching is a CERCUS (pl. CERCI) A paired, hairlike of narrow tubes at the end of the
the dorsal and caudal (tail) fins of characteristic form of behavior shown appendage that is attached to the end abdomen. The cornicles secrete wax
some fishes. by many large whales. of the abdomen in some invertebrates, that helps protect aphids from some
particularly insects. predators and parasites.
AMPLEXUS A breeding position adopted by BREEDING COLONY A large gathering
frogs and toads, with the male using its of nesting birds. CHAETA (pl. CHAETAE) A short, stiff hair COSTAL Relating to an animal’s ribs.
front legs to hold the female. Fertilization or bristle, found in many invertebrates.
usually occurs outside the female’s body. BROOD PARASITE An animal—often a Chaetae sometimes have a sensory COVERT A feather that covers the base
bird—that tricks other species into raising function, but in annelid worms, they of a bird’s flight feather.
ANTENNA (pl. ANTENNAE) A sensory feeler its young. In many cases, a young brood are more often used in movement.
on the head of an arthropod. Antennae parasite kills all its nest-mates, so that it CREMASTER A collection of minute hooks
always occur in pairs, and they can has sole access to all the food that its CHEEK TOOTH see Molar tooth, Premolar on the hind end of a butterfly or moth
be sensitive to touch, sound, heat, foster parents provide. tooth. pupa. The pupa hangs by these hooks
and also taste. Their size and shape from a solid support.
varies according to the way in which BROWSING Feeding on the leaves of trees CHELICERA (pl. CHELICERAE) In arachnids,
they are used. and shrubs, rather than on grasses. See each one of the first pair of appendages, CRYPTIC COLORATION Coloration and
also Grazing. at the front of the body. Chelicerae often markings that make an animal difficult
ANTLER A bony growth on the head of end in pincers, and in spiders they are to see against its background.
deer. Unlike horns, antlers often branch, C able to inject venom. In mites, they are
and in most cases they are grown and sharply pointed, and are used for D
shed every year, in a cycle linked to CALCAREOUS Containing calcium. piercing food.
the breeding season. Calcareous structures—such as shells, DELAYED IMPLANTATION In mammals,
exoskeletons, and bones—are formed CHORDATE An animal belonging to the a delay between fertilization of an egg
ARBOREAL Living fully or partly in trees. by many animals, either for support or phylum Chordata, which includes all and the subsequent development of an
for protection. vertebrates. A key feature of chordates is embryo, which allows birth to occur
ARTICULATION A joint—for example, their notochord, which runs the length of when conditions are favorable for
between adjacent bones. CAMOUFLAGE Colors or patterns their bodies; it reinforces the body, yet raising young.
that enable an animal to merge with allows it to move by bending.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION A form its background. Camouflage is very DEPOSIT FEEDER An animal that feeds on
of reproduction that involves just one widespread in the animal kingdom— CHRYSALIS A hard and often shiny case small specks of organic matter that have
organism. Asexual reproduction is particularly among invertebrates—and that protects an insect pupa. Chrysalises drifted down through water, and settled
most common in invertebrates, and is is used both for protection against are often found attached to plants, or on the bottom.
used as a way of boosting numbers predators, and for concealment when buried close to the surface of the soil.
quickly in favorable conditions. See also approaching prey. See also Mimicry, DETRITIVORE An animal that eats dead
Sexual reproduction. Cryptic coloration. CLASPERS see Pelvic spurs. plant or animal matter.

ATRIUM A hollow entrance chamber. CANINE TOOTH In mammals, a tooth with CLASS A level used in classification. In the DEWLAP A fold of loose skin hanging from
a single sharp point that is shaped for sequence of classification levels, a class an animal’s throat.
B piercing and gripping. Canine teeth are forms part of a phylum, and is subdivided
toward the front of the jaws, and are into one or more orders. DIASTEMA A wide gap separating rows
BACULUM A bone found in the penis of highly developed in carnivores. of teeth. In plant-eating mammals, the
some mammals. CLOACA An opening toward the rear of the diastema separates the biting teeth, at
CARAPACE A hard shield on the back body that is shared by several body the front of the jaw, from the chewing
BALEEN A fibrous substance used by some of an animal’s body. systems. In some vertebrates—such as teeth at the rear. In many rodents, the
whales for filtering food from water. Baleen bony fishes and amphibians—the gut, cheeks can be folded into the diastema,
grows in the form of plates with frayed CARNASSIAL TOOTH In mammalian kidneys, and reproductive systems all to shut off the back of the mouth while
inner edges, which hang from a whale’s carnivores, a bladelike cheek tooth that use this single opening. the animal is gnawing.
upper jaw. The baleen plates trap food, has evolved for slicing through flesh.
which the whale then swallows. CLOVEN-HOOFED Having hooves that DIGIT A finger or toe.
CARNIVORE Any animal that eats meat. look as if they are split in 2. Most cloven-
BARBEL A sensory appendage attached The word carnivore can also be used in a hoofed mammals, such as deer and DIGITIGRADE A gait in which only the
to an animal’s lips or near its mouth. Many more restricted sense, to mean mammals antelope, actually have 2 hooves, fingers or toes touch the ground. See
bottom-dwelling fishes have barbels, in the order Carnivora. arranged on either side of a line that also Plantigrade, Unguligrade.
which they use for finding food hidden on divides the foot in 2.
gravel or in mud. CARRION The remains of dead animals. DIURNAL Active during the day.
COCOON A case made of open, woven
BEAK A set of narrow, protruding jaws, CARTILAGE A rubbery substance that silk. Many insects spin a cocoon before DOMESTICATED Relating to an animal that
usually without teeth. Beaks have forms part of vertebrate skeletons. In most they begin pupation, and many spiders lives fully or partly under human control.
evolved separately in many groups of vertebrates, cartilage lines the joints, but spin one to hold their eggs. See also Pupa. Some domesticated animals look identical
vertebrates, including tortoises and in cartilaginous fishes—for example, to their wild counterparts, but many have
turtles, and some whales. sharks—it forms the whole of the COLD-BLOODED see Ectothermic. been bred to produce artificial varieties
skeleton. (breeds), which are not found in nature.
BILATERAL SYMMETRY A form of COLONY A group of animals, belonging See also Feral.
symmetry in which the body consists of CASQUE A bony growth on the head to the same species, that spend their
2 equal halves, on either side of a midline. of an animal. lives together, often dividing up the tasks DORSAL On or near an animal’s back.
Most animals show this kind of symmetry. involved in survival. In some colonial
CAUDAL Relating to an animal’s tail. species, particularly aquatic invertebrates, DREY The nest of a squirrel, which is built
BILL A bird’s jaws. A bill is made of bone, the colony members are permanently in a tree.
with a hornlike outer covering. CECUM A blind-ended part of the digestive fastened together. In others, such as
tract, which is often used in the digestion ants, bees, and wasps, members forage E
BINOCULAR VISION Vision in which the of plant food. for food independently, but live in the
2 eyes face fully or partly forward, giving same nest. ECHOLOCATION A method of sensing
overlapping fields of view. This allows an CELLULOSE A complex carbohydrate nearby objects by using pulses of high-
animal to judge depth. found in plants. Cellulose is used by COMMENSALISM A partnership between frequency sound. Echoes bounce back
plants as a building material, and it has a 2 organisms of different species, in which from obstacles and other animals,
BIOME A characteristic grouping of living resilient chemical structure that animals one benefits, but the other neither gains allowing the sender to build up a “picture”
things, together with the setting in which find hard to break down. Plant-eating nor loses. of its surroundings. Echolocation is used
they are found. animals, such as ruminants, digest it with by several groups of animals, including
the help of microorganisms. COMPOUND EYE An eye that is divided
BIPEDAL Moving on 2 legs. into separate compartments, each with
its own set of lenses. Compound eyes

GLOSSARY 607

mammals and a small number of cave- from domesticated stock, but that has interval between fertilization and birth, JK
dwelling birds. subsequently taken up life in the wild. when the developing young is nourished
Common examples include city pigeons, by the mother via the placenta. JACOBSON’S ORGAN An organ in the roof
ECLIPSE PLUMAGE In some birds, cats, and horses. of the mouth that is sensitive to airborne
particularly waterfowl, an unobtrusive GILL An organ used for extracting oxygen scents. Snakes often employ this organ
plumage adopted by the males once the FERTILIZATION The union of an egg cell from water. Gills are usually positioned on to detect their prey, while some male
breeding season is over. and sperm, which creates a cell capable or near the head, or—in aquatic insects— mammals use it to find females that are
of developing into a new animal. In at the end of the abdomen. ready to mate.
ECOSYSTEM A collection of species living external fertilization, the process occurs
in the same habitat, together with their outside the body (usually in water), but in GONAD A male or female sex organ. KEEL In birds, an enlargement of the
physical surroundings. internal fertilization, it takes place in the breastbone that anchors the muscles
female’s reproductive system. GRAZING Feeding on grass. See also used in flight.
ECTOPARASITE An animal that lives Browsing.
parasitically on the surface of another FETUS A developing animal that is partly KERATIN A tough structural protein found
animal’s body, often by sucking its blood. formed, and approaching the time when GUARD HAIR A long hair in a mammal’s in hair, claws, and horns.
Some ectoparasites spend all their lives it will be born. coat, which projects beyond the underfur
on their hosts, but many—including fleas to protect it and help keep it dry. KINGDOM In classification, one of
and ticks—develop elsewhere, and climb FILTER FEEDER An animal that eats by the 6 fundamental divisions of the
onto the host in order to feed. sieving small food items from water. Many H natural world.
invertebrate filter feeders, such as bivalve
ECTOTHERMIC Having a body temperature mollusks and sea squirts, are sessile HALTERES In true flies, the 2 knoblike L
that is dictated principally by the animals that collect food by pumping organs that act like gyroscopes during
temperature of the surroundings. Also water through or across their bodies. flight, helping flies maneuver with great LARVA (pl. LARVAE) An immature but
known as cold-blooded. Vertebrate filter feeders, such as baleen precision. Halteres are modified hindwings. independent animal that looks completely
whales, collect their food by trapping it different from an adult. A larva develops
ELYTRON (pl. ELYTRA) A hardened forewing while they are on the move. HEAT PITS Heat-sensitive depressions that the adult shape by metamorphosis; in
in beetles, earwigs, and some bugs. some snakes have above the front of the many insects, the change takes place in
The 2 elytra usually fit together like a FLAGELLUM (pl. FLAGELLA) A long, hairlike upper jaw. These pits detect heat from a resting stage that is called a pupa.
case, protecting the more delicate hind projection from a cell. A flagellum can flick warm-blooded animals, allowing the
wings underneath. from side to side, moving the cell along. snakes to hunt in darkness. LATERAL-LINE SYSTEM A sensory system
Sperm cells use flagella to swim. in fishes and some amphibians that
EMBRYO A young animal or plant in HERBIVORE An animal that feeds detects pressure waves traveling through
a rudimentary stage of development. FLEHMEN RESPONSE A characteristic on plants or plantlike plankton. water, allowing the animal to sense
curling of the upper lip shown by many movement. The system consists of
ENDOPARASITE An animal that lives male mammals to enhance a scent by HERMAPHRODITE An animal that has both sensors arranged in a line along both
parasitically inside another animal’s body, pressing air into the Jacobson’s organ. male and female sex organs, so it can sides of the body.
either feeding directly on its tissues or fertilize itself. See also Sequential
stealing some of its food. Endoparasites FLIGHT FEATHERS A bird’s wing and tail hermaphrodite. LEK A communal display area used by
frequently have complex life cycles, feathers, used in flight. male animals—particularly birds—during
involving more than one host. HIBERNATION A period of dormancy in courtship. The same location is often
FLIPPER In aquatic mammals, a paddle- winter. During hibernation, an animal’s revisited for many years.
ENDOSKELETON An internal skeleton, shaped limb. See also Fluke. body processes drop to a low level.
typically made of bone. Unlike an LOPHOPHORE A crest of short tentacles
exoskeleton, this kind of skeleton can FLUKE A rubbery tail flipper in whales and HOME RANGE The area that an animal, found in bryozoans and some other
grow in step with the rest of the body. their relatives. Unlike the tail fins of fishes, or group of animals, uses in its daily marine invertebrates.
flukes are horizontal, and they beat up activities—for example, when foraging for
ENDOTHERMIC Able to maintain a and down instead of side to side. food. See also Territory. M
constant, warm body temperature,
regardless of external conditions. Also FOOD CHAIN A food pathway that links HORN In mammals, a pointed growth on MANDIBLE The paired jaws of an
known as warm-blooded. 2 or more different species in that each the head. True horns are hollow sheaths arthropod, or a bone that makes up
forms food for the next species higher of keratin, covering a bony horn core. all or part of the lower jaw in vertebrates.
EPIPHYTE A plant that grows off the up in the chain. In land-based food
ground, often in the branches of trees. chains, the first link is usually a plant. In HOST An animal on or in which a MANTLE In mollusks, an outer fold of skin
In the tropics, epiphytes create important aquatic food chains, it is usually an alga parasite feeds. covering the mantle cavity.
microhabitats for many animals, or other form of single-celled life. See also
particularly insects and amphibians. Food web. HYPERPARASITE A parasite that attacks MANTLE CAVITY In mollusks, a cavity
another parasite. between the mantle and the rest of the
ESTIVATION A period of dormancy in hot or FOOD WEB A collection of food chains body. The cavity is filled with water in
dry weather. Estivation is common in from a particular habitat. In a food web, I aquatic mollusks, and often contains
animals that live in the subtropics, where each species is often involved in several the gills.
there is a long dry season each year. different food chains. INCISOR TOOTH In mammals, a tooth at
the front of the jaw, used in biting, slicing, MEDUSA In cnidarians, a bell-shaped
EVERSIBLE Capable of being turned FORM A depression in the ground used or gnawing. body form, which is often free-living.
inside out. by hares for concealing themselves or During the complete life cycle, this form
their young. INCUBATION In birds, the period when a may alternate with a form called a polyp,
EXOSKELETON An external skeleton that parent sits on the eggs and warms them, which is often fixed in one place.
supports and protects an animal’s body. FOSSA (pl. FOSSAE) A pit or depression—for allowing them to develop. Incubation
The most complex exoskeletons, formed example, in an animal’s skull. periods range from under 14 days to MELON A bulbous swelling in the heads
by arthropods, consist of rigid plates that several months. of many toothed whales. The melon is
meet at flexible joints. This kind of FOSSORIAL Burrowing underground. filled with a fatty fluid, and is believed to
skeleton cannot grow, and has to be INSECTIVORE An animal that eats insects. focus the sounds used in echolocation.
shed and replaced (ecdysis) at periodic FRUGIVOROUS Fruit-eating.
intervals. See also Endoskeleton. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION In METABOLISM The complete array of
FURCULA The forked, springlike organ reproduction, a form of fertilization that chemical processes that take place inside
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION In attached to a springtail’s abdomen. takes place inside the female’s body. an animal’s body. Some of these
reproduction, a form of fertilization that Internal fertilization is a characteristic of processes release energy by breaking
takes place outside the female’s body, G many land animals, including insects and down food, while others use energy by
usually in water. vertebrates. See also External fertilization. making muscles contract.
GALL A tumorlike growth in a plant that
F is induced by an animal (typically an INTRODUCED SPECIES A species that METACARPAL In 4-limbed animals, one
insect) or some other organism. By humans have accidentally or deliberately of a set of bones in the front leg or arm,
FAMILY A level used in classification. In the triggering the formation of galls, animals brought into an ecosystem in which it forming a joint with a digit distally. In most
sequence of classification levels, a family provide themselves with a safe hiding does not naturally occur. primates, the metacarpals form the palm
forms part of an order, and is subdivided place, and a convenient source of food. of the hand.
into one or more genera. INVERTEBRATE An animal without a
GENUS (pl. GENERA) A level used in backbone. METAMORPHOSIS A change in body
FEMUR (pl. FEMORA) The thigh bone in classification. In the sequence of shape shown by many animals—
4-limbed vertebrates. In insects, the classification levels, a genus forms part IRRUPTION A sporadic mass movement
femur is the third segment of the leg, of a family, and is subdivided into one of animals outside their normal range.
immediately above the tibia. or more species. Irruptions are usually short-lived, and
occur in response to severe conditions,
FERAL Relating to an animal that comes GESTATION PERIOD In mammals, the such as winter cold.

608 GLOSSARY

particularly invertebrates—as they grow NOTOCHORD A reinforcing rod that runs Parapodia are used for moving, or for PHOTOSYNTHESIS A collection of
from juvenile to adult. In insects, the length of the body. The notochord is pumping water past the body. chemical processes that enable plants to
metamorphosis can be complete or a distinctive feature of chordates, although capture the energy in sunlight and convert
incomplete. Complete metamorphosis in some it is present only in early life. In PARASITE An animal that lives on or inside it into chemical form.
involves a total reorganization of the vertebrates, the notochord becomes another animal, and that feeds either on
organism during a resting stage, called incorporated in the backbone during its host animal or on food that its host has PHYLUM (pl. PHYLA) A level used in
a pupa. Incomplete metamorphosis the development of the embryo. swallowed. The majority of parasites are classification. In the sequence of
embraces a series of less drastic much smaller than their hosts, and many classification levels, a phylum forms part
changes; these occur each time NUCHAL CREST A crest at the nape of have complex life cycles involving the of a kingdom, and is subdivided into
the young animal molts. See also the neck. production of huge numbers of eggs. one or more classes.
Larva, Nymph. Parasites often weaken their hosts, but
NYMPH An immature insect that looks generally do not kill them. See also PINNA (pl. PINNAE) The external ear flaps
METATARSAL In 4-limbed animals, one similar to its parents but that does not Ectoparasite, Endoparasite, Parasitoid. found in mammals.
of a set of bones in the hindleg, forming a have functioning wings or reproductive
joint with a digit distally. In most primates, organs. A nymph develops the adult PARASITOID An animal that is a parasite PLACENTA An organ developed by an
the metacarpals form the sole of the foot. shape by metamorphosis, changing during its early life but that becomes embryo animal that allows it to absorb
slightly each time it molts. free-living as an adult. Parasitoids are nutrients and oxygen from its mother’s
METATHORAX The second segment of an common among insects. Unlike true bloodstream, before it is born. Young
insect’s thorax. O parasites, parasitoids usually kill their that grow in this way are known as
hosts—typically by eating them. placental mammals.
MIGRATION A journey to a different region, OCELLUS (pl. OCELLI) In insects, a small
following a well-defined route. Most simple eye that detects overall levels of PARATOID GLAND In amphibians, a gland PLACENTAL MAMMAL see Placenta.
animals that migrate do so in step light. Many insects have 3 ocelli, behind the eyes that secretes poison onto
with the seasons, so they can take positioned in a cluster on top of the head. the surface of the skin. PLANKTON Floating organisms—many
advantage of good breeding conditions of them microscopic—that drift in open
in one place, and good wintering ones OLD WORLD Europe, Asia, Africa, and PARTHENOGENESIS A form of water, particularly near the surface of
in another. See also Partial migrant. Australasia. reproduction in which an egg cell the sea. Planktonic organisms can often
develops into a young animal without move, but most are too small to make
MIMICRY A form of camouflage in which OMNIVORE An animal that eats both plant having to be fertilized. Parthenogenesis is any headway against strong currents.
an animal resembles another animal or an and animal food. common in invertebrates, and it produces Planktonic animals are collectively known
inanimate object, such as a twig or a leaf. offspring that are genetically identical as zooplankton.
Mimicry is very common in insects, with OOTHECA (pl. OOTHECAE) An insect egg to the parent. In animals that have
many harmless species imitating ones case. In some insects—for example, separate sexes, young produced by PLANTIGRADE A gait in which the sole of
that have dangerous bites or stings. cockroaches—the ootheca has a thin parthenogenesis are always female. the foot is in contact with the ground. See
covering, but in others, it is surrounded also Digitigrade, Unguligrade.
MOLAR TOOTH In mammals, a tooth at the by a jacket of foam that hardens soon PARTIAL MIGRANT A species in which
rear of the jaw. Molar teeth may have a after it has been produced. some populations migrate, while others PLASTRON The lower part of the shell in
flattened or ridged surface for chewing are sedentary. This situation is common tortoises and turtles.
vegetation. The sharper molar teeth of OPERCULUM A cover or lid. In some in birds with a wide distribution, because
meat-eaters cut through hide and bone. gastropod mollusks, an operculum is used the different populations often experience POLYANDROUS Relating to a reproductive
to seal the shell when the animal has very different climatic conditions. See system, rare in the animal kingdom, in
MOLT Shedding fur, feathers, or skin so withdrawn inside. In bony fishes, an also Migration. which females mate with several males
that it can be replaced. Mammals and operculum on each side of the body during the course of a single breeding
birds molt to keep their fur and feathers in protects the chamber containing the gills. PATAGIUM In bats, the flap of double-sided season, and the male takes care of the
good condition, to adjust their insulation, skin that forms the wing. This term is also young; seen only in some fishes and
or so that they can be ready to breed. ORDER A level used in classification. In the used for the parachute-like skin flaps of some shorebirds.
Arthropods—such as insects—molt in sequence of classification levels, an order colugos and other gliding mammals.
order to grow. forms part of a class, and is subdivided POLYGAMOUS Relating to a reproductive
into one or more families. PECTORAL FIN One of the 2 paired fins system in which individuals mate with
MONOGAMOUS Mating with a single positioned toward the front of a fishes’s more than one partner during the course
partner, either during the course of one ORGAN A structure in the body, composed body, often just behind its head. Pectoral of a single breeding season.
breeding season or throughout life. of several kinds of tissues, that carries out fins are usually highly mobile and are
Monogamous partnerships are common specific tasks. normally used for maneuevring. POLYGYNOUS Relating to a reproductive
in animals that care for their young. system in which males often mate with
OSSICLE A minute bone. The ear ossicles PECTORAL GIRDLE In 4-limbed several females during the course of a
MORPH A physical variant of a species, of mammals, which transmit sound from vertebrates, the collection of bones that single breeding season.
sometimes known as a phase. Some the eardrum to the inner ear, are the anchors the front limbs to the backbone.
species have several clearly defined smallest bones in the body. In most mammals, the pectoral girdle POLYMORPHIC Relating to a species that
morphs, which may differ in color or consists of 2 clavicles, or collarbones, and occurs in several different forms, known
patterning. See also Polymorphic. OVIPAROUS Reproducing by laying eggs. 2 scapulae, or shoulder blades. as morphs. The morphs may be
See also Ovoviviparous, Viviparous. geographically separated, so that there
MUTUALISM Two organisms that interact PEDIPALPS In arachnids, the second pair is only one in any particular place, or
to the mutual benefit of both. OVIPOSITOR In female insects, an organ at of appendages, near the front of the body. they may occur together, often in set
the end of the abdomen, used for laying Depending on the species, they are proportions. Morphs persist even
N eggs. The ovipositor often has a tubular used for walking, sperm transfer, or though parents from different morphs
or bladelike shape, so that it can insert attacking prey. often interbreed.
NEUROTOXIN A substance that deactivates the eggs in the ground, in plants, or in
nerves or that disrupts the way that they other animals. In some insects, the PELVIC FINS The rear paired fins in fishes, POLYP In cnidarians, a body form that
work. Neurotoxins can be lethal in very ovipositor is modified to form a sting. which are normally positioned close to the has a hollow cylindrical trunk, ending
small amounts. They are found in snake underside, sometimes near the head but in a central mouth surrounded by a
venom and in poisons produced by some OVOVIVIPAROUS Reproducing with eggs more often toward the tail. Pelvic fins are circle of tentacles. Polyps are frequently
other animals, such as frogs, toads, that hatch within the female’s body so generally used as stabilizers. attached to solid objects by their base.
fishes, and insects. the young one is born alive. The eggs See also Medusa.
contain all the nutrients that the embryos PELVIC GIRDLE In 4-limbed vertebrates,
NEW WORLD The Americas. need, and there is no direct connection the collection of bones that anchors the PREDATOR An animal that catches and kills
between them and the mother. See also front limbs to the backbone. The bones of others, known as its prey. Some predators
NICHE An animal’s place and role in its Oviparous, Viviparous. the pelvic girdle are often fused, forming a catch their prey by lying in wait, but most
habitat. Although 2 species may share weight-bearing ring called the pelvis. actively pursue and attack other animals.
the same habitat, they never share the P
same niche. PELVIC SPURS Spurs near the rear of the PREHENSILE Able to curl around objects
PAPILLA (pl. PAPILLAE) A small, fleshy body that some male sharks and rays use and grip them.
NICTITATING MEMBRANE In birds and protruberance on an animal’s body. during mating. Also known as claspers.
many reptiles—apart from snakes—a Papillae often have a sensory function— PREMOLAR TOOTH In mammals, a tooth
transparent or semiopaque “third for example, detecting chemicals that help PHASE see Morph. positioned midway along the jaw, between
eyelid,” which moves sideways across pinpoint food. the canines and the molars.
the eye. Aquatic birds often use the PHEROMONE A chemical produced by
membrane as an aid to vision when PARAPODIUM (pl. PARAPODIA) A leg- or one animal that has an effect on other PREPUPA (pl. PREPUPAE) A resting stage
swimming underwater. paddlelike flap found in some worms. members of its species. Pheromones that some insects pass through before
are often volatile substances that spread forming a pupa.
NOCTURNAL Active at night. through the air, triggering a response from
animals some distance away. PREY Any animal that is eaten by a
predator.

PROBOSCIS An animal’s nose, or a set of

GLOSSARY 609

mouthparts with a noselike shape. In SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITE An SUBCLASS A level used in classification, TUSK In mammals, a modified tooth that
insects that feed on fluids, the proboscis animal with both male and female sex between a class and an order. often projects outside the mouth. Tusks
is often long and slender, and can usually organs that mature at different times. have a variety of uses, including defense
be stowed away when not in use. SUBFAMILY A level used in classification, and digging up food. In some species,
SESSILE Fastened to a solid surface, between a family and a genus. only the males have them—in which case,
PRONOTUM The upper surface of the front instead of being able to move from place their use is often for sexual display.
segment in an insect’s thorax. In some to place. Most sessile animals are SUBORDER A level used in classification,
insects, it is expanded to form a shield. invertebrates that live in water. between an order and a family. TYMBAL ORGAN A drumlike organ
on a cicada’s body that can vibrate to
PROTHORAX The front segment of an SEXUAL DIMORPHISM Showing physical SUBSPECIES see Species. produce a piercing sound. The 2 tymbal
insect’s thorax. differences between males and females. In organs are on either side of the abdomen.
animals that have separate sexes, males SUSPENSION FEEDER An animal that
PTEROSTIGMA A small, colored spot near and females always differ, but in highly feeds on particles of organic matter that TYMPANUM The external ear membrane
the leading edge on some insects’ wings. dimorphic species, such as elephant are suspended in water. Suspension of frogs.
seals, the 2 sexes look very different and feeders include brittlestars, some
PULMONATE Having lungs. Pulmonate are often quite unequal in size.Many other cnidarians, and many annelid worms. U
mollusks are air-breathing species that species, particularly among the butterflies,
often live on land. fishes, and birds, show differences in color SWIM BLADDER A gas-filled bladder UNDERFUR The dense fur that makes up
between the two sexes. that most bony fishes use to regulate their the innermost part of a mammal’s coat.
PUPA (pl. PUPAE) In insects, a stage during buoyancy. By adjusting the gas pressure Underfur is usually soft, and is a good
which the larval body is broken down, SEXUAL REPRODUCTION A form of inside the bladder, a fishes can become insulator. See also Guard hair.
and rebuilt as an adult. During the pupal reproduction that involves fertilization neutrally buoyant, meaning that it neither
stage, the insect does not feed and of a female cell or egg, by a male cell or rises nor sinks in the water column. UNGULIGRADE A gait in which only
usually cannot move, although some sperm. This is by far the most common the hooves touch the ground. See
pupae may wriggle if they are touched. form of reproduction in animals. It SYMBIOSIS Any partnership between also Digitigrade, Plantigrade.
The pupa is protected by a hard case, usually involves 2 parents—one of either individuals of 2 different species. Animals
which is itself sometimes wrapped in silk. sex—but in some species individual form symbiotic partnerships with UTERUS In female mammals, the part of
See also Chrysalis, Cocoon, Larva. animals are hermaphrodite. See also other animals, with plants, and the body that houses developing young.
Asexual reproduction. with microorganisms. In placental mammals, the young are
QR connected to the wall of the uterus
SILK A protein-based fibrous material T via a placenta.
QUADRUPEDAL Moving on 4 legs. produced by spiders and some insects.
Silk is liquid when it is squeezed out of TARSUS (pl. TARSI) A part of the leg. In V
RADIAL SYMMETRY A form of symmetry a spinneret but turns into elastic fibers insects, the tarsus is the equivalent of
in which the body is shaped like a wheel, when stretched and exposed to air. It has the foot, while in vertebrates, it forms VENTRAL On or near the underside.
often with the mouth at the center. a wide variety of uses. Some animals use the lower part of the leg or the ankle.
silk to protect themselves or their eggs, to VERTEBRATE An animal with a backbone.
RADULA A mouthpart that many mollusks catch prey, to glide on air currents, or to TEGMEN (pl. TEGMINA) The leathery Vertebrates include fishes, amphibians,
use for rasping away at food. The lower themselves through the air. forewing of some insects, such as reptiles, birds, and mammals.
radula is often shaped like a belt, and grasshoppers, crickets, and cockroaches.
armed with many microscopic tooth- SIMPLE EYE An eye that has a single lens. VESTIGIAL Relating to an organ that is
like denticles. Simple eyes are found in vertebrates TERRESTRIAL Living wholly or mainly on atrophied or nonfunctional and often
and cephalopod mollusks and, despite the ground. reduced in size.
ROSTRUM In bugs and some other insects, their name, are often highly complex.
a set of mouthparts that looks like a beak. Rudimentary simple eyes are also found TERRITORY An area defended by an VIVIPAROUS Reproducing by giving birth
in insects. See also Ocellus. animal, or group of animals, against other to live young. See also Oviparous,
RUMINANT A hoofed mammal that has a members of the same species. Territories Ovoviviparous.
specialized digestive system, with several SPECIES A group of similar organisms that often include useful resources that help
stomach chambers. One of these—the are capable of interbreeding in the wild, the male attract a mate. WX
rumen—contains huge numbers of and of producing fertile offspring that
microorganisms that help break down the resemble themselves. Species are the TEST In echinoderms, a skeleton made of WARM-BLOODED see Endothermic.
cellulose in plant cell walls. To speed this fundamental units used in biological small calcareous plates.
process, a ruminant usually regurgitates classification. Some species have WARNING COLORATION A combination
its food and rechews it, a process called distinct populations that vary from THORAX The middle region of an of contrasting colors that warns that an
“chewing the cud.” each other. Where the differences are arthropod’s body. The thorax contains animal is dangerous. Bands of black and
significant, and the populations biologically powerful muscles, and bears the legs and yellow are a typical form of warning
RUTTING SEASON In deer, a period during isolated, these forms are classified as wings, if the animal has any. In 4-limbed coloration, found in stinging insects.
the breeding season when males clash separate subspecies. vertebrates, the thorax is the chest.
with each other for the opportunity WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM In
to mate. SPERMATOPHORE A packet of sperm TIBIA (pl. TIBIAE) The shin bone in echinoderms, a system of fluid-filled tubes
that is transferred either directly from the 4-limbed vertebrates. In insects, the tibia and chambers that connects with the tube
S male to the female, or indirectly—for forms the part of the leg immediately feet, giving them their shape.
example, by being left on the ground. above the tarsus, or foot.
SAPROPHAGOUS Feeding on dead and Spermatophores are produced by a WEANING In mammals, the period when
decaying matter. range of animals, including salamanders TISSUE A layer of cells in an animal’s body. the mother gradually ceases to provide
(Urodeles) and some insects. In a tissue, the cells are of the same milk for her young.
SCAPE The first segment in an insect’s type, and carry out the same work. See
antennae, nearest its head. SPICULE In sponges, a needlelike sliver of also Organ. XYLOPHAGOUS Wood-eating.
silica or calcium carbonate that forms part
SCOLEX The head of a tapeworm. The of the internal skeleton. Spicules have a TORPOR A sleeplike state in which the Z
scolex is usually equipped with suckers wide variety of shapes. body processes slow to a fraction of their
and/or hooks that enable the worm to normal rate. Animals usually become ZOOID An individual animal in a colony
fasten itself to its host. SPINNERET The nozzlelike organs that torpid to survive difficult conditions, such of invertebrates. Zooids are often directly
spiders use to produce silk. as cold or lack of food. linked to each other, and may function like
SCUTE A shieldlike plate or scale that forms a single animal.
a bony covering on some animals. SPIRACLE In rays and some other fishes, TRACHEA (pl. TRACHEAE) A breathing tube,
an opening behind the eye that lets water known in vertebrates as the windpipe. ZOOPLANKTON see Plankton.
SCUTELLUM A triangular shield behind the flow into the gills. In insects, an opening
pronotum in many insects. on the thorax or abdomen that lets air into TRACHEAL LUNG In arthropods, a lung
the tracheal system. that connects to the tracheal system.
SEBACEOUS GLAND A skin gland in Tracheal lungs are also found in snakes.
mammals that normally opens near the STEREOSCOPIC VISION see Binocular
root of a hair. Sebaceous glands produce vision. TRACHEAL SYSTEM A system of minute
substances that keep skin and hair in tubes that insects and arachnids use
good condition. STERNUM The breastbone in 4-limbed to carry oxygen into their bodies. Air
vertebrates, or the thickened underside of enters the tubes through openings
SEDENTARY Having a lifestyle that involves a body segment in arthropods. In birds, called spiracles, and then flows through
relatively little movement. This term is also the sternum has a narrow flap. the tracheae to reach individual cells.
used to refer to animals that do not Carbon dioxide flows in the opposite
migrate. See also Migration. STRIDULATE Producing sound by rubbing direction.
together 2 parts of the body.
TUBERCLE A hard swelling on an
animal’s body.

610 INDEX

INDEX

Page references in italics identify African palm swift 325 Amazon river dolphin 251 anemonefish 514 Antilope cervicapra 239
where the main entries for a African paradise flycatcher 353 Amazon tree boa 390 Anemonia alicemartinae 538 antlions 25, 561
particular animal appear. Those in African pitta 344 Amazona aestiva 340 Anemonia viridis 538 Antipaluria intermedia 557
bold refer to the main reference to African red-eyed bulbul 355 Amazonian manatee 107 Anevrina thoracica 568 antpittas 345
an animal group. African sacred ibis 288 Amazonian motmot 51, 330 Angamiana aethera 558
African savanna elephant 109 Amazonian royal flycatcher 347 angel insects 25, 557 jocotoco 345
A African skimmer 312 Amazonian umbrellabird 347 moustached 345
African spoonbill 289 Amblyomma americanum 588 Hubbard’s 557 variegated 345
aardvarks 42, 91, 106, 219 African striped skink 24, 424 Amblyopsis spelaea 511 angelfish, emperor 524 Antrozous pallidus 161
aardwolf 22, 208, 209, 556 African striped weasel 193 Amblyrhynchus cristatus 414 angelshark 482 ants 25, 573, 576
abalone 596 African tiger snake 398 Ambystoma angler 528 African driver 576
African treefrog 463 anglerfish 24, 29, 510 army 51, 576
red 596 African warbler 358 macrodactylum 445 colonies 31
Abyssinian ground hornbill 337 African wild ass 212 mexicanum 445 humpback 529 driver 51, 576
Acanthisitta chloris 344 African wild dog 167, 168, 173 tigrinum 444 Kroyer’s deep-sea 528 grassland habitats 42, 43
Acanthisittidae 344 African zorilla 194 Ameiurus nebulosus 500 psychedelic 528 leafcutter 48, 535, 576
Acanthiza pusilla 349 Afrixalus fornasinii 463 ameiva, common 425 Angolan free-tailed bat 161 social insects 29, 535
Acanthizidea 349 Afrosoricida 21 Ameiva ameiva 425 Angolan giraffes 228 tropical forest habitats 50, 51
acanthodians 468 Agalychnis callidryas 459 American alligator 433 Anguidae 427 velvet 574
Acanthophis praelongus 399 Agama agama 411 American badger 195 Anguilla anguilla 492 wood 576
Acanthopleura granulata 598 agamids 410 American beaver 122 anguimorph lizards 24, 426 Anura 21, 24, 448–465
Acanthopterygii 24, 512–529 Agaonidae 573 American bison 40, 234, 236 Anguimorphoidea 24, 426–430 Aonyx
Acanthosaura crucigera 411 Agapornis personatus 340 American bittern 288 Anguis fragilis 426 capensis 196
Acari 588 Agelaius phoeniceus 367 American black bear 89, 177 angular roughshark 475 cinereus 196
accentors 367 Agelenidae 589 American black swift 325 angulate tortoise 383 Aotus lemurinus 143
Accipiter gentilis 300 agile frog 461 American buffalo 234 angwantibo 137 aoudad 242
Accipitriformes 23, 294–301 Agkistrodon contortrix 406 American bullfrog 68, 461 Anhima cornuta 271 apes 22, 50, 134, 135, 150
Aceraius rectidens 564 Aglaophenia 540 American-flag fish 517 Anhinga melanogaster 291 Aphididae 558
Achatina fulicula 597 Agonus acipenserinus 527 American golden plover 309 Anilius scytale 387 aphids 30, 67, 534
Acherontia atropos 572 agoutis 51 American lupin aphid 558 Annelida 25, 542–543 American lupin 558
Acinonyx jubatus 207 American mink 193, 194 evolution 532 common 558
Acipenser sturio 489 Azara’s 130 American moon moth 572 Annella mollis 538 Aphrodita aculeata 542
Acipenseriformes 489 Agromyzidae 566 American opossums 21 Anniella geronimensis 427 Apidae 573
Acomys minous 128 Agrotis ipsilon 571 American paddlefish 24, 489 anoa 232 Apis mellifera 573
acorn barnacles 580 Agulla 561 American pika 114 Anobiidae 562 Aplacophora 598
acorn woodpecker 54, 341 Ailuridae 22, 187, 194 American shad 495 Anodonta 595 aplacophorans 598
acorn worm 545 Ailuropoda melanoleuca 179 American toad 454 Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus 341 Aplodontia rufa 118
Acrantophis dumerili 387 Ailurus fulgens 194 Amiet’s killifish 517 anole, Aplonis metallica 362
Acrididae 552 Aix galericulata 273 Amiet’s lyretail 517 brown 415 Aplysia punctata 596
Acris crepitans 459 ajolote 431 Amietophrynus Cuban 415 Apocrita 573
Acrobates pygmaeus 99 akiapolaau 368 gutturalis 454 green 414 Apodemus
Acrocephalus stentoreus 357 Alaemon alaudipes 357 rangeri 454 Anolis falvicollis 127
Acropora coral 76, 77, 539 Alaska blackfish 502 Amiiformes 489 carolinensis 414 sylvaticus 127
Actias luna 572 Alaskan bear 180 Ammontrechella stimpsoni 587 sagrei 415 Apodiformes 23, 329–331
Actinopterygii 24, 489–529 Alauda arvensis 357 Ammotragus lervia 242 Anomaluromorpha 22, 116, 132 Apollo butterfly 16, 571
Actitis macularius 310 Alauidae 357 Ammotrechidae 587 Anomia ephippium 595 Aptenodytes forsteri 279
addax 238 albatrosses 23, 33, 280 ammotrechids 587 Anopheles 567 Apterygidiae 268
Addax nasomaculatus 238 Amphibia 24, 438–465 Anoplogaster cornuta 513 Apterygiformes 23, 268
adder, Atlantic yellow-nosed 280 amphibians 15, 16, 30, 31, 438–439 Anoplopoma fimbria 527 Apteryx mantelli 269
black-browed 280 classification system 24 Anostomus anostomus 498 Apus apus 325
common 403 wandering 33, 280 fresh water habitat 68, 70 Anostraca 579 aquatic frog 448
horned 402 Albula vulpes 492 Amphiprion frenatus 514 Anoura geoffroyi 160 aquatic mammals 90
northern death 399 Alcedo atthis 328 Amphisbaena fuliginosa 431 Ansates pellucida 596 Aquila
puff 402 Alcelaphus caama 238 Amphisbaenia 24, 431 Anser anser 271 audax 301
southern death 399 Alces alces 227 amphisbaenians 24, 372, 431 Anseranas semipalmata 271 chrysaetos 301
Adelie penguin 65, 278, 279 Alcides metaurus 573 cladistics 20 Anseriformes 23, 270–277 Ara
Adenophorea 543 Alcyonacea 538 evolution 16 ant-bear 106 chloropterus 341
adenophoreans 543 Alcyonium digitatum 538 amphiuma, three-toed 444 antbird 345 macao 341
admiral, red 571 alderfiles 25, 561 Amphiuma tridactylum 444 bare-crowned 345 aracari, chestnut-eared 334
Aechmophorus occidentalis 281 Aldrovandia affinis 493 Amplexidiscus fenestrafer 538 antthrush 345 Arachnida 25, 586
Aegithalidae 356 Alepisaurus ferox 509 Ampulex compressa 575 rufous-breasted 345 arachnids 25, 26, 546, 586
Aegithalos caudatus 356 Alepocephali 24 ampullae of Lorenzini 469, 473 Antalis 598 reproduction 534
Aegotheles cristatus 325 alevins 503 Anabas testudineus 519 Antarctic fur seal 35, 183 Arachnocampa luminosa 567
Aeoliscus strigatus 522 Aleyrodidae 558 Anableps anableps 516 Antarctic krill 581 Arachnothera magna 365
Aepyceros melampus 240 alfalfa (orange) sulphur 572 anaconda 71, 386 Antarctic minke whale 249 Aramus guarauna 304
Aepyprymnus rufescens 102 Alfrosoricida 105 green 391 Antarctic toothfish 526 Araneae 589–593
Aequiptecten operculans 595 algae-eater, Siamese 498 anadromous fish 70, 501, 504 Antaresia childreni 391 Araneidae 589
aesculapian snake 395 Alitta virens 542 Anagrus optabilis 574 antbirds 354 Araneus diadematus 589
Aeshna Allactaga tetradactyla 126 Ananthophis antarcticus 399 anteaters 21, 111 arapaima 490
cyanea 551 Alle alle 312 Anarhichas lupus 528 banded 96 Arapaima gigas 490
mixta 551 Alligator mississippiensis 433 Anarhynchus frontalis 309 collared 112 Aratinga jandaya 340
Aeshnidae 551 alligator snapping turtle 377 Anas giant 43, 111, 112 arboreal salamander 446
Aethia pusilla 312 alligators 24, 372, 432 crecca 272 silky 112 archaea 14
African blue buck 32 American 433 platyrhynchos 272 spiny 92 Archaebacteria 14
African bullfrog 462 Alopex lagopus 170 Anathana ellioti 133 Antechinomys laniger 95 Archaeobalanidae 580
African bush elephant 109 Alopias vulpinus 480 Anatis ocellata 563 antechinus, Archaeognatha 25, 550
African cave cricket 552 Alopochen aegyptiaca 272 Anatolian sheep 242 fat-tailed false 95 Archaeopteryx lithographica 264
African clawed toad 450 Alosa sapidissima 495 Anaxyrus americanus 454 red-eared 95 archerfish, spotted 524
African clawless otter 196 Alouatta anchoveta, Peruvian 495 antelopes 11, 49, 230, 243 Archilochus colubris 324
African driver ant 576 palliata 142 anchovy 494 four-horned 232 Architeuthis 599
African elephant 35, 108 pigra 142 Californian 495 marsh 236 Arctia caja 570
savanna 89 seniculus 142 Ancistrus dolichopterus 500 roan 237 Arctic char 503
African fat-tailed gecko 417 alpaca 222, 223 Andean bear 179 sable 237 Arctic fox 166, 170
African fire skink 424 alpine chamois 241 Andean cat 203 Antennarius maculatus 528 polar habitats 64, 66, 67
African forest elephant 108, 109 alpine ibex 241 Andean cock-of-the-rock 347 Anthocharis cardamines 572 Arctic hare 115
African golden cat 201 alpine musk deer 225 Andean condor 43, 62, 296 Anthodiaeta collaris 365 Arctic tern 307, 311
African helmeted turtle 379 alpine newt 440, 441, 443 Andean hillstar 61, 330 Anthozoa 538–539 Arctictis binturong 199
African hunting dog 173 Alytes Andrias anthozoans 538 Arctiidae 570
African mole-rat 123, 129 muletensis 450 davidianus 442 Anthropoides paradiseus 303 Arctocebus calabarensis 137
African palm civet 22 obstetricans 451 japonicus 442 Anthus novaeseelandiae 366 Arctocephalus
Amami rabbit 114 Andricus 574 Antidorcas marsupialis 240 gazella 183
Amazon hatchet herring 495 Aneides lugubris 446 Antilocapridae 22, 227 pusillis 183
Amazon molly 471 Antilocarpa americana 227

INDEX 611

Arctonyx collaris 195 Atlantic puffin 306, 312 baleen whales 14, 22, 244, 246 bats continued Bellatorias frerei 423
Ardea Atlantic salmon 503 ocean habitats 74 neotropical fruit 156 bellbirds 50
Atlantic spotted dolphin 245, 250, polar habitats 65, 67 New World leaf-nosed 157
alba 288 Old World 161 three-wattled 347
cinerea 287 255 Balistoides conspicillum 529 pallid 161 Belostomatidae 558
Ardeiformes 286 Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross 280 bamboo bats 157 particoloured 161 belted kingfisher 327
Ardeotis kori 302 Atlas moth 49, 572 bamboo lemurs 136 proboscis 158 beluga 251
Argentina plains viscacha 130 Atractaspidae 393 bamboo rat, Chinese 123 Schneider’s leaf-nosed 159 Bengal tiger 205
Argentina silus 507 Atrax robustus 589 bambooshark, whitespotted 476 sharp-nosed 158 Berber skink 423
argentine, greater 507 Atrichornis rufescens 348 bananaquit 369 slit-faced 159 Bermuda petrel 281
Argentinian boa 389 Atrichornithidae 348 banded anteater 96 Spix’s disk-winged 159 Bernieridae 356
argentinoids 501 Atta 576 banded eel snake 493 sucker-footed 159 bess beetles 564
Argonauta 599 Attacus atlas 572 banded rubber frog 465 tent-building 160 betsy beetles 564
Argulidae 580 Auchenorrhyncha 558 banded stone centipede 578 vampire 157 bettong, rufous 33, 102
Argulus 580 auklet, least 312 banded water snake 397 Wahlberg’s epauletted fruit 158 Bettongia penicillata 102
argus, great 272 auks 23, 306–312 bandicoots 21, 34, 93 Bezoar goat 242
Argusianus argus 272 Baya weaver 343 bharal 242
Argyroneta aquatica 589 little 312 eastern barred 96 beach-hoppers 78, 584 bhulan 251
Arion ater 597 Aulacothynchus prasinus 334 New Guinean spiny 96 beaked sandfish 497 bicolor parrotfish 526
Aristotle’s lantern 604 Aulostomus chinensis 522 rabbit-eared 96 beaked whales 250 bicolored white-toothed shrew
Arizona alligator lizard 426 aurochs 230 short-nosed 89
arkhar 242 Australasian robins 355 bank vole 58, 125 Cuvier’s 260 164
Armadillidiidae 584 Australasian treecreepers 348 banteng 233 bearded barbet 333 big hairy armadillo 111
Armadillidium vulgare 584 Australasian warblers 349 Barbados thread snake 407 bearded reedling 356 bighorn sheep 60, 242, 243
armadillo lizard 420, 421 Australasian wrens 349 Barbary sheep 242 bearded vulture 295, 297 bilateral symmetry 26, 532, 533
armadillos 21, 110 Australian carnivorous marsupials barbets 332 bears 21, 22, 32, 167, 176 bilbies 34
big hairy 111 bearded 333
giant 110 21 black-collared 338 Alaskan 180 greater 96
nine-banded 111 Australian copperhead 399 D’Arnaud’s 333 American black 89, 177 bills 265
northern naked-tailed 111 Australian golden whistler 351 great 333 Andean 179
armored shrew 164 Australian green treefrog 438, 458 Barbourisia rufa 514 Asiatic black 177 albatrosses 280
army ants 51, 576 Australian logrunner 348 bare-crowned ant-bird 346 brown 56, 176, 180 barbets 332
arni 232 Australian lungfish 488 bare-faced bulbul 355 coniferous forest habitat 56 bee-eaters 327
arrow-poison frogs 460 Australian owlet-nightjar 325 bark beetles 55 Eurasian brown 180 birds of prey 294
arrow worms 25, 544, 545 Australian pratincole 309 elm 55 grizzly 180 curlews 308
Artamidae 350 Australian tiger snake 401 barklice 25, 557 Hokkaido 180 flamingos 284
Artamus cinereus 350 Austrelaps superbus 399 barn owl 316, 317 Kodiak 180 great gray shrikes 342
Artemiidae 579 Austropotamobius pallipes 584 barnacles 78, 79, 535, 580 mammal locomotion 91 greenfinches 342
Arthropoda 25, 546–593 avahi 136 acorn 580 Manchurian 180 gulls 306
arthropods 26, 27, 546–547 Aves 23, 264, 268–369 common goose 580 mountain habitats 60 herons 287
classification 21, 25, 546 avocet snipe eel 493 barracuda, great 518 polar 33, 64, 66, 90, 176, 177 hornbills 327
evolution 532 avocets 306, 307 Barramundi cod 522 Siberian 180 ibises 288–289
invertebrates 532 barred becard 347 sloth 178 kingfishers 327
artificial selection 17 pied 308 barred forest falcon 336 spectacled 179 owls 316
Artiodactyla 22, 210–243 Avocettina infans 493 barrel-eye 506 sun 178 parrots 338
Arunachal macaque 148 awabis 596 basket-stars 604 Syrian 180 plovers 308
Arvicola amphibius 125 Axis axis 225 basketweave cusk-eel 514 beautiful tusk 598 puffbirds 332
Ascaphus truei 450 axis deer 225 basking shark 480 beaverlike rodents 22, 116, 121 spoonbills 286, 287
Ascaris lumbricoides 543 axolotl 441, 445 Bassaricyon gabbii 187 beavers 28, 71, 116, 117, 121 storks 286
Ascidiacea 605 aye-aye 134, 136, 139 Bassaricyon neblina 188 American 122 sunbirds 342
ashy gecko 419 ayu 507 Bassariscus astutus 187 Eurasian 122 toucans 332
ashy tit 355 Azara’s agouti 130 bat-eared fox 173 mountain 118 wood warblers 342
Asian elephant 108, 109 azure damselfly 551 bat ray 483 becards 347 woodpeckers 332
Asian fairy-bluebird 360 bataleur 300 barred 347 binocular vision 27
Asian leaf turtle 379 B Bathyaulax 574 bed bugs 559 binturong 199
Asian red dog 173 Bathyergus janetta 131 bee-eaters 327 biodiversity 32, 38–39
Asian small-clawed otter 196 babakoto 139 Bathylagus niger 506 European 330 biogeography 17
Asian spadefoot 451 babblers 359 Bathypterois grallator 509 white-fronted 330 biological clocks 29, 78, 82
Asian stink badgers 186 Batis molitor 351 bee flies 566 biological control 456
Asian verditer flycatcher 363 common 359 batises 351 bee hummingbird 324 bioluminescence 74, 517
Asian wild buffalo 232 ground 360 chinspot 351 beech marten 193 biomes 38
Asian water dragon 412 large scimitar 359 Batrachoseps attenuatus 446 bees 25, 31, 573 biosphere 39
Asiatic black bear 177 Nonggang 359 Batrachuperus pinchonii 442 bumble 67, 573 Bipalium 541
Asiatic lion 207 puff-throated 360 bats 22, 45, 50, 55, 63, 81, 82, 91, European buff-tailed bumble 573 bipedalism 135
Asilidae 566 baboons 91, 135, 140 156–157 honey 535, 573 Bipes biporus 431
Asio flammeus 320 chacma 149 Angolan free-tailed 161 orchid 573 birchir, ornate 489
asp, burrowing 393 Guinea 148 Australian false vampire 159 beetles 14, 25, 53, 562 bird lice 557
Asphondylia 566 olive 134, 148 bamboo 157 bark 55 birds 15, 264–267
Aspidites melanocephalus 391 Babyrousa celebensis 219 black mastiff 161 bess 564 biological clocks 29
Aspidoscelis uniparens 425 back-swimmers 560 brown long-eared 161 bruchid 548 cladistics 20
assassin bugs 560 bacteria 14 bulldog 159 carrion 564 classification 21, 23
asses 212 badgers 167, 193 common vampire 160 darkling 564 coniferous forest habitats 56
African wild 212 American 195 Daubenton’s 89, 161 deathwatch 82 desert habitats 45, 47
Somali wild 213 Asian stink 186 Davy’s naked-backed 159 domino 562 egg laying 31
Astacidae 584 Eurasian 194 desert long-eared 161 dung 43, 535 evolution 16
Asteroidea 602–603 greater hog 195 disk-winged 159 elm bark 55 extinction 16
Astroboa nuda 604 honey 194 false vampire 160 European longhorn 34 fresh water habitats 71
Astronotus ocellatus 526 Palawan stink 186 fisherman 156, 159 great diving 563 frigate 31, 266
Astyanax mexicanus 498 Bagheera kiplingi 590 Franquet’s epauletted 158 green tiger 562 grassland habitats 40, 42, 43
Altai argali 242 Bagre marinus 500 free-tailed velvety 161 ground 548, 562 insulation 265
Ateles Baikal seal 185 fringe-lipped 160 hister 563 life span 30
chamek 141 Baiomys taylori 123 frog-eating 160 jewel 548, 562 mangrove swamp habitats 78
geoffroyi 141 Baird’s tapir 217 frosted 161 jewelled frog 562 migration 29
hybridus 141 Baja California legless lizard 427 fruit 49, 156, 157 larder 563 mountain habitats 60, 62
Atelocynus microtis 170 Balaena mysticetus 247 Geoffroy’s hairy-legged 160 leaf 562 perching 19, 23
Atelopus zeteki 455 Balaeniceps rex 289 Geoffroy’s long-nosed 160 longhorn 562 polar habitats 66, 67
Atheris mabuensis 402 Balaenoptera Geoffroy’s tailless 160 metamorphosis 31 secretary 295, 301
Atlantic bluefin tuna 522 acutorostrata 249 greater bulldog 159 museum 563 temperate forest habitats 52, 53,
Atlantic canary 368 bonaerensis 249 Hemprich’s long-eared 161 predacious 563
Atlantic cod 511 borealis 249 hibernation 89 rove 51, 564 54, 55
Atlantic flyingfish 516 brydei 248 large slit-faced 159 scarab 564 tropical forest habitats 48, 49, 50,
Atlantic hagfish 472 edeni 248 leaf-nosed 157 snout 563
Atlantic halibut 519 musculus 248 lesser Antilles funnel-eared 161 stag 532, 564 51
Atlantic herring 494 omurai 248 lesser horseshoe 159 violin 562 urban habitats 80, 81, 82
Atlantic horseshoe crab 585 physalus 248 lesser mouse-tailed 159 water 70 birds of prey 14, 23, 264, 294–295
Atlantic humpback dolphin 253 Balanoglossus australiensis 545 long-tailed 159 wood-boring 82 coniferous forest habitats 56
Atlantic mackerel 522 bald eagle 294, 299 mastiff 161 behavior 28–29 mountain habitats 60
Atlantic mudskipper 515 bald parrot 340 Mauritian tomb 158 mammal 88, 91 pollution 32
bald uakari 143 Mindoro stripe-faced fruit 158 temperature control 89 senses 265
Balearica regulorum 304 bell moths 573 temperate forest habitats 55
birds of paradise 266, 342, 343,
353
greater 353

612 INDEX

birds of paradise continued blackdragon, Pacific 508 Bolivian boto 251 Broadley’s flat lizard 421 Bullock’s oriole 23, 367
king 353 blackfin icefish 526 Bolyeria multicarinata 387 bronzeback snakes 394 bumble bees 67, 573
Raggiana 353 blacksmith lapwing 309 Bombina orientalis 450 brood parasitism, buntings 366
Wilson’s 353 blacktip reef shark 482 Bombus terrestris 573
Blandford’s fox 169 Bombycidae 570 cuckoos 315 painted 369
birdwings 571 Blanus cinereus 431 Bombycilla japonica 354 honeyguides 332 snow 366
Cairns 571 Blaps mucronata 564 Bombycillidae 354 brook lamprey 472 buoyancy 74, 487
Blarina brevicauda 163 Bombyliidae 566 Brookesia micra 413 Buprestidae 562
Birgus latro 584 Blastocerus dichotomus 226 Bombylius major 566 brotulas 511 burbot 511
birth 31, 42 Blastophaga psenes 573 Bombyx mori 570 brown anole 415 Burchell’s zebra 91
Blatellidae 556 bonefish 492 brown bear 56, 176, 180 Burchell’s courser 309
mammals 21, 88, 89 blatellids 556 Bonellia viridis 545 Eurasian 180 Burchell’s sandgrouse 313
marsupial mammals 93 Blatta orientalis 556 bongo 231 brown booby 291 Burmese brown tortoise 375
reptiles 373 Blattidae 556 bonobo 152 brown-breasted gerygone 349 Burmese python 33, 392
bison 32, 40, 42, 230 Blattodea 25, 556 bontebok 238 brown bullhead 500 burrowing asps 393
American 234, 236 bleaching of coral reefs 76 bony fish 19, 24, 74, 486–487 brown creeper 360 burrowing frogs 47
European 236 Blepharotes splendidissimus 566 bony-tongued fish 24, 490 brown fur seal 182, 183 burrowing owl 40
Indian 236 blesbok 238 boobook owl 320 brown greater galalgo 137 burrowing shrimps 581
Bison blind cave characin 498 booby, brown hairstreak 570 burrowing toads 47
bison 234 blind snakes 24, 407 brown hare 115 Mexican 451
bison athabascae 234 blood fluke 541 blue-footed 291 brown-headed cowbird 367 burrowing vole 125
bonasus 236 bloodsucker lizard 411 brown 291 brown house snake 397 burrowing worms 72
biting midges 566 blow flies 566 booklice 25, 557 brown hyena 208, 209 Burton’s snake-lizard 408
Bitis blubber 66 liposcelid 557 brown lemming 125 burying beetles 564
arietans 402 blue and yellow macaw 266 boomslang 393, 395 brown long-eared bat 161 bush crickets 53, 552
caudalis 402 blue-backed manakin 346 booted racket-tail 329 brown meagre 524 bush dog 168, 171
gabonica 403 blue bellies 416 Bornean orangutan 154 brown pelican 39, 288 bushshrikes 350
Bittacidae 565 blue buck, African 32 Bornean smooth-tailed tree shrew brown rat 80, 91, 116, 117, 128 bushbabies 50
bitterling 497 blue bull 232 133 brown recluse spider 592 lesser 138
bitterns 286 blue butterflies 570 Borneo earless lizard 427 brown skua 310 bushbuck 231
American 288 blue coral snake 401 Bos brown spiders 592 bushmaster 406
bivalves 532, 595 blue crane 303 gaurus 236 brown thornbill 349 bushmeat 32
anatomy 594 blue duck 273 javanicus 233 brown trout 70, 506 bushtits 356
filter feeders 535 blue-faced honeyeater 349 mutus 233 bruchid beetle 548 bushveld rain frog 465
seashore life 77, 78 blue-footed booby 291 sauveli 233 brush-tailed possum 80 bushymouth catfish 500
senses 533 blue-gray gnatcatcher 361 Boselaphus tragocamelus 232 brush-tailed rock wallaby 102 bustards 23, 43, 302
shells 26 blue jay 352 bot flies 568 Bryde’s whale 248 great 303
Bivalvia 595 blue marlin 29, 518 Botaurus lentiginosus 288 Bryozoa 544 houbara 302
Blaberidae 556 blue-necked tanager 368 Bothriechis schlegelii 406 bryozoans 25, 535, 544 kori 302
black and rufous sengi 104 blue pointer 480 boto 251 Bubalus butcher birds 351
black and white ruffed lemur 138 blue-rayed limpet 596 Botryllus schlosseri 605 arnee 232 Buteo
black and white warbler 369 blue-ringed octopus 599 Botta’s pocket gopher 122 depressicornis 232 buteo 300
black-backed jackal 172 blue shark 474, 482 bottlenose dolphin 254 bubbling kassina 463 galapagoensis 300
black bear, blue skate 483 bottlenose whale 259 Bubo virginianus 319 Buthidae 587
American 89, 177 blue-spotted stingray 484 Boulenger’s Asian tree toad 455 Bubulcus ibis 288 buthids 587
Asiatic 177 blue starfish 603 Boulenger’s pricklenape lizard 411 Bucco capensis 333 Buthus occitanus 587
black bearded saki 142 blue-streaked lory 338 boutu 251 Buceros bicornis 331 Butorides virescens 288
black-billed magpie 352 blue-striped squat lobster 584 Bovidae 22, 230–243 Bucerotiformes 23, 331 butterflies 15, 25, 532, 533,
black-chested snake eagle 300 blue tit 267 bovids 230 buck, African blue 32 570
black-browed albatross 280 bowerbirds 348 Bucorvus Apollo 17
black bulbul 355 Eurasian 355 satin 348 abyssinicus 337 blues 570
black caiman 434 blue-tongued skinks 424 spotted 343 leadbeateri 331 Camberwell beauty 80
black-capped chickadee 355 blue whale 244, 246, 248, 249 bowfin 489 budgerigars 47, 338, 340 cladistics 20
black-capped sibia 359 blue wildebeest 239 bowhead whale 247 buff-fronted foliage-gleaner 344 feeding 535
black-capped squirrel monkey 144 blue wren 349 brachiation 50, 135, 151 buffalo gnats 568 hairstreaks 570
black-collared barbet 332 blueback 504 Brachiopoda 25, 545 buffaloes 43, 211, 230 metamorphosis 31
black-crested gibbon 151 bluebirds, brachiopods 25, 26, 545 American 234 monarch 549, 571
black-crowned antpitta 345 Brachtrupes 552 Asian wild 232 nymphalids 571
black-crowned night heron 287 eastern 362 Brachycephalus ephippium 455 Cape 233 postman 533
black-crowned tchagra 350 fairy 360 Brachycera 566 Bufo 448 Queen Alexandra’s 33
black dragonfish 508 bluebottle 566 Brachydanio rerio 497 bufo 454 sulphur 572
black-faced wood swallow 350 bluebuck 232 Brachylagus idahoensis 114 bugs 25, 31, 558 temperate forest habitats 53
black flies 568 bluefin tuna, Atlantic 73, 522 Brachypelma assassin 560 tropical forest habitats 50
black-footed cat 203 bluefish 524 emilia 593 bed 559 urban habitats 82
black-footed ferret 194 bluethroat 363 vagans 593 brassica 560 white 572
black grouse 270 blunthead 482 Brachyteles arachnoides 141 capsid 559 butterflyfish 468
black-handed spider monkey 141 bluntnose six-gill shark 475 Brachytron pratense 551 common bed 559 collared 525
black-headed python 391 Boa constrictor 389 braconid wasps 574 common green capsid 559 copperband 524
black heron 286 boar, wild 52, 54, 218, 219 Braconidae 574 flat-footed 31 freshwater 490
black howler, Guatemalan 142 boas 24, 373, 386 Bradypodion thamnobates 412 giant water 558 buzzards 60, 294
black-lipped pika 114 Amazon tree 390 Bradypus green vegetable 560 common 300
black mamba 400 Calabar ground 387 pygmaeus 112 lace 560 European 297
black-necked grebe 280 common 389 torquatus 111 lantern 559 honey 295
black panther 206 Dumeril’s 387 Brahminy thread snake 407 peanut-headed 51, 559 by-the-wind sailor 540
black rat 117 dwarf 373, 392 bramble shark 475 plant 559
black rhinoceros 33, 35, 214, 216 emerald tree 50, 390 Branchiopoda 579 reproduction 534 C
black robin 355 Pacific ground 390 branchiopods 579 shield 560
black scorpionfish 527 rainbow 390 branchiostegal rays 486 stink 560 Cabassous centralis 111
black-shouldered opossum 94 rosy 390 Branchiostoma lanceolatum 605 thorn 51 Cacajao calvus 143
blacksmith lapwing 309 Round Island 387 Branchiura 580 true 558 Cacatua galerita 339
black snake millipede 578 rubber 390 Branta canadensis 272 wart-headed 559 cacomistle 187
black spider monkey 141 zebra dwarf 392 Brants’s whistling rat 126 water 70 Cacopsylla pyricola 560
black spiny-tailed iguana 416 bobcat 166, 200, 201 brassica bug 560 bulbuls 355 cactus wren 361
black swallower 523 bobolink 367 Brazilian guinea pig 130 African red-eyed 355 caddisflies 25, 569
black swan 271 body language 28 Brazilian tapir 17 bare-faced 355 Caecilia tentaculata 447
black swift, American 325 body temperature 15 Breviceps adspersus 465 black 355 caecilians 16, 24, 438, 439, 447
black-tailed deer 226 birds 265 brille 384 red-whiskered 355
black-tailed jackrabbit 115 body coloring 90 brindled gnu 239 bull, blue 232 Cayenne 447
black-tailed prairie dogs 42, 117, desert animals 46, 47 brine shrimps 71, 579 bull shark 481 Ceylon 447
119 mammals 88, 89 bristlemouths 74, 508 bulldog bats 159 Linnaeus’ 447
black tegu 425 polar habitats 66 bristletails 25, 547, 550 bullfinch, Eurasian 368 Mexican 447
black tern 311 reptiles 373 bristleworms 542 bullfrog, Mhadei 447
black widow 592 Boeseman’s rainbowfish 515 bristly rabbit 115 African 462 ringed 447
black-winged stilt 308 Bogertophis subocularis 394 brittlestars 73, 74, 602, 604 American 68, 461 South American 447
black woodpecker 335 Bohemian waxwings 59 broad-billed prion 281 goliath 461 Caenophoidea 24, 393–407
blackbirds, bohor reebuck 237 broad-bodied chaser 551 South American 453 Caiman crocodilus 433
common 362 Boiga dendrophila 394 broadbills 344 bullhead 527 caiman lizard 425
New World 67 bokmakierie 350 green 344 brown 500
red-winged 367 Bolitoglossa mexicana 446
blackbuck 239

INDEX 613

caimans 69, 71, 372, 432 Canis continued Castorimorpha 22, 116, 121 Cercopithecus neglectus 148 Chilo phragmitella 572
black 434 mesomelas 172 Casuariiformes 23, 268 Cerdocyon thous 171 Chilpoda 578
common 71, 433 rufus 172 Casuarius casuarius 269 Cereopsis novaehollandiae 272 chimaeras 24, 473, 483
spectacled 433 simensis 172 cat flea 565 Cermabycidae 562 chimney swift 325
catadromous fish 70 Certhia americana 360 chimpanzees 134, 135, 150
Cairina moschata 273 cannibalism, caterpillars, Certhiidae 360
Cairns birdwing 571 Komodo dragon 428 Cervidae 22, 224–227 common 135, 152
Calabar ground boa 387 newts 440 butterfly 534 Cervus communication 90
Calcarea 536 salamanders 440 feeding 535 intelligence 28
calcareous sponges 536 sargassumfish 528 invertebrates 533 elaphus 226 pygmy 152
Calidris canutus 310 sharks 477, 480 temperate forest 52 nippon 226 Chinchilla lanigera 131
California condor 34, 295, 296 tokay lizard 418 catfish 24, 496 Ceryle rudis 327 chinchillas 117
California grunion 79, 515 bushymouth 500 Cestoda 541 Chinese bamboo rat 123
California kingsnake 396 Cape Barren goose 272 gafftopsail sea 500 Cetacea 22, 244–261 Chinese crocodile lizard 430
California newt 441, 444 Cape buffalo 233 glass 499 cetaceans 22, 244–245 Chinese ferret-badger 193
California pilchard 495 Cape dwarf chameleon 409 long-whiskered 496 Cetartiodactyla 210 Chinese giant salamander 442
California porpoise 252 Cape ghost frog 452 Philippine 500 Cetorhinus maximus 480 Chinese mountain salamander,
California quail 271 Cape golden mole 106 upside-down 500 Cetoscarus bicolor 526 western 442
California sea lion 183 Cape porcupine 129 wels 499 cettia bush warblers 358 Chinese pangolin 165
California slender salamander 446 Cape white-eye 360 whiptail 500 Cettiidae 358 Chinese river dolphin 16
Californian anchovy 495 capelin 507 Cathartes aura 296 cetti’s warbler 358 Chinese soft-shelled turtle 379
Californian kingsnake 396 capercaille 58 cats 14, 21, 22, 91, 166, 200 Ceylon caecilian 447 Chinese sucker 497
caligid copepods 580 African golden 201 chachalaca, little 270 Chinese water deer 224
Caligidae 580 western 271 Andean 203 chacma baboon 149 chinspot batis 351
Caligus rapax 580 Capra black-footed 203 Chacoan peccary 218 chinstrap penguin 279
Callaeatidea 350 domestic 200 Chaenocephalus aceratus 526 Chioglossa lusitanica 443
Callianassa 581 aegagrus 242 fishing 200, 201 Chaetoderma 598 Chionis albus 310
Callianassidae 581 falconeri 242 flat-headed 201 Chaetodon collare 525 chipmunk, eastern 118
Callicebus ibex 241 Geoffroy’s 203 Chaetognatha 25, 545 Chirocentrus dorab 495
Caprella 584 introduced species 33, 34 Chaetophractus villosus 111 Chiromantis xerampelina 465
aureipalatii 143 Caprellidae 584 jungle 202 Chaetopterus variopedatus 542 Chironectes minimus 94
moloch 143 Capreolus capreolus 227 marbled 202 Chaetura pelagica 325 Chironomidae 567
Callimico goeldii 144 Caprimulgiformes 21, 23, 321–328 mountain 203 chaffinch, common 368 Chironomus riparius 567
calling hares 113 Caprimulgus reed 202 nest 267 Chiroptera 22, 156–161
Calliophis bivirgata 401 europaeus 322 ringtailed 187 chalcid wasps 574 Chiroxiphia pareola 346
Calliostoma 597 longipennis 322 sand 202 Chalcides ocellatus 422 chital 225
Callipepla californica 271 vexillarius 322 swamp 202 Chalcididae 574 Chitala chitala 490
Calliphora Caprolagus hispidus 115 territories 91 Chalcis sispes 574 Chiton straitus 598
vicinia 566 Capromys pilorides 131 tropical forest habitats 51 Chalcolepidius limbatus 563 chitons 594, 598
vomitoria 566 capsid bugs 559 wild 18, 202 Chalcomitra senegalensis 365 fuzzy 598
Calliphoridae 566 captive breeding 34 catshark, small-spotted 473, 481 chameleons 409, 410 magnificent 598
Callithrix capuchin, cattle 22, 230 Cape dwarf 409 marbled 598
geoffroyi 145 brown 143 desertification 45 Jackson’s 413 Chlamydosaurus kingii 411
Callorhinus ursinus 183 tufted 143 Caudata 24, 440–446 Natal Midlands dwarf 412 Chlamydoselachus anguineus 475
Callosamia promethea 572 weeper 144 cave animals 63 Oustalet’s 413 Chlamydotis undulata 302
Callosciurus prevostii 120 capybara 69, 71, 117, 129, 130 cave crickets 63, 552 panther 413 Chlidonias niger 311
Calomys laucha 124 Carabidae 562 African 552 Parson’s 413 Chlorophanes spiza 368
Calotes versicolor 411 caracal 202 cave fish 63 veiled 410 Choeropsis liberiensis 221
Calumma parsonii 413 Caracal caracal 202 cave glowworm, New Zealand 567 western pygmy 413 Choloepus didactylus 112
Caluromysiops irrupta 94 caracaras 23, 336 cave salamanders 63 chamois 62, 230 Chondrichthyes 24, 473–485
Calyptomena viridis 344 southern crested 336 cavefish, northern 511 alpine 241 Chordata 18
Camberwell beauty 80, 571 Caracara plancus 336 Cavia Chanos chanos 497 Amphibia 438
Cambodian forest ox 233 Caranx hippos 517 aperea 130 char, Arctic 503 Aves 23, 264
Cambrian Explosion 532 Carapus acus 514 porcellis 130 characins 496 fish 468
Camelidae 22, 222–223 carbine frog 452 caviar 489, 518 blind cave 498 invertebrates 605
camels 22, 222 carbon cycle 38 cavy, Patagonian 130 jumping 498 Mammalia 88
one-humped (dromedary) 46, Carcharhinus cavylike rodents 22, 129 Charadriiformes 23, 308–314 Reptilia 372
222, 223 leucas 481 Cayenne caecilian 447 Charadrius hiaticula 309 chordates 14, 15, 21, 24, 25
melanopterus 482 Cebuella pygmaea 145 Charina bottae 390 invertebrate 605
wild bactrian (2-humped) 47, Carcharias taurus 477 Cebus chaser, broad-bodied 551 Chordeiles minor 322
222, 223 Carcharodon carcharias 479 olivaceus 144 Chauliodes 561 Chorthippus brunneus 552
Camelus Carcinas maenas 581 Cecidomyiidae 566 Chauliodus sloani 508 choughs 62, 63
cardinal, northern 369 Cedispsylla simplex 565 cheetah 29, 166, 200, 207 red-billed 352
dromedarius 223 cardinal-grosbeaks 369 Celebes crested macaque 148 conservation 35, 207 chousingha 232
ferus 223 cardinalfish, pajama 515 cellar beetle 564 grassland habitats 41, 42 chowchilla 348
camouflage 29 Cardinalis cardinalis 369 cells 14, 532 mammal locomotion 91 chromatophores 410
coniferous forest 59 Carduelis carduelis 368 centipedes 55, 82, 546, 578 Cheirogaleus medius 138 Chromobotia macracanthus
deserts 44 Caretta caretta 377 banded stone 578 chelicerae 586 497
evolution 16 Carettochelys insculpta 376 geophilid 55, 578 Chelicerata 25, 585–593 chrysalis, butterfly 534
frogs 449 Cariama cristata 302 lithobiid 55, 578 chelicerates 25, 546 Chrysemys picta 377
hibernation 89 Cariamiformes 23 tiger 578 Chelidonichthys lucerna 527 Chrysididae 574
invertebrates 533 Caribbean pink vase sponge 536 Central American river turtle 379 Chelidoptera tenebrosa 333 Chrysilla 590
lizards 409 Caribbean spiny lobsters 75 central bearded dragon 412 chelipeds 579, 583 Chrysina resplendens 564
mammals 89, 90 caribou 67, 227 Centrocercus minimus 271 Chelmon rostratus 524 Chrysiridia rhipheus 573
oceans 72, 74 Carinaria 597 Cephalaspidomorphi 24, 472 Chelodina longicollis 376 Chrysochloris asiatica 106
polar regions 66 Carnivora 18, 21, 22, 166–209 Cephalaspis 468 Chelon labrosus 515 Chrysochroa buqueti 562
reptiles 372 carnivores 15, 166–167, Cephalochordata 25, 605 Chelonia 24 Chrysocyon brachyurus 171
seashores 76 invertebrates 535 Cephalopoda 599–601 Chelonia mydas 376 Chrysomelidae 562
sharks 476 Malagasy 22, 197 cephalopods 594, 599 Chelonoidis Chrysopelea ornata 394
skin 27 mammals 22, 88, 90, 166–167 Cephalopterus ornatus 347 carbonarius 382 Chrysopidae 561
tropical forests 49, 50, 51 marsupials 21 Cephalorhynchus elephantopus 380 Chrysops relictus 569
Campephagidae 351 Carolina box turtle 378 commersoii 258 Chelus fimbriatus 376 chucao tapaculo 345
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus carp, hectori 258 Chelydra serpentina 377 chuckwalla 416
361 common 497 Cephaloscyllium ventriosum 481 Chersina angulata 383 churchyard beetle 564
Canada goose 270, 272 ornamental 497 cephalothorax 586 chestnut-eared aracari 334 Cicada orni 558
Canadian lynx 58, 59 carpet python 391 Cerastes cerastes 403 chevrotains 22, 224 cicadabird, common 351
canary, Atlantic 368 carpet vipers 403 Cerastoderma edule 595 Indian spotted 225 cicadas 549, 558
Cancer pagurus 581 carrion beetles 564 Ceratias holboelli 528 water 225 communication 28
cancrid crabs 581 carrion crow 352 Ceratophrys cornuta 453 Chiasmodon niger 523 Himalayan 558
Cancridae 581 cartilaginous fish 19, 24, 74, 468, 473 Ceratopogonidae 566 chickadees, 355 Indian 558
candiru 500 Casarea sussumieri 387 Ceratotherium black-capped 355 tropical forest habitats 50
Candoia carinata 390 Caspian snowcock 271 simum 216 chicken 270, 272 Cicadella viridis 558
cane toad 456 Caspian tern 311 simum cottoni 216 greater prairie 273 Cicadidae 558
Canidae 22, 168–175 casque-headed iguana 415 simum simum 216 chicken body louse 557 cichlid mouthbrooder 471
canids 168 Cassiopea xamachana 539 Cercartetus lepidus 99 Children’s python 391 cichlids 524
Canis Cassis cornuta 596 cerci 550 Chilean chinchilla 131 Cicidellidae 558
adustus 171 cassowaries 23, 266, 269 Cercopidae 558 Chilean rose spider 593 Cicindella campestris 562
aureus 172 Southern 268 Cercopis vulnerata 558 Chilean swift 416 Cicinnurus regius 353
latrans 172 Castor
lupus 174–175 canadensis 122
lupus dingo 173 fiber 122

614 INDEX

Ciconia ciconia 286 cockroaches 25, 547, 556 common duiker 236 conches 596 coral reefs 537, 538
Ciconiiformes 23, 286 common 556 common chaffinch 368 horse 597 acid oceans 33
Cimcidae 559 live-bearing 556 common eagle ray 485 habitats 38–39, 76–79
Cimex lectularius 559 long-winged great 556 common earwigs 553, 553 Conchostrata 579
Cinclidae 362 Madagascan hissing 556 common echymipera 96 condor, coral snakes 399
cinclodes, dark-bellied 344 oriental 556 common egg-eater snake 394, 385 blue 401
Cinclodes patagonicus 344 urban habitat 81, 82 common eland 230, 231 Andean 43, 62, 296 South American 400
Cinclus cinclus 362 common fallow deer 225 California 34, 295, 296
Cingulata 21, 110 coconut crab 584 common fangtooth 513 Condylura cristata 165 Corallus
Cinnyri coconut lorikeet 338 common field grasshopper 552 cone, garter 596 caninus 390
cod 24, 72, 510 common fig 573 cone shells 596 hortulanus 390
osea 365 common fleas 565 Conepatus humboldtii 186
venustus 365 Atlantic 511 common frog, European 30, 439, Conger conger 493 corals 15, 17
Circaetus pectoralis 300 Barramundi 522 448, 460 conger eel 493 brain 539
circulatory system 26, 27 exploitation 33 common garter snake 398 coniferous forest habitat 38, 56–59 colonies 535
Circus hudsonius 300 coelacanth 488 common genet 199 Connochaetes taurinus 239 false 538
Cirripedia 580 Indonesian 488 common goose barnacle 580 Conolophus marthae 414 hard 76
cisco 506 Coenagrion puella 551 common grackle 367 Conopophaga lineata 345 mushroom 539
Cissopis leverianus 368 Coenagrionidae 551 common grasshopper warbler 357 Conopophagidae 345 nerves 27
cisticolas 356 Coendou prehensilis 129 common green capsid bug 559 Conraua goliath 461 reproduction 31, 534
zitting 356 Coenobitidae 584 common green leafhopper 558 conservation 34–35 Ross 544
Cisticolidae 356 Coereba flaveola 369 common greenshank 310 African wild dog 173 soft 76, 538
CITES 35, 165 Coerebidae 369 common hamster 124 American bison 234 staghorn 539
civets 22, 199 Colaptes auratus 335 common hill mynah 362 anchoveta 495 symbiosis 79
African palm 22 cold-blooded animals 15 common horntail 575 aye-aye 139
common palm 199 amphibians 438 common house fly 567 bats 157 Cordylus
Malay 199 desert habitats 47 common house gecko 418 bears 176 giganteus 421
Clacodera 579 fresh water habitats 71 common kestrel 337 belugas 251 rhodesianus 421
clades 20 life span 30 common kingfisher 328 birds of prey 295
cladistics 20, 21 mountain habitats 62 common kingsnake 396 black rhinoceros 216 Coregonus artedi 506
cladograms 20 reptiles 372 common leopard gecko 417 blue marlin 518 Cormobates leucophaeus 348
clam shrimps 579 Coleonyx variegatus 417 common limpet 596 boas 386 cormorants 290
Clamator glandarius 315 Coleoptera 25, 562–564 common lizard 373, 422 California condor 296
clamorous reedwarbler 357 Coleorrhyncha 558 common lobster 584 cats 200 double-crested 290
clams 78, 594 Colias eurytheme 572 common loon 280 cheetah 207 flightless 291
giant 79, 595 Coliidae 326 common merganser 273 cod 511 great 290
hydrothermal vents 75 Coliiformes 23, 326 common midge 566 corals 537 king 289
razor 595 Colius striatus 326 common moorhen 304 cranes 303 corn snake 395
Clarias batrachus 500 collared anteater 112 common mouse possum 94 dusky dolphin 253 corn crake 304
Clark’s nutcracker 63, 352 collared butterflyfish 525 common murre 312 elephants 109 Cornifer guentheri 462
classes 18, 21–25 collared-dove, Eurasian 314 common nighthawk 322 false killer whale 259 Cornifer vitiensis 462
classification 14, 18–19, 21–25 collared lizard 414 common nightingale 363 Galapagos tortoise 380 coronoid bone 393
cladistics 20 collared peccary 219 common noctule 160 giant panda 179 corroboree frog (toadlet) 452
clawed toad, African 450 collared puffbird 333 common octopus 599 golden lion tamarin 145 Corucia zebrata 423
cleaner wrasse 523 collared sunbird 365 common ostrich 268 gorillas 153 Corvidae 352
clear-winged moths 572 Collembola 25, 550 common palm civet 199 gray whales 246 Corvus
Cleidopus gloriamaris 513 Collocalia esculenta 325 common pheasant 272 gray woolly monkey 141 corax 352
Clemmys guttata 377 Colobus guereza 149 common pill woodlouse 584 green sea turtle 376 corone 352
Clepsis rurinana 573 colobus monkeys 134, 140 common pipistrelle 160 harpy eagle 301 Corydalidae 561
click beetles 563 black and white 61 common poorwill 322 herrings 494 Coryphaena hippurus 517
cliff swallow 358 eastern black and white 149 common potoo 321, 322 James’s flamingo 285 Coryphaenoides acrolepis 511
Climaciella 561 red 140 common prawn 581 koala 97 Corytophanes cristatus 414
Climacteridae 348 colonial invertebrates 534–535 common praying mantid 555 Komodo dragon 428 Cosmetidae 588
climate change 32, 33, 39 colubrid snakes 24, 393 common quail 271 leatherback turtle 378 cosmetids 588
amphibians 438 Colubridae 24, 393–398 common raccoon 187 lynx 201 cosmoid scales 468
mammal evolution 88 colugos 22, 132 common rat 128 northern right-whale dolphin Cotinga amabilis 347
polar regions 65 Malayan 132 common ringed plover 309 Cotingidae 347
tropical forests 49 Columba common ringtail 98 258 cotton rat, hispid 124
climbing perch 519 livia 314 common sawflies 575 ocelot 203 cotton-top tamarin 145
Clitellata 543 palumbus 314 common scorpionflies 565 orangutan 154 cottontail rabbit,
clitellates 543 Columbia ground squirrel 119 common seadragon 517 parrots 338 eastern 114
clothes moths 573 Coloeus monedula 352 common seal 185 primates 135 Florida 113
Clothodidae 557 Colombian red howler 142 common shelduck 270, 272 pygmy hippopotomus 221 Cottus gobio 527
clothodids 557 Columbidae 313–314 common shiny woodlouse 584 pythons 386 Coturnix coturnix 271
clouded leopard, Bornean 19, 206 Columbiformes 23, 313–314 common shipworm 595 quokka 102 Couch’s spadefoot toad 44, 451
clown knifefish 490 comb-crested jacana 309 common shore crab 581 red crowned crane 304 cougar 206
clown loach 497 comb-footed spiders 592 common shrimp 581 rhinoceroses 214 courser, Burchell’s 309
clown triggerfish 529 comb jellies 25, 74, 544 common skimmers 551 Russian desman 164 courtship 30
clownfish 79 radial symmetry 26 common snake-necked turtle 376 sea otter 195 amphibians 439
tomato 524 commensal partnerships 17 common snapping turtle 377 sharks 474, 482 birds 266
Clupea harengus 494 Commerson’s dolphin 258 common sole 519 sirenians 107 birds of paradise 343
Clupeomorpha 24, 494–495 common acorn barnacle 580 common spadefoot toad 451 Spix’s macaw 341 cranes 303
cluster flies 81, 566 common adder 403 common spirula 599 tigers 205 fish 471
Cnidaria 25, 537–540 common ameiva 425 common stoneflies 553 whales 245 flamingos 284
cnidarians 25, 532, 537 common aphids 558 common swift 325 white rhinoceros 216 frogs and toads 448
radial symmetry 26 common babbler 359 common tenrec 105 continental drift 39 gannets 293
cnidocytes 537 common barking gecko 418 common thrips 560 continental shelves 72 invertebrates 534
coastal taipan 401 common bed bug 559 common toad, European 30, 454 contingas 343, 347 kingfishers 328
coasts 38, 76–79 common blackbird 362 common tody-flycatcher 346 lovely 347 newts 440
coatis 49, 187 common blue morpho 571 common treefrog 458 conures 341 passerines 343
South American 187 common boa 389 common vampire bat 160 Conus genuanus 596 salamanders 440
cobras 399 common bog hoverfly 568 common viper 403 convergent evolution 16–17, 19 cowbird, brown-headed 367
Egyptian 401 common brush-tailed possum 98 common vole 125 cookie-cutter shark 474 cowfish, longhorn 529
Indian 400 common burrowing mayflies 551 common warthog 218, 219 Cope’s gray treefrog 459 cowries 596
king 401 common buzzard 300 common wasp 575 Copella arnoldi 498 coyotes 43, 168, 172
monocled 385 common cactus finch 368 common water vole 128 Copepoda 580 coypu 131
red spitting 401 common caiman 71, 433 common waxbill 342 copepods 546, 579, 580 crab-eating fox 171
spitting 399 common carp 497 common wombat 97 cyclopoid 580 crab-eating raccoon 194
cobweb spiders 592 common chimpanzee 135, 152 common wood pigeon 314 fresh water habitat 68 crab lice 557
Coccinellidae 563 common cicadabird 351 common yellow scorpion 587 copper, small 570 crab plover 308
Coccoidae 559 common citrus mealybug 559 common yellowthroat 369 copperband butterflyfish 524 crab spiders 593
cock-of-the-rock, Andean 347 common clothes moth 573 communication 28–29 copperhead 399, 406 crabeater seal 38, 184
cockatiel 47, 338, 339 common cockroaches 556 coppers, butterflies 570 crabs 31, 72
cockatoo 338 common crane 303 carnivores 167 copulation 31 Atlantic horseshoe 585
palm 339 common cuckoo 315 mammals 89, 90, 91 sharks 471 cancrid 581
sulphur-crested 339 common dead man’s fingers 538 whales 246 Coracias garrulus 330 coconut 584
cockles 595 common degu 131 complete metamorphosis 31, 549 Coraciiformes 23, 327 common shore 581
cockroach-hunter wasp 575 common dolphin, short-beaked 258 compound eyes 27, 533, 548 Coracina tenuirostris 351 decorating 583
common dormouse 55, 121 coral polyps 537 European edible 581
reproduction 31, 534 exoskeleton 26
fiddler 26, 29, 78, 581
ghost 581
green 581

INDEX 615

crabs continued crows 342, 352 D Dendrocolaptidae 344 Dissostichus mawsoni 526
hermit 584 carrion 352 Dendrocopos major 335 Distichopora violacea 540
horseshoe 25, 585 New Caledonian 28 D’Arnaud’s barbet 333 Dendrocygna eytoni 271 Distoechurus pennatus 99
hydrothermal vents 75 tool use 28 Daboia resselli 403 Dendrogale melanura 133 DNA 19
Japanese spider 581, 583 Dacelo novaeguineae 330 Dendrohyrax arboreus 110
king 585 Crustacea 25, 579–584 Dactylopsila trivirgata 98 Dendrolagus dorianus 103 birds 23
land hermit 584 crustaceans 25, 546, 579–580 daddy long legs flies 569 Dendronephthya 538 cladistics 20
masked 583 daddy long legs spiders 81, 588, 592 Dentalium elephantinum 598 classification system 21
orange fiddler 581 seashore life 78 Dall’s porpoise 253 Denticeps clupeoides 495 conservation 34, 35
red 579 exoskeleton 26 Dallia pectoralis 502 denticle herring 495 dobsonflies 25, 561
robber 39, 584 fresh water 68 Dama dama 225 denticles, shark 475 dog flea 565
shore 31 polar habitats 65 Damaliscus Dermaptera 25, 553 dogfish,
spider 583 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis 442 Dermatemys mawii 379 lesser spotted 481
swimming 581 Cryptomys hottentotus 131 lunatus 238 Dermestes lardarius 563 piked 475
white-spotted hermit 584 Cryptoprocta feros 197 pygargus 238 Dermestidae 563 dogs 22, 166, 168
yellowline arrow 583 Ctenocephalides Dalmatian pelican 289 Dermochelys coriacea 378 African hunting 29, 173
canis 565 damselflies 25, 70, 547, 551 Dermophis mexicanus 447 African wild 167, 168, 173
Cracidae 270 felis 565 azure 551 Deroptyus accipitrinus 340 Asian red 173
Crambidae 572 ctenoid scales 468, 513 Danaus plexippus 571 desert grassland whiptail lizard 425 black-tailed prairie 42
crane flies 569 Ctenophora 25, 544 dance flies 567 desert habitat 38, 44–47 bush 168, 171
cranes 23, 303 ctenophores 26 danio, zebra 497 desert hamster, Roborovki’s 124 classification system 21
Ctenosaura similis 416 Daphnia 579 desert horned lizard 416 domestic 17, 168, 173, 174
blue 303 Cuban anole 415 Daphniidae 579 desert horned viper 44, 402, 403 mammal locomotion 91
common 303 Cuban solenodon 163 Daphoenositta chrysoptera 351 desert locust 45, 47, 552 prairie 42, 43
display 266 Cuban wood snake 392 dargawarra 128 desert long-eared bat 161 racoon 171
gray crowned 303, 304 cuckoo roller 23, 327 dark-bellied cinclodes 344 desert lynx 202 short-eared 170
red-crowned 266, 303, 304, 305 cuckooshrikes 351 dark-eyed junco 366 desert tortoise 382 Dolichonyx oryzivorous 367
Siberian 303 cuckoo wasps 574 dark kangaroo mouse 122 desertification 45 Dolichopteroides binocularis
whooping 303 cuckoos 23, 315 dark sword-grass moth 571 desman, 507
Crangon crangon 581 common 315 darkling beetles 564 Dolichopteryx parini 506
Crangonidae 581 great spotted 315 darners 551 Pyrenean 164 Dolichotis patagonum 130
Crataerina pallida 567 Cuculiformes 23, 315 darter dragonflies 551 Russian 164 doliolids 605
Cratogeomys merriami 121 Cuculus canorus 315 Dartford warbler 357 Desmana moschata 164 dolphinfish 517
Cratosomus roddami 563 Culcita novaeguineae 602 Darwin, Charles 19 Desmarest’s hutia 131 dolphins 244, 250
Crax daubentoni 270 Culex 567 Darwin’s frog 455 Desmodus rotundus 160 Amazon river 251
crayfish 581, 584 Culicidae 567 Dasycercus Desmognathus ochrophaeus 445 aquatic mammals 90
reproduction 534 Culicoides impunctatus 566 byrnei 95 devil ray 484 Atlantic humpback 253
white-clawed 584 culpeo 170 cristicauda 95 devil’s coach horse 564 Atlantic spotted 245, 250,
creeper, culture 28 Dasypeltis scabra 394 Devils hole pupfish 516
brown 360 Cuniculus paca 130 Dasyprocta azarae 130 Devonian Period 438 255
Creobotra elegans 555 Cuon alpinus 173 Dasypus novemcinctus 111 dhole 173 Bolivian river 251
Crest-tailed mulgara 95 Cuora flavomarginata 379 dasyure, speckled 94 Diadema 604 bottlenose 254
crested drongo 353 curassows 270 Dasyuromorphia 21, 93 diamond python 391 Chinese river 16
crested newt, great 443 yellow-knobbed 270 Dasyurus viverrinus 95 diapause 63 Commerson’s 258
crested oropendola 367 Curculionidae 563 Daubenton’s bat 89, 161 Diard's clouded leopard 19, dusky 253
crested pigeon 315 curlews 78, 308 Daubentonia madagascariensis 139 206 evolution 16
crested shrike-tit 351 Eurasian 309 Davy’s naked-backed bat 159 dibbler 95 Ganges river 251
crested-tinamou, elegant 268 currawongs 351 De Brazza’s monkey 148 Dicaeidae 366 Hector’s 258
Cretaceous Period 264 Cursorius rufus 309 dealfish, Mediterranean 513 Dicaeum intelligence 28
Crete spiny mouse 128 cuscus, common 98 death adders 399 hirudinaceum 366 Irawaddy 258
crevalle jack 517 cushion stars 602 death’s head hawk moth 572 trigonostigma 366 mammal locomotion 91
Crex crex 304 cusk-eels 510 deathwatch beetle 82 Dicamptodon tenebrosus 444 northern right-whale 258
cribo 395 basketweave 511 Decapoda 581 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 215 ocean habitats 73, 75
Cricetomys gambianus 126 cuttlefish 594, 599 deciduous temperate forest 52, 54 Diceros bicornis 216 Pacific white-sided 254
Cricetus cricetus 124 Cuvier’s beaked whale 260 decorating crabs 583 dickcissel 369 pantropical spotted 255
crickets 25, 552 Cuyaba dwarf frog 453 deep-sea animals 73 Dicrurus forficatus 353 Risso’s 254
bush 552 Cyanea capillata 539 deep-sea smelt 506 Dicuridae 353 river 250
cave 63, 552 Cyanistes caeruleus 355 deer 22, 210, 224 Didelphimorphia 21 short-beaked common 258
communication 28 cyanobacteria 71 alpine musk 225 Didelphinomorphia 93 spinner 255
ears 27 Cyanocitta cristata 352 axis 225 Didelphis virginiana 94 striped 255
mole 28, 552 Cyanopsitta spixii 341 black-tailed 226 digestive system 15, 26, 27 white-beaked 254
oak bush 552 cybaeid spiders 589 Chinese water 224 birds 265 domains 18
speckled bush 552 Cybaeidae 589 common fallow 224 invertebrates 533 domestic animals 17, 32
crimson-breasted shrike 350 Cybaeus 589 coniferous forest habitat 58 mammals 90 banteng 233
crimson rosella 339 Cyclemys dentata 379 European roe 227 digger wasps 575 camelids 222, 223
crimson topaz 324 cycloid scales 468 mammal intelligence 91 digitigrade locomotion 91 cats 200
Crinia insignifera 452 Cyclopes didactylus 112 mammal play 90 dik-diks 211 cattle 230
Crinoidea 602 Cyclopidae 580 marsh 226 Kirk’s 43, 239 dogs 17, 168, 173, 174
Crocidura leucodon 164 cyclopoid copepod 580 mountain habitats 60, 63 dimorphism 30 goats 230, 241, 242
crocodile newt 443 Cyclops 580 mouse 224, 225 dingo 173 guinea pigs 130
crocodile shark 480 copepod 68 mule 226 Dinocras cephalotes 553 hoofed mammals 210
crocodile skink 424 Cyclopterus lumpus 527 musk 22, 224 dinosaurs 372 horses 212
crocodiles 24, 372, 373, 432 Cyclosquamata 24, 509 Père David’s 226 and birds 23, 264 pigs 218, 219
dwarf 434 Cyclura cornuta 415 red 60, 63, 89, 211, 224, 226 cladistics 20 sheep 230, 242
estuarine 434 Cygnus temperate forest habitat 52 mammal evolution 88 water buffalo 232
Indo-Pacific 434 atratus 271 venado 226 Diodon holocanthus 529 yak 233
Nile 432, 433 olor 271 white-tailed 49, 226 Diomeda exulans 280 domino beetle 562
saltwater 434, 435 cylinder millipedes 578 deer mice 123 Diphyllodes respublica 353 donkey 212
crocodilians 24, 69, 372, 373 Cylindrophis ruffus 387 deerfly 569 Diplocalus 438 doodlebugs 561
Crocodylia 24, 432–435 Cynictis penicillata 198 defassa waterbuck 236 Diplomesodon pulchellum 164 Dorab wolf-herring 495
Crocodylus Cynipidae 574 deforestation 32, 39, 134 Diplopoda 578 dorado 523
niloticus 433 Cynocephalidae 132 mangrove swamps 78 Diplura 25, 550 Doria’s tree kangaroo 103
porosus 434, 435 Cynocephalus variegatus 132 tropical forests 49 diplurans 25, 550 Doris Swanson’s poison-dart frog
Crocuta crocuta 209 Cynomys ludovicianus 119 Delichon urbicum 358 Dipodomys merriami 122 460
Crombecs 358, Cypraea ocellata 596 Delphinapterus leucas 251 dippers 70, 343, 362 dormancy,
long-billed 358 cypridid mussel shrimp 580 Delphinus white-throated 362 desert animals 45
Cromileptes altivelis 523 Cyprididae 580 capensis 258 Diprotodontia 21, 93 life span 30
cross-marked sand snake 373 cypridinid mussel shrimp 580 delphis 258 Dipsas indica 395 mountain animals 60, 63
crossbills 343 Cypridinidae 580 Demoptera 22 Diptera 25, 566–569 dormouse 118
habitat 38, 58, 59 cyprinids 496 demosponges 536 Dipturus batis 483 common 55, 121
red 368 Cyprinodon diabolis 516 Demospongiae 536 discus fish 471 edible 121
Crotalus Cyprinus carpio 497 Demoxytes purpuoosea 578 disk-winged bat 159 hazel 121
cerastes 406 Cypseloides niger 325 Dendrelaphis kopsteini 394 Dispholidus typus 395 Dorylinae 576
durissus 406 Cypselurus heterurus 516 Dendroaspis display, Doryteuthis opalescens 599
Crotaphytus collaris 414 Cypsiurus parvus 325 angusticeps 400 birds 266 double-crested cormorant 290
crown of thorns starfish 602 Cyrtodactylus hontreensis 417 polylepis 400 mammals 91 douroucoulis 143
crowned cranes 304 Cyrtotrachelus 563 Dendrobates auratus 460 reptiles 372, 373 doves 315
crowned sandgrouse 313 Cysticola juncidis 356 invertebrates 534 mourning 314
crowned-pigeon, southern 314 Cystophora cristata 185 rock 30, 314

616 INDEX

doves continued eastern blue-tongued skink 424 Elateridae 563 Equus continued European green woodpecker
stock 315 eastern bluebird 362 electric eel 499 przewalskii 213 332, 335
turtle 265, 315 eastern chipmunk 118 electric light bugs 558 quagga 213
wampoo fruit 314 eastern cottontail 114 electric ray 485 European hedgehog 162
eastern glass lizard 427 Electrophorus electricus 499 Eremitalpa granti 106 European herring gull 311
Dracaena guianensis 425 eastern gorilla 61, 153 elegant crested-tinamou 268 Eremophila alpestris 357 European honey buzzard 297
Draco spilonotus 411 eastern gray squirrel 120 elegant sand gecko 419 Erethizon dorsatum 129 European hornet 575
dragonfish 24, 508 eastern kingbird 346 elegant tern 308, 337 Eretmochelys imbricata 376 European longhorn beetle 34
eastern long-beaked echidna 92 elephant-ear sponge 536 Erinaceomorpha 22, 162 European mink 193, 194
black 508 eastern lowland gorilla 153 elephant seals 91, 166, 182 Erinacus europeus 162 European mole 165
dragonflies 25, 551 eastern meadowlark 367 Eriocnemis isabellae 323 European mole cricket 552
eastern newt 444 southern 185 Erithacus rubecula 363 European newts 439
cladistics 20 eastern phoebe 346 elephant tusk shell 598 ermine moths 570 European nightjar 321, 322
fresh water habitats 68, 70 eastern quoll 95 elephants 14, 21, 108–109 Erpeton tentaculatum 396 European perch 523
hairy 551 eastern spotted skunk 186 Erythrocebus patas 148 European pine marten 193
Drepanis coccinea 368 eastern tent caterpillar moth 570 African 35, 89, 108 Erythura gouldiae 365 European plaice 72, 519
drill 134, 140 eastern Thomson’s gazelle 240 African bush 109 Eschrichtius robustus 247 European polecat 194
driver ants 51, 576 eastern towhee 366 African forest 108, 109 Esox European pond turtle 377
Dromaius novaehollandiae 269 echidnas 92 African savannah 109 European rabbit 113, 115
Dromas ardeola 308 Asian 108, 109 lucius 502 European ramshorn snail 597
dromedary 46, 222, 223 eastern long-beaked 92 grassland habitats 41 masquinongy 502 European robin 363
drongos 353 short-beaked 92 hunting of 32 estrildid finches 365 European roe deer 227
crested 353 short-nosed 92 life span 30 Estrildidae 365 European roller 330
Drosophila melanogaster 567 Echiichthys vipera 523 mammal play 90 estuarine crocodile 434 European sparrowhark 295
Drosophilidae 567 Echinodermata 25, 602–604 social groups 91 Ethiopian African mole rat 123 European starling 267, 362
Drymarchon couperi 395 echinoderms 25, 602 tropical forest habitats 49 Ethiopian wolf 172 European sturgeon 489
Dryocopus martius 335 Echinoidea 604 Elephantidae 108–109 Etmopterus spinax 475 European treefrog 449
duck-billed platypus 92 Echinorhinus brucus 475 elephantnose fish 490 Etruscan shrew 163 European velvet ant 574
ducks 267, 270 Echinosorex gymnura 162 Elephantulus Eubacteria 14 European water vole 117
blue 273 Echinus esculentus 604 pilicaudus 104 Eubalaena japonica 247 European whipsnake 394
mandarin 273 Echis pyramidum 403 rufescens 104 Eublephaeidea 417 European worm lizard 431
Muscovy 273 Echiura 25, 545 Elephas maximus 109 Eublepharis macularius 417 Eurycea guttolineata 446
plumed whistling 271 echiurans 545 Eleutherodactylus planirostric 454 Euchloron megaera 572 Eurydema dominulus 560
torrent 273 echolocation, Elgaria kingii 426 Eudocimus ruber 289 Eurylaimidae 344
Dugesia tigrina 541 bats 156 elk 56 Eudorcas thomsonii 240 Eurypharynx pelecanoides 493
Dugong dugon 107 cave animals 63 ells 26 Eudromia elagans 268 Eurypyga helias 303
dugongs 21, 90, 107 dolphins 75 elm bark beetle 55 Eudyptes chrysolophus 279 Eurypygiformes 23, 303
duiker, oilbird 321 elongated tusk 598 Eudyptula minor 279 Euselachii 24, 474–485
common 236 sperm whale 261 Elopomorpha 24, 491–493 Eukaryota 14 eusocial animals 31
Walter’s 236 whales 244, 250 Elops saurus 492 eulachon 506 Eutheria 21, 89
Dulidae 354 Echymipera kalubu 96 Elysia 597 eulittoral 76, 77 Eutoxeres aquila 323
Dulus dominicus 354 eclectus parrot 339 elytra 549, 562, 563 Eumeces schneideri 423 Eutropis longicaudata 423
Dumeril’s boa 387 Eclectus roratus 339 Emberiza citrinella 366 Eumetopias jubatus 183 even-toed hoofed mammals 22,
Dumeril’s monitor 430 eclipse plumage 270 Emberizidae 366 Eumylas thalassinus 363
dung beetles 43, 535 ecosystems 39, 32 Embioptera 25, 557 Eunectes murinus 391 210
dunnarts 93 ectoprocts 544 emerald damselfly 551 Euophrys 590 evening grosbeak 368
fat-tailed 46, 95 ectothermic animals 15, 71 emerald toucanet 334 Euoticus elegantulus 137 Everglades kite 297
dunnock 367 amphibians 438 emerald tree boa 50, 390 Eupemphix nattereri 453 Everglades ratsnake 393
Durrell’s vontsira 197 fishes 470 emerald tree skink 423 Euphausia superba 581 evergreen temperate forest 53
dusky dolphin 253 reptiles 372 Emory’s ratsnake 395 Euphausiidae 581 evolution 16–17, 18, 19
dusky indigobird 365 edible crab, European 581 emperor angelfish 524 Eupholus bennetti 563
dusky salamander, mountain 445 edible dormouse 121 emperor moths 572 Eupleres goudotii 197 behavior 28
Duvernoy’s gland 393 edible oysters 595 emperor penguins 15, 65, 67, 278, Eupleridae 22, 197 birds 264
dwarf boa 373 edible sea urchin 604 279 Eurasian badger 194 cladistics 20
dwarf chameleon 412 eels 24, 70, 491 emperor tamarin 144 Eurasian beaver 122 classification system 21
dwarf crocodile 434 avocet snipe 493 Empidae 567 Eurasian black vulture 60 fish 468
dwarf hamster 124 conger 493 Empidonax minimus 346 Eurasian blue tit 355 invertebrates 532, 533
dwarf mongoose 91, 198 electric 499 Empis 567 Eurasian brown bear 180 mammals 88, 91
dwarf pencilfish 507 European 470, 487, 492 emu-wren, southern 349 Eurasian bullfinch 368 reproduction 30
dwarf sperm whale 260 gulper 493 emus 23, 42, 266, 269 Eurasian collared-dove 314 reptiles 372
dwarf spiders 589 moray 491 Emys orbicularis 377 Eurasian curlew 309 excretory system 26
Dytiscidae 563 pelican 493 Encope michelini 604 Eurasian harvest mouse 116 Exocoetus volitans 516
Dytiscus marginalis 563 snake 493 endocrine system 26 Eurasian jay 343, 352 exoskeletons 26
spotted garden 493 endoskeletons 26 Eurasian kingfisher 328 arthropods 546
E eft 441 invertebrates 532 Eurasian lynx 201 invertebrates 532
red 444 endothermic animals 15 Eurasian moles 17 exploitation 32, 33
eagle ray 485 eggar moths 570 birds 264 Eurasian nuthatch 361 Extatosoma tiaratum 553
eagles 48, 60 egg-eating snake, common 394 mammals 89 Eurasian otter 196 extinction 32, 33
egg-laying animals 31 Engraulis Eurasian oystercatcher 28, amphibians 438
African fish 297 birds 264, 266 mordax 495 308 conservation 34
bald 294, 299 mammals 89, 92 ringens 495 Eurasian red squirrel 118, 120 evolution 16
black-chested snake 300 reptiles 372 Engystomops pustulosus 453 Eurasian scops owl 317 eyed ladybird 563
display 266 eggs, Ensatina eschscholtzii 446 Eurasian shrew 163 eyed lizard 422
fish 69, 297 amphibians 439 Ensatina salamander 446 Eurasian skylark 357 eyed skink 422
golden 301 birds 267 Ensifera ensifera 324 Eurasian sparrowhawk 55 eyelash pit viper 406
harpy 301 fish 471 Ensis siliqua 595 Eurasian teal 272
martial 301 frogs 449 Enteroctopus dolfeini 600 Eurasian water shrew 163 F
Philippine 301 perch 522 Entomyzon cyanotis 349 Eurasian water vole 125
Steller’s sea 295 pheasants 270 Eolophus roseicapillus 339 Eurasian wild horse 212 fairy-bluebirds 360
tawny 264 reptiles 373 Eos reticulata 338 Eurasian wild pig 219 Asian 360
wedge-tailed 301 snakes 385 Eosentomidae 550 Eurasian wren 361
white-tailed sea 294 tortoise 375 eosentomids 550 Eurasian wryneck 334 fairy-wrens 349
ear-shells 596 turtle 375 Eosentomon delicatum 550 European bee-eater 330 red-backed 349
eared seals 182 egrets 286 epauletted bat, Franquet’s 158 European bison 236 superb 349
earless seals 22 cattle 286 epauletted fruit bat, Wahlberg’s 158 European black slug 597
earthworms 542, 543 great 288 Ephemera dancia 551 European buff-tailed bumblebee fairyflies 574
feeding 535 Egyptian cobra 401 Ephemeridae 551 573 falanouc 197
invertebrates 532 Egyptian goose 272 Ephemeroptera 25, 551 European common frog 439, 448, Falco
muscles 27 Egyptian jerboa, lesser 126 Epicrates cenchria 390 460
reproduction 30, 534 Egyptian rousette 158 Epinephelus European common toad 454 columbarius 337
earwigs 25, 553 Egyptian vulture 297 itajara 521 European edible crab 581 eleonorae 337
common 553 eider, Steller’s 273 lanceolatus 521 European eel 470, 492 peregrinus 337
reproduction 534 Eiothrix rufomaculata 569 Epomophorus wahlbergi 158 larvae 487 punctatus 336
East African green mamba 400 eland 43 Epomops franqueti 158 European flat periwinkle 597 rusticolus 337
East African springhare 132 common 230, 231 Equidae 22, 212–213 European garden spider 589 tinnunculus 337
eastern barred bandicoot 96 Elaphurus davidianus 226 Equus European glass lizard 427 Falconiformes 23, 336–337
eastern black and white colobus Elapidae 24, 399–401 africanus somaliensis 213 European goldfinch 368 falcons 23, 336
149 elapid snakes 24, 399 grevyi 213 European grayling 506 barred forest 336
eastern black-headed oriole 353 hemionus 213 European green toad 454 Eleonora’s 337
peregrine 29, 83, 295, 337
wing shape 266

INDEX 617

Falcunculus frontatus 351 fishes continued flower mantid 555 frog-eating bat 160 fur seals continued
false corals 538 buoyancy 74 flowerpeckers 366 frogfish, warty 528 brown 182, 183
false killer whale 259 cartilaginous 19, 24, 74, 468, 473 froghoppers 558 northern 183
false scorpions 587 catadromous 70 orange-bellied 366 frogmouths 21, 23, 321
false vampire bat 160 cave 63 flukes 534, 541 Furcifer
classification system 24 tawny 321 oustaleti 413
Australian 159 coral reefs 78 blood 541 frogs 24, 438, 439, 448–449 pardalis 413
Linnaeus’ 160 eggs 471 human parasites 535
families, classification 18, 21–25 elephantnose 490 liver 541 agile 461 furcula 550
family trees 20 evolution 468 flycatchers, aquatic 448 Furnariidae 344
fanaloka, spotted 197 exploitation 33 African paradise 353 banded rubber 465 Furnarius rufus 344
fangtooth, common 513 flashlight 514 Amazonian royal 347 bilateral symmetry 26 fuzzy chiton 598
fantails 354 fleshy-finned 24, 468, 488 least 346 burrowing 47
New Zealand 354 fresh water habitats 68 Old World 363 bushveld rain 465 G
fanworms 542 jawless 24, 468, 472 rufous-gorgetted 363 Cape ghost 452
Farlowella acus 500 luminous 74 scissor-tailed 346 carbine 452 Gaboon viper 403
farming and desertification 45 man-of-war 517 tyrant 346 classification system 21 Gadus morhua 511
Fasciola hepatica 541 metamorphosis 31 verditer 363 common 30, 439, 448, 460 gafftopsail sea catfish 500
Fasciolaria 597 oceans 72 flying fox, Rodrigues 158 corroboree 452 Galabaria reinhardtii 387
fat-tailed dunnart 46, 95 polar habitats 66 flying gecko, Kuhl’s 419 Cuyaba dwarf 453 Galago moholi 138
fat-tailed dwarf lemur 138 puffer 29 flying insects 20 Darwin’s 455 galagos 134, 136
fat-tailed false antechinus 95 ray-finned 24, 468 flying lemur 132 deserts 44
fat-tailed jird 126 schools 75 flying lizard 409, 411 Doris Swanson’s poison-dart brown greater 137
feather hydroids 540 senses 27, 486 flying snake, golden 394 western needle-clawed 137
feather stars 602 social groups 29 flying squirrels 55 460 galah 339
feather-tailed glider 99 spiny-rayed 24 giant 120 European common 30, 439, 448, Galapagos hawk 300
feather-tailed possum 99 scaly tailed 132 Galapagos pink land iguana 414
feathers 23, 27, 264 fish eagles 69 flyingfish, 460 Galapagos tortoise 375, 380
insulation 265 fish farming 503 Atlantic 516 fertilization 31 Galatheoidea 584
polar animals 66 fish lice 580 tropical two-winged 516 forest white-lipped 460 Galaxias maculatus 507
Felidae 18, 22, 200–207 fisher 57, 193 foam nest frogs 51 fresh water 68, 70 galaxiids 501
Felis 18, 200 fisherman bat 156 foliage-gleaner, buff-fronted 344 Gardiner’s Seychelles 452 Galbula ruficauda 333
chaus 202 fishing cat 200, 201 food chains, giant 458 Galemys pyrenaicus 164
margarita 202 five-notched sand dollar 604 animals 15 gold 455 Galeocerdo cuvier 481
nigripes 203 flagella 536 effects of fishing 33 golden 455 Galictis vittata 194
silvestris 202 flamingos 23, 284 oceans 73 gray foam-nest 465 gall midges 566
silvestris lybica 202 polar regions 64 greater leaf-folding 463 gall wasps 52, 574
fennec fox 44, 89, 169 American 19 pollution 32 green and black poison-dart 460 Galliformes 23, 270–273
feral pigeons 80 flocks 267 forest habitats 38, 39 greenhouse 454 Gallinago media 310
ferreret 450 greater 19, 284, 285 coniferous 56–59 Gunther’s triangle 462 Gallinula chloropus 304
ferrets 193 James’s 285 montane 60, 61 Hochstetter’s 450 galls, oak marble 54
black-footed 194 lesser 71, 284, 285 temperate 52–55 La Palma glass 460 Gallus gallus 272
fertilization 31 flashlight fish 514 forest musk shrew 164 leaf 449 Gambian sun squirrel 119
mammals 89 flat-footed bugs 31 forest white-lipped frog 460 learning 28 gamebirds 23, 270
Ficedula strophiata 363 flat-headed cat 201 Forficula auricularia 553 marsh 461 hatchlings 267
fiddler crabs 78, 581 flat-headed turtle 376 Forficulidae 553 mottled shovel-nosed 463 Gammaridae 584
bilateral symmetry 26 flat hister beetle 563 Formica rufa 576 mountain habitats 61 Ganges river dolphin 251
biological clocks 29 flatfish 26, 71, 513 Formicariidae 345 mountain marsupial 459 gannets 290
orange 581 flatworms 25, 541 Formicarius rufipectus 345 muscles 27 northern 293
fieldfare 265 body systems 26 Formicidae 576 northern cricket 459 ganoid scales 468
fig wasps 39, 573 invertebrates 533 Formicinae 576 northern leopard 460 Gaoligong hoolock gibbon 151
fighting, parasites 535 fossa 197 painted reed 463 gar, longnose 489
bighorn sheep 243 senses 533 Fossa fossana 197 paradoxical 455 garden cross spider 589
bison 234 fleas 25, 565 fossils, parsley 451 garden eel 493
carnivores 166 cat 565 birds 264 poison-arrow 29, 50 garden snail 596
cats 200 dog 565 fish 468 poison-dart 449, 460 garden springtails 550
deer 224 rabbit 565 invertebrates 532 sharp-nosed grass 462 garden tiger 570
hares 113 snow 63 reptiles 372 strawberry poison-dart 460 garden web spider 28
hippopotamuses 220 water 579 four-horned antelope 232 Surinam horned 453 Gardiner’s Seychelles frog 452
lions 207 flesh flies 568 four-toed jerboa 126 tailed 450 Garrulax milnei 359
mammal play 90 fleshy-finned fish 24, 468, 488 four-winged flyingfish 514 Titicaca 453 Garrulus glandarius 352
pigs 218 flicker, northern 335 foureyes, largescale 516 tropical forest habitats 50, 51 garter cone 596
red deer rut 226 flies 14, 25, 566 foxes 167, 168 tungara 453 garter snakes 393
red kangaroo 101 bee 566 Arctic 64, 66, 67, 166, 170 Wallace’s flying 463, 464 common 398
rhinoceroses 214 black 568 bat-eared 173 water-holding 46, 458 hibernation 89
western gray kangaroo 103 blow 566 Blandford’s 169 wood 461 red-sided 373
zebras 212 bluebottle 566 crab-eating 171 frosted bat 161 Gasteracantha cancriformis 589
figwort sawfly 575 bot 568 fennec 44, 89, 169 fruit bats 157 Gasteropelecus sternicia 499
Fiji tree frog 462 cluster 81, 566 introduced species 34 Mindoro stripe-faced 158 Gasterosteus aculeatus 526
filarial worms 543 common house 567 kit 169 neotropical 156 Gastrophryne olivacea 465
file snakes 386 crane 569 northern gray fox 170 tropical forest habitats 49 Gastropoda 596–597
filter feeders 74, 78 dance 567 red 54, 80, 166, 168, 169 Wahlberg’s epauletted 158 gastropods 596
invertebrates 535 flesh 568 Rüppell’s 170 fruit flies 549, 567, 569 anatomy 594
whales 247 fruit 549, 567, 569 sand 170 fugu 529 Gastrotheca monticola 459
fin whale 246, 248, 249 galls 54 swift 169 Fulgora gaur 236
finches 368 horse 569 tree 170 laternaria 559 Gavia
bills 265 hover 568 urban 82 servillei 559 immer 280
common cactus 368 invertebrates 533 foxface 526 Fulgoridae 559 stellata 280
Gouldian 365 large bee 566 Franquet’s epauletted bat 158 fulgorids 559 gavial 434
woodpecker 343 louse 567 Fratercula arctica 312 Fulmaris glacialis 281 Gavialis gangeticus 434
zebra 365 moth 568 free-tailed bat, Angolan 161 fulmars 280 Gaviidae 280
finfoots 303 ox warble 568 free-tailed velvety bats 161 northern 281 Gaviiformes 23, 280
fire salamander 443 parasitic 51, 569 Fregata minor 291 fulvettas 360 gazelles 211, 230
fire-bellied toad, oriental 450 pomace 567 French grunt 486 Fundulopanchax amieti 517 eastern Thomson’s 240
fire-sided skink 424 robber 566 freshwater habitats 68–71 fungi 14 grassland habitats 42
fire, sand 568 freshwater butterflyfish 490 Fungia 539 mammal locomotion 91
grasslands 43 scuttle 568 freshwater crayfish 534 funnel-eared bat, lesser Antilles geckos 24, 409, 410, 417
habitat destruction 32 senses 533 freshwater snails 597 161 African fat-tailed 417
firebugs 548 flight, freshwater stingray 485 fungus gnats 567 ashy 419
firefish 526 bats 156, 157 freshwater whaler 481 funnel weaver spiders 589 common barking 418
fireflies 563 birds 264, 266 friarbird, little 349 funnel-web spiders 589 common house 418
fiscal shrike 354 evolution 16 frigatebirds 266, 289 Sydney 589 common leopard 417
fishes 469–471 flamingos 284 courtship 31 fur 27 elegant sand 419
American-flag 514 insects 549 great 291 aquatic mammals 90 Hon Tre bent-toed 417
anadromous 70 flightless birds 266 frilled lizard 411 coniferous forest animals 58–59 Kuhl’s flying 419
birth 31 flightless cormorant 291 frilled shark 475 desert animals 46, 47 Madagascar day 418
bony 19, 24, 74, 486–487 Florida cottontail rabbit 113 fringe-lipped bat 160 mammals 21, 89 Moorish 419
bony-tongued 24, 490 Florida worm lizard 431 Fringilla coelebs 368 polar animals 66 New Caledonian 419
flounder, summer 528 Fringillidae 368 temperature control 90
fur seals 22, 182
Antarctic 35, 183

618 INDEX

geckos continued giant squirrel, Indian 119 golden frog 455 gray seal 185 greenshank, common 310
northern leaf-tailed 419 giant tigerfish 498 golden hamster 124 gray slender loris 137 grenadiers 510
striped day 418 giant trahira 499 golden jackal 172 gray squirrel, eastern 120
Union Island 418 giant water bugs 558 gray whale 75, 246, 247 Pacific 512
urban habitats 81, 82 giant woodwasp 575 desert habitats 44 gray-winged trumpeter 304 Grevy’s zebra 21, 212, 213
web-footed 47, 408, 418 gibbons 135, 150 golden lion tamarin 145 gray wolves 17, 174–175 greylag goose 271
western banded 417 golden moles 21, 105 griffon vultures 297
black-crested 151 coniferous forest 56 grison, greater 194
geese (see also goose) 270 lar 50, 135, 151 Cape 106 hunting 29 grizzly bear 180
migration 29 moloch 152 desert habitats 47 gray woolly monkey 141 Gromphadorhina portentosa
polar habitats 64, 67 skywalker hoolock 151 Grant’s 105, 106 Gray’s keeled water skink
territories 91 golden palace monkey 143 425 556
Gegeneophis mhadeiensis 447 tropical forest habitats 50, 55 golden tree snake 394 grayling, European 506 grosbeak, evening 368
Gekko gecko 418 Gigantocypris 580 golden uakari 143 grazing animals 211 ground beetles 548, 562
Gekkonidae 417 Gila monster 46, 372, 409, 426, golden whistler, Australian grasslands 40, 43 ground pangolin 165
Gekkotoidea 24, 417–419 427 351 great apes 150 ground squirrels 117
gelada 61, 134, 140, 149 gills, golden-crowned kinglet 360 great argus 272
gemsbok 238 amphibians 438, 439 coniferous forest habitats 57 great barbet 333 biological clocks 29
genes, arthropods 546 golden-rumped sengi 104 great barracuda 518 Cape 119
bony fish 486 golden-striped salamander great bustard 303 Columbia 119
cladistics 20 cartilaginous fish 473 443 great cormorant 290 groundhogs 55
invertebrates 533 fish 468–9 goldenrod crab spider 593 great crested grebe 281 grouper,
genetic evidence for cladistics 20 fresh water animals 71 goldfinch, European 368 great crested newt 68, 443 giant 521
genetic variation 30 insects 548 Golfingia vulgaris 544 great diving beetle 563 Goliath 521
genets 199 lampreys 472 Goliath bullfrog 461 great egret 288 humpback 522
common 199 mudpuppies 442 Goliath grouper 521 great frigatebird 291 Queensland 521
otter 199 newts 440, 441 Gonatium 589 great grey shrike 342 grouse 270
Genetta genetta 199 respiration 27 Gonatodes great hornbill 327, 331 black 270
genus 18, 19 salamanders 440, 441 daudini 418 great horned owl 319 Gunnison 271
Geochelone elegans 382 sharks 474 vittatus 418 coniferous forest habitat 57 mountain habitats 63
Geococcyx californianus 315 Ginglymostoma cirratum 477 Gonorhynchus gonorhynchus Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad polar habitats 64
Geoffroy’s cat 203 gip 210 497 465 growth 30
Geoffroy’s hairy-legged bat 160 Giraffa camelopardalis 229 Gonyosoma oxycephalum great pond snail 597 arthropods 547
Geoffroy’s long-nosed bat 160 giraffe-gazelle 240 396 great snipe 310 Gruiformes 23, 303–305
Geoffroy’s ocelot 203 giraffes 22, 228, 229 goose (see also geese), great spotted cuckoo 315 grunion, California 79, 515
Geoffroy’s spider monkey 141 Angolan 228 Canada 270, 272 great spotted woodpecker grunt, French 486
Geoffroy’s tailless bat 160 feeding 90 Cape Barren 272 335 Grus
Geoffroy’s tufted-ear marmoset grassland habitats 41, 43 Egyptian 272 great tit 355 grus 303
145 northern 229 greylag 271 great white shark 479 japonensis 304, 307
geological timescale 16–17 reticulated 229 magpie 271 greater argentine 507 Gryllidae 552
geology 38 Rothschild’s 229 snow 270 greater bilby 96 Grylloblatta campodeiformis 553
geometer moths 570 Giraffidae 22, 228–229 goose barnacles 580 greater bird of paradise 353 Grylloblattodea 25, 553
Geometridae 570 girdled lizards 420, 421 gophers, greater blue sheep 242 Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa 552
geophilid centipedes 55, 578 glaciers 64 Botta’s pocket 122 greater bulldog bat 159 Gryllotalpidae 552
Geosciurus inauris 119 gladiolus thrips 560 large pocket 121 greater flamingo 19, 284, 285 guanaco 222, 223
Geospiza scandens 368 glass catfish 499 Merriam’s pocket 121 greater glider 99 Guatemalan black howler
Geothlypis trichas 369 glass lizards 426, 427 pocket 121 greater grison 194 142
gerbils 123 glass sponges 532, 536 Gopherus agassizii 382 greater hedgehog-tenrec 106 guenons 140
German wasp 575 glasseye 523 gorgeted puffleg 323 greater honeyguide 334 guereza 149
Geronticus eremita 288 glassfish 499 Gorilla greater hoopoe-lark 357 Guianan brown capuchin 143
Gerrhosaurus major 421 Glaucidum perlatum 320 beringei 153 greater leaf-folding frog 463 Guianan lava lizard 416
Gerridae 559 gliders, beringei beringei 153 greater painted-snipe 308 Guianan trogon 326
Gerris 559 feather-tailed 99 beringei graueri 153 greater prairie chicken 273 guillemots 308, 309
gerygone, brown-breasted 349 greater 99 gorilla 153 greater rhea 42, 269 güiña 203
Gerygone ruficollis 349 possum 93 gorillas 134, 135, 150 greater roadrunner 315 Guinea baboon 148
gestation, pygmy 99 eastern 61, 153 greater siren 442 guinea pigs 117
mammals 89 squirrel 98 eastern lowland 153 greater stick-nest rat 128 Brazilian 130
marsupial mammals 93 Glis glis 121 mountain 153 grebes 23, 280 domestic 130
gharial 432, 434 global warming 33 western 153 black-necked 280 guineafowl 270
ghost bat 159 coasts and reefs 76 goshawk 294 great crested 281 helmeted 272
ghost crabs 581 polar regions 65 northern 56, 300 hoary-headed 281 guitarfish, shovelnose 484
ghost slug 597 pollution 32 Gouldian finch 365 hooded 281 Gulf porpoise 252
giant African snail 597 tropical mountains 61 Goura scheepmakeri 314 little 280 gulls 23, 78, 306–307
giant anteater 111, 112 Globicephala grackle, common 367 pied-billed 281 herring 311
grassland habitats 43 macrorhynchus 259 Gracula religiosa 362 titicaca 281 kelp 311
giant armadillo 110 melas 259 Grallaria western 281 western 308
giant blue-tongued skink 424 Globitermes sulphureus 556 alleni 345 green anaconda 391 Gulo gulo 194
giant clams 595 globular springtails 550 ridgelyi 345 green and black poison-dart frog gulper eel 493
symbiosis 79 Glomeridae 578 vallaria 345 460 gundis 116
giant crab spider 592 Glomeris marginata 578 Grallariidae 345 green anole 414 Gunnison grouse 271
giant forest hog 218 glossy swiftlet 325 Grallina cyanoleuca 353 green broadbill 344 Gunther’s triangle frog 462
giant frog 458 glow worms 28 Grammostola rosea 593 green crab 581 guppy 516
giant girdled lizard 421 glowworm, New Zealand cave Grampus griseus 254 green heron 288 gurnard, tub 518
giant grouper 521 567 granite night lizard 425 green honeycreeper 368 guttural toad 454
giant hornbill 49 Glyptemys insculpta 378 Grant’s golden mole 105, 106 green iguana 415 Gymnobelideus leadbeateri 98
giant horse fly 569 gnatcatchers 361 grass moths 572 green mantella 462 Gymnocichla nuciceps 345
giant house spider 589 blue-gray 361 grass mouse, striped 127 green sea turtle 374, 375, 376 Gymnogyps californianus 296
giant hummingbird 324 gnateaters 345 grass snakes 393, 397 green shield bug 560 Gymnomuraena zebra 492
giant ichneumon wasp 574 rufous 345 fresh water habitats 71 green sunfish 523 Gymnophiona 24, 447
giant manta ray 74, 484 Gnathonemus petersii 490 grasshoppers 25, 552 green tiger beetle 562 gymnures 162
giant Mexican shrew 163 gnats, common field 552 green tree monitor 430 gynogenesis 471
giant otter 196 buffalo 568 ears 27 green tree python 392 Gypaetus barbatus 297
giant otter-shrew 105 fungus 567 metamorphosis 31 green treefrog 458 Gyps africanus 297
giant Pacific octopus 600 turkey 568 senses 533 Australian 438 gypsy moth 58, 571
giant panda 166, 167, 176, 179 gnu, brindled 239 stripe-winged 552 temperate forest habitats 53 gyrfalcon 337
conservation 34 goats 230 grassland habitat 38, 39, 40–43 green vegetable bug 560 Gyrinocheilus aymonieri 498
habitat 39 Bezoar 242 habitat destruction 32 green-veined white 572
giant pocket gopher 121 desertification 45 gray-chinned minivet 351 green violetear 323 H
giant pouched rat, northern 126 domestic 241, 242 gray crowned crane 304 green wood hoopoe 331
giant rat, mountain 62, 211, 241 gray gentle lemur 138 green woodpecker, European 332, habitats 38–39
Malagassy 126 wild 242 gray-faced sengi 104 335 coasts 76–79
smooth-tailed 127 goblin shark 477 gray foam-nest frog 465 greenbul, yellow-streaked 355 coniferous forests 56–59
giant salamander, goby 513 gray heron 287 greendrake 551 conservation 34, 35
Chinese 442 Goeldi’s marmoset 144 gray kangaroo, western 93 greenfinch 342 coral reefs 76–79
Japanese 438, 442 gold frog 455 gray langur, northern plains 149 greenhouse frog 454 deserts 44–47
Pacific 24, 444 goldcrests 361 gray parrot 340 greenhouse gases 33 disappearing 32
giant South American water rat golden eagle 301 gray partridge 275 greenhouse whitefly 558 freshwater 68–71
124 golden flying snake 394 gray ratsnake 395 greenlet, tawny-crowned 354 grasslands 40–3
giant spider crab 583 gray-rumped treeswift 325
giant squid 14, 19, 74, 599

INDEX 619

habitats continued Heliosciurus gambianus 119 Hippoglossus hippoglossus 519 horned screamer 271 Hyemoschus aquaticus 225
mammals 91 hellbender 442 Hippopotamidae 22, 220–221 horned toads (lizards) 416 hyenas 22, 167, 208
mountains 60–63 helmet, horned 596 hippopotamuses 22, 211, 220, 221 horned viper, desert 44
oceans 72–75 helmet shells 596 horneros 344 brown 208, 209
polar regions 66–69 helmeted guineafowl 272 common 221 hornet 548 grassland habitats 43
temperate forests 52–55 helmeted iguana 414 fresh water habitats 70, 71 spotted 208, 209
tropical forests 48–51 Heloderma jaw 88 European 575 striped 208, 209
urban areas 80–83 pygmy 220, 221 hornet moth 572 Hyla
horridum 427 Hipposideros speoris 159 horns, mammals 89 arborea 458
Haematopus ostralegus 308 suspectum 427 Hippotragus horntails 575 chrysoscelis 459
haemolymph 546 Helogale parvula 198 equinus 237 cinerea 458
Haemopsis sanguisuga 543 Hemibelideus lemuroides 98 niger 237 common 575 versicolor 459
hagfish 24, 472 Hemicentetes semispinosus Hirudo medicinalis 543 coniferous forest habitats 56 Hylarana albolabris 460
105 Hirundapis caudacutus 325 horse conches 597 Hylobates
Atlantic 472 Hemichordata 25, 545 Hirundinidae 358 horse leech 543 lar 151
hair, hemichordates 25, 545 Hirundo rustica 358 horseflies 569 moloch 152
Hemidactylus frenatus 418 Hispaniolan solenodon 163 giant 569 Hylochoerus meinertzhageni 218
aquatic mammals 90 Hemiechinus auritus 162 hispid cotton rat 124 mouthparts 535 Hylophilus ochraceiceps 354
coniferous forest animals 58–59 Hemignathus munroi 368 hispid hare 115 horses 22, 210, 212–213 Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos 273
mammals 21, 88, 89 Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae 314 hissing cockroach, Madagascan domestic 212 Hymenopodidae 555
temperature control 89 Hemiprocne longipennis 325 556 Eurasian wild 212 Hymenoptera 25, 573–577
hairstreaks 570 Hemiptera 25, 558–560 hister beetles 563 mammal locomotion 91 Hyperolius marmoratus 463
brown 570 Hemiscyllium galei 476 Histeridae 563 pregnancy 89 Hyperoodon ampullatus 259
Hewitson’s blue 570 Hemisus marmoratus 463 Histiophryne psychedelica 528 Przewalksi’s 33, 213 Hypoderma bovis 568
hairy dragonfly 551 Hemitheconyx caudicinctus 417 Histricomorpha 116 horseshoe bat, lesser 159 Hypogeomys antimena 126
hake, Pacific 511 Hemitragus jemlahicus 241 Histrio histrio 528 horseshoe crabs 25, 585 Hypsilurus spinipes 411
Haliaeetus Hemprich’s long-eared bat 161 hoary-headed grebe 281 horseshoe worms 25, 545 Hypsipetes leucocephalus 355
leucocephalus 299 hen harrier 300 hoatzin 23, 51, 315 Hottentot mole-rat 131 Hypsiprymnodon moschatus 99
halibut, Atlantic 519 Hennig, William 20 Hochstetter’s frog 450 houbara bustard 302 Hyracoidea 21, 110
Halichoerus grypus 185 Henophoidea 24, 386–392 Greater hog badger 195 house gecko, common 418 hyraxes 21, 110
Haliotis rufescens 596 herbicide pollution 32 Hog Island boa 389 house mouse 128 mountain animals 62
halosaur 491, 493 herbivores 15 hog-nosed skunk, Patagonian 186 urban habitat 81 rock 110
halteres 566 invertebrates 535 hognosed snakes 396 house rat 127 southern tree 110
hamadryad 401 mammals 88, 90 hogs 218 house sparrow 80, 363 Hystricognathi 116
hamerkop 21, 286, 289 herds 42, 91 giant forest 218 house spider, giant 589 Hystricomorpha 22, 129
hammerhead shark 473 Hermann’s tortoise 383 pygmy 218 houseflies 548 Hystrix africaeaustralias 129
smooth 482 hermaphrodites 30 red river 219 common 567
hamsters 123 fish 471 Hokkaido bear 180 life span 30 I
common 124 invertebrates 534 Holjapyx diversiunguis 550 urban habitat 81, 82
dwarf 124 hermit crabs 584 Holocephali 24, 483 hoverflies 568 Iberian lynx 201
golden 124 hero shrew 164 Hololepta 563 common bog 568 ibex,
Roborovki’s desert 124 herons 21, 23, 287 Holorusia 569 howler monkeys,
hangingflies 565 bills 265 Holothuroidea 604 Guatemalan black 142 alpine 241
Hapalemur griseus 138 black 286 Holy cross toad 452 mantled 142 mountain habitats 62
Hapalochlaena lunulata 599 black-crowned night 288 Homarus gammarus 584 northern red 142 respiration 27
Haplorhini 22, 134, 140, 150 fresh water habitats 68 hominids 134 tropical forest habitats 48, 50 Ibidorhyncha struthersii 308
harbor porpoise 252 green 288 Homopus signatus 382 Venezuelan red 142 ibisbill 308
harbor seal 90, 185 grey 287 Hon Tre bent-toed gecko 417 Hubbard’s angel insect 557 ibises 286
hard coral 76 Herpestidae 22, 198 Honduran lowland worm huddling penguins 278 northern bald 288
hard ticks 588 herring gull, European 311 salamander 446 huia 350 sacred 288
harems 91 herrings 24, 494 honero, rufous 345 human blood fluke 535 scarlet 288
hares 22, 113 Amazon hatchet 495 honey badger 194 human head louse 557 Ibiza wall lizard 422
Arctic 115 conservation 494, 495 honey bees 573 human lice 557 ice ages 39
brown 115 denticle 495 colonies 535 humans 134 icefish 470
hispid 115 lake 506 honey buzzard 295 Humboldt penguin 279 blackfin 526
snowshoe 58, 59 Hesperiidae 570 honey possum 103 Humboldt’s hog-nosed skunk 186 ichneumon wasps 574
harp seal 185 Hesperiphona vespertinus 368 honeycreeper, green 368 hummingbirds 23, 323 coniferous forest habitats 58
harp shells 596 Heterocephalus glaber 131 honeyeaters 349 bee 324 Ichneumonidae 574
Harpa major 596 Heteroconger hassi 493 blue-faced 349 flight 266 Ichthyopis glutinosus 447
Harpia harpyja 301 Heterodon nasicus 396 honeyguides 388 giant 324 Ichthyosaura alpestric 443
Harpobittacus 565 Heterodontus greater 334 habitat 38 Icterica westermanni 569
harpy eagle 301 portusjacksoni 476 lesser 332 mountains 61 Icteridae 367
harrier, hen 300 Heterolocha acutirostris 350 lyre-tailed 334 ruby-throated 324 Icterus bullocki 367
hartebeests 211 Heteromys catopteris 122 hooded grebe 281 sword-billed 324 Ictonys striatus 194
red 238 Heterophasia capistrata 359 hooded seal 185 torpor 265 Idiacanthus antrostomus 508
harvest mouse 123, 127 Heteropoda 592 hooded warbler 369 humpback anglerfish 528 Idiosepius 599
Eurasian 116 heteropods 597 hoofed mammals 22, 210–211 humpback dolphin, Atlantic 253 Iguana iguana 415
salt-marsh 123 Heteropriacanthus cruentatus communication 91 humpback flies 568 iguanas 24, 410
harvestmen 586, 588 523 coniferous forest habitats 56 humpback grouper 523 black spiny-tailed 416
cave animals 63 Heteroptera 558 mountain animals 60, 62 humpback whale 14, 90, 244, 245, Galapagos land pink 414
horned 588 Hewitson’s blue hairstreak 570 hook-billed vanga 350 246, 249 green 415
Say’s 588 Hexactinellida 536 hook-lipped rhinoceros 216 hunting 29, 32, 90 helmeted 414
hatchetfish, river 499 Hexanchus griseus 475 Hooker’s sea lion 183 hunting dogs, African 29 Madagascan collared 416
hawk moths 572 Hexapoda 25, 548–577 hookworms 543 huntsman spiders 592 marine 414
tarantula 575 hexapods 25, 546 Hoolock tianxing 151 hutia, Desmarest’s 131 rhinoceros 415
hawkers 551 Hexathelidae 589 hoopoe-lark, greater 357 hyacinth macaw 341 Iguanoidea 24, 410–416
migrant 551 Hexomyza 566 hoopoes 23, 331 Hyaena hyaena 209 iiwi 368
southern 551 hibernation, Eurasian 331 Hyaenidae 22, 208–209 impala 230, 240
hawkfish, longnose 524 bats 157 green wood 331 Hyalinobatrachium valerioi 460 imperial scorpion 587
hawks 294 coniferous forest animals 58 temperate forest 53 hydra 30, 534 imperial shag 291
Galapagos 300 desert animals 47 Hoplias macrophthalmus 499 Hydra 540 inanga 507
hawksbill turtle 375, 376 dormice 121 Hoplostethus atlanticus 514 Hydractinia 540 Inca tern 312
hazel dormouse 121 mammals 89 hopping mouse, spinifex 128 Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris 130 inchworms 570
head louse 557 mountain animals 60, 63 hormathiid sea anemones 538 Hydrocynus incomplete metamorphosis 31, 549
headstander, striped 498 reptiles 89, 373 hormones 26, 29 goliath 496 Indian bison 236
heart urchins 604 temperate forest animals 55 hornbills 23, 327 vittatus 498 Indian cicada 558
heat-detection, snakes 373, 384 Hierophis viridiflavus 394 Abyssinian ground 337 hydroids 537 Indian cobra 400
Hector’s dolphin 258 higher termites 556 bill 327 feather 540 Indian giant squirrel 119
hedgehog-tenrec, greater 106 hill mynah, common 362 great 327, 331 Hydrolagus colliei 485 Indian hedgehog 162
hedgehogs 22, 162 hillstar, Andean 61, 324 southern ground 331 Hydrometra stagnorum 559 Indian ornamental spider 593
European 89, 162 Himalayan cicada 558 southern yellow-billed 331 Hydrometridae 559 Indian peafowl 272
hibernation 89 Himalayan tahr 241 tropical forest habitats 49 Hydromys chrysogaster 128 Indian python 386, 392
Indian 162 Himantopus himantopus 308 horned adder 402 Hydroprogne caspia 311 Indian rhinoceros 214, 215
long-eared 162 hindgut fermentation 211, 212 horned frog, Surinam 453 Hydrosaurus pustulatus 411 Indian starred tortoise 374, 382
temperate forest habitats 55 Hippoboscidae 567 horned harvestman 588 hydrostatic skeleton 26, 533 Indian tree shrew 133
Hedydipna colleris 365 Hippocampus horned helmet 596 hydrothermal vents 75 Indicator indicator 334
Helarctos malayanus 178 guttulatus 522 horned lark 357 Hydrozoa 540 indigo birds 365
Heleophryne purcelli 452 satomie 522 horned owl, great 319 hydrozoans 535, 540
Helicocranchia 599 Hydrurga leptonyx 184
Helina obscurata 567

620 INDEX

indigo snake 395 Jackson’s chameleon 413 Kheper aegyptiorum 564 Lagenorhynchus leaf muntjac 225
indigobird, dusky 365 Jacobson’s organ 384 kiang 212 albirostris 254 leaf-nosed bats 157
Indo-Pacific crocodile 434 killer whale 250, 256 obliquidens 254
Indo-pacific finless porpoise 252 cats 200 obscurus 253 New World 157
Indonesian coelacanth 488 equids 212 false 259 obscurus fitzroyi 253 Schneider’s 159
Indotyphlops braminus 407 snakes 373 killifish, Amiet’s 514 obscurus obscurus 253 leaf warbler 356
indri 135, 136, 139 Jaculus jaculus 126 king bird of paradise 353 leafcutter ants 576
Indri indri 139 jaguar 18, 50, 200, 207 king cheetah 207 Lagomorpha 22, 113–5 feeding 535
Inia jaguarundi 206 king cobra 401 Lagopus lagopus 271 tropical forest habitats 48
Jamaican tody 330 king cormorant 289 Lagorchestes conspicillatus 102 leafhoppers 558
boliviensis 251 James’s flamingo 285 king crabs 585 Lagostomus maximus 130 common green 558
geoffrensis 251 Jandaya parakeet 341 king penguin 278 Lagothrix cana 141 leafy seadragon 517
inland ningaui 94 Janolus nakaza 597 king stag beetle 564 Lagurus lagurus 125 learning 14, 28
insect-eating mammals 90 Janthina janthina 596 kingbird, eastern 346 lake herring 506 mammals 90, 91
Insecta 548–577 Japanese giant salamander 438, 442 kingdoms 14, 18, 21 lake habitats 68, 70, 71 least auklet 312
Insectivora 162 Japanese macaque 91 kingfishers 23, 327 Lama guanicoe 223 least flycatcher 346
insects 14, 15, 25, 38, 533, 546, Japanese sawshark 476 lammergier 60 least weasel 66, 194
548–549 Japanese spider crab 581, 583 belted 327 lamp shells 545 leatherback turtle 378
angel 25, 557 Japanese waxwing 354 common 328 lampreys 24 leatherjackets 569
body casing 27 Japanese white-eye 360 Eurasian 328 leeches 15, 542
cladistics 20 Japigidae 550 temperate forest habitats 53 brook 472 horse 543
coniferous forest habitats 56 japygids 550 kinglets 361 sea 472 medicinal 543
cuticle 532 Java sparrow 365 golden-crowned 57, 361 Lamprimorpha 24 parasites 535
desert habitats 44, 45, 47 Javan rhinoceros 214, 215 kingsnakes 396 Lampris guttatus 513 Leiopelma hochstetteri 450
exoskeleton 26 Javanese leaf insect 553 common 396 Lamprocera selas 563 Leiothrichidae 359
fresh water habitats 68, 70, 71 javelina 219 Kinisternon flavescens 379 Lamprolepis smaragdina 423 leiothrix, red-billed 359
leaf 25, 553 jawfish, yellowhead 487, 515 Kinixys erosa 382 Lampropeltis Leiothrix lutea 359
mangrove swamp habitats 78 jawless fish 24, 468, 472 kinkajous 187, 188, 194 californiae 396 Leipoa ocellata 270
metamorphosis 31 jay, kipunji 148 splendida 396 lemmings 116, 123
mountain habitats 60, 62, 63 blue 352 Kirk’s dik-dik 43, 239 triangulum 397 brown 125
parasites 535 Eurasian 343, 352 Kirtland’s warbler 369 Lamprophis fuliginosus 397 Norway 125
polar habitats 66 temperate forest habitats 54 kit fox 169 Lamprotornis splendidus 362 polar habitats 64, 67
reproduction 534 jellies, comb 544 kites 266 lampshells 26 tundra habitats 59
respiration 27, 534 jellyfish 539 Everglades 297 Lampyridae 563 Lemmus
sap-sucking 534 evolution 532 red 297 lancelets 15, 25, 605 lemmus 125
scale 559 lion’s mane 539 snail 294, 297 lancetfish, long-snouted 509 sibiricus 125
social 29, 535 movement 27, 537 kiwis 23, 266, 269 land hermit crabs 584 Lemniscomys striatus 127
stick 25, 49, 553 ocean habitats 72 North Island brown 268 Langaha madagascariensis 397 lemon shark 473, 482
temperate forest habitats 52, 53, rhizostome 539 klipspringers 62 langurs 135, 140 Lemur catta 138
54, 55 symbiosis 79 Cape 239 northern plains gray 149 lemurine night monkey 143
temperate rainforest habitats 57 jerboas, knifefish, clown 490 Laniarius atrococcineus 350 lemuroid ring-tailed possum 98
tropical forest habitats 49, 50, 51 desert animals 47 knot, red 310 Lanius lemurs 17, 134, 136
tundra habitats 67 four-toed 126 koala 97 collaris 354 bamboo 136
urban habitats 80, 82 lesser Egyptian 126 temperate forest habitats 53 collurio 355 Betsileo sportive 139
instinct 28 jewel beetle 548, 562 locomotion 93 lantern bugs 559 black and white ruffed 138
integumentary system 26 jewel wasps 574 Kobus lantern shark 475 fat-tailed dwarf 138
intelligence 28 jewelled frog beetle 562 defassa 236 lanternfish 24, 509 flying 132
apes 150 jewelled lizard 422 leche 236 prickly 509 gray gentle 138
mammals 91 jewfish 521 thomasi 237 white-spotted 509 Madame Berthe’s mouse 139
primates 134 jingle shells 595 vardonii 237 lanternfly 559 mouse 134
whales 244 jird, Kodiak bear 180 Lanthanotus borneensis 427 ring-tailed 136, 138
intertidal zone 78 fat-tailed 126 kodkod 203 Lanthella basta 536 temperature control 89
introduced species 33, 34–35 Mongolian 126 Kogia simus 260 lappet-faced vulture 295 weasel 136
invertebrates 14–15, 532–555 jocotoco antpitta 345 kokako 350 lappet moths 570 Leontopithecus rosalia 145
body systems 26 John Dory 511 kokanee 504 lar gibbon 50, 135, 151 leopard seals 65, 184
classification 25, 546 Joppa antennator 574 Komodo dragon 409, 428 larder beetles 563 leopard shark 481
chordates 605 Jordan’s salamander 445 kookaburra, large bee fly 566 leopard snake 396
conservation 34 Jordanella floridae 514 laughing 330 large caddisflies 569 leopard tortoise 375, 382
desert habitats 44 Julidae 578 social groups 29 large scimitar babbler 359 leopards 18, 206
fresh water habitats 70, 71 jumping bristletails 550 temperate forest habitats 53 large shield-tailed snake 387 Diard's clouded 19, 206
learning 28 jumping characin 498 Kopstein’s bronzeback snake large slit-faced bat 159 snow 60, 207
metamorphosis 31 jumping plant lice 560 394 largescale foureyes 516 tropical forest habitats 49
ocean habitats 74 jumping spiders 27, 590 kori bustard 302 larks 342, 357 Leopardus
seashore habitats 78 junco, dark-eyed 366 kouprey 233 horned 357 geoffroyi 203
temperate forest habitats 55 Junco hyemalis 366 kowari 95 rufous-naped 357 guigna 203
tropical forest habitats 48, 50 jungle carpet python 391 kraits 399 Larosterna inca 312 jacobitus 203
Irawaddy dolphin 258 jungle cat 202 yellow-lipped sea 400 Larus pardalis 203
Irena puella 360 jungle fowl, red 272 krill 65, 75, 546, 579, 581 argentatus 311 wiedii 203
Irenidae 360 Jurassic Period 264 Antarctic 581 dominicanus 311 Lepadidae 580
irruptions 59, 63 Jynx torquilla 334 filter feeding 535 larvae, Lepas anatifera 580
Isoptera 25, 556 Kroyer’s deep-sea anglerfish 528 amphibians 438, 439 Lepidochelys olivacea 377
Isurus oxyrinchus 480 K Kryptopterus bicirrhis 499 eel 492 Lepidogalaxias salamandroides 507
Italian spectacled salamander 441 kudu, Zambesi 231 fish 487 Lepidoptera 25, 570–573
IUCN 33 Kafue flats lechwe 236 Kuhl’s flying gecko 419 insect 70, 71, 549 Lepidothryis fernandi 424
ivory 32 kagu 23, 303 kultarr 95 invertebrates 534 Lepilemur betsileo 139
Ixodidae 588 kakapo 340 Kunsia tomentosus 124 metamorphosis 31 Lepisma saccharina 550
kangaroo mouse, dark 122 newts 441 Lepismatidae 550
J kangaroo rats 121, 126 L oceans 72 lepismatids 550
salamanders 441 Lepisosteiformes 489
jacamars 388 desert habitats 46 La Palma glass frog 460 seashore habitats 79 Lepisosteus osseus 489
rufous-tailed 333 Merriam’s 122 laboratory fruit fly 567 Lasiocampidae 570 Lepomis cyanellus 523
kangaroos 17, 21, 93 Labroides dimidiatus 523 lasiocampids 570 Leporillus conditor 128
Jacana jacana 308 introduced species 33 lace bugs 560 Lasiorhinus latifrons 97 Leptailurus serval 202
jacanas 308, 309 locomotion 91, 93 lateral line 469, 473, 486 Leptocardia 605
marsupials 93 spear-thistle 560 Lathamus discolor 340 leptocephalus 491
comb-crested 309 red 93, 101 lace monitor 430 Laticauda colubrina 400 Leptodactylus pentadactylus 453
fresh water habitats 69 western gray 93, 103 Lacerta Latimeria Leptonychotes weddellii 184
wattled 308 Karoo rock sengi 104 chalumnae 488 Leptopelis modestus 463
jack, Crevalle 517 kassina, bubbling 463 agilis 421 menadoensis 488 Leptophyes punctatissima 552
jackals 168 Kassina senegalensis 463 schreiberi 422 Latrodectus mactans 592 Leptoptilos crumenifer 286
black-backed 172 katydids 552 Lacertilia 24, 408–430 laughing kookaburra 330 Leptosomiformes 23, 327
desert habitats 44 kea 339 lacewings 25, 561 laughingthrush, red-tailed 359 Leptosomus discolor 327
golden 172 kelp gull 311 Lachesis muta 406 Leadbeater’s possum 98 Lepus
grassland habitats 43 Keroplatidae 567 Lactoria cornuta 529 leaf beetles 562 arcticus 115
side-striped 171 kestrel, ladybirds 563 leaf-eating forest animals 51 californicus 115
Simien 172 common 337 eyed 563 leaf frog 449 europaeus 115
jackdaw, Western 352 Mauritius 336 ladybugs 563 leaf insects 25, 553 lesser Antilles funnel-eared bat 161
jackrabbit, black-tailed 115 ladyfish 492 Javanese 553 lesser apes 150
Laemanctus longipes 415 leaf-mining flies 566

INDEX 621

lesser bushbaby 138 little chachalaca 270 long-finned pilot whale 259 M mammals continued
lesser Egyptian jerboa 126 little friarbird 349 long-footed potoroo 99 skin 27
lesser flamingo 71, 284, 285 little grebe 280 long-nosed hosicudo 123 Macaca social groups 29
lesser honeyguide 332 little lauca 124 long-nosed snake 398 munzala 148 temperate forest habitats 53
lesser horseshoe bat 159 little owl 322 long-snouted lancetfish 509 nigra 148 temperate rain-forest habitats 57
lesser mouse-tailed bat 159 little penguin 279 long-snouted seahorse 522 tropical forest habitats 49, 50, 51
lesser one-horned rhinoceros little pygmy-possum 99 long-tailed bats 159 macaque,
little rock wallaby 102 long-tailed field mouse 117, 127 Arunachal 148 mammary glands 88, 89
215 Littorina obtusata 597 long-tailed jaeger 311 Celebes crested 148 mammoth wasps 575
lesser panda 187, 194 live-bearing cockroaches 556 long-tailed paradise whydah 365 Japanese 91 man-eater shark 479
lesser spotted dogfish 481 live-bearing fish 471 long-tailed skink 423 rhesus 140 man-of-war, Portuguese 540
lesser tree shrew 133 liver fluke 541 long-tailed skipper 570 man-of-war fish 517
lesser weeverfish 523 Livingstone’s turaco 315 long-tailed tits 356 macaroni penguin 279 Manacus manacus 346
Lestes sponsa 551 lizards 24, 372, 373, 408–409 long-toed salamander 445 macaw, manakins 343, 346
Leucocarbo atriceps 291 long-whiskered catfish 496
Lestidae 551 anguimorph 24 long-winged great cockroach 556 blue and yellow 266 blue-backed 346
Lethocerus grandis 558 Arizona alligator 426 longhorn beetles 562 green-winged 338 white-bearded 346
Leucettusa lancifer 536 armadillo 420, 421 hyacinth 341 wire-tailed 346
Leuresthes tenuis 515 Baja California legless 427 European 34 red-and-green 341 manatees 21, 90, 107
Libellula depressa 551 Borneo earless 427 longhorn cowfish 529 scarlet 341, 338 Amazonia 107
Libellulidae 551 Boulenger’s pricklenape 411 longnose gar 489 Spix’s 341 West African 107
lice, Broadley’s flat 421 longnose hawkfish 524 Machilidae 550 West Indian 107
caiman 425 longspined porcupinefish 529 mackerel, Atlantic 522 Manchurian bear 180
bird 557 casque-headed 415 Lontra canadensis 196 mackerel shark 480 mandarin duck 273
chicken body 557 Chinese crocodile 430 loons 280 Macleay’s spectre 553 mandarin salamander 443
crab 557 cladistics 20 Macrocera stigma 567 Mandibulata 25, 548–584
fish 580 classification 408 common 280 Macrocheira kaempferi 581, 583 mandibulates 25, 546
human 557 collared 414 Pacific 280 Macrochelys temmenckii 377 mandrills 134, 140, 147
human head 557 common 373, 422 red-throated 280 Macroderma gigas 159 Mandrillus sphinx 147
jumping plant 560 defense 29 loopers 570 Macromeris violacea 575 maned sloth 111
parasitic 25 desert grass whiptail 425 loosejaw, Northern stoplight 508 Macronectes giganteus 281 maned wolf 168, 171
pubic 557 desert habitats 46, 47 Lophius piscatorius 528 Macroperipatus torquatus 545 mangrove monitor 426
Lichanura trivirgata 390 desert horned 416 Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps 515 Macropus mangrove snake 394
life cycles 30–31 eastern glass 427 Lorenzini, ampullae of 469, 473 fulginosus 103 mangrove swamp habitat 38, 78
amphibians 439 European glass 427 Loricifera 19 Macroscelidea 21, 104 Manidae 165
desert animals 47 eyed 422 lorikeet 338 Macrosiphum albifrons 558 Manis
insects 549 flying 409, 411 coconut 338 Macrosphenidae 358 pentadactyla 165
invertebrates 534, 535 frilled 411 Loris lydekkerianus 137 Macrotermes 556 temminckii 165
newts 441 giant girdled 421 lorises 134, 136 Macrotis lagotis 96 mannikins 365
parasites 535 girdled 420, 421 grey slender 137 Madagascan collared iguana 416 Manorina melanocephala 349
salamanders 441 glass 426, 427 slow 137 Madagascan golden mantella 462 Manta birostris 484
life spans 30 granite night 425 lory, blue-streaked 338 Madagascan hissing cockroach manta ray, giant 74, 484
light production 28 Guianan lava 416 Lota lota 511 556 mantella,
lightning-bugs 563 Ibiza wall 422 louse see lice Madagascan leaf-nosed snake 397 green 462
lilac-breasted roller 327 jewelled 422 louse flies 567 Madagascan spitting cobra 399 Madagascan golden 462
Lilford’s lizard 422 Lilford’s 422 lovebird, yellow-collared 340 Madagascan sunset moth 573 Mantella
lilytrotter 69 Mexican beaded 409, 426, 427 lovely cotinga 347 Madagascar day gecko 418 aurantiaca 462
Limnephilidae 569 mole 431 lowland gorilla, eastern 153 Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur 139 viridis 462
Limnephilus lunatus 569 monitor 372, 408 lowland paca 130 Madoqua kirkii 239 Mantidae 555
Limnogale mergulus 105 night 420 lowland streaked-tenrec 105 Madras tree shrew 133 mantids 25, 555
limpets 596 ocellated 422 lowland tapir 217 Magellanic penguin 278 common praying 555
blue-rayed 596 plated 420, 421 Loxia curvirostra 368 magnificent chiton 598 flower 555
common 596 rainbow 411 Loxocemus bicolor 387 magnificent fruit pigeon 315 mantis shrimps 581
feeding 535 rough-scaled plated 421 Loxodonta magpie, Mantispidae 561
seashore habitats 76, 78 sailfin 411 africana 109 black-billed 352 mantispids 561
limpkin 304 sand 40, 421 cyclotis 109 red-billed 352 mantle 594
Limulidae 585 Schreiber’s green 422 Loxosceles rufescens 592 magpie goose 271 mantled howler 142
Limulus polyphemus 585 snake 24 Lucanidae 564 magpie-lark 353 Mantodea 25, 555
Linckia laevigata 603 southern angle-headed 411 Lucanus cervus 564 magpie tanager 368 Manx shearwater 281
Linnaean classification 20 temperate forest habitats 53 lugworm 78–79 Majoidae 583 mapache 194
Linnaeus, Carl 18 thin 416 Luidia ciliaris 602 major skink 420, 423 marabou stork 43, 286
Linnaeus’ caecilian 447 tropical forest habitats 50, 51 Lumbricus terestris 543 Majorcan midwife toad 450 Maratus bubo 590
Linnaeus’ false vampire 160 variable garden 411 luminous fish 74 Makaira nigricans 518 marbled cat 202
Linnaeus’ spectral vampire viviparous 373, 408, 422 lumpfish 77, 518 mako, shortfin 480 marbled chiton 598
160 wall 420 lumpsucker 527 Malaconotidae 350 marbled electric ray 485
Linnaeus’ two-toed sloth 112 western fence 416 lungfishes, Malacosoma americanum 570 marbled polecat 193
linsangs 22 whiptail 30, 420 Australian 488 Malacosteus niger 508 marbled salamander 439
oriental 199 worm 431 fresh water habitats 69, 71 Malacostraca 581 margay 203
Linyphiidae 589 Zimbabwe girdled 421 South American 488 malacostracans 581 marine iguana 414
Liolaemus tenuis 416 lizardfish, variegated 509 West African 488 Malagasy carnivores 22, 197 marine toad 456
lion’s mane jellyfish 539 llama 222, 223 lungless salamander 52, 440 Malagasy warblers 356 marine turtles 73
lions 18, 166, 200, 207 loach, clown 497 Lusciana svecica 363 Malay civet 199 maritime pseudoscorpion 587
Asiatic 207 Lobodon carcinophaga 184 Luscinia megarhynchos 363 Malayan tapir 17, 217 Marivagia stellata 539
cubs at play 90 Lobophyllia 539 Lutra lutra 196 mallard 272 markhor 242
grassland habitats 42 lobsters 584 Lybius dubius 333 malleefowl 270 marlin, blue 29, 518
hunting 29 blue-striped squat 584 Lycaena philaeas 570 Mallomys rothschildi 127 Marmosa murina 94
mountain 60, 206 Caribbean spiny 75 Lycaenidae 570 Mallotus villosus 507 marmosets 140, 144
social groups 91 common 584 Lycaon pictus 173 Malocochersus tornieri 382 Geoffroy’s tufted-ear 145
Liothyrella uva 545 ocean habitats 72 Lycosa tarentula 592 Maluridae 349 Goeldi’s 144
Lipaugus unirufus 347 spiny 546 Lycosidae 592 Malurus silvery 145
Liposcelididae 557 squat 584 Lygocoris pabulinus 559 cyaneus 349 Marmota
Liposcelis decolor 557 Locustella naevia 357 Lymantria dispar 571 melanocephalus 349 flaviventer 118
Lissodelphis locusts 547, 552 Lymantriidae 571 Malyan colugo 132 monax 118
borealis 258 desert 552 Lymnaea stagnalis 597 mambas 399 marmots 116
peronii 258 desert habitats 45, 47 lynx, black 400 mountain habitats 60, 63
Lithobates loggerhead turtle 377 Canadian 58, 59 East African green 400 yellow-bellied 118
catesbeianus 461 logrunners 348 desert 202 Mammalia 18, 88–261 marsh antelope 236
pipiens 460 Australian 348 Eurasian 201 classification system 21–22 marsh deer 226
sylvaticus 461 Loligo 594 Iberian 201 mammals 88–91 marsh frog 461
lithobiid centipedes 55, 578 Lonchura oryzivora 365 Lynx as animals 15 marsh-treaders 559
Lithobiidae 578 lone star tick 588 lynx 201 birth 31 marshes 68
Lithobius variegatus 578 long-billed bernieria 356 pardinus 201 cladistics 20 habitat destruction 32
Litocranius walleri 240 long-clawed marsupial mouse 94 rufus 201 classification system 21–22 marsupial moles 21
Litoria long-eared bat, lyre-tailed honeyguide 334 desert habitats 47 desert habitats 47
australis 458 brown 161 lyrebirds 342, 348 egg-laying 92 evolution 16, 17
caerulea 458 desert 161 superb 348 hoofed 22, 210–211 southern 96
infrafrenata 458 Hemprich’s 161 lyretail, Amiet’s 517 life span 30 marsupial mouse, long-clawed
platycephala 458 long-eared hedgehog 162 Lyssa zampa 573 mountain habitats 62 94
little auk 312 polar habitats 66 Marsupialia 21, 89, 93–103

622 INDEX

marsupials 93 Merops milkfish 496, 497 monitor lizards continued moths continued
Australian carnivorous 21 aplaster 330 milksnake 18, 397 mangrove 426 ermine 570
classification scheme 21 bullockoides 330 millipedes 546, 578 Nile 430 feeding 535
conservation 34–35 Northern Sierra Madre forest geometer 570
introduced species 33 Merostomata 25, 585 black snake 578 430 grass 572
temperate forest habitat 55 Merriam’s kangaroo rat 122 cylinder 578 sand 430 gypsy 58, 570
Merriam’s pocket gopher 121 pill 232, 578 savanna 430 hawk 572
martens 193 Mesites 23, 302 spiny dragon 578 white-throated 430 hornet 572
beech 193 mesite, temperate forest habitats 52 lappet 570
European pine 193 white-rimmed pill 578 monk parakeet 341 Madagascan sunset 573
yellow-throated 193 sub-desert 302 Milvus milvus 297 monk saki 142 noctuid 571
white-breasted 302 mimicry, monk seal, Mediterranean 184 promethea 572
Martes Mesitornis variegata 302 invertebrates 533 monkeys 22, 134, 140 saturniid 572
flavigula 193 Mesitornithiformes 23, 302 milksnake 397 silk 570
foina 193 Mesocricetus auratus 124 tropical forest animals 50 black-capped squirrel 144 temperate forest habitats 52
martes 193 mesoglea 537 Mimidae 362 black-handed spider 141 tiger 570
pennanti 193 Mesotopus tarandus 564 Mimus polyglottos 362 black spider 141 tortricid 573
zibellina 193 Mesozoic Era, Mindanao moonrat 162 colobus 135, 140 tropical forest habitats 49
mammals 88 Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat De Brazza’s 148 tussock 571
martial eagle 301 reptiles 372 158 Geoffroy’s spider 141 uraniid 573
martins 358 metabolic rate, miner, noisy 349 golden palace 143 urban life 82
life span 30 minivet, gray-chinned 351 gray woolly 141 vapourer 30
northern house 358 mammals 90 mink 193 howler 48, 50 yucca 39
plain 358 temperature control 89 American 193, 194 intelligence 28 zodiac 573
purple 358 metamorphosis 31 coniferous forest habitats 58 long-haired spider 141
urban habitats 82 amphibians 439 European 193, 194 mountain habitats 61 motmots 327
martucha 194 eels 493 minke whale 249 Myanmar snub-nosed 149 Amazonian 51, 330
masked crabs 583 fishes 471 Antarctic 249 New World 134, 140 tropical forest habitats 51
mastiff bats 161 insects 548, 549 common 249 night 143
Mastigias papua 539 invertebrates 534 minnow mayflies 551 Old World 135, 140 mottled shovel-nosed frog 463
mastigure, North African newts 441 Mirafra africana 357 owl 143 Mount Mabu forest viper 402
412 salamanders 441 Mirounga leonina 185 patas 148 mountain beaver 118
matamata 376 Metasolpulga picta 587 mistletoebird 366 proboscis 149 mountain cat 203
mating, Metatheria 21, 89, 93 Misumena vatia 593 red colobus 140 mountain dusky salamander 445
amphibians 439 Mexican beaded lizard 409, 426, mites 588 spider 134, 135, 140 mountain goats 62, 211, 241
fertilization 31 427 polar habitats 65 squirrel 140 mountain gorilla 153
mammal communication 91 Mexican black kingsnake 396 red spider 588 temperature control 89 mountain habitats 38, 60–63
Mauritian tomb bat 158 Mexican burrowing snake 387 spider 588 tropical forest habitats 48, 49, 50, mountain lion 60, 206
Mauritius kestrel 336 Mexican burrowing toad 451 velvet 588 mountain marsupial frog 459
Maxillopoda 580 Mexican caecilian 447 Mitsukurina owstoni 477 51, 55 mountain tapir 217
maxillopods 580 Mexican mushroom-tongued Mixophyes carbinensis 452 white-bellied spider 141 mountain zebras 212
mayflies 25, 551 salamander 446 Mniotilta varia 369 woolly spider 135, 140, 141 mourning dove 314
common burrowing 551 Mexican red-legged tarantula mockingbirds 362 monkfish 510, 512 mouse,
fresh water habitats 70 593 northern 362 monocled cobra 385
mating swarms 29 Mexican red-rumped tarantula Moholi bushbaby 138 Monodon monoceros 252 Crete spiny 128
primitive minnow 551 593 Mola mola 529 monogamy, Eurasian harvest 116
Maylandia zebra 526 Mexican tetra 498 mole crickets 552 birds 266 harvest 123, 127
mbuna, zebra 526 Mexican worm lizard 431 communication 28 mammals 91 house 81, 82, 128
meadowlark, eastern 367 Mhadei caecilian 447 mole lizard 431 monophyletic group 20 long-tailed field 117, 127
meagre, brown 524 mice see mouse mole-rats 116, 129 Monoplacophora 598 northern pygmy 123
mealybug, common citrus 559 Mico argentatus 145 Ethiopian African 123 monoplacophorans 598 overlook spiny pocket 122
Meconema thalassinum 552 mico de noche 194 Hottentot 131 Monotremata 21, 92 salt-mash harvest 123
Mecoptera 25, 565 Micrastur ruficollis 336 naked 123, 131 monotremes 21, 89, 92 southern grasshopper 117
medicinal leech 543 Micrathena gracilis 589 Namaqua dune 131 monsoons 48, 49 spinifex hopping 128
Mediterranean dealfish 513 micro leaf chameleon 19, 413 moles 163 montane forest habitats 60 spiny 117
Mediterranean monk seal 184 Microbiotheria 21, 93 Eurasian 17 moloch gibbon 152 striped grass 127
medusa 537 Microcebus berthae 139 European 165 moon moth, American 572 white-footed 123
meerkat 45, 198 microchiropterans 156 evolution 16, 17 moonfish 515 yellow-necked 127
slender-tailed 166 Microdipodops megacephalus golden 21, 47, 105 moonrats 162 mouse deer 224, 225
Megaceryle alcyon 327 122 marsupial 21, 47 Mindanao 162 mouse lemurs 134
Megachasma pelagios 480 micrometazoans 544 star-nosed 165 moorhen, common 304 Madame Berthe’s 139
megachiropterans 156 Micromys minutus 127 Molluska 594–601 Moorish gecko 419 mouse-like rodents 22, 116,
Megalaima virens 333 Micropotamogale lamottei classification system 25 moose 227 123
Megaloblatta longipennis 556 105 mollusks 594 Mops condylurus 161 mouse opossum 93
megalopa larva 547 Microtus arvalis 125 bivalve shells 26 moray eel 491 common 94
Megalops atlanticus 492 Micurus lemniscatus 400 classification system 25 moray, zebra 492 mousebirds 23, 326
Megaloptera 25, 561 midges, evolution 532 Morelia speckled 326
megamouth shark 480 biting 566 mangrove swamp habitats 78 spilota 391 white-headed 326
megapodes 270 common 566 ocean habitats 72 viridis 392 moustached antpitta 345
Megaptera novaeangliae 249 gall 566 molly, morepork 320 mouthbrooder, cichlid 471
Megasorex gigas 163 non-biting 567 Amazon 471 Mormolyce phyllodes 562 mouthparts, insect 548
Megophrys montana 451 midwife toad 451 sailfin 516 Mormotus mormota 336 mud dauber wasps 575
Melanerpes formicivorus 335 Majorcan 450 Moloch horridus 412 Morpho peleides 571 mudflats 78
Melanieparus cinerascens 355 migrant hawker 551 Molossus rufus 161 morpho, common blue 571 mudminnows 502
Melanitta deglandi 273 migration, Molothrus ater 367 Morus bassanus 293 mudpuppy 442
Melanocetus johnsonii 528 amphibians 439 molting, Moschidae 22, 224 mudskipper 469
Melanosuchus niger 434 birds 29, 267 arthropod 547 Moschus chrysogaster 225 Atlantic 515
Melanotaenia boesemani 515 bison 234 birds 264 mosquitoes 548, 567 mangrove swamps 78
Meleagris gallopavo 271 desert animals 45 Momotus momota 330 antennae 533 mule deer 226
Meles meles 194 eels 491 Monachus monachus 184 fresh water habitats 70, 71 mullet, thicklip gray 515
Melichneutes robustus 334 fresh water animals 70 monarch butterfly 549, 571 introduced species 33 mullet snappers 513
Meliphagidae 349 grassland animals 42, 43 Monarchidae 353 polar habitats 64 Mullus surmuletus 524
Mellisuga helenae 324 insects 549 monarchs 353 tundra habitats 67 multicellular animals, evolution 532
Mellivora capensis 194 lobsters 546 money spiders 589 Motacilla alba 366 Mungos mungo 198
Melopsittacus undulatus 340 mountain animals 60, 63 Mongolian jird 126 Motacillidae 366 munias 365
Melospiza melodia 366 ocean animals 75 Mongolian saiga 240 moth flies 568 Muntiacus putaoensis 225
Melursus ursinus 178 polar animals 67 mongooses 22, 198 moths 25, 570 muntjac 225
Membracidae 559 reindeer 227 banded 198 American moon 572 Murex troschell 596
Menacanthus stramineus 557 salmon 501 dwarf 91, 198 Atlas 49, 572 murexes 596
Menoponidae 557 temperate forest animals 52, 54, Madagascan 197 bell 573 muriqui, southern 141
Menura novaehollandiae 348 social groups 91 cladistics 20 Mus musculus 128
Menuridae 348 55 yellow 198 clear-winged 572 Musca domestica 567
Mephitidae 22, 186 turtles 375 monito del monte 21 clothes 573 Muscardinus avellanarius 121
Mephitis mephitis 186 urban animals 80 monitor lizards 372, 408, coniferous forest habitats 58 Muscicapidae 363
Merganetta armata 273 whales 245, 246 426 dark sword-grass 571 Muscidae 567
merganser, common 273 wildebeest 239 Dumeril’s 430 death’s head hawk 572 muscids 567
Mergus merganser 273 milk, green tree 430 defence 29 muscles 14, 15, 27
Meriones unguiculatus 126 mammals 21, 88, 89 lace 430 dimorphism 30 birds 264
merlin 337 marsupial mammals 93 eastern tent caterpillar 570 muscular system 26
Merluccius productus 511 pigeons 265, 313 eggar 570 Muscovy duck 273
mermaid’s purse 481

INDEX 623

museum beetles 563 Nematoda 25, 543 Nomeus gronovii 517 O orange tip 572
mushroom corals 539 nematode worms 532, 543 non-biting midges 567 orangespine unicornfish 528
musk deer 22, 224 Nonggang babbler 359 oak bush cricket 552 orangutans 89, 134, 150
polar region habitats 65 North African mastigure 412 oak marble galls 54
alpine 225 Nemertea 25, 544 North America river otter 196 oarfish 24, 513, 512 Bornean 154
musk oxen 241 Neobisiidae 587 North American pika 113 oceanic sunfish 529 Sumatran 154
neobisiids 587 North American porcupine 57, 58, Oceanites oceanicus 281 orb weaver 589
polar habitats 64, 67 Neobisium maritimum 587 oceans 72–75 orb web spiders 589
muskellunge 502 Neoceratodus forsteri 488 129 ocellated lizard 422 Orcaella brevirostris 258
muskrats 117, 125 Neofelis diardi 206 North Island brown kiwi 269 ocellated skink 422 orchid bees 573
musky rat-kangaroo 99 Neogene 17 North Pacific right whale 247 ocelot, Geoffroy’s 203 Orcinus orca 256
Musophagiformes 23, 315 Neomys fodiens 163 northeast African saw-scaled viper Ochotona order, classification system 18,
mussel shrimps 580 Neophascogale lorentzii 94 21–25
mussels 595 Neophocaena phocaenoides 252 403 curzoniae 114 Oreamnos americanus 241
Neophron percnopterus 297 northern bald ibis 288 princeps 114 Orectolobus maculatus 476
seashore habitats 76, 77, 78 Neosittidae 351 northern bottlenose whale 259 Ocreatus underwoodii 323 Oreotragus oreotragus 239
swan 595 neoteny, newts and salamanders 441 northern caddisflies 569 Octocyon megalotis 173 Oreotrochilus estella 324
Mustela neotropical fruit bat 156 northern cardinal 369 Octodon degus 131 organs 26, 532
erminea 194 Neovison vison 194 northern cattle grub 568 Octopus vulgaris 599 oriental cockroach 556
lutreola 194 Nephila 589 northern cavefish 511 octopuses 38, 532–533, 534, 594 oriental darter 291
nigripes 194 Nephropidae 584 northern common cuscus 98 blue-ringed 599 oriental fire-bellied toad 450
nivalis 194 Nerodia fasciata 397 northern cricket frog 459 common 599 oriental linsang 199
putorius 194 nerves 27 northern death adder 399 giant Pacific 600 oriole,
Mustelidae 22, 193–196 nervous system 14, 26, 27, 533 northern dwarf siren 442 Ocypodidae 581 Bullock’s 23, 367
mustelids 22, 193 Nesoenus mayeri 314 northern flicker 335 odd-toed hoofed mammals 22, eastern black-headed 353
coniferous forest habitats 58 nests and nest-building 28 northern fulmar 281 210, 212 Oriolidae 353
Mustelus mustelus 481 northern fur seal 183 Odobenidae 22, 182 Oriolus larvatus 353
mutable rainfrog 454 birds 266, 267 northern gannet 293 Odobenus rosmarus 184 ormers 596
mute swan 271 gannet 293 northern giant pouched rat 126 Odocoileus ornate birchir 489
Mutilla europea 574 king cormorants 289 northern goshawk 56, 300 hemionus 226 Ornithoptera priamus 571
Mutillidae 574 terns 308 northern house martin 358 virginianus 226 Ornithorhynchus anatinus 92
mutualism 17 tropical forest animals 51 northern leaf-tailed gecko 419 Odonata 25, 551 oropendola, crested 367
mutualistic 79 turtles 375 northern leopard frog 460 Odontoceti 22, 250–261 Ortalis motmot 270
Myanmar snub-nosed monkey Nestor notabilis 339 northern mockingbird 362 Oedipina quadra 446 Orthogeomys grandis 121
149 neuromasts 469 northern naked-tailed armadillo 111 Oenanthe oenanthe 363 Orthonychidae 348
Mycteria americana 286 neurons 27 northern olingo 187 Oestridae 568 Orthonyx temminckii 348
Myctophum asperum 509 Neuroptera 25, 561 northern pike 502 oil spills 32, 76 Orthoptera 25, 552
Mydaea corni 567 New Caledonian crow 28 northern plains gray langur 149 oilbirds 63, 321 Orycteropus afer 106
Mydaus marchei 186 New Caledonian gecko 419 northern pudu 61 okapi 50, 22, 228, 229 Oryctolagus cuniculus 115
mygalomorphs 589, 593 New World blackbirds 367 northern pygmy mouse 123 Okapia johnstoni 229 oryx,
Myiopsitta monachus 341 New World camelids 222 northern raccoon 194 Old World bats 161 scimitar-horned 44, 237
Myliobatis aquila 485 New World leaf-nosed bat 157 northern raven 352 Old World camelids 222 southern 238
Mymaridae 574 New World monkeys 134, 140 northern red howler 142 Old World flycatchers 363 Oryx
mynah, hill 362 New World porcupines 129 northern right whale 247 Old World monkeys 135, 140 dammah 237
Myocastor coypus 131 New World warblers 369 northern right-whale dolphin 258 Old World orioles 353 gazella 238
Myodes glareolus 125 New Zealand cave glowworm 567 northern rock crawler 553 Old World sparrows 363 oscar 526
Myomorpha 22, 116, 123 New Zealand fantail 354 northern short-tailed shrew 163 olingos 187, 188 osculum 536
Myotis daubentonii 161 New Zealand pigeon 314 Northern Sierra Madre forest northern 187 osito lavador 194
myotomes 470 New Zealand pipit 366 olinguito 19, 188 Osmeromorpha 24
Myriapoda 25, 578 New Zealand sea lion 183 monitor 430 olive baboon 134, 148 osmoregulation in fish 470
myriapods 25, 546 New Zealand wattlebirds 350 Northern stoplight loosejaw 508 olive ridley turtle 377 Osphranter
Myrichthys colubrinus 493 New Zealand wrens 344 northern wheatear 363 olm 63, 443 robustus 103
Myripristis murdjan 513 newts 24, 438, 439, 440–441 northern white rhinoceros 216 Ommatophoca rossii 185 rufus 101
Myrmecobius fasciatus 96 alpine 440, 441, 443 Norway lemming 125 Ommatoptera pictifolia 552 osprey 294, 296
Myrmecophaga tridactyla 112 California 441, 444 Norway rat 128 omnivores 15, 88, 90 ossicones 210
Myrmeleontidae 561 crocodile 443 nose-horned viper 403 Omura’s whale 248 Ostariophysi 24, 496–500
Myrmicinae 576 eastern 444 Notaden bennettii 452 onagers 211, 212, 213 Osteichthyes 24, 486–529
Mysidae 584 fertilization 31 Notamacropus parma 103 Oncorhynchus Osteoglossiformes 24, 490
Mysticeti 22, 246 great crested 68, 443 Notechis scutatus 401 gorbuscha 503 Osteolaemus tetraspis 434
Mytilus edulis 595 warty 443 Nothochrysa capitata 561 mykiss 503 Ostracoda 580
Myxine glutinosa 472 Nezara viridula 560 notochord 15, 18, 468, 605 nerka 504 Ostrea 595
Myxini 24 Nicophorus 564 Ondatra zibethicus 125 ostriches 23, 266, 268
Myxocyprinus asiaticus 497 nidicolous hatchlings 267 classification scheme 21 one-humped camel 46, 222, 223 common 268
nidifugous hatchlings 267 fish 472, 489 oniscid woodlice 584 grasslands 41, 42
N night heron, black-crowned 288 Notomys alexis 128 Oniscidae 584 toes 265
night lizards 420 Notonecta glauca 560 Oniscus asellus 584 Otaria byronia 183
naked mole-rat 123, 131 nighthawks 321 Notonectidae 560 Onychophora 25, 545 Otariidae 22, 182
Namaqua dune mole-rat 131 common 322 Notophthalmus viridescens 444 Onychoprion fuscata 312 Otidiformes 23, 302
Namaqua sandgrouse 313 nightingale 342 Notoryctemorphia 21, 93 Onychorhynchus coronatus 347 otter genets 199
Nandiniidae 22 common 363 Notoryctes typhlops 96 Oophaga pumilio 460 Otolemur crassicaudatus 137
narrow-winged damselflies 551 nightjars 21, 23, 321 Notostraca 579 Oospila venezuelata 570 Otonycteris hemprichii 161
narwhals 66, 252 European 321, 322 Nucifraga columbiana 352 opah 24, 513 otter-shrews 105
Nasalis larvatus 149 pennant-winged 322 numbat 96 operculum 486, 596 giant 105
Naso lituratus 528 red-necked 321 Numenius arquata 309 Ophidion scrippsae 514 Nimba 105
Nasua nasua 187 standard-winged 322 Numida meleagris 272 Ophiophagus hannah 401 otters 194
Natal midlands dwarf chameleon torpor 265 nurse shark 477 Ophiothrix 604 African clawless 196
Nile crocodile 432, 433 nursery-web spiders 592 Ophisaurus ventralis 427 Asian small-clawed 196
412 Nile monitor 430 nutcrackers 59, 63 Ophiuroidea 604 Eurasian 196
Natalus stramineus 161 nilgai 232 Clark’s 63, 352 Opiliones 588 giant 196
national parks, conservation 34 niltava, rufous-bellied 363 nuthatches 54, 361 Opisthocomiformes 23, 315 North American river 196
native cat, spotted 95 Niltava sundara 363 red-breasted 361 Opisthocomus hoazin 315 sea 79, 90, 193, 195
Natrix natrix 397 Nimba otter-shrew 105 nutria 131 Opistognathus aurifrons 515 Otus
natural selection 16, 17 Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis 455 nyala 231 Opisthoproctus soleatus 506 lempiji 317
Naucrates ductor 517 nine-banded armadillo 111 Nyctalus noctula 160 Oplurus cuvieri 416 scops 317
Nautilus pompilius 599 ningaui, inland 94 Nyctea scandiaca 320 opossum shrimps 584 thilohoffmanni 317
nautiluses 599 Ningauri ridei 94 Nyctereutes procyonoides 171 opossums 51, 80 Ourebia ourebi 239
Ninox novaeseelandiae 320 Nycteris grandis 159 American 21 Ouroborus cataphractus 421
paper 599 no-see-ums 566 Nyctibius griseus 322 black-shouldered 94 Oustalet’s chameleon 413
pearly 599 Noctilio leporinus 159 Nycticebus coucang 137 mouse 93 ovale 487
navigation, birds 267 noctuid moths 571 Nycticorax nycticorax 288 shrew 21 ovenbirds 344
nectar feeders, tropical forest Noctuidae 571 Nyctomys sumichrasti 126 Virginia 89, 93, 94 overfishing 73
habitats 51 noctule, common 160 nymphs, insect 31, 549 water 94 overlook spiny pocket mouse 122
Nectariniidae 365 nocturnal desert animals 44, 46, 47 nymphalid butterflies 571 orange (alfalfa) sulphur 572 Ovibos moschatus 241
Nectogale elegans 164 noisy miner 349 Nymphalidae 571 orange-bellied flowerpecker 366 oviparous animals 31
Necturus maculosus 442 norfolk robin 355 Nymphalis antiopa 571 orange fiddler crab 581 Ovis
needlefish 516 nomadic desert animals 47 Nymphicus hollandicus 339 orange-legged treefrog 459 ammon 242
white-throated 325 Nomascus Nymphon 585 orange roughy 514 canadensis 242
Negaprion brevirostris 482 concolor 151 nymphonid sea-spiders 585 gmelini 242
Nemateleotris magnifica 526 leucogenys 151 Nymphonidae 585
Nematocera 566

624 INDEX

ovoviviparous animals 31 Pardinus imperator 587 parrotfish, perch 471 Phoenicoparrus jamesi 285
sharks 481 pangolins 22, 165 bicolor 526 climbing 519 Phoenicopteridae 284
reefs 77 European 523 Phoenicopteriformes 23, 284
owl monkeys 143 as bushmeat 32 reproduction 30 Phoenicopterus roseus 285
owlet, pearl-spotted 320 Chinese 165 perching birds 19, 23, 342–343 Phoeniculus purpureus 331
owlet-nightjars 321 ground 165 parsley frog 451 toes 265 Pholas dactylus 595
Panorpa lugubris 565 Parson’s chameleon 413 Pholcidae 592
Australian 325 Panorpidae 565 parthenogenesis 30 Perdix perdix 271 Pholcus phalangioides 592
owls 16, 23, 265, 316 panther 206 Père David’s deer 226 Pholidota 22, 165
black 206 lizards 420 peregrine falcon 337 Phoridae 568
boobook 320 Panther reptiles 373 Phorona 25
burrowing 40 tigris altaica 205 snakes 407 hunting 29 Phoronida 25, 545
coniferous forest habitats 57 tigris sumatrae 205 whiptail lizard 425 urban habitats 83 Phoronis 545
Eurasian scops 317 tigris tigris 205 particolored bat 161 perentie 409 Phosphorus jansoni 562
grassland habitats 40 panther chameleon 413 partridges 270 pereopods 579 Photoblepharon palpebratum 514
great horned 57, 325 Panthera gray 271 Pericoma fuliginosa 568 photophores 74, 508, 509
little 316 leo 207 Parulidae 369 Pericrocotus solaris 351 Phrictus quinquepartitus 559
Pel’s fishing 317, 322 leo persica 207 Parus major 355 Periophthalmus barbarus 515 Phryganea grandis 569
Serendib scops 317 onca 207 Passalidae 564 Perissodactyla 22, 210–217 Phryganeidae 569
short-eared 320 pardus 206 passenger pigeon 32, 33 periwinkle, European flat 597 Phrynidae 588
snowy 64, 66, 316, 320 tigris 18, 205 Passer domesticus 363 Perlidae 553 phrynids 588
spectacled 317 uncia 207 Passeridae 363 permafrost 64 Phrynomantis bifasciatus 465
Sunda scops 317 pantherfish 522 Passeriformes 23, 342–369 Pernis apivorus 297 Phrynosoma platyrhinos 416
tawny 320 Pantherophis Passerina ciris 369 Perodicticus potto 137 Phrynus 588
temperate forest habitats 55 guttatus 395 passerines 23, 342–343 Peromyscus leacopus 123 Phthiraptera 25, 557
temperate rainforest habitats 57 spiloides 395 hatchlings 267 Peruvian anchoveta 495 Phycodurus eques 517
western barn 316, 317 Pantodon buchholzi 490 toes 265 Peruvian pelican 291 phyla, classification 18, 21
ox, Cambodian forest 233 Pantopoda 585 Patagona gigas 324 pesticide pollution 32 Phyllacanthus imperialis 604
ox warble fly 568 pantropical spotted dolphin 255 Patagonian cavy 130 pet trade 32 Phyllastrephus flavostriatus 355
oxpeckers 17 Panuridae 356 Patagonian mara 130 Petaurista elegans 120 Phylliidae 553
Oxycirrhites typus 524 Panurus biarmicus 356 patas monkey 148 Petauroides volans 99 Phyllium bioculatum 553
Oxycomanthus bennetti 602 paper nautilus 599 Patella vulgata 596 Petaurus norfolcensis 98 Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis 459
oxygen, paper wasps 575 patent-leather beetles 564 Peters thread snake 407 Phyllopteryx taeniolatus 522
birds 265 Papilio glaucus 571 Paucituberculata 21, 93 petrels 23, 280 Phylloscopus trochilus 356
mountain animals 62 Papilionidae 571 Pavo cristatus 272 Bermuda 281 phylogenetics 20
respiration 27 Papio Pavona 539 giant southern 281 Physalia physalia 540
Oxymycterus nasutus 123 anubis 148 peacock 266, 272 snow 281 Physeter catodon 260
Oxynotus centrina 475 papio 148 peafowl, Indian 272 storm 280 Physignathus cocincinus 412
Oxyruncus cristatus 347 ursinus 149 peahen 272 Wilson’s storm 281 Phytotoma rutila 347
Oxyuranus scutellatus 401 Paracanthopterygii 24, 510 peanut-headed bugs 52, 559 Petrobius maritimus 550 Pica hudsoniana 352
oystercatcher, Eurasian 28, 308 Paracollyria 574 peanut worms 25, 544 Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 358 Picathartes gymnocephalus 354
oysters 594, 595 Paradisaea pear psylla 560 Petrogale Picathartidae 354
edible 595 apoda 353 pearlfish 514 concinna 102 pichi 111
saddle 595 raggiana 353 pearl-spotted owlet 320 penicillata 102 Piciformes 23, 332–341
Paradisaeidae 353 pearly nautilus 599 Petroica Pictodentalium formusum 598
P paradoxical frog 455 Pecari tajacu 219 multicolor 355 piculet, white-barred 334
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus 199 peccaries 22, 218 traversi 355 Picumnus cirratus 334
Pachycephala pectoralis 351 Paraechinus micropus 162 collared 219 Petroicidae 355 Picus viridis 335
Pachycephalidae 351 Parahyaena brunnea 209 Pedetes surdaster 132 Petromyzon marinus 472 piddocks 595
Pachydactylus rangei 418 parakeets 32, 338 Pediculidae 557 Phacellodomus rufifrons 344 piebald shrew 164
Pachyptila vittata 281 Jandaya 341 Pediculus humanus capitis 557 Phacochoerus africanus 219 pied avocet 308
Pachyramphus versicolor 347 monk 341 pedipalps 586, 587 Phaeophilacris geertsi 552 pied-billed grebe 281
Pachyuromys duprasi 126 rose-ringed 82, 341 Pedostibes hosii 455 Phaethontiformes 23, 286 pied kingfisher 327
Pacific blackdragon 508 Paralichthys dentatus 519 peeper, spring 458 Phaethon aethereus 286 Pieridae 572
Pacific giant salamander 24, 444 Parantechinus apicalis 95 Pel’s fishing owl 316, 317 Phalacrocorax Pieris napi 572
Pacific grenadier 511 paraphyletic group, cladistics 20 pelagic tunicates 605 auritus 290 pig-nosed river turtle 376
Pacific ground boa 390 parasites 15, 17 Pelecaniformes 23, 289–293 carbo 290 pigs 22, 218–219
Pacific hake 511 invertebrates 535 Pelecanus harrisi 291
Pacific loon 280 lampreys 472 crispus 289 Phalacrognathus mulleri 564 domestic 218, 219
Pacific squid 599 reproduction 534 occidentalis 288 Phalaenoptilus nuttallii 322 Eurasian wild 219
Pacific white-sided dolphin 254 parasitic flies 569 pelican eel 493 Phalanger orientalis 98 pigeons 23, 265, 313
packs, tropical forest habitats 51 pelicans 23, 287, 289 Phalangiidae 588 common wood 314
parasitic lice 25, 557 brown 39, 288 phalangiids 588 crested 315
hunting 29, 167, 168 parasitism 15, 17 classification system 21 Phalangium opilio 588 desert habitats 47
mammal social groups 91 parchment worms 542 Dalmatian 288 phalaropes 309 feral 80
paddlefish, American 24, 489 pardalotes 348 oil spills 32 red 310 magnificent fruit 315
pademelon, red-legged 102 Pardalotidae 348 Peruvian 291 reproduction 30 New Zealand 314
padloper, speckled 382 Pardalotus striatus 348 Pellorneidae 360 Phalaropus fulicarius 310 passenger 32, 33
Paedophryne amauensis 465 Pardofelis marmorata 202 Pellorneum ruficeps 360 Pharnacia 553 pink 314
Pagodroma nivea 281 Pardosa amentata 592 Pelobates fuscus 451 Pharomachrus mocinno 326 southern crowned 314
Pagophilus groenlandicus 185 parental care, Pelodiscus sinensis 379 Phascolarctos cinereus 97 town 315
Paguroidea 584 amphibians 439 Pelodytes punctatus 451 Phasia hemiptera 569 urban life 82
painted bunting 369 arthropods 547 Pelomedusa subrufa 379 Phasianus colchicus 272 piha, rufous 347
painted reed frog 463 bony fish 487 Pelophylax ridibundus 461 Phasmatidae 553 pikas 22, 113
painted-snipe, greater 308 Children’s python 391 peltops 351 Phasmatodea 25, 553 American 114
painted turtle 377 Darwin’s frog 455 pen-tailed tree shrew 133 pheasants 270 black-lipped 114
pajama cardinalfish 515 emu 269 pencil urchins 604 common 272 mountain habitats 63
Palaemon serratus 581 fishes 471 pencilfish, dwarf 507 Reeves 270 North American 113
Palaemonidae 581 great horned owl 319 penduline tits 356 Phelsuma madagascariensis 418 pike 501
Palawan stink badger 186 lumpsucker 527 Eurasian 356 Phidippus regius 590 fresh water habitats 68
pale-backed red uakari 143 mammals 21 penguins 23, 266, 278 Philatomba walteri 236 northern 502
Paleogene 17 marsupials 95 Adelie 278, 279 Philemon citreogularis 349 piked dogfish 475
Palestine sunbird 365 poison-dart frogs 460 chinstrap 279 Philepittidea 344 pilchard, California 495
pallid bat 161 pythons 386 emperor 15, 65, 67, 278, 279 Philesturnus carunculatus 350 pill millipedes 532, 578
palm civet, African 22 reproduction 534 Humboldt 279 Philetairus socius 363 pill woodlice 584
palm cockatoo 339 reptiles 373 king 278 Philippine catfish 500 Pilosa 21
palm-nut vulture 295 Paridae 355 little 279 Philippine eagle 301 pilot whale,
palmchat 354 parma wallaby 103 macaroni 279 Philodromidae 593 long-finned 259
Palomena prasina 560 Parnassius apollo 571 Magellanic 278 Philydor rufum 344 short-finned 259
Pan Parotomys brantsii 126 polar habitats 65, 66 Phoca pilotfish 517
paniscus 152 parr 503 pennant-winged nightjar 322 vitulina 185 pine martens 58
troglodytes 152 parrots 23, 50, 265, 338 Pennatula 538 Phocarctos hookeri 183 European 193
pancake tortoise 382 bald 340 Pentalagus furnessi 114 Phocidae 22, 182, 184–185 pine snake 398
panda, eclectus 339 Pentapora fascialis 544 Phocoena pineapplefish 513
giant 34, 39, 166, 167, 176, gray 340 Pentatomidae 560 phocoena 252 pinecone soldierfish 469, 513
179 red-fan 340 Pepsis heros 575 sinus 252 pink pigeon 314
lesser 187, 194 swift 340 Peramelemorphia 21, 93 Phocoenoides dalli 253 pink salmon 501, 503
red 22, 194 vulturine 340 Perameles gunnii 96 Phodopus roborovskii 124 pink-tailed skink 423
Pandion haliaetus 296 Perca fluviatilis 523 phoebe, eastern 346
Phoeniconaias minor 285

INDEX 625

Pinnipedia 21, 182–185 plunge-diving, porcupines, Profelis aurata 201 Puma
pinnipeds 167, 182 gannets 293 Cape 129 proglottids 541 concolor 206
pinworms 543 kingfisher 328 coniferous forest habitats 58 Progne subis 358 yagouaroundi 206
Pionopsitta hair 89 promethea moth 572
Pluvialis dominica 309 New World 129 pronghorn 22, 42, 227 pumas 206
aurantiocephala 340 poacher, sturgeon 527 North American 57, 58, 129 Propithecus verreauxi 139 temperature control 89
vulturina 340 pocket gophers 121 prehensile-tailed 129 prosimians 22, 134, 136 tropical forest habitats 49
Pipa pipa 450 Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae
Pipidae 450 Botta’s 122 Porifera 25, 536 punkies 566
Pipilo erythrophthalmus 366 large 121 Porites 539 349 pupae 31
pipistrelle, common 160 Merriam’s 121 Porphyrio porphyrio 304 Protacanthopterygii 24, 501–507
Pipistrellus pipistrellus 160 pocket mouse, overlook spiny porpoises 244, 250 Protambulyx euryalus 572 butterfly 534
pipits 366 122 Proteles cristata 209 insect 549
New Zealand 366 Podarcis California 252 Proteus anguinus 443 metamorphosis 31
toes 265 lilfordi 422 Dall’s 253 protoctists 14, 532 pupfish 514
Pipridae 346 pityusensis 422 Gulf 252 Protopterus annectens 488 Devils Hole 516
piranha, red 498 Podargus strigoides 321 harbor 252 Prototheria 89 purple martin 358
Pisaura mirablis 592 Podiceps Indo-pacific finless 252 Protura 25, 550 Pusa sibirica 185
Pisauridae 592 cristatus 281 Port Jackson shark 476 proturans 25, 550 Pycna repanda 558
pit organs 404 gallardoi 281 Portuguese man-of-war 15, 535, 540 Prunella modularis 367 Pycnogonida 25, 585
pit vipers 402, 406–407 nigricollis 280 Portunidae 581 Prunellidae 367 Pycnonotidae 355
Pithecia Podicipedidea 280–283 possums 93 Przewalksi’s horse 33, 213 Pycnonotus
monachus 142 Podicipediformes 23, 280–283 brush-tailed 80 Psarocolius decumanus 367 hualon 355
pithecia 142 Podilymbus podiceps 281 common brush-tailed 98 Pseudacris crucifer 458 jocosus 355
Pithecophaga jefferyi 301 Podogymnura truei 162 common mouse 94 Pseudalopex culpaeus 170 nigricans 355
Pitta angolensis 344 Podura aquatica 550 feather-tailed 99 Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis pygmy chimpanzee 152
pittas 344 Poduridae 550 gliders 93 pygmy glider 99
African 344 Poecile atricapillus 355 honey 103 95 pygmy hippopotamus 220, 221
Pittasoma michleri 345 Poecilia Leadbeater’s 98 Pseudepidalea viridis 454 pygmy hog 218
Pittidae 344 latipinna 516 lemuroid ring-tailed 98 Pseudis paradoxa 455 pygmy marmoset 145
Pituophis melanoleucus reticulata 516 locomotion 93 Pseudobranchus striatus 442 pygmy mouse, northern 123
398 Poecilogale albinucha 193 ringtailed 53 Pseudocarcharias kamoharai 480 pygmy-possum, little 99
placenta, Poecilotheria regalis 593 striped 98 Pseudoceros dimidiatus 541 pygmy rabbit 114
cartilaginous fish 473 Pogona vitticeps 412 postman butterfly 533 Pseudocheirus peregrinus 98 pygmy right whale 246
horses 89 Pogoniulus bilineatus 333 Potamochoerus porcus 219 Pseudocolochirus violaceus 604 pygmy shark 475
mammals 89 Pogonocichia stellata 363 Potamogale velox 105 Pseudois nayaur 242 pygmy three-toed sloth 112
placental mammals 89 pointer, Potamotrygon motoro 485 Pseudophryne corroboree 452 pygmy white-toothed shrew 163
classification system 21 blue 480 potoos 321 Pseudopus apodus 427 Pygocentrus nattereri 498
placoid scales 468, 473 white 479 common 321, 322 Pseudorca crassidens 259 Pygoscelis
Plaemys platycephala 376 poison-arrow frogs 29 potoroo, long-footed 99 pseudoscorpion, maritime 587 adeliae 279
plaice, European 72, 519 tropical forests 50 Potorous longipes 99 Pseudoscorpiones 587 antarcticus 279
plain martin 358 poison-dart frogs 449, 460 Potos flavus 194 pseudoscorpions 586, 587 Pyrenean desman 164
plains prairie dog 117 poisons 29 pottos 134, 136 Pyrosoma atlanticum 605
plains viscacha, Argentina 130 amphibian skin 438 pouched rat, northern giant 126 temperate forest habitats 55 Pyrosomes 15
plains zebra 212, 213 tropical forest animals 50 prairie dogs, Pseudotriton ruber 446 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 352
plankton, polar bears 176, 177 black-tailed 117, 119 Pseudotyphlops philippinus 387 Pyrrhula pyrrhula 368
filter feeding 74 camouflage 90 grasslands 42, 43 Psittaciformes 23, 338–341 Python
fresh water 68 global warming 33 plains 117 Psittacula krameri 341 molurus 392
larvae 31 polar regions 64, 65, 66 prairies, grasslands 40, 43 Psittacus erithacus 340 regius 392
oceans 72, 73, 74, 75 pollution 32 pratincole, Australian 309 Psocoptera 25, 557 reticulatus 392
polar regions 64, 65, 67 polar regions 38, 64–67 prawns 581 Psophia crepitans 304 pythons 24, 373, 386
seashore 79 polecat, common 581 psychedelic anglerfish 528 black-headed 391
swarms 75 European 194 praying mantids 555 Psychodidae 568 Burmese 33, 392
Planorbarius corneus 597 marbled 193 Precambrian times 532 psylla, pear 560 carpet 391
plant bugs 559 striped 194 precious metal scarabs 564 Psyllidae 560 Children’s 391
plantcutter, white-tipped 347 Polemaetus bellicosus 301 predacious diving beetles 563 ptarmigans 66 diamond 391
Platalea alba 289 Poliocephalus poliocephalus 281 predators 15, 29 green tree 392
Platanista Polioptila caerulea 361 preening 264, 270 willow 64, 275 Indian 392
gangetica 251 Polioptilidae 361 pregnancy 89 Ptenopus garrulus 418 reticulated 392
gangetica gangetica 251 Pollenia rudis 566 Prevost’s squirrel 120 pterobranchs 545 rock 385
gangetica minor 251 pollination, prey 15, 29 Pterocles royal 392
platanna 450 insects 535 prickly lanternfish 509 white-lipped 392
plated lizards 420, 421 tropical forest animals 51 prides 91, 207 coronatus 313 Pyxicephalus adspersus 462
Plateymeris biguttata 560 pollock 510 primates 22, 88, 134–135 namaqua 313
Platycercus elegans 339 pollution 32 as bushmeat 32 Pteroclididae 316 Q
Platyhelminthes 25, 541 amphibians 438 extinction 16 Pteroclidiformes 23, 313
platypus, duck-billed 92 coasts and reefs 76 facial expressions 90 Pterodroma cahow 281 quails,
Platysaurus broadleyi 421 fresh water 69 intelligence 91 Pteroglossus castanotis 334 California 271
Platysteiridae 351 Polycarpa aurata 605 invention 28 Pteronotus davyi 159 common 271
pay, Polychaeta 542 locomotion 91 Pteronura brasiliensis 196
carnivores 166 polygynandrous breeding 335 tropical forest habitats 48, 50 Pteropus rodricensis 158 Queen Alexandra’s butterfly 33
lions 207 Polyodon spathula 489 primitive minnow mayflies 551 pterosaurs 372 Queensland grouper 521
mammals 90, 91 Polyorchis 540 Prinia subflava 356 Pthiridae 557 quelea, red-billed 365
red kangaroo 101 polyps 76 prinia, tawny-flanked 356 Pthirus pubis 557 Quelea quelea 365
Plecoglossus altivelis 507 cnidarian 537 Priodontes maximus 110 Ptilinopus magnificus 314 quetzal, resplendent 51, 61, 326
Plecoptera 25, 553 coral 534 prion, broad-billed 281 Ptilinus pectinicornis 562 Quiscalaus quiscula 367
Plecotus auritus 161 polyphyletic group, cladistics 20 Prionace glauca 482 Ptilocercus lowi 133 quokka 102
Plectrophenax nivalis 366 Polyphylla starkae 564 Prionailurus Ptilonorhynchidae 348 quolls,
pleopods 579 Polyplacophora 598 planiceps 201 Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 348
Plestiodon laguensis 423 Polypteriformes 489 viverrinus 201 Ptychadena oxyrhynchus 462 eastern 95
Plethodon 446 Polypterus ornatipinnis 489 Prionodon pardicolor 199 Ptychozoon kuhli 419 marsupial mammals 93
cinereus 445 Polysticta stelleri 273 Prionodontidae 22 pubic lice 557
glutinosus 445 polyzoans 544 Pristigaster cayana 495 pudu, R
jordani 445 Pomacanthus imperator 524 Pristimantis mutabilis 454 northern 61
plethodontids 333, 440 pomace flies 567 Pristiophorus japonicus 476 southern 227 rabbit flea 565
Pleurobrachia pileus 544 Pomatomus saltatrix 524 Pristis pectinata 485 Pudu puda 227 rabbit-eared bandicoot 96
Pleurodeles waltl 444 Pomatorhinus hypoleucos 359 Proboscidae 108–109 puff adder 402 rabbitfish 483
Pleuronectes platessa 519 Pompilidae 575 classification system 21 puff-throated babbler 360 rabbits 22, 113
Pliosa 111 Pompilus 575 Probosciger aterrimus 339 puffbacks 350
Ploceidae 363–364 pond skaters 559 proboscis bat 158 puffbirds 388 Amami 114
Ploceus cuecullatus 364 pond snail 596 proboscis monkey 149 bill 332 bristly 115
ploughbill, wattled 351 pond turtle, European 377 Procavia capensis 110 collared 333 European 113, 115
plovers 308 Pongo Procaviidae 110 swallow-winged 333 Florida cottontail 113
American golden 309 abelii 154 Procellariformes 23, 280–281 puffer fish 29 introduced species 33
common ringed 309 pygmaeus 154 Procnias tricarunculatus 347 puffins 308 pygmy 114
crab 308 poorwill, common 322 Procyon Atlantic 309, 312 swamp 114
plumage, birds 266 populations 39 cancrivorus 194 Puffinus puffinus 281 volcano 114
plumed whistling duck 271 Porcula salvania 218 lotor 194 puffleg, gorgeted 323 racasse 518
porcupinefish, longspined 529 Procyonidae 22, 187–188 puku 237 raccoon dog 171
Pulex irritans 565
Pulicidae 565
Pulsatrix perspicillata 317

626 INDEX

raccoons 22, 187 rays continued reproduction 30 ringtails, rufous honero 344
common 187 thornback 470, 483 birds 266 brushy-tailed 98 rufous-naped lark 357
crab-eating 194 undulate 483 cartilaginous fish 473 common 98 rufous piha 347
northern 194 desert animals 47 rufous scrubbird 348
teeth 88 razor clams 595 fishes 471 ringtailed cat 187 rufous sengi 104
urban habitat 80, 82 razorfish 522 lampreys 472 ringtailed possum 53 rufous sibia 359
recluse spider, brown 592 mammals 89 Riopa fernandi 424 rufous-tailed jacamar 333
racer, red-tailed 396 Recurvirostra avosetta 308 reptiles 373 Riparia paludicola 358 ruminant mammals 43, 211
racket-tail, booted 323 red abalone 596 tropical forest animals 51 Risso’s dolphin 254 Rungwecebus kipunji 148
radial symmetry 26 red admiral 571 river dolphins 250 running crab spiders 593
red-and-green macaw 341 reproductive system 26 Rupicapra rupicapra 241
invertebrates 532, 533 red-backed fairy-wren 349 marsupials 93, 93 Amazon 251 Rupicola peruvianus 347
radula 594, 599 red-backed salamander 445 Bolivian 251 Rüppell’s fox 170
Raggiana bird of paradise 343, 353 red-bearded saki 142 reptiles 15, 372–373 Chinese 16 Rusa unicolor 225
ragworms 77, 542 red-bellied titi 143 and birds 23, 264 Ganges 251 Russell’s viper 403
rails 303 red-billed blue magpie 352 birth 31 river hatchetfish 499 Russian desman 164
rainbow boa 390 red-billed chough 352 cladistics 20 river otter, rutting 63
rainbow lizard 411 red-billed leiothrix 359 classification system 24 Eurasian 196 Rynchops flavirostris 312
rainbow trout 503 red-billed quelea 365 desert animals 44, 47 North America 196
rainfall 38 red-billed tropicbird 286 eggs 31 river whaler 481 S
red-breasted nuthatch 361 grassland animals 40 rivers 38, 68, 70, 71
coniferous forests 56 red-cheeked salamander 445 hibernation 89 roadrunner 45 Sabella pavonina 542
deserts 44, 45 red colobus 140 life span 30 greater 315 sable 58, 193, 193
tropical forests 49 red crab 579 and mammal evolution 88 roan antelope 237 sable antelope 237
rainforests, red-crested turaco 315 mountain animals 62 robber crab 584 sablefish 527
coniferous 56 red crossbill 368 temperate forest animals 53 habitat 39 Saccopharynx ampullaceus 493
temperate 57 red crowned crane 266, 304, 305 robber flies 566 Sacculina 580
tropical 48 red deer 211, 224, 226 Reptilia 24, 372–435 robins, Sacculinidae 580
Raja respiration 15, 27 Australasian 355 sacculinids 580
clavata 483 mountain habitats 63 black 355 sacoglossans 597
undulata 483 temperature control 89 carbon cycle 38 European 363 sacred ibis, African 288
rakers, gill 469 red-eared antechinus 95 respiratory system 26, 264, norfolk 355 sacred scarab 564
Ramphastos toco 340 red-eared slider 374, 378 white-starred 363 saddle oysters 595
Rana red eft 444 265 Roborovki’s desert hamster 124 saddleback, south island 350
dalmatina 461 red-eyed treefrog 459 resplendent quetzal 61, 326 rock crawlers 25, 553 Sagittarius serpentarius 296
temporaria 460 red-eyed vireo 354 rete mirable 487 rock dove 30, 314 Sagittid 545
Rangifer tarandus 227 red-fan parrot 340 reticulated African python 386 rock hyrax 110 Sagra buqueti 562
Ranitomeya dorisswansonae red-footed tortoise 382 reticulated giraffe 229 rock python 385 Saguinus
460 red fox 166, 168, 169 reticulated python 392 rock wallabies 62
Raphicerus campestris 239 urban habitat 80 Reticulitermes lucifugus 556 rockfowl 354 imperator 144
Raphidiidae 561 temperate forest habitats 54 Rhacodactylus leachianus 419 rocky coasts 78 oedipus 145
Raphidioptera 25, 561 red hartebeest 238 Rhacophorus nigropalmatus 463, rocky seashores 76 Sahara horned viper 403
raptors 294–295 red howler, Rodentia 22, 116–131 Saiga mongolica 240
ratel 194 northern 142 464 rodents 116–117 sailfin lizard 411
ratfish 483 Venezuelan 142 Rhaphidophoridae 552 beaverlike 22, 116, 121 sailfin molly 516
spotted 485 red jungle fowl 272 Rhea americana 269 cavylike 22, 129 Saimiri boliviensis 144
rat-kangaroo 102 red kangaroo 93, 101 rheas 23, 266, 269 coniferous forest habitats 59 saki,
musky 99 red kite 297 desert habitats 44, 46, 47 black bearded 142
rats 117 red knot 310 grassland habitats 42 fresh water habitats 69 monk 142
black 117, 127 red-legged pademelon 102 greater 269 mouselike 116, 123, red-bearded 142
Brants’s whistling 126 red-legged seriema 302 toes 265 squirrel-like 22, 116, 118 white-faced 142
brown 80, 116, 128 Red List 33 Rheidae 269 temperate forest habitats 55 salamanders 24, 440–441
Chinese bamboo 123 red-necked nightjar 321 Rheiformes 23, 269 temperature control 90 as amphibians 438, 439
common 128 red panda 22, 194 rhesus macaque 140 tropical forest habitats 51 arboreal 446
giant South American water red phalarope 310 Rhincodon typus 477 Rodrigues flying fox 158 California slender 446
red piranha 498 Rhinella marina 457 roe deer, European 227 caves 63
124 red river hog 219 Rhineura floridana 431 Rollandia microptera 281 Ensatina 446
greater stick-nest 128 red salamander 446 Rhinobatos productus 484 rollers 327 fertilization 31
hispid cotton 124 red salmon 504 Rhinoceros European 330 fire 443
house 127 red-sided garter snakes 373 sondaicus 215 lilac-breasted 327 giant Chinese 442
intelligence 91 red-snouted treefrog 459 unicornis 215 temperate forest 53 golden-striped 443
introduced species 33, 34, 35 red spider mite 588 rhinoceros iguana 415 Romerolagus diazi 114 Honduran lowland worm 446
kangaroo 126 red spitting cobra 401 rhinoceroses 22, 211, 214 roof rat 127 Italian spectacled 441
northern giant pouched 126 red squirrel, Eurasian 118, 120 black 33, 214, 216 rorquals 245, 246 Japanese giant 438, 442
Norway 128 red-tailed laughing-thrush 359 conservation 35 rose spider, Chilean 593 Jordan’s 445
rice 117 red-tailed pipe snake 387 hook-lipped 216 rose thrips 560 long-toed 445
roof 127 red-tailed racer 396 hunting 32 rose-ringed parakeet 82, 341 lungless 52
Rothschild’s woolly 127 red-throated loon 280 Indian 214, 215 rosella, crimson 339 mandarin 443
ship 127 red uakari 143 Javan 214, 215 Ross coral 544 marbled 439
smooth-tailed giant 127 red-whiskered bulbul 355 lesser one-horned 215 Ross seal 185 Mexican mushroom-tongued 446
Sumichrast’s vesper 126 red-winged blackbird 367 square-lipped 216 Rostratula benghalensis 308 mountain dusky 445
urban life 82 red wolf 168, 172 Sumatran 214, 215 Rostrhamus sociabilis 297 Pacific giant 24, 444
water 117 Redunca bohor 237 white 214, 216 rostrum 579 red 446
ratsnake, Reduviidae 560 Rhinocerotidae 22, 214–216 rosy boa 390 red-backed 445
Emory’s 395 reed cat 202 Rhinocheilus lecontei 398 Rothschild’s giraffe 229 red-cheeked 445
Everglades 393 reed warbler 321 Rhinocryptidae 345 Rothschild’s woolly rat 127 sharp-ribbed 444
gray 395 reedbeds 68, 69, 71 Rhinoderma darwinii 455 Rotifera 25, 544 slimy 445
tiger 398 reedbuck, bohor 237 Rhinolophus hipposideros 159 rotifers 14, 19, 25, 544, 544 temperate forest habitas 55
Trans-Pecos 394 reedwarbler, clamorous 357 Rhinophrynus dorsalis 451 fresh water habitats 71 temperate rain-forest habitats 57
rat-tails 510, 512 reef-building corals 15, 537, 538 Rhinopithecus strykeri 149 rough-scaled plated lizard 421 three-lined 446
rattlesnakes 402 reef sharks, Rhinopoma hardwickei 159 roughshark, angular 475 tiger 444
tropical 406 blacktip 482 Rhinotermitidae 556 roughy, orange 514 western Chinese mountain 442
western diamondback 404 whitetip 482 Rhipidura fuliginosa 354 Round Island boa 387 Salamandra salamandra 443
Rattus reefs 76, 77, 78 Rhipiduridae 354 round ray 484 Salanoia durrelli 197
norvegicus 128 coral 15, 537, 538 Rhizomys sinensis 123 roundworms 25, 543 salinization 53
rattus 127 habitat 38 rhizostome jellyfish 539 parasites 535 Salmo salar 503
Ratufa indica 119 symbiosis 79 Rhodeus amarus 497 rousette, Egyptian 158 Salmo trutta 506
raucous toad 454 Reeve’s pheasant 270 Rhynchocephalia 24, 383 Rousettus aegyptiacus 158 salmon 24, 501
ravens 342 refection 113, 117 Rhynchocyon rove beetles 564 Atlantic 503
northern 352 Regalecus glesne 512 chrysopygus 104 tropical forest habitats 51 fresh water habitats 70
Ray, John 18 Reguliidae 361 petersi 104 royal moths 572 pink 501, 503
ray-finned fish 24, 468, 489 Regulus satrapa 361 udzungwensis 104 royal python 392 red 504
rays 24, 470, 473, 483 reindeer 224, 227 Rhynchonycteris naso 158 rubber boa 390 sockeye 70, 504
bat 483 polar habitats 67 Rhynochetos jubatus 303 ruby-tailed wasps 574 and water type 68
common eagle 485 Reithrodontomys raviventris 123 Rhyssa persuasoria 574 ruby-throated hummingbird 324 salps 75, 605
devil 484 Remiz pendulinus 356 ribbon worms 25, 544 rufous-bellied niltava 363 salt lakes 71
electric marbled 485 Remora remora 517 rice rats 117 rufous bettong 33, 102
filter feeding 74 remoras 17, 522 rifleman 344 rufous-fronted thornbird 344
giant manta 74, 484 Rena dulcis 407 right whales 244, 246 rufous-gorgetted flycatcher 363
round 484 North Pacific 247
seashores 76 northern 247
pygmy 246
ring-tailed lemur 136, 138
ringed caecilian 447

INDEX 627

salt-marsh harvest mouse 123 Sciurognathi 116 seals continued sharks continued shrews continued
Salticidae 590 Sciuromorpha 22, 116, 118–121 birth 31 crocodile 480 Tibetan water 164
Salticus 590 Sciurus brown fur 182, 183 eggs 31 tree 22, 133
Saltuarius cornutus 419 classification scheme 21 evolution 16
saltwater crocodile 434, 435 carolinensis 120 common 185 filter feeding 74 shrike-tit, crested 351
Salvelinus alpinus 503 vulgaris 120 crabeater 38, 184 frilled 475 shrikes 343
sambar 225 sclerites 546 eared 182 goblin 477
San Lucas skink 423 Sclerorchilus rubecula 345 earless 22 great white 479 bush 350
sand cat 202 Scolecophidia 24, 407 ears 89 hammerhead 473 crimson-breasted 350
sand devil 482 Scolepomorpha 24, 509 elephant 91, 166, 182, 185 lemon 473, 482 southern fiscal 354
sand dollar 602, 604 scolex 541 fur 22, 182 leopard 481 true 354
sand flies 568 Scolia procera 575 gray 185 mackerel 480 shrimps 581
sand fox 170 Scoliidae 575 harbor 90, 185 megamouth 480 brine 71, 579
sand lizard 421 Scolopendra hardwickei 578 harp 185 nurse 477 burrowing 581
Scolopendridae 578 hooded 185 ocean habitats 72, 73 clam 579
grassland habitats 40 scolopendrids 578 leopard 65, 184 Port Jackson 476 common 581
sand monitor 430 Scomber scombrus 522 Mediterranean monk 184 sand tiger 477 cypridid mussel 580
sand snake, cross-marked 373 Scophthalmus maximus 519 northern fur 183 sharptooth 482 cypridinid 580
sand tiger shark 477 scops owls 323 polar regions 64, 65, 66 snapper 480 desert 47
sand wasp 575 Scopus umbretta 289 seashores 77, 79 spined pygmy 475 mantis 581
sandfish, beaked 497 Scorpaena porcus 527 social groups 91 thresher 480 mussel 580
sandgrouse 23, 313 Scorpiones 587 southern elephant 185 tiger 481 opossum 584
scorpionflies 25, 565 temperature control 89 velvet belly lantern 475 seed 580
Burchell’s 313 common 565 Weddell 66, 184 walking 476 skeleton 584
crowned 313 Scorpionidae 587 whale 477 tadpole 47, 579
desert habitats 44 scorpionids 587 seashore habitat 76 whitetip reef 482 Sialia sialis 362
Namaqua 313 scorpions 547, 586, 587 seasons, zebra 477 Sialidae 561
sandpipers 308 common yellow 587 Sialis 561
seashore life 78 false 587 grasslands 40, 41 sharp-nosed bat 158 siamang 151
spotted 310 imperial 587 temperate forests 52, 54 sharp-nosed grass frog 462 Siamese algae-eater 498
sandy seashores 76, 78 reproduction 534 tropical forests 48, 49 sharp-ribbed salamander 444 Siberian bear 180
sap-sucking insects 534 scoter, white-winged 273 sebaceous glands 90 sharpbill 347 Siberian crane 303
Sapajus paella 143 Scotopelia peli 317 Secernentea 543 sharptooth shark 482 Siberian tiger 205
saprophagous feeding 547 screamers 270 secernenteans 543 shearwater, Manx 281 Siberian tit 59
sapsucker, yellow-bellied 335 horned 271 Sechellophryne gardineri 452 sheefish 502 sibia,
Sarcophaga melanura 568 scrubbirds 348 secretary bird 295, 296 sheep 230 black-capped 359
Sarcophagidae 568 rufous 348 seed shrimps 580 rufous 359
Sarcophilus harrisii 96 scrubwren, white browed 349 seedsnipes 309 Anatolian 242 Sicariidae 592
Sarcophyton 538 scutes 374 segmented worms 25, 542 Barbary 242 sicklebill, white-tipped 323
Sarcopterygii 24, 488 Scutisorex somereni 164 segments bighorn 60, 242, 243 side-necked turtles 374
sardines 494, 495 scuttle flies 568 arthropod 546 domestic 242 side-striped jackal 171
Sardinops sagax caeruleus 495 Scyliorhinus canicula 481 insect 548 great blue 242 sidewinder 406
Sargasso Sea 491, 492 Scyphozoa 539 sei whale 249 mountain habitats 63 sidewinding 47, 385, 402, 406
sargassumfish 528 scythebills 344 seladang 236 shelduck, common 272 sifaka, Verreaux’s 136, 139
satellite tracking, conservation 34 Scytodes thoracica 592 Selenochlamys ysbryda 597 shell, Siganus vulpinus 526
satin bowerbird 348 Scytodidae 592 Semibalanus balanoides 580 cone 596 Sigmodon hispidus 124
Satomi’s pygmy seahorse 522 sea anemones 79, 537, 538 Semnopithecus entellus 149 elephant tusk 598 sign-bearing toadlet 452
saturniid moths 572 radial symmetry 26, 533 sengis 21, 104 harp 596 sika 226
Saturniidae 572 reproduction 30 black and rufous 104 helmet 596 silk moths 570
Sauromalus obesis 416 seashore habitat 78 golden-rumped 104 jingle 595 silky anteater 112
savanna habitat 41, 42, 43 sea apple cucumber 604 gray-faced 104 lamp 545 Silpha americana 564
savanna monitor 430 sea catfish 500 Karoo rock 104 top 597 Silphidae 564
Savi’s shrew 163 sea cucumbers 602, 604 rufus 104 tulip 597 Silurus glanis 499
saw-scaled vipers 403 sea fans 538 senses and sense organs 26, 27 tusk 598 silverfish 25, 547, 550
sawfish, sea gooseberries 74, 544 amphibians 438 shells 26 urban habitat 81
smalltooth 485 sea hare 596 birds 265 bird eggs 267 silversides 75, 513
wide 485 sea lamprey 472 carnivores 166 bivalves 594 silvery gibbon 152
sawflies 25, 573 sea levels, rising 33 cartilaginous fish 473 gastropods 594 silvery marmoset 145
common 575 sea lilies 602 cats 200 invertebrates 532 Simien jackal 172
coniferous forest 58 sea lions 22, 90, 182 dogs 168 mollusks 594 Simuliidae 568
figwort 575 California 183 fish 269, 486 reptile eggs 373 Simulium 568
sawshark, Japanese 476 New Zealand 183 hoofed mammals 210 snail 26 Siphlonuridae 551
Say’s harvestman 588 social groups 91 invertebrates 533 tortoise/turtle 374 Siphlonurus lactustris 551
Sayornis phoebe 346 South American 182, 183 reptiles 373 shelled animals, siphon 595
scale insects 559 Steller’s 183 rodents 116 in acid oceans 33 Siphonaptera 25, 565
scales 27 sea mats 544 whales 244 water type 68 siphonophores 537
ctenoid 513 sea mouse 542 Sepia officinalis 599 shield bugs 560 Siphonops annulatus 447
fish 468, 469 sea otter 193, 195 Serendib scops owl 317 shingleback 424 Sipuncula 25, 544
placoid 473 aquatic mammals 90 Sericomyia silentis 568 Shinisaurus crocodilurus 430 siren 440
reptiles 372 seashore habitat 79 Sericornis frontalis 349 ship rat 127 greater 442
scallops 595 sea pens 538 Seriemas 23, 302 shipworms 595 northern dwarf 442
scaly tailed flying squirrels 132 sea slugs 597 seriema, red-legged 302 common 595 Siren lacertina 442
Scandentia 22, 133 sea snail, violet 74, 596 Serinus canaria 368 shoebill 21, 286, 289 Sirenia 21, 90, 107
Scaphiopus couchii 451 sea snakes 77, 79, 399 Serpentes 24, 384–407 shore crab, common 31, 581 Siricidae 575
Scaphopoda 598 sea-spiders 25, 585 serrated hinge-back tortoise 382 short-beaked common dolphin 258 Sitta
scarab beetles 564 nymphonid 585 serval 200, 202 short-beaked echidna 92 canadensis 361
sacred 564 yellow-kneed 585 Sesiidae 572 short-eared dog 170 europaea 361
Scaraeidae 564 sea squirts 14, 605 Setifer setosus 106 short-eared owl 320 Sittellas 351
scarlet-chested sunbird 365 colonies 535 Setonix brachyurus 102 short-finned pilot whale 259 varied 351
scarlet ibis 289 sea stars 602 Setophaga short-nosed bandicoot 89 Sittidae 361
scarlet macaw 341, 338 sea urchins 602, 604 citrina 369 short-nosed echidna 92 six-eyed crab spiders 592
scavengers 15, 43 feeding 535 coronata 369 short-tailed pygmy tyrant 342, 346 six-gill shark 475
Sceloporus occidentalis 416 reproduction 534 kirtlandii 369 shortfin mako 480 skaters, pond 559
scent communication 28 seashore habitat 78 sexual reproduction 30 shovelnose guitarfish 484 skates 24, 470, 473, 483
grassland animals 42 seabirds, invertebrates 534 shrew opossums 21 blue 483
mammals 89, 90 oceanic 75 Seychelles frog, Gardiner’s 452 shrews 22, 163 skeleton shrimps 584
Schistocerca gregaria 552 seashore 76, 78 shad, American 495 armored 164 skeletons 14, 15, 26, 27
Schistosoma mansoni 541 seadragon, shag, imperial 290 bicolored white-toothed 164 amphibians 438
Schneider’s leaf-nosed bat 159 common 517 shallow water habitats 72 Etruscan 163 birds 264
schooling fishes 486, 487 leafy 517 shark sucker 517 Eurasian water 163 bony fish 486
herrings 494 weedy 522 sharks 14, 24, 473, 474 forest musk 164 fish 469
Schreiber’s green lizard 422 seahorses 471, 513 basking 480 giant Mexican 163 invertebrates 532, 533
Schultze’s pit viper 385 long-snouted 517 blacktip reef 482 hero 164 mammal evolution 88
Sciaena umbra 524 Satomi’s pygmy 522 blue 474, 482 life span 30 reptiles 372
scimitar-horned oryx 237 seals 21, 182 bluntnose six-gill 475 northern short-tailed 163 snakes 384
desert habitats 44 Antarctic fur 35, 183 bramble 475 piebald 164 tortoise/turtle 374
Scinax ruber 459 aquatic mammals 90 bull 481 pygmy white-toothed 163 skimmers 308, 309
Scincomorphoidea 24 Baikal 185 conservation 482 Savi’s 163 African 312
scissor-tailed flycatcher 346 cookie-cutter 474 temperate forest 55 common 551

628 INDEX

skin 27 snakes 19, 24, 372, 373, 384–385 soldierfish, pinecone 469, 513 speckled padloper 382 Spirula spirula 599
amphibians 438 Aesculapian 395 sole, common 529 speckled worm lizard 431 spitting cobras 399
desert animals 46 African tiger 398 Solea solea 519 spectacled bear 179
frogs and toads 448 Australian tiger 401 Solenodon paradoxus 163 spectacled caiman 433 red 401
mammals 89 banded water 397 solenodons 163 spectacled hare wallaby 102 spitting spiders 592
reptiles 372, 373 Barbados thread 407 spectacled owl 317 Spix’s disk-winged bat 159
temperature control 89 blind 24 Cuban 163 spectacled salamander, Italian 441 Spix’s macaw 341
blue coral 401 Hispaniolan 163 spectre, Macleay’s 553 Spix’s saddleback toad 455
skinks 24, 420 bronzeback 394 Solifugae 587 Speothos venaticus 171 Spiza americana 369
African fire 424 brown house 397 Solomon Islands tree skink 423 sperm 31 splash tetra 498
African striped 24, 424 bushmeat 32 Solpugidae 587 splendid emerald wasp 574
Berber 423 cladistics 20 solpugids 587 invertebrates 534 splendid starling 362
crocodile 424 common egg-eating 394 Somali wild ass 213 sperm whale 74, 245, 250, 260, 261 Spondylus 595
eastern blue-tongued 424 common garter 398 song, bird 266 sponges 25, 532, 536
emerald tree 423 coral 399 passerine 342 dwarf 260
eyed 422 corn 395 song sparrow 366 spermatophore, Caribbean pink vase 536
fire-sided 424 cross-marked sand 373 song thrush 362 elephant-ear 536
giant blue-tongued 424 Cuban wood 392 songbirds 23, 40, 70, 82 amphibians 439 glass 532
Gray’s keeled water 425 desert habitats 44, 46 sooty tern 312 fertilization 31 reefs 77
long-tailed 423 fresh water habitats 69, 70, 71 Sorex araneus 163 invertebrates 534 stove-pipe 536
major 420, 423 garter 89, 393 Soricomorpha 22, 163 Sphaeramia nematoptera 515 spookfish 469, 507
ocellated 422 golden flying 394 Sotalia fluviatilis 253 Sphaerodactylus elegans 419 winged 506
pink-tailed 423 golden tree 394 Sousa Sphecidae 575 spoonbill 286
San Lucas 423 grass 71, 393, 397 chinensis 253 Spheniscidae 278–279 African 289
Solomon Islands tree 423 grassland habitats 42 plumbea 253 Sphenisciformes 23, 278–279 spoonworms 25, 545
stump-tailed 424 indigo 395 teuszii 253 Spheniscus humboldti 279 spotted archerfish 524
Kopstein’s bronzeback 394 South African ground squirrel119 Sphenodon punctatus 383 spotted bowerbird 343
skip jacks 563 large shield-tailed 387 South American bullfrog 453 Sphenodontidae 383 spotted dolphin,
skippers 570 leopard 396 South American caecilian 447 Sphingidae 572 Atlantic 245, 250, 255
long-nosed 398 South American coati 187 sphinx, verdant 572 pantropical 255
long-tailed 570 Madagascan leaf-nosed 397 South American coral snake 400 Sphyraena barracuda 518 spotted fanaloka 197
skuas 65, 308, 309 mangrove 394 South American freshwater stingray Sphyrapicus varius 335 spotted garden eel 493
Mexican burrowing 387 485 Sphyrna zygaena 482 spotted giant flying squirrel 120
brown 310 Peters thread 407 South American lungfish 488 spicules, sponge 536 spotted hyena 208, 209
skulls, pine 398 South American pipe snake 387 spider crabs 583 spotted native cat 95
red-sided garter 373 South American piranha 17 spider mites 588 spotted ratfish 485
mammal 88 red-tailed pipe 387 South American sea lion 182, 183 spider monkeys 134, 135, 140 spotted sandpiper 310
owl 322 sea 77, 79, 399 South American water rat, giant black 141 spotted skunk, eastern 186
reptiles 372 senses 27 124 black-handed 141 spotted turtle 377
snake 384 sidewinding 47, 385, 402 south island saddleback 350 Geoffroy’s 141 spotted wobbegong 476
skunks 22, 186 snail-eating 395 Southern African springhare 132 long-haired 141 sprat 494
eastern spotted 186 South American coral 400 southern angle-headed lizard 411 white-bellied 141 spread-winged damselflies 551
Humboldt’s hog-nosed skunk 186 South American pipe 387 southern cassowary 269 woolly 135, 140, 141 spring peeper 458
striped 186 southern water 397 southern crested caracara 336 spider-hunting wasps 25, 575 springbok 42
skylark, Eurasian 357 sunbeam 387 southern crowned-pigeon 314 spiderhunters 365 Cape 240
grassland habitats 40 temperate forest habitats 53 southern death adder 399 streaked 365 springhares 22, 116, 132
skywalker hoolock gibbon 151 tentacled 396 southern elephant seal 185 spiders 533, 586, 589 East African 132
slackjaws 508 Texas thread 407 southern emu-wren 349 brown 592 South African 132
slaty-tailed trogon 326 thread 24 southern fiscal 354 brown recluse 592 springtail, water 550
slender loris, gray 137 tropical forests 49, 50 southern gerenuk 240 cave habitats 63 springtails 25, 548, 550
slender-tailed meerkats 166 twig 393 grassland habitats 43 cobweb 592 mountains 63
slickheads 24, 507 western hognosed 396 southern giant petrel 281 comb-footed 592 polar regions 65
slider, red-eared 374, 378 western ribbon 398 southern grasshopper mouse 117 courtship 534 seashore 78
slimy salamander 445 southern ground hornbill 331 cyabeid 589 spur-thighed tortoise 383
slit-faced bat 159 snapper shark 480 southern hairy-nosed wombat 97 daddy long legs 81, 592 spurdog 475
Sloane’s viperfish 508 snappers, mullet 513 southern hawker 551 dwarf 589 Squaliolus laticaudus 475
sloth bear 178 snapping turtle 375 southern marsupial mole 96 European garden 589 Squalus acanthias 475
sloths 21, 111 southern muriqui 141 funnel-web 589 Squamata 24, 30, 384–431
Linnaeus’ two-toed 112 alligator 377 southern oribi 239 garden 28, 589 squamates 24, 372
maned 111 common 377 southern oryx 238 garden cross 589 square-lipped rhinoceros 216
pygmy three-toed 112 snipe eel 492 southern pudu 227 giant crab 592 squat lobsters 584
tropical forest habitats 48, 51 snipes 308 southern tamandua 112 giant house 589 Squatina dumeril 482
slow worm 426 great 310 southern tree hyrax 110 goldenrod crab 593 squids 594
slugs 594, 596 snout beetles 563 southern water snake 397 huntsman 592 giant 14, 19, 74, 599
coniferous forest 57 snouted harvester termite 556 southern white rhinoceros 214, Indian ornamental 593 Pacific 599
European black 597 snow bunting 366 216 instinct 28 vampire 599
ghost 597 snow fleas 63 southern yellow-billed hornbill jumping 27, 590 Squilla 581
sea 596, 597 snow goose 270 331 money 589 Squillidae 581
temperate rainforest 57 snow leopard 60, 207 spadefoot toads, nursery-web 592 squirrel glider 98
terrestrial 597 snow petrel 281 Asian 451 orb web 589 squirrel-like rodents 22, 118
small copper butterfly 570 snowcock, Caspian 271 common 451 running crab 593 squirrel monkeys 140
small-spotted catshark 473, 481 snowshoe hare 58, 59 Couch’s 44, 451 sea 25 black-capped 144
smalltooth sawfish 485 snowy owl 16, 322, 320 Sparassidae 592 six-eyed crab 592 squirrels 118
smelt, deep-sea 506 polar habitats 64, 66 sparrows 363, 366 spined micrathena 589 biological clocks 29
Sminthopsis crassicaudata 95 snowy sheathbill 310 house 80, 363 spitting 592 Columbia ground 119
Sminthuridae 550 sociable weaver 363 Java 365 tiger 593 coniferous forest habitat 58
Sminthurides social animals 29, 75, 91 Old World 363 tropical forest habitats 50 eastern gray 120
aquaticus 550 apes 150 song 366 urban habitats 81, 82 Eurasian red 118, 120
viridis 550 birds 267 sparrowhawk, European 55, 295 water 71, 589 Gambian sun 119
smooth hammerhead 482 bovids 230 spawning, web-spinners 535 giant flying 120
smooth-hound 481 carnivores 166 eels 491 wolf 586, 592 ground 117
smooth-tailed giant rat 127 deer 224 fish 471 zebra 590 Indian giant 119
snaggletooths 508 dogs 168 frogs 448 Spilogale putorius 186 Prevost’s 120
snail-eating snake 395 giraffids 228 lampreys 472 Spilopsyllus cuniculi 565 scaly tailed flying 132
snail kite 294, 297 hoofed mammals 211 salmon 501 Spilotes pullatus 398 South African ground 119
snails 594 hyenas 208 sockeye salmon 504 spined micrathena spider 589 temperate forest habitat 52, 54, 55
European ramshorn 597 insects 535 spear-thistle lace bug 560 spined pygmy shark 475 tree 116
eyes 27 lions 207 speciation 16 spinifex hopping mouse 128 urban habitats 80
fresh water 71, 597 mandrills 147 species 18, 19 spinner dolphin 255 Stachyris nonggangensis 359
garden 596 mongooses 198 cladistics 20 spiny anteater 92 stag beetles 532, 564
giant African 597 monkeys 140 classification 21 spiny bandicoot, New Guinean 96 staghorn corals 539
great pond 597 primates 134 evolution 16 spiny dragon millipede 578 stalk-winged damselflies 551
pond 596 rodents 117 names 21 spiny lobsters 75, 546 standard-winged nightjar 322
reproduction 30 toothed whales 250 numbers in temperate forest 52 spiny mouse 117, 128 Staphylinidae 564
shell 26 wasps 575 numbers of insects 548 spiny pocket mouse, overlook 122 Staphylinus olens 564
terrestrial 597 sockeye salmon 70, 504 speckled bush cricket 552 spiny-rayed fish 24, 512 star-nosed mole 165
violet sea 74 soda lakes 71 speckled dasyure 94 spiracles, starfish 532, 535, 602
snake eel 493 soft coral 76, 538 speckled mousebird 326 insect 548 blue 603
snakeflies 25, 561 soil erosion 41 skates and rays 483 crown of thorns 602
snake lizards 24, 410, 417 spirula, common 599
Burton’s 408
snake-necked turtle 69

INDEX 629

starfish continued striped skink, African 24 swift fox 169 Tardigrada 25, 545 Tetranychidae 588
reproduction 534 striped skunk 186 swift louse fly 567 tardigrades 14, 19, 71, 545 Tetranychus 588
seashore habitats 77, 78 striped slug 594 swift parrot 340 Tarentola mauritanica 419 Tetrao urogallus 271
Strix aluco 320 swiftlets 63 Taricha torosa 444 Tetraogallus caspius 271
starlings 362 Struthio camelus 269 tarpons 24, 491, 492 Tetrathopius ecaudatus 300
European 362 Struthionidae 269 glossy 325 tarsiers 134, 135 Tettigoniidae 552
fresh water habitats 71 Struthioniformes 23, 269 swifts 23, 82, 323 Texas thread snake 407
roosts 267 stump-tailed porcupine 129 western 139 Thalassarche chlororhynchos 280
splendid 362 stump-tailed skink 424 American black 325 Tarsipes rostratus 103 Thaleichthys pacificus 506
urban habitats 82 sturgeon, European 489 Chilean 416 Tarsius bancanus 139 Thaliacea 605
sturgeon poacher 527 chimney 325 Tasmanian devil 96 Thamnophilidae 345
stars, Sturnella magna 367 common 325 Tauraco erythrolophus 315 Thamnophis
brittle 604 Sturnidae 362 torpor 265 Taurotragus oryx 231
cushion 602 Sturnus vulgaris 362 wing shape 266 tawny-crowned greenlet 354 proximus 398
feather 602 Stylobates aenus 538 swim bladder 74, 470, 486, 487 tawny eagle 264 sirtalis 398
sea 602 Styloctenium mindorensis 158 swimming crabs 581 tawny-flanked prinia 356
Stylopidae 565 swimming, in fish 470 tawny frogmouth 321 t.s. infernalis 398
Steatornis caripensis 321 stylopids 565 sword-billed hummingbird 324 tawny owl 320 Thecla
steelhead 503 Stylops 565 swordfish, broadbill 518 taxa, classification 18
steenbok (steinbuck) 239 sub-desert mesite 302 Sydney funnel-web 589 Taxidea taxus 193 betulae 570
Stegostoma fasciatum 476 sublittoral 76, 77 Sylvia undata 357 taxonomy 18, 19 coronata 570
Steller’s eider 273 subterranean termites 556 Sylvicapra grimmia 236 Tayassuidae 22, 218 Thelyphonidae 588
Steller’s sea eagle 295 subtropical grasslands 41 Sylviidae 357 tchagra, black-crowned 350 Thelyphonus 588
Steller’s sea lion 183 sucker, Sylvilagus Tchagra senegalus 350 Theraphosidae 593
Stenella aquaticus 114 teal, Eurasian 272 therapsids, mammal 88
Chinese 497 floridanus 114 teeth Theridiidae 592
attenuata 255 lamprey 472 symbiosis 58, 79 Thermichthys hollisi 514
coeruleoalba 255 shark 522 Symphalangus syndactylus 151 carnivores 166 Thermophilum sexmaculatum 562
frontalis 255 sucker-footed bat 159 Symphyta 573 cartilaginous fish 473 Theropithecus gelada 149
longirostris 255 Suidae 22, 218–219 Synanceia verrucosa 527 crocodiles and alligators 432, 433 thicklip gray mullet 515
Stenobothrus lineatus 552 Sula Syncerus caffer 233 mammals 88 thin lizard 416
Stenodactylus sthenodactylus 419 leucogaster 291 Synodontis contractus 500 toothed whales 250 Thomisidae 593
Stenodus nelma 502 nebouxii 291 Synodus variegatus 509 Tegeneria duellica 589 Thomomys bottae 122
Stenopterygii 24, 508 Sulawesi babirusa 219 Syrian bear 180 tegus 420 thorax, insect 548
Stenorhynchus seticornis 583 sulphur, orange 572 syrinx 342 black 425 thorn bugs 51
steppe habitat 40 sulphur butterflies 572 Syrphidae 568 Telephorus zeylonus 350 thornback ray 470, 483
steppe vole 125 sulphur-crested cockatoo 339 Syrphus ribesii 568 Telescopus semiannulatus 398 thornbill, brown 349
Stercorarius Suliformes 23 Telmatobius culeus 453 thornbird, rufous-fronted 344
antarcticus 310 Sumatran orangutan 154 T telson 579 thorny devil 44, 412
longicaudus 311 Sumatran rhinoceros 214, 215 Temminck’s tragopan 272 thorny oysters 595
Sterna Sumatran tiger 205 Tabanidae 569 temperate climate, Thraupidae 368
paradisaea 311 Sumichrast’s vesper rat 126 Tabanus sudeticus 569 forests 38, 52–55 thread snakes 24, 407
Sternorrhyncha 558 Pleuronectes platessa 519 Tachina grossa 569 grasslands 40 Brahminy 407
Sternotherus odoratus 379 summer mayfly 551 Tachinidae 569 mountains 60 threadworms 543
Sternotomis bohemanni 562 sun bear 178 Tachybaptus ruficollis 280 rainforests 57 threatened species 33
Stichocentrus 468 sun-bitterns 303 Tachyglossus aculaetus 92 wetlands 69 three-lined salamander 446
stick insects 25, 49, 553 sun-spiders 587 Tachyoryctes macrocephalus 123 temperature control, three-spined stickleback 526
stickleback, three-spined 526 sun squirrel, Gambian 119 Tachypodoiulus niger 578 mammals 89 three-toed amphiuma 444
stick-nest rat, greater 128 sunbeam snake 386, 387 Tadorna tadorna 272 mountain animals 62 three-wattled bellbird 347
Stigmochelys pardalis 382 sunbirds 342, 343, 365 tadpole shrimps 47, 579 pinnipeds 182 thresher shark 480
Stilbum splendidum 574 collared 365 tadpoles, amphibian 30, 51, 439 reptiles 373 Threskiornis aethiopicus 288
Stiltia isabella 309 Palestine 365 Taenia 541 ten-pounder 492 Thripidae 560
stilts 390 scarlet-chested 365 Taeniopygia guttata 365 Tenebrionidae 564 thrips 25, 560
black-winged 308 variable 365 Taeniura lymma 484 Tenrec ecaudatus 105 gladiolus 560
stingarees 484 sunbittern 23, 303 tahr, Himalayan 241 tenrecs 21, 105 rose 560
stingray, Suncus taiga habitat 56 common 105 Thrips
blue-spotted 484 etruscus 163 tailless whip-scorpions 588 web-footed 105 fuscipennis 560
South American freshwater 485 megalura 164 tailed frog 450 tent-building bat 160 simplex 560
stink badgers 186 Sunda scops owl 317 tailor 522 tentacled snake 396 thrushes 55, 342, 362
Palawan 186 Sunda slow loris 137 taipan 399 Tenthredinidae 575 song 362
stink bugs 560 sunfish, Tenthredo scrophulariae 575 Thunnus thynnus 522
stinkpot 379 green 523 coastal 401 Tephritidae 569 Thylogale stigmatica 102
Stipiturus malachurus 349 oceanic 73, 529 takahe 266 Teredo navalis 595 Thymallus thymallus 506
stoats 57, 59, 193, 194 sungazer 421 Takifugu niphobles 529 termites 25, 82, 556 Thyroptera tricolor 159
camouflage 90 superb fairy-wren 349 talons, eagle 294 colonies 31 Thysanoptera 25, 560
stock dove 315 superb lyrebird 348 Talpa europaea 165 grasslands 41, 43 Thysanura 25
Stomiiformes 508 surgeonfish 526 tamandua, southern 112 higher 556 Tibellus oblongus 593
stonefish 527 Suricata suricatta 198 Tamandua tetradactyla 112 snouted harvester 556 Tibetan water shrew 164
stoneflies 25, 70, 553 Surinam horned frog 453 tamarins 144 social groups 29, 535 ticks 535, 588
stonemason toadlet 452 Surinam toad 450 subterranean 556 lone star 588
stooping 295 surmullet 524 cotton-top 145 Termitidae 556 tides 76, 78
stoplight fish 508 survival of the fittest 30 emperor 144 terns 67, 76, 308, 309 tiger, garden 570
storks 23, 43, 82, 286 Sus scrofa 219 golden lion 145 Arctic 309, 311 tiger centipede 578
marabou 53, 286, 288 susu 251 Tamias striatus 118 black 311 tiger moths 570
whale-headed 289 swallower, black 523 tammar wallaby 93 Caspian 311 tiger ratsnake 398
white 43, 82, 286 swallows 342, 358 tanagers 368 elegant 308 tiger salamander 444
wood 286 barn 358 blue-necked 368 Inca 312 tiger shark 481
storm petrel 280 cliff 358 magpie 368 sooty 312 sand 477
Wilson’s 281 fresh water 71 Tangara cyanicollis 368 Terpsiphone viridis 353 tiger snake, Australian 401
stove-pipe sponge 536 migration 267 tapaculos 345 Terrapene carolina 378 tiger spider 593
straight-necked turtles 374 tail shape 266 chucao 345 terrapins 374–375 tiger swallowtail 571
strawberry poison-dart frog 460 urban life 82 tapeworms 535, 541 terrestrial slugs 597 tigers 18, 200, 205
streaked spiderhunter 365 swallow-winged puffbird 333 Taphozous mauritianus 158 terrestrial snails 597 Bengal 205
streaked-tenrec, lowland 105 swallowtails 571 Tapiridae 22, 217 territories, conservation 35
streams 68 tiger 571 tapirs 17, 22, 48, 210, 217 birds 266 hunting 32
Strepsiceros zambiensis 231 swamp cat 202 Baird’s 217 habitat destruction 32 Siberian 205
Strepsiptera 25, 565 swamp rabbit 114 lowland 217 mammal communication 91 Sumatran 205
strepsipterans 25, 565 swamp wallaby 103 Malayan 217 reptiles 373 territories 91
Strepsirrhini 22, 134, 136 swamphen, western 304 mountain 217 tropical forests 50 tropical forests 49
Streptopelia decaocto 314 swamps 68 Tapirus test, echinoderm 602 tigerfish 498
striated pardalote 348 swan mussels 595 bairdii 217 Testudines 374–383 giant 498
Strigiformes 23, 316–320 Swan River whaler 481 indicus 217 Testudo great northern tilefish 515
Strigops habroptila 340 swans 270 pinchaque 217 graeca 383 Tiliqua
stripe-winged grasshopper 552 black 271 terrestris 217 hermanni 383 gigas 424
striped day gecko 418 mute 271 tarantula hawk 575 tetra, rugosa 424
striped dolphin 255 sweating 46, 89 tarantulas 45, 593 Mexican 498 scincoides 424
striped grass mouse 127 sweeper 487 Mexican red-legged 593 splash 498 Timaliidae 359
striped headstander 498 swellshark 481 Mexican red-rumped 593 Tetracerus quadricornus 232 Timon lepidus 422
striped hyena 208, 209 true 592 Tetracheilostoma carlae 407 Tinamidea 268
striped polecat 194 Tinamiformes 23, 268
striped possum 98

630 INDEX

tinamous 23, 268 town pigeon 315 Tropidophorus grayi 425 Tyrannus venom continued
Tineidae 573 Toxotes chatareus 524 Tropidurus hispidus 416 forficatus 346 spiders 589
Tingidae 560 Trachemys scripta elegans 378 trout 68, 501 tyrannus 346 vipers 402
Tingis cardui 560 Trachipterus trachypterus 513
tinkerbird, yellow-rumped 333 Trachops cirrhosus 160 brown 70 tyrant, pygmy short-tailed 342, ventfish 514
Tipulidae 569 Trachylepis striata 424 fish farming 503 346 Venus’ flower basket 536
tissues 26, 532 Trachyphonus darnaudii 333 rainbow 503 verdant sphinx 572
titi, red-bellied 143 Tragelaphus trout-perch 510 tyrant flycatchers 346 Vermicularia spirata 597
titicaca grebe 281 true bugs 558 Tyto alba 317 Verreaux’s sifaka 136
Titicaca water frog 453 angasii 231 true crickets 552 vertebrates 14, 15
tits 355, 356 euryceros 231 true shrikes 354 U
gratus 231 true tarantula 592 body systems 26
ashy 355 meneliki 231 true tits 355 uakari, bald 143 fishes 468
blue 267, 355 tragopan, Temminck’s 272 trumpeter, gray-winged 304 Uca vocans 581 learning 28
coniferous forest 59 Tragopan temminckii 272 trumpetfish 522 Ugandan kob 237 limbs 18–19
great 355 Tragulidae 22, 224 trunks, elephant 90 Umbonia crassicornis 559 mammals 88
long-tailed 356 trahira, giant 499 tsessebe, western 238 umbrellabird, Amazonian 347 mountain habitats 62
penduline 356 Trans-Pecos ratsnake 394 tuataras 19, 24, 35, 372, 383 undulate ray 483 reptiles 372
Siberian 59 tree dassie 110 tub gurnard 527 unicornfish, orangespine 528 respiration 27
true 355 tree fox 170 tubeshoulders 24, 507 Union Island gecko 418 senses 27
tityras 347 tree kangaroo, Doria’s 103 Tubularia 540 Uperoleia 452 skeleton 26
Tityridae 347 tree shrews 22, 133 Tubulidentata 21, 106 upside-down catfish 500 Vespa
toadlet, Bornean smooth-tailed 133 tucuxi 253 Upupa epops 331 crabro 575
corroboree 452 Indian 133 tufted capuchin 143 uraniid moths 573 vulgaris 575
sign-bearing 452 lesser 133 tui 349 Uraniidae 573 vesper rat, Sumichrast’s 126
stonemason 452 Madras 133 tulip shells 597 urban habitats 80–3 Vespertilio murinus 161
toads 21, 24, 438, 439, 448–449 pen-tailed 133 tuna, Vespidae 575
African clawed 450 tree squirrels 116 bluefin 73 habitat destruction 32 Vespula germanica 575
American 454 treecreepers 52, 54, 360 exploitation 33 Urbanus proteus 570 Vicugna vicugna 223
bilateral symmetry 26 Australasian 348 migration 75 Uria aalge 312 vicuña 61, 62, 222, 223
Boulenger’s Asian tree 455 white-throated 348 tundra habitat 38, 64, 66, 67 urine scent 90 Vidua
burrowing 47 treefrogs 438, 449 insects 67 Urocerus gigas 575 funerea 365
cane 456 African 463 tungara frog 453 Urochordata 25, 605 paradisaea 365
common spadefoot 451 Australian green 438, 458 tunicates 25, 74, 605 Urocissa erythrorhyncha 352 Viduidae 365
Couch’s spadefoot 44 common 458 pelagic 605 Urocitellus columbianus 119 village weaver 364
desert habitats 44 communication 28 Tupaia minor 133 Urocyon cinereoargenteus 170 vine snale 384
European common 454 Cope’s gray 459 Tupinambis teguixin 425 Uroderma bilobatum 160 vinegaroons 588
European green 454 European 449 turacos 23, 315 Urolophus halleri 484 violet sea snail 74, 596
fresh water habitats 70 green 53, 458 livingstone’s 315 Uromastyx acanthinura 412 violet spider-hunting wasp 575
Great Plains narrow-mouthed 465 mountain habitats 61 red-crested 315 Uropygi 588 violetear, green 323
guttural 454 orange-legged 459 Turbellaria 541 Ursidae 22, 176–81 violin beetle 562
Holy cross 452 red-eyed 459 turbellerians 541 Ursus Vipera
life span 30 red-snouted 459 turbot 519 ammodytes 403
Majorcan midwife 450 tropical forest habitats 48, 50, 51 Turdidae 362 americanus 177 berus 403
marine 456 white-lipped 458 Turdoides caudata 359 arctos 180 viperfish 73
Mexican burrowing 451 White’s 458 Turdus arctos arctos 180 Sloane’s 508
midwife 451 Yucatan shovel-headed 459 merula 362 arctos horribilis 180 Viperidae 24, 402–407
Oriental fire-bellied 450 treehoppers 559 philomelos 362 arctos middendorfi 180 vipers 24, 402
raucous 454 treeswift, gray-rumped 325 turkey, wild 271 maritimus 177 carpet 403
Spix’s saddleback 455 Tremarctos ornatus 179 turkey gnats 568 thibetanus 177 common 403
Surinam 450 Trematoda 541 turkey vulture 296 uterus, mammals 89 desert horned 44, 402, 403
tropical forest habitats 50 Triaenodon obesus 482 turquoise-fronted Amazon 340 marsupials 93 eyelash pit 406
western Nimba 455 Triakis semifasciata 481 Tursiops Gaboon 403
tobacco crickets 552 Trialeurodes vaporariorum 558 aduncus 254 V Mount Mabu forest 402
Tockus leucomelas 331 Triassic Period 88 truncatus 254 northeast African saw-scaled 403
toco toucan 332, 334 Tribolonotus gracilis 424 turtle doves 265, 315 vampire bats 157 nose-horned 403
todies 327 trichina worm 543 turtles 24, 372, 373, 374–375, 378 common 160 pit 402, 406–407
Todirostrum cinereum 346 Trichinella spiralis 543 African helmeted 379 Linnaeus’ spectral 160 Russell’s 403
Todus todus 330 Trichoglossus haematodus 338 alligator snapping 377 Sahara horned 403
tody-flycatcher, common 346 Trichoptera 25, 569 Asian leaf 379 Vampyrum spectrum 160 saw-scaled 403
tody, Jamaican 330 Trichosurus vulpecula 98 Carolina box 378 Vandellia cirrhosa 500 Schultze’s pit 385
tokay 418 Tridacna 595 Central American river 379 Vanellus armatus 309 Wagler’s 407
Tolypeutes 110 triggerfish, clown 529 Chinese soft-shelled 379 Vanessa atalanta 571 white-lipped pit 407
Tomatares citrinus 561 trilobites 532 common snake-necked 69, 376 Vanga curvirostris 350 Vireo olivaceus 354
tomato clownfish 514 Trimeresurus albolabris 407 common snapping 377 vangas 350 vireos 354
Tonicella marmorea 598 Trinervitermes trinervoides 556 conservation 35 red-eyed 354
tool use 28 Tringa nebularia 310 European pond 377 hook-billed 350 Vireonidae 354
apes 150 Trioceros jacksonii 413 flat-headed 376 Vangidae 350 Virginia opossum 89, 93, 94
birds 287, 343 tripodfish 509 green sea 374, 375, 376 vapourer moth 30 viscacha, Argentina plains 130
mammal intelligence 91 Triprion petasatus 459 hawksbill 375, 376 vaquita 252 vision 27
primates 134 Triturus cristatus 443 leatherback 378 Varanus Viverra tangalunga 199
sea otters 195 troglodytes 63 loggerhead 377 Viverridae 22, 198, 199
toothed whales 22, 244, 245, 250 Troglodytes troglodytes 361 migration 75 albigularis 430 viviparous animals 31
toothfish, Antarctic 526 Troglodytidae 361 ocean habitat 73 bitatawa 430 viviparous lizard 373, 408, 422
top shells 597 Trogon violaceus 326 olive ridley 377 dumerilii 430 volcano rabbit 114
Topaza pella 330 Trogonidae 326 painted 377 flavirufus 430 voles 117, 123
Torpedo marmorata 485 Trogoniformes 23, 326 pig-nosed river 376 komodoensis 428 bank 58, 125
torpor in birds 265 trogons 23, 326 reef habitats 77 niloticus 430 burrowing 125
torrent duck 273 slaty-tailed 326 seashore habitats 79 prasinus 430 common 125
torsion, gastropod 596 violaceous 326 side-necked 374 varius 430 common water 128
tortoises 24, 372, 373, 374–375 Trombidiidae 588 snapping 375 Varecia variegata 138 coniferous forest habitats 59
angulate 383 Trombidium 588 spotted 377 variable garden lizard 411 Eurasian water 125
Burmese brown 375 tropical habitats, straight-necked 374 variable sunbird 365 European water 117
desert 382 forests 38, 39, 48–51 twist-necked 376 varied sittella 351 steppe 125
Galapagos 375, 380 fresh water 71 yellow-marginated box 379 variegated antpitta 345 temperate forest habitats 55
Hermann’s 383 grasslands 41, 43 yellow mud 379 variegated lizardfish 509 water 123
Indian starred 374, 382 mountains 61 tusk shells 598 variegated spider monkey 141 Volucella zonaria 568
leopard 375, 382 savanna 43 beautiful 598 veiled chameleon 410 Volvox 532
pancake 382 wetlands 69 elephant 598 Velella velella 540 Vombatus ursinus 97
red-footed 382 tropical rattlesnake 406 elongated 598 velvet ants 574 Vonones 588
serrated hinge-back 382 tropical two-winged flyingfish tussock moths 571 velvet belly lantern shark 475 vontsira, Durrell’s 197
spur-thighed 383 516 twig snakes 393 velvet mites 588 Vormela peregusna 193
tortricid moths 573 tropicbirds 23, 73, 286 twist-necked turtle 376 velvet whalefish 514 votsotsa 126
toucanet, emerald 334 red-billed 286 two-tailed bristletails 550 velvet worms 25, 545 votsovotsa 126
toucans 23, 332 Tropidolaemus wagleri 407 Tylosurus acus 516 veneer, Wainscot 572 Vulpes
toco 332, 334 Tropidophis Tylototriton verrucosus 443 venom (see also poison) 385 cana 169
tourism, conservation 35 melanurus 392 Typhlonectes compressicauda 447 arachnids 586 macrotis 169
towhee, eastern 366 morenoi 392 Tyrannidae 346 colubrids 393 rueppellii 170
elapid snakes 399 velox 169
lizards 409

INDEX 631

Vulpes continued water bears 14, 25, 545 whales 14, 90, 244–245 whiteflies 558 worms continued
vulpes 169 water beetles 70 Antarctic minke 249 greenhouse 558 slow 426
zerda 169 waterbirds 265 baleen 14, 22, 67, 74, 244, 246 trichina 543
water buffalo, Asian 232 beaked 250 whitespotted bambooshark 476 velvet 25, 545
Vultur gryphus 296 water bugs 70 blue 244, 246, 248, 249 whitetip reef shark 482
vultures 43, 60, 62, 294 water chevrotain 225 bowhead 247 whooping crane 303 woylie 102
water cycle 68 Bryde’s 248 whydah, long-tailed paradise wrasse, cleaner 523
bearded 295, 297 water deer, Chinese 224 common minke 249 wrens 59, 342, 361
Egyptian 297 water fleas 68, 71, 579 communication 28 365
Eurasian black 60 water-holding frog 46, 458 conservation 35 wide sawfish 485 blue 349
griffon 297 water measurers 559 Cuvier’s beaked 260 widow, black 592 cactus 361
lappet-faced 295 water opossum 94 dwarf sperm 260 widowbirds 363 red-backed 349
palm-nut 295 water rats 117 false killer 259 wild bactrian camel 47, 222, winter 361
turkey 296 fin 246, 248, 249 wrybill 309
white-backed 41, 297 giant South American 124 gray 75, 246, 247 223 wryneck, Eurasian 334
vulturine parrot 340 water shrew, humpback 14, 90, 244, 246, 249 wild boar 52, 54, 218, 219 Wuchereria bancrofti 543
killer 250, 256 wild cat 18, 202 Wunderpus photogenicus 599
W Eurasian 163 locomotion 91 wild goat 242
Tibetan 164 long-finned pilot 259 wild turkey 271 X
wading birds (waders) 23, 67, 78, water snails 71 North Pacific right 247 wildebeest 210, 230
306–307 water spider 71, 589 northern bottlenose 259 Xanthostigma xanthostigma 561
hatchlings 267 water springtail 550 northern right 247 blue 239 Xantusia henshawi 425
seashore habitats 78 water-striders 559 ocean habitats 72, 75 grasslands 42 Xenopeltis unicolor 387
spoonbills 286 water voles 123 Omura’s 248 migration 43 Xenopus laevis 450
tundra habitat 67 common 128 polar habitats 64, 65, 66 social groups 29, 91 Xiphias gladius 518
Eurasian 125 pollution 32 wildlife reserves 34 Xiphosura 585
Wagler’s viper 407 European 117 pygmy right 246 willow ptarmigan 64, 271 Xixuthrus heros 562
wagtails 366 waterbirds 69 right 244, 246 willow warbler 356
waterfowl 23, 270 sei 249 Wilson’s bird of paradise 353 Y
white 366 hatchlings 267 short-finned pilot 259 Wilson’s storm petrel 281
Wahlberg’s epauletted fruit bat 158 tundra 67 sperm 74, 245, 250, 260 wind-scorpions 587 yak 61, 233
wahoo 470 wattle-eyes 351 swimming 91 winged spookfish 506 yapok 94
Wainscot veneer 572 wattlebirds, New Zealand 350 temperature control 89 wings yellow-bellied marmot 118
walking, wattled jacana 308 toothed 22, 244, 245, 250 bats 19, 156 yellow-bellied sapsucker 335
wattled ploughbill 351 white 250, 251 birds 19, 264, 265, 266 yellow-collared lovebird 340
arthropods 547 waves 76 hummingbirds 323 yellow jackets 575
lizards 409 waxbills 365 wheatear, northern 363 insects 549 yellow-kneed sea-spider 585
walking shark 476 common 342 whip-scorpions 588 winkles 596, 597 yellow-knobbed curassow 270
walking sticks 553 waxwings 59, 354 wire-tailed manakin 346 yellow-lipped sea krait 400
wall lizards 420 Bohemian 59 tailless 588 wisent 236 yellow-marginated box turtle 379
Wallabia bicolor 103 Japanese 354 whip-spiders 588 wobbegong, spotted 476 yellow mud turtle 379
wallabies 47, 93 weasel lemur 136 whip-tails 512 wolf see wolves yellow-necked mouse 127
brush-tailed rock 102 weasels 166, 193 whipsnakes, wolf-fish 528 yellow-rumped tinkerbird 333
little rock 102 African striped 193 wolf-herring, Dorab 495 yellow-rumped warbler 369
parma 103 least 66, 194 European 394 wolf spiders 586, 592 yellow-streaked greenbul 355
rock 62 weavers (birds) 363, 364 western 394 wolverine 58, 59, 194 yellow-tailed African tetra 17
spectacled hare 102 Baya 343 whiptail catfish 500 wolves 56, 58, 168 yellow-throated marten 193
swamp 103 nest-building 28 whiptail lizards 420 Ethiopian 172 yellowhammer 366
tammar 93 sociable 363 reproduction 30 gray 17, 29, 56, 174–175 yellowhead jawfish 487, 515
Wallace’s flying frog 463, 464 village 364 whiskers 89 howling 29 yellowline arrow crab 583
Wallace’s line 17 weavers (spiders) whistlers 351 maned 168, 171 yellowthroat, common 369
wallaroo 103 funnel 589 golden 351 packs 91 Yucatan shovel-headed treefrog 459
walrus 22, 166, 182, 184 orb 589 whistling ducks 271 red 168, 172 yucca moth 39
Walter’s duiker 236 web-footed gecko 47, 408, 418 whistling rat, Brants’s 126 social groups 29
wandering albatross 33, 280 web-footed tenrec 105 white-backed vulture 41, 297 wombats 93 Z
warblers 54, 349, 356, 357 web-spinners 25, 557 white-barred piculet 334 common 97
African 358 web-spinning spiders 28 white-beaked dolphin 254 southern hairy-nosed 97 Zaedyus pichiy 111
Australasian 349 Weberian apparatus 496 white-bearded manakin 346 wompoo fruit dove 314 Zaglossus bartoni 92
black-and-white 369 Weddell seal 66, 184 white-bellied spider monkey wongai ningaui 94 Zalophus californianus 183
common grasshopper 357 wedge-tailed eagle 301 141 wood ants 576 Zambesi kudu 231
Dartford 357 weedy seadragon 522 white-breasted mesite 302 wood-boring beetles 82 Zamenis
hooded 369 weeper capuchin 144 white browed scrubwren 349 wood frog 461
Kirtland’s 369 weeverfish, lesser 523 white butterflies 572 wood stork 286 longissimus 395
leaf 356 weevils 18, 52, 563 white-clawed crayfish 584 wood turtle 378 situla 396
malagasy 356 weka 266 white-eyes 360 wood warbler 342 zebra danio 497
reed 357 wels catfish 499 Cape 360 wood wasps 38, 56 zebra dwarf boa 392
willow 356 West African lungfish 488 Japanese 360 woodchuck 55, 116, 118 zebra finch 365
yellow-rumped 369 West African manatee 107 white-faced saki 142 woodlice 52, 55, 579 zebra mbuna 526
warm-blooded animals 15 West African potto 137 white-footed mouse 123 common pill 584 zebra moray 492
birds 264 West European hedgehog 89 white-fronted bee-eater 330 common shiny 584 zebra shark 476
cladistics 20 West Indian manatee 107 white-headed mousebird 326 pill 584 zebra spider 590
life span 30 western banded gecko 417 white-lipped pit viper 407 woodpecker finch 343 zebras 43, 211, 212
polar habitats 66 western barn owl 317 white-lipped python 392 woodpeckers 23, 54, 58, 332 Burchell’s 91
warning coloration 438, western capercaillie 271 white-lipped treefrog 458 acorn 54, 335 Grevy’s 21, 212, 213
frogs 449 western cattle egret 288 white-necked picathartes 354 black 335 mountain 212
warning signals 50 western Chinese mountain white pointer 479 great spotted 335 plains 212, 213
wart-headed bug 559 salamander 442 white rhinoceros 214, 216 green 332, 335 social groups 29
warty frogfish 528 western diamondback rattlesnake Javan 214 toes 265 zebrafish 497
warty newt 443 404 northern 216 woodswallows 350 Zenaida macroura 314
wasps 25, 573 western fence lizard 416 southern 214, 216 blackfaced 350 Zeus faber 511
braconid 574 western gorilla 153 Sumatran 214 woodwasps 575 Zimbabwe girdled lizard 421
chalcid 574 western grebe 281 white-rimmed pill millipede 578 giant 575 Ziphius cavirostris 260
cockroach-hunter 575 western gray kangaroo 93, 103 white shark, great 479 woodworm 562 zitting cisticola 356
common 575 western gull 308 white-spotted chevrotain 225 woolly monkey, gray 141 zodiac moth 573
coniferous forest habitats 56 western hognosed snake 396 white-spotted hermit crab 584 woolly rat, Rothschild’s 127 zoea larva 31, 547
cuckoo 574 western jackdaw 352 white-spotted lanternfish 509 woolly spider monkey 135, 140, zooids 605
digger 575 western needle-clawed galago white-starred robin 363 141 Zootoca vivipara 422
fig 39, 573 137 white stork 43, 82, 286 worm lizards 431 zooxanthellae 79
galls 54, 574 western Nimba toad 455 white-tailed deer 49, 226 European 431 Zoraptera 25, 557
German 575 western ribbon snake 398 white-tailed sea eagle 294 Florida 431 zorillas 193
giant ichneumon 574 western sitatunga 231 white-throated dipper 362 Mexican 431 African 194
ichneumon 58, 574 western swamphen 304 white-throated monitor 430 speckled 431 Zorotypidae 557
jewel 574 western tarsier 139 white-throated needletail 325 worm salamander, Honduran Zorotypus hubbardi 557
mammoth 575 western tsessebe 238 white-throated treecreeper 348 lowland 446 Zosteropidae 360
mud dauber 575 western whipsnake 394 white-tipped plantcutter 347 worm shells 597 Zosterops
paper 575 wetlands 38, 39, 69 white-tipped sicklebill 323 worms japonicus 360
ruby-tailed 574 conservation 35 white-toothed shrews, acorn 545 pallidus 360
sand 575 destruction 32 bicolored 164 arrow 25, 544, 545 zygodactylous feet 332
social 535, 575 whale shark 473, 477 pygmy 163 filarial 543
spider-hunting 25, 575 whale-headed stork 289 white uakari 143 horseshoe 25, 545
splendid emerald 574 whalefish, velvet 516 white wagtail 366 nematode 65, 532, 533
tropical forests 51 whalers (sharks) white whale 250, 251 oceanic burrowing 72
urban habitats 81 freshwater 481 white-winged scoter 273 parchment 542
violet spider-hunting 575 river 481 white, green-veined 572 peanut 25, 544
wood 38, 56 Swan River 481 White’s treefrog 458 ribbon 25, 544
whitebait 507 seashore habitats 77
segmented 25, 542

632

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 126cr, 128bc, 128br, 162br, 163bc, 242cla, Mike Joran 126br; McCammon 539bfr, T.S. McCann 31cla, Raymond Mendez 446bfl,
Hiromitsu Katsu: 114frbc; Paul Kay: 539cl, 596flac, 596flac, Colin Milkins 578frbc, 580tfr, Sean Morris 57cl, 116tr, 330bl, Owen
DORLING KINDERSLEY would like to thank Daniel Crawford, 459clb, Kim Taylor 28bfr, 91crb, 267flbc, 542flac, 547clb, 548cra, 596cl; Kos Picture Source: Carlo Borlenghi 528fcrb; Mark Newman 167bc, 308frbc, G. Synafzsankle Okapia 451bfl, Okapia
Emily Newitt, Patricia Woodburn, Richard Gilbert, and Tamara 555crb, 565frbc, 565crb, 569tl, Norman Tomalin 449cr, John Kostich Photography: Mark Kostich 199fcrb; Tim Krynak: 232fcrb, Stan Osolinski 113tfr, 240crb, 315tr, Richard Packwood
Baillie for administrative help; Steve Knowlden for original design Visser 385frac, Uwe Waltz 234cfl, Staffan Widstrans 302fbr, Rod 454cb; Dr C Andrew Henley / Larus: Dr C Andrew Henley-Larus 64cr, John Paling 68br, 70flbc, 472bl, Andrew Park 57crb, Peter
work; Pauline Clarke, Corinne Manches, Janice English, and Williams 133cr, 137clb, 197br, 202frac, Bill Wood 132br, Kinrad 94bfr, 95ca, 95cl, 96cra, 99cfr, 99cla, 183ftr; Vanessa Latford: Parks 534bfr, 545fclb, 580cfl, 580c, 580cr, 580cb, 581tfr, Andrew
Emily Luff for additional design assistance; Peter Cross for Wothe 138cla, Peter Zabransky 34bfr, Gunter Ziesler 43frac, 231flbc; Legend Photography-Andy Belcher: 520-521, 521; Plumptre 153bc, Hilary Pooley 210c, Partridge Productions 136cfl,
location research; Clare Double for additional editorial help; 111bl, 203bfr, 203cla, 242frbc, 247cl, 278c, 285bc, 338cfl, Ken Lewis: 281bc, 335bl; Look: Konrad Wothe 270cr; The Romford & Borrill / Surval Anglia 164crb, Alan Root 106fcr, 143bl,
Robert Campbell for DTP support; and Andy Samson, Anna Christian Zuber 303fcra; C. K. Bryan: 172cr, 232cla; John Mammal Images Library: P. Myers 94cl; Andrew Martinez: 343frac, 432br, Norbert Rosing 66ca, 67flac, Tui de Roy 65bc,
Bedewell, Charlotte Oster, Jason McCloud, Martin Copeland, Cancalosi: 95clb, 102cfl, 102cla, 103cra, 141cra, 270bl, 312bfr, 536frbc, 539bl; Chris Mattison Nature Photographics: 451clb, 301frbc, 380cfl, Kjell B. Sandved 15flbc, 545cfl, DJ Saunders
Richard Dabb, and Rita Selvaggio for picture reseach. Thanks 312bl, 369cl, John Cancalosu 103tfr; Chris Gomersall 458cr, Chris Mattison 61bc, 271cl, 311cfr, 373frac, 376cfr, 376cr, 343bfr, Jany Sauvanet / Okapia 112tr, F. Schneidermeyer 205tc,
also to the Berlin Zoo, Chester Zoo, Dr. David L Harrison, Photography: R J Chandler 335tr, 346fcl, Brian Chudleigh 309cl, 377bfr, 378crb, 382frac, 383cfr, 383frac, 391cb, 394crb, 396cfl, Krupaker Senani 360tr, Michael Sewell 35br, 258frac, David Shale
Drusillas Zoo, Exmoor Zoo, Hunstanton Sea Life Centre, IUCN/ 349frac, 349t, 350tl, 350br, 354t, 355fcl, Bill Coster 346bl, David 397tr, 401frac, 402flbc, 403frbc, 408c, 408crb, 412bfr, 413tfr, 118cl, Chris Sharp 585frbc, Wendy Shattil & Bob Rozinski 39crb,
SSC Canid specialist group, Kate Edmonson at Partridge Films, M Cottridge 289bl, 363tr, John Davies 310crb, 314bl, Paul Doherty 413cr, 418cfr, 418tr, 419bfl, 419cfr, 421frac, 421br, 422frac, 116c, Alastair Shay 161bl, Jorge Sierra 431cla, Sinclair Stammers
Marwell Zoological Park, Mike Jordan, Millport Marine Centre, 297cfl, Peter Ginn 355bfr, Chris Gomersall 30clb, 283bfr, 300cl, 422cl, 422crb, 423bfr, 423bc, 424bl, 425bfr, 427cfl, 427tfr, 430cl, 543clb, Marty Stouffer 58tfl, Harold Taylor 61cl, 548bc, TC Nature
NASA/Finley Holiday Films, the Natural History Museum (London), 302fcrb, 309clb, 310cr, 312cfl, 314, 315bl, 320frbc, 352bfr, 431cb, 433tfr, 436cla, 438tc, 445tc, 446ca, 447frbc, 450bfr, 353t, 553c, Tony Tilford 359br, Gerald Tompson 343cfr, Robert
Paradise Park, Rebecca Tansley at Natural History New Zealand, Michael Gore 33frac, 279bfr, 282bc, 297tr, 333ca, 334cfl, 369fcr, 452tr, 453cb, 454tl, 458frbc, 459cfr, 459frac, 459clb, 460frac, Tyrrell 324br, Tom Ulrich 96tl, 125cra, 186clb, 325clb, 404flbc, K.
Robert Oliver, Tropical Marine Centre, Twycross Zoo, Weymouth Mark Hamblin 310ca, 315crb, 356br, J Hollis 320bfr, Barry Hughes 460cla, 463cb, 465cla, 465crb, Geoff Trinder 60cb, 118cr, 225bl, G. Vock 548br, P & W Ward 48tr, Babs & Bert Wells 325cr, 401flbc,
Sea Life Centre, and World of Birds (South Africa). 280cfr, Chris Knights 325cl, Mike Lane 308cla, 311tl, 311crb, 304ftr, 304clb, 366cr, Martin Withers 15bfr, 57cb, 98cla, 102bfl, Ian West 422tfr, Kim Westerskov 282cfl, 536bfl, Jack Wilburn
SMITHSONIAN ENTERPRISES 353br, 362cl, 366cra, Gordon Langsbury 331br, 352flbc, 358fcl, 103frbc, 114cla, 127cr, 159flac, 194flac, 227bfr, 237cr, 240frac, 368cr, Eric Wood 293frbc, Conrad Wothe 448bfr, Konrad Wothe
Kealy E. Gordon, Product Development Manager Tim Loseby 357tl, Mike McKavett 368tr, 369bc, Arthur Morris 240clb, 242br, 271fr, 271crb, 289clb, 296frbc, 300bfr, 301bc, 269tl, 277cfr, 310tfr, Norbert Wu 65bl, 72tfr; Jurgen Otto: 590–91;
Ellen Nanney, Licensing Manager 354fcl, 358tr, 366bl, 369cr, Pete Morris 350tl, 350c, Carlos 340tl, 321fbfr, 348cfr, 362br, 419br; Dr Luis A. Mazariegos: Panda Photo: M. Calandrini 284c; Otto Pfister: 225crb, 241cra,
Brigid Ferraro, Vice President, Education and Sanchez 303fbr, 310c, Chris Schenk 64bc, 271cr, Morten Strange 324cr; McDonald Wildlife Photography: Joe and Mary Ann 242cr, 310bfl, 363crb; Maslowski Photo: 288fcla; Photolibrary:
Consumer Products 349bl, 351crb, 365fcrb, 366cla, Andy Swash 291cra, 322tc, 324c, McDonald 156c, Joe McDonald 55tr, 110tl, 119tfr, 209bl; Dr OSF / Carol Farnet; Foster 590bc; Photomax: 488bfr; Photoshot /
Carol LeBlanc, Senior Vice President, Education 345cl, 345c, 347crb, 351tr, 368clb, Roger Tidman 73tc, 277tfr, Fridtjof Mehlum: 312cfr; Mr W. E. Middleton: 558cfr; Minden Woodfall Wild Images: Maurizio Biancarelli 29tfl, R. Buchele 60cr,
and Consumer Products 281frbc, 286fcra, 330cfr, 347cl, 358cra, David Tipling 271bfr, Pictures: Fred Bavendam 600bfl, 600cfl, 600ca; Carlos Minguell: Tom Campbell 90tc, S. Cordier 91fcrb, Mark Hamblin 34flbc, Paul
Chris Liedel, President 271cfl, 272bfr, 277bc, 279tl, 321br, 334c, 334br, 357cr, 357br, 477clb, 517ftr, 522fcr, 538tr, 538cra, 605bl; Natural History Kay 72c, 493cl, Mike Lane 211tfr, 292c, D. Mason 90bfl, 234flbc,
Picture Credits Ray Tipper 314crb, 344tr, Charles Tyler 291br, Cyril Webster Museum: 538br, 550frac, 557cl; Natural Science Photos: C. Sean McKenzie 65br, Tom Murphy 32cfl, Tapani Rasanen 300crb,
The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind 348br, Eric Woods 357bl, Barry E. Wright 269fcrb, Steve Young Blaney 330cl, Cranston 512tc, C. Dani & I. Jeske 44c, Bob Gurr John Robinson 127cfr, Lawson Wood 75tl, Davis Woodfall 61crb;
permission to reproduce their photographs: 280frbc; Prof. Mike Claridge: 574frbc; Bruce Coleman Inc: R. 211frac, David Lawson 411bfr, Jim Merli 52bc, 445bc, W. E. Mark Picard: 114bfr, 172bfr, 226bc, Mark Picard 227cfr, 227cb,
Erite 296frac, Kenneth W Fink 229frac, James Hanken 446flac, Middleton 330cfl, O. C. Roura 419bc, C & T Stuart 140tr, P. H. & 271tr, 288fcra, 327bl, 367tr, 367crb; Linda Pitkin / lindapitkin.net:
ftl tl tc tr ftr Abbreviations key: Joe McDonald 299bfr, Ivan Polunin 515fcr, Norman Owen Tomalin S. L. Ward 439tfr; Natural Visions: 26frbc, 469frac, Heather Angel 77br, 538bfl, 538cfl, 538cla, 538cl, 538bl, 539flac, 539tl, 539tr,
fcla cla ca cra fcra a = above, b = below, 576bfl; Wendy Conway: Wendy Conway 227ca, 281crb, 286fcrb, 91cla, 131bl, 372crb, 383clb, 383cb, 469tfr, 503fcrb, 504tc, 539ca, 539cra, 539cr, 541cfl, 544fcr, 570frac, 604flac; Planet
fcl cl c cr fcr c = centre, f = far, 309cfr, 367cla; Corbis: Yann Arthus-Bertrand 166c, Joe Clark / Tony Martin 251bfr, Paul Ormerod 267cr, Slim Sreedharan 374c, Earth Pictures: 270tfr, 270cb, 408cra, 408bl, K & K Ammann
fclb clb cb crb fcrb l = left, r = right, t = top Tetra Images 20bc, Clive Druett; Papilio 120cra, Natalie Fobes / Soames Summerhays 534bfl; Nature Photographers: S.C. 43bfl, Kurt Amsler 527cfr, Ingo Arndt 548c, Pete Atkinson 497cla,
fbl bl bc br fbr Science Faction 73br, James Hager 364, Jason Hawkes 81br, Bisserot 452cfr, Colin Carver 68c, 461cfr, Don Smith 445cr, Paul Andre Bartschi 142tfr, 338tfr, Gary Bell 177tfr, 476cl, 476bl,
Layne Kennedy 234-235, Tannen Maury / epa 32br, Ocean 525, Sterry 414cb, 550clb; Naturefocus, Australian Museum: C 513fbl, 585c, Ashley J. Boyd 538frbc, T. Brakefield 205bfr, Jim
123RF.com: Paul Vinten 288crb; A.N.T. Photo Library: GE Radius Images 186tl, Visuals Unlimited 14crb, Michele Andrew Henley 97frac; naturepl.com: 163tl, 193, 224, Doug Allan Brandenburg 115frbc, Robert Canis 592flac, Mary Clay 114tl,
Schmida 401frbc; Prof RJ van Aarde: 65tc, 310bfr, 454crb; Westmorland / Science Faction 599br; Cornell University of 66bfr, 185br, Nigel Bean 82tr, Vanessa Berlowitz 590ca, Peter 169flbc, Norman Cobley 282cb, Richard Cook 482frac, Richard
Kelvin Aitken: 475cla; Alamy Images: AfriPics.com 322c, Ornithology: J. Surman 29cfl; Peter Cross: 57c, 102clb, 102crb, Blackwell 385cr, Neil Bromhall 460tc, Dan Burton 480cr, 494cb, Coomber 211cb, Peter David 509cr, 523ftl, 597bc, 599tfr,
Kelvin Aitken / VWPics 477crb, Juniors Bildarchiv GmbH 44c, 119flac, 129tfr, 130clb, 183cla, 196cfr, 209frbc, 213bc, 216cra, Pete Cairns 56tc, Jim Clare 54tr, 179cra, Bruce Davidson 153frac, 599cra, Paulo De Oliveira 327fcr, 492fcr, 539bl, 545crb, S V Den
blickwinkel (17crb/Tetra), Rick & Nora Bowers 345cra, 417cb, 226cla, 237cra, 239cl, 239bl, 240bl, 241cfr, 242frac, 268tr, 271bfl, 173ca, Stewart Dawber 337c, G & H Denzau 47flac, Martin Dohrn Nieuwendjik 61c, 153frbc, M & C Denis-Hout 109bfr, Wendy Dennis
Danita Delimont 243, dpa picture alliance archive 413cla, FLPA 272cr, 279cfr, 289fcra; Dennis Cullinane: 164cr; Dr. Melanie 83c, Geoff Dore 588cfr, Georgette Douwma 603, Georgette 313tl, Georgette Douwma 487bfr, 537bfr, 541tfr, 594tfr, 594ca,
358bc, fotolincs 315c, blickwinkel / Hartl 510b, Frank Hecker Dammhahn: 139tl; Manfred Danegger: 113tfr; © Tim Douwna 74bl, 468tfr, Eric Dragesco 223bl, Tim Edwards 340clb, John Downer 108clb, Geoff du Feu 165tl, Carol Farneti-Foster
506cra, imageBROKER 18clb, Images of Africa Photobank 42br, Davenport/WCS: 148tr; Richard Davies: 556cfr; David M. 411cl, Hanne & Jens Eriksen 309cb, 321frac, Geoff Foot 203frac, 93cra, D. Robert Franz 166cra, Robert Franz 226bfl, Nick Garbutt
JPTenor 411c, Nature Picture Library 1, Sean Michael 286cla, Joel Dennis: 377bfl, 426br, 431frbc, 442cla, 443flbc, 453cr; Nigel Jeff Foot 75br, 107frbc, 185bl, 218bl, 234tc, 471flbc, 581cfl, 409cr, Jim Greenfield 528tfr, Roger de la Harpe 331bc, 432tfr,
Murphy 315tc, jack perks 17crb, Doug McCutcheon 327tc, Nature Dennis: 44tc, 69tc, 106br, 138bc, 139bfr, 139flbc, 139cr, 149flac, Jurgen Freund 107tfr, 375cfr, 540ca, 582c, Nick Garbutt 219crb, Hans Christian Heap 49br, Robert Hessler 75tr, Paul Hobson
Photographers Ltd 481cra, Minden Pictures 19crb, 302tc, 165br, 172bfl, 173br, 199cra, 209flac, 216tc, 219bc, 233cla, 302cb, 303tc, Nick Gordon 51bc, David Hall 79bfl, Andrew 312crb, Steve Hopkin 551frac, 568tfr, Chris Huxley 523bl, Adam
Photoshot Holdings Ltd 435, 464, robertharding 247tc, Joel 236flbc, 236bc, 238bfr, 238bl, 239frac, 239cra, 239crb, 240cla, Harrington 177clb, Tony Heald 88tfr, 268cl, Martha Holmes 247bfr, Jones 440flbc, Brian Kenney 196tl, 384frbc, 392c, 440tr, 587frbc,
Sartore / National Geographic Creative 217cb, David Tipling 272frac, 283br, 286fbr, 289cla, 297frac, 300flac, 300tfr, 304br, Alex Hyde 561cl, Charlie Hamilton James 172clb, Paul N. Johnson Frank Krahmer 47br, John Lee 527tr, Peter Lilja 56cr, Ken Lucas
123t, Ann and Steve Toon 198cr, Carlos Villoch - MagicSea.com 302fcra, 308clb, 309tl, 309cra, 310cfl, 311rbc, 312tfr, 313fcra, 225clb, Hans Christopher Kappel 16clb, Kevin J Keatley 194frbc, 472cfr, 481crb, 488tfr, 497cl, 522tr, 529bl, 588cl, Larry Madin
528tr, Whitehead Images 578t; Gerry Allen: 476fcrb; Allofs 314bl, 317br, 320cl, 330bfr, 331ca, 334cfl, 353clb, 353bl, 354ca, Simon King 169tc, Dong Lei 151c, Brian Lightfoot 293tr, Jeff 516fbr, David Maitland 432frbc, Richard Matthews 167tc, 172tl, Neil
Photography: Theo Allofs 214; David Almquist: 564crb; 355tr, 355bc, 360fcr, 363br, 365tl, 418frbc, 556frbc, 588br; Lightfoot 504tl, Fabio Liverani 440c, Thomas D Mangelsen 177cla, Mcintyre 113tfr, Pete Oxford 105cr, 270frbc, 391flac, 547frbc, Allen
Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales: 596cl; Animals Depositphotos Inc: kostyuchenko 436–37; R.W. Van Devender: Nigel Marven 282cfr, Steven David Miller 20tc, 279cr, Steven Miller Parker 313fcrb, Doug Perrine 107bl, 254cfr, 255cfr, 255bl, 476fbr,
Animals/Earth Scenes: Anthony Bannister 129crb, Kevin & R. W. Van Devender 442clb, 442bl, 447ca, 450lac; Dr Frances 430flbc, Naturbiuld 472frbc, Dietmar Nill 121tr, 160cfl, 193cla, Carl Roessler 518fcra, G. Van Ryckevorsel 489clb, Peter Scoones
Suzette Hanle 389tr, Dani-Jeske 178frbc, 233bfr, Johnny Johnson Dipper: 540cfr, 540flbc, 594bfl, 594bfr, 604bfl, 604br; Dorling 443tc, Ron O’Connor 206frbc, Pete Oxford 35tfr, 327tr, 106tl, 488cl, Angela Scott 108tl, Jonathan Scott 29bfr, 42tr, 43tfl, 62cfr,
35tfl, Victoria McCormic 505c, Joe McDonald 27bfr, 32frac, Kindersley: Dave King / Booth Museum of Natural History, 138frbc, 143cl, 345clb, 430cra, 434cfr, Prema Photos 51cr, 109crb, 207cb, 218c, 239tl, John Seagrim 473bfr, Anup Shah
Steven David Miller 32bfr, Charles Palek 319c, Fred Whitehead Brighton 5cr, NASA / Finley Holiday Films 39br, Natural History 411frbc, Loic Poidevin 356bc, Colin Preston 125flac, Rico & Ruiz 285tfr, Yuri Shibnev 301tl, Marty Snyderman 484frbc, Larry Tacket
583tfr; APB Photographic: Alan P Barnes 283ca; Ardea: 198crb, Museum, London 264crb; James Eaton, Birdtour Asia: 355cra, 443cl, Jeff Rotman 249bl, 473cfl, 475frbc, 483c, 600clb, Phil 144frac, Tom Walker 115bfr, John Waters 130frbc, James D Watt
295tc, 409flbc, Alpenmolch 441frbc, Dennis Avon 58cra, 268tl, 359tr; Ecoscene: Sally Morgan 32flbc, Kjell Sandved 27clb; Savoie 342c, 353ca, 425tfr, Peter Scoones 69bl, 73tl, 92ca, 221tc, 477tctr, J. O. Wirminghaus 462cl, Norbert Wu 536tc, 597bfl, Robert
321fcfl, Ian Beames 55cl, 286fbl, Uno Berggren 120cl, Hans & Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.: 445bc, Edmund D. Brodie Jr. 441bc; Anup Shah 149tfr, 151cbr, 154cfl, 213frbc, 220, 432c, David Wu 508cr, Andrey Zvoznikov 125br; Louis W. Porras: 463cr, Louis
Judy Beste 98crb, 128bl, 349cfr, 423crb, 430cr, 452cl, 452cb, Elizabeth Whiting & Associates: 81bl; Brock Fenton: 158frac, Shale 599cb, Yuri Shivnev 270frac, John Sparks 16cb, Lynn M W. Parras 427bfr; Premaphotos Wildlife: Dr Rod Preston-Mafham
N. N. Birks 337br, R. M. Bloomfield 332tfr, A E Bomford 471br, 158frbc, 159bfl, 159clb, 160cla, 161frac; David B Fleetham: Stone 79cfr, 179bfr, David Tipling 15bfl, 278bfr, 293cfr, 305, 561tfr, 592bfl, Jean Preston-Mafham 570cl, Ken Preston-Mafham
J.B. + S. Bottomley 335tfr, John Cancal 82cr, John Cancalosi 478c; Dreamstime.com: Andrew Astbury 2-3, Simon Fletcher Markus Varesvuo 325cb, Tom Vezo 94cr, Gerrit Vyn 271c, 277, 561clb; John E Randall: 516tfr, 516cr; Jean Yves Rasplus:
319bc, Piers Cavendish 91bl, Graeme Chapman 338crb, John 315cb, H. Caglar Gungor 358br; FLPA: 118bc, 294cra, 295frbc, Bernard Walton 147rbc, Doug Wechsler 445cfr, 458fr, David 560clb, 573clb; Galen B. Rathbun: 104c, 104fcr, California
Clegg 14fbl, D Parer & E Parer-Cook 79tr, 434cl, 495crb, Parer & Ron Austing 369bl, Fred Bavendam / Minden Pictures 76bl, Rolf Welling 17cb, Doc White 244cl, 248cfr, Mike Wilkes 88bc, 314tl, Academy of Sciences 104bl; Reinhard - Tierfoto: Hans Reinhard
E. Parer-Cook 46bl, John Daniels 372cb, Kevin Deacon 479cfr, Bender 194cfr, Bruce Rasner, Jeffrey Rotman / Biosphoto 480cb, 332c, 411tr, XI ZHINONG 151cra; John Nelson: 157frac; NHPA / 282ca, 316c; Neil Rettig Productions Inc: Neil Rettig 301bfr;
Hans D Dossenbach 443bfr, 449c, 449bc, Eric Dragesco 201crb, Lukas Blazek 302bc, B. Borrell 588frbc, Brake / Sunset 111br, Photoshot: A.N.T. 17cla, 31bfl, 52ca, 69bc, 95c, 96bfr, 269fcra, Rex Features: Avi Klapper 518cla; Dr Gil Rilov: 539crb; Mel José
John S Dunning 333clb, 344fbl, 344fbr, 347cr, 354cl, 369crb, M D Hans Dieter Brandl 63bfl, Robin Chittenden 368ca, M Clark 439bfr, 344tl, 348fcr, 349fbl, 376cfl, 411bl, 456cla, 462bfr, 488cr, 522ftr, Rivera : 418cra; Francesco Rovero: 104bc; The Roving Tortoise:
England 237cfl, Jean-Paul Ferrero 34br, 65tl, 93cr, 93crb, 101cra, E. Coppolia 281clb, F Di Domerico 184flbc, Rob Drummond / 538frac, 168bc, 228bc, 270bl, 294cfl, 409frbc, 471tfl, 586bc, B & Tui De Roy 182crb; RSPCA Photolibrary: Adrian Warren 429c;
125tr, 201bl, 225cl, 259tfr, 271clb, 289tr, 412cl, 420c, 579c, Minden Pictures 351bl, Yossi Fahhol 327fbr, Tom & Pat Gardner C Alexander 241bfr, Tom Ang 69crb, J & M Bain 597cfl, Jim Bain Save-Bild: G. Schltz 101frbc; Kevin Schafer: Kevin Schafer
Kenneth W Fink 34c, 40ca, 47bfl, 89flac, 112cr, 112crb, 120tl, 349fbr, 351tl, Michael Gore 296fbr, 322bfr, 353cr, 368bl, D T 538bfl, Daryl Balfour 287cra, Anthony Bannister 31frac, 74c, 106bl, 129cla, 135frbc, 140rbc, 147tfr, 221tfr, 326clb; Science Photo
122cl, 152flac, 155, 240bfr, 276tl, 430bfr, Andrea Florence 50bl, Gremcock 89frac, Tony Hamblin 59br, David Head 226tc, David 194cla, 373flbc, 399c, 400cfr, 465bl, 559flac, A.P. Barnes 30frac, Library: David Cavagnaro, Ethan Daniels 530–31, Nigel Downer
251cfr, Paul Germain 165tr, Bob Gibbons 68tr, M. W. Gillam Hosking 145cfr, 503tr, Eric & David Hosking 276cr, 357fcr, Eric 322frac, G.I. Bernard 545crb, 557cla, 558cla, Joe Blossom 272tl, 466–67, Eye of Science 557frbc, Vaughan Fleming 558tfr, Nature's
47frac, Francois Gohier 39cr, 48tc, 71tl, 107frac, 107tc, 116cfr, Hosking 302ca, IMAGEBROKER, WOLFRAM CUPPERS / 284tr, John Buckingham 266tfr, 309frac, N. A. Callow 560frac, G. Images 370–71, Ted Kinsman 20bl, Dr Kari Lounatmaa 14br
195crb, 245crb, 248cr, 258cl, 289tl, 373bc, 398frbc, Nick Gordon Imagebroker 222b, S Jonasson 185frac, 289cl, D. Jones 587flbc, J. Cambridge 551tl, Laurie Campbell 58cfr, 62bfl, 118tfr, 186bfl, (archaea), Will and Deni McIntyre 91tl, Pasieka 14br (bacteria),
141cfl, 187bl, A. Greensmith 344tc, C. Clem Haagner 166crb, John Karmali 333frac, Brian Kushner 290t, Gerard Lacz 91br, 311tfr, Bill Coster 293crb, 308tr, 585bc, N. R. Coulton 592cl, Dr Morley Read 372clb, James H. Robinson 61c, Science Pictures
267tfr, Clem Haagner 327clb, Chris Harvey 203cl, Masahiro Ijima 135crb, Frank W Lane 132tr, 347c, 430rac, Leeson / Sunset David Currey 245frac, Stephen Dalton 51bl, 55bc, 128tfr, 159frbc, 534tfl, Sinclair Stammers 580tr, Andrew Syred 264br, 265bfr,
204, 205frac, Chris Knights 71flbc, 78cfr, 27tfr, 43tfr, 433frbc, 142flac, Donald M. Jones / Minden Pictures 52c (deer), G. 266tfl, 323frac, 410c, 415frbc, 415t, 419tl, 542frac, 551clb, 265cra, Visuals Unlimited 262–63, M I Walker 541bl, Art Wolfe
Keith & Liz Laidler 194tr, 196br, Tom & Pat Leeson 121l, John Marcoaldi 241bl, K. Maslowski 123br, S & D & K Maslowski 324bfl, Manfred Danegger 58cfr, 113br, 272crb, Nigel Dennis 152cfr, 86–87, 141bl; Sue Scott: 539flac, 539cr, 540tfr, 580crb, 584crb,
Mason 89frac, 538bl, E. McNamara 351br, S. Meyers 63tfl, 89frac, S & D Maslowski 170bclb, S Maslowski 369t, Chris Mattison 193bfr, 287bl, 332cb, 358fcr, Dr E. Elkan 565cfr, Robert Erwin 594bc, 596bfr, 598c, 604tr, 604ca; SeaPics.com: Daniel W.
Pat Morris 82br, 106cl, 109cra, 123cr, 133cra, 163tr, 164bl, 373tfl, 418clb, 431cl, W. Meinderts 470bfr, W. Meinderts / Foto 129cr, 442tr, George Gainsburgh 486r, Pavel German 92cla, Gotshall 504cfl, Rudie Kuiter 482bfr, Amos Nachoum 256ca, Doug
353cra, 499cfr, 539crb, 583frac, Hayden Oake 90frbc, B. Moose Natura 158flac, Derek Middleton 68c, 116cra, 443bc, Mikhail 92clb, 99cfl, 399bfr, 447frac, 452tl, K Ghani 215frbc, Iain Green Perrine 244c, 245cra, 250, 261, 473br, James D. Watt / Seapics.
Peterson 45tc, 123bl, 161cl, Moose Peterson 309crb, Moose 193bl, Hiroya Minakuchi / Minden Pictures 539br, Geoff Moon 149bfl, Ken Griffiths 330tc, 399cb, E. Hanumantha Rao 343cra, com 487cra, Herb Segars: 493crb; shahimages.com : 6bc;
Peterson / WRP 42frbc, Becca Sounders 476cfl, 476tfr, Peter 340bl, Mark Newman 178cfl, 375br, Pete Oxford / Minden Pictures Martin Harvey 71crb, 101tr, 285cl, 376br, 432bl, Brian Hawkes Wendy Shattil: 45ca, 206flac, 382cr, Wendy Shattil & Bob Rozinski
Steyn 105cl, 321ffrbc, 363fcr, J. Swedberg 299crb, Ron & Valerie 345ca, Philip Perry 216frbc, 238tc, A.A. Riley 29flbc, Tui De Roy / 320tfr, Daniel Heuclin 47cra, 48frbc, 50cl, 63bc, 96bfl, 131frac, 130br, 194bl, 289c, 321fbr, 346c, 355cl; C. Andrew Smith: 114tfr;
Taylor 481br, 484cb, 485br, 524tc, 539bfl, Joanna Van Gruisen Minden Pictures 188cl, L. Lee Rue 276bl, Malcolm Schuyl 280crb, 160tfr, 163br, 296cl, 301cfr, 384c, 387tl, 389frbc, 394bfr, 397flbc, Smithsonian Institution: John E Miller 604clb; South American
199tr, Adrian Warren 156cra, 400frac, 449tfr, M. Watson 67cfl, Ry Silvestris 142clb, Silvestris 388c, 391cfr, Jurgen and Christine 402tc, 403cr, 406crb, 419frac, 426ca, 427frac, 427bc, 443tfr, Pictures: Tony Morrison 285cr; Specialist Stock / Still Pictures:
139bl, 175cfr, 194cra, 206frac, 299frbc, Alan Weaving 126clb, Sohns 330cra, Roger Tidman 436tfr, Jan Van Arkel / FN / Minden 447bfl, 456cl, 461br, K. & V. Hurst 70br, T Kitchen & V Hurst 82bl, J.J. Alcalay 64tr, 182tfr, John Cancalosi 404bl, Alain Compost
463flac, Wardene Weisser 359ca; Auscape: Ferrero-Labat 545cb, R. Van Nostrand 347tc, Vladvitek 506cb, Peter 174tr, 187t, 194tl, 414tr, 459tr, 461cl, Image Quest 3-D 31frbc, H 93bfr, M & C Denis-Huot 134cla, 148frac, Michel Denis-Hout 256cfl,
284frac, Jean-Paul Ferrero 93tfr, 98flbc, 98cra, 173fcrb, Mike Waechtershaeuser, BIA / Minden Pictures 303crb, Weblogiq 241c, & V Ingen 547br, Hellio & Van Ingen 280clb, B Jones & M Shimlock EIA 253frbc, Michael Gunther 152frbc, 216bfr, Yves Lefevre 473cr,
Gillian 96frbc, Neil McDaniel 523cla, D. Parer & E. Parer-Cook Larry West 461frac, Terry Whittaker 201tr, 201cra, 209cra, 14flbc, 77cb, 537c, 594cfr, 599flac, 590tc, Ralph & Daphne Keller Rowland Seitre 97flac, 178tfr, 179frbc, 201, 227tr, 245frbc, 259cfr,
95frbc, T. Shivanandappa 137c, Glen Threlfo 348cl; Christopher 217cra, 221frbc, Roger Wilmshurst 342bl, D. P. Wilson 534cra, 98bl, 102cfr, 391frbc, 424cb, Rich Kirchner 172tfr, 227bl, Stephen Sabine Vielmo 154tc; Frank Steinmann: 460clb; K. Sugawara:
C Austin: 465bc; Antonio Baeza: 538br; Robert E. Barber: 57c, W. Wisniewski 31tfl, Martin Withers 326cla, Norbert Wu / Minden Krassemann 33tfr, 169bl, 297crb, Gerard Lacz 151br, 184tfr, 360cr; SuperStock: Biosphoto 163ca, Patricio Robles Gil / Sierra
183lac, 183bl, 194frbc, 193cra, 312bfl, 326br; David Barnes: Pictures 508t; fogdenphotos.com : Michael & Patricia Fogden Michael Leach 375frbc, Lutra 471frac, 502tr, Trevor McDonald Madre / Minden Pictures 231cl; Harold Taylor: 81tl; Telegraph
183bfl, 184bfr, 185c, 283frac, 291c, 289fbr, 311cl, 536lb, 541frbc, 229bfr, 323ca, 384crb, 407cr, 408bfr, 409cr, 447clb, 455cfr, 76frbc, 77crb, Alberto Nardi 284br, Agence Nature 74tr, 247tfr, Colour Library/Getty Images: Jan Tove Johansson 28bfl, Paul
544bl, 545frac; Kevin H. Barnes: 105bl; Bat Conservation 455flac, 465frac, 559tfr; Fotolia: Eric Isselee 5cl; Foto Natura: 471tfr, 472frac, 523fbr, Orion Press 171cra, Haroldo Palo Jnr Losse 26cra; Jamie Thom: Claire Thompson: 206tr; Michael P.
International: Merlin D Tuttle 156tr, 160bfr, 160crb, 161cra, 116bl, Jan van Arkel 576c, Martin Harvey 103clb, 135frac, 135tc, 94flac, 112bl, 332bl, 334frbc, Rod Planck 40cr, Dr Ivan Polunin Turco: 195b; USE ngeo: Michael Nichols 28frac; Jean Vacelet:
161bc; Fred Bavendam: 77bfr, 107br, 225frbc, 482cfr, 509bfr, 135crb, 210clb, S. Janssen 175tl, S. Maslowski 122bfr, Wil 29cfr, 132bl, Christophe Ratier 284flbc, 287cr, Andy Rouse 536cfr; Eric Vanderduys: 452clb; Colin Varndell: Peter Coe
536bfr, 544cfl; Julian Bayliss: 403bl; Derek A. Belsey: 40tc, Meinderts 576flbc, Dietmar Nill 193cl, N. Rosing 122cr; 171crb, 186frbc, 194br, Jany Sauvanet 129bfr, 142bfr, 161tl, 334cfr, 347bl, Dave Nichols 283flac, Colin Varndell 277bfr, 291fcr;
283cl, 357fcrb, Derek Belsey 277cb, 280cl, 366bfl; Niall Benvie: Fotomedia: R Dev 236ca, Neeraj Mishra 137frac, E. Hanumantha 171cfl, 317cra, 390clb, 447bfr, 453br, 498frbc, 516fcra, Kevin Vireo: 352frac, J Dunning 345br, 345tl, 347br, B Schorre 369fcrb,
241cb, 304bl, 317cfr; William Bernard Photography: William Rao 137cla, 173bfl, 213cla, 341tl, Thakur Dalip Singh 359fcr, Vivek Schafer 141cr, 170bfr, 179tfr, 278tfr, 326frbc, 489frac, John Shaw Doug Wechsler 324tl, 334frbc, 354br; Gernot Vogel: 394tl; Prof.
Bernard 52cb, 111cl, 184ca, 187bc, 226crb; GK Bhat: 447tr; R. Sinha 215bc, 239bfr, Joanna Van Gruisen 225tl; Jurgen 110tr, 114clb, 115bfl, 210flbc, 322tfr, 332cl, 534frac, Eric Soder Dr. Peter Vogel: 105cl, 164tr; Terry Wall: Terry Wall 276bfr, 290fbl;
Biosphoto: 496bc, J.J. Alcalay 101cfr, Pierre Cadiran 164bl, Freund: Tim Gallagher: 280tr; Gabriele Gentile: 414br; David 321fcb, R Sorensen & J Olsen 116bfr, Morten Strange 199clb, M. Bernard Walton: 147bfr, 147br; Dave Watts: 65cb, 92br, 95br,
Wigeon Christophe 510bc, Russo Cyril 154bfl, Halleux Dominique George: 541bl; Getty Images: Glenn Bartley 347cb, Mark Gurney I. Walker 544tr, 579crb, Roy Waller 584bfl, James Warwick 96frac, 96clb, 97bfr, 98frac, 99bfr, 99cra, 99crb, 102frac, 103crb,
135frbc, Feve Frederic 167frbc, GV-Press / Seitre 162cr, Denis- for Smithsonian 188–89, Martin Harvey 100–101, Partha Hazarika / 178crb, Dave Watts 97crb, 411clb, Martin Wendler 341bfl, 341bl, 138flbc, 149cla, 184frbc, 242bl, 288fcrb, 301lb, 336fbr, 348tl,
Huot 41cl, Michel Denis-Huot 17tfr, Vincent Jean 577c, Klein / Barcroft 295clb, Kent Kobersteen 36–37, Mark C. Ross / National 386c, Alan Williams 357fcr, Norbert Wu 66flbc, 470cfr, 495bfr, 349br, 355t; WDCS: Fernando Truijillo 251tr; Dr Jane Wheeler:
Hubert 166bfl, Gunther Michael 150, 229tfr, Gasco Nicolas 249cfr, Geographic 198tl, Kelly Cheng Travel Photography / flickr 69br, Bill 518bc, 526br, 539cb, 601, Robert Wu 195fcrb; Klaus Nigge: 223tcl, 223tfr; Wildlife Conservation Society: Ian Kellett 143bc;
Garguil Philippe 487cfr, Jany Sauvanet 112bl, 193crb, Montford Hatcher / National Geographic 112cl, Rosemarie Kumpf / EyeEm 294c; Mark Norman: 599cla; Gary Nuechterlein: Gary Jack Williams: 516bl; Nick Wilton: 212bc; Winfried Wisniewski:
Thierry 453cla; Dr Alison Blackwell: 566frbc; Dr W.R. Branch: 231bc, Chris Mattison 431cra, Arthur Morris 8–9b, Andrew Nuechierlein 281tfr; Ocean Eye Films: Lawson Wood 486c; OSF: 257; Art Wolfe: Art Wolfe 90cfr, 90cfr, 90cfr, 130tfr, 134-135c,
452bfr, Dr W. R. Branch 387cfr; Bruce Coleman Ltd: Erik McConnell 44br, Alexander Safonov 12–13, Birgitte Wilms / 208bc, 230, Ida Akachn 589bfr, Doug Allan 252tfr, 526fcr, 545tl, 153crb, 156frbc, 229bl, 270tfr, 308c, 316tfr, 504flbc; P. A. Woolley
Bjurstrom 91bfr, Mark N Boulton 221frac, Bruce Coleman Minden 528cr, Alex Wong 189br, David Yarrow Photography Animals-Animals / Richard K. LaVal 111fcr, Kathie Atkinson 92frac, and D. Walsh: P. A. Woolley & D. Walsh 94bl, 99bl; Norbert Wu:
Collection 295frbc, 70cfr, 205br, Jane Burton 116crb, 162clb, 84–85; Brian Gibbs: 194flbc; Michael P. Gillingham: 114bfl; 95cfr, 540flac, 545br, 596cb, 598flac, Eyal Bartov 169frac, G.I. Brandon Cole 472clb, Bruce Rasner 480cl; Gunter Ziesler: 135cra
449cra, 452cr, 454tc, John Cancalosi 153tfr, 211crb, 404cb, Mark Roy Glen: 349cla; Francois Gohier: 246bc, 248tfr; Jonathan R Bernard 115tl, 124crb, 439cl, 580clb, 589frac, Joe Blossom
Carwardine 260crb, Alain Compost 120b, 133tfr, 165crb, 193frac, Green: 381tr; Derek Hall: 34frac, 38ca, 49tl, 53cfl, 53br, 69tl, 218bfr, Liz and Tony Bomford 316cfr, Tony Bomford 477bc, Clive Additional photography
215tl, Gerald S Cubbit 39bfl, 321fc, 383crb, 584tfr, Jack Dermid 278crb; Howard Hall Productions: Howard Hall 482cl, 484br, Bromhall 47c, Mike Brown 313cr, Roger Brown 348bl, Robin Bush Max Alexander; Peter Anderson; Irv Beckman; Geoff Brightling;
436cr, 442br, 445br, Geoff Dore 52cfr, M & P Fogden 31flbc, 50tr, 546c; Tim Halliday: 446frac, 446clb; Derek Harvey: 145cl; 313fbl, 450tl, Arthur Butler 309tc, John Chellman / AnimalsAnimals Jane Burton; Peter Chadwick; Andy Crawford; Peter Cross; Geoff
51tr, 165bl, 343tc, 347tl, 460flac, 465cra, Jeff Foott 54tc, 65c, Martin Harvey Photography: Martin Harvey 202cra, 207frac, 207frbc, Waina Cheng 555frbc, John Cheverton 30cfl, Martyn Dann; Philip Dowell; Alistair Duncan; Mike Dunning; Andreas von
186br, 471frbc, 504frac, 504tr, 512frbc, 550ca, 599frac, 213tfr, 216tfr, 233frac, 233tfr; Lawrence Heaney: 162frac; Chillmaid 215flbc, Martyn Colbeck 108cl, 152tfr, N.M. Collins Einsiedel; Ken Findlay; Neil Fletcher; Christopher and Sally Gable;
Christopher Fredriksson 27cl, CB & DW Frith 195cra, Giorgio Michael Henke: 522ftl; Daniel Heuclin: 387c, 401crb, 451bfr; 541clb, JAL Cooke 550cla, Daniel J Cox 59bfl, 167tfr, 304cra, Peter Gardner; Peter Gathercole; Steve Gorton; Frank Greenaway;
Guako 409bc, Granville Harris 45cl, Charles and Sandra Hood Dr G. H. Higginbotham: 363cl; Jacana Hoa-Qui: Axel 144crb, 361fclb, David Curl 314ftl, Stephen Dalton 284bl, Kenneth Day Peter Hiscock; Colin Keates; Dave King; Cyril Laubscher; Bill Ling;
375tfr, Johnny Johnson 67tc, 176c, Janos Jurka 227rac, 335bfr, Sylvain Cordier 33cfl, Varin Visage 94bfl, Gunter Ziesler 110br, 293bfr, Richard Day 89frac, 324cb, Mark Deeble & Victoria Stone Mike Linley; Kevin Mallet; Maslowski Photo; Chris Mattison; Jane
Dr M P Kahl 90br, Dr. M. P. Kahl 451crb, Stephen J Krasemann 111tr; Thomas Holden: 271bl, 309bfr, 322bl, 335flbc, 346ftr, 196frac, 290fbl, David M Dennis 385frbc, 465bfr, 543frbc, Jack Miller; Tracy Morgan; Gary Ombler; Nick Pope; Rob Reichenfeld;
274frbc, Felix Labhardt 448c, Gordon Langsbury 67cfr, 310crb, 350bl, 358c, T. Holden 367crb; Holt Studios International: Nigel Dermid 440bl, Ajay Desai 149clb, Michael Dick 149cra, Frederik Tim Ridley; Kim Sayer; Tim Shepard; Karl Shone; Harry Taylor; Kim
Werner Layer 54bc, 154clb, 180cla, Luiz Claudio Marigo 143tl, Cattlin 556clb, 557clb, 560bfr, 560frbc, Peter Wilson 552cra, Ehrenstrom 585frac, Paolo Fioratti 330tr, David B Fleetham 77br, Taylor; M.I. Walker; Mathew Ward; Laura Wickenden; Alan
200, 346br, George McCarthy 40cb, Joe McDonald 405c, Bruce 569crb; Hong Chalk Seng: Chalk-Seng Hong 554c; Andre van 473bl, 475cr, 491c, Michael Fogden 187fbr, 304fcr, 394clb, Williams; Jerry Young
Montage 362ftr, Dr Scott Nielsen 270flbc, 324c, 454frac, Orion Huizen: 65ca, 231bfr, 279bfl, 279bc; Imagestate: 73c, 80c, 434br, 449frbc, 455flbc, 587cfr, Stephen Foote 545tr, Jeff Foott
Press 266bfr, Pacific Stock 15c, 72c, 255tfr, 473tfr, Mary Plage 318tc, AGE Fotostock 14frbc, 309cfr, Images Colour Library 111tl, Harry Fox 548clb, 548cb, C. G. Gardener 541cfr, Max Gibbs Additional illustrations
215cra, Dr. Eckart Pott 79tfl, Allan G. Potts 270ca, Andrew Purcell 146c, 180bl, 371c, National Geographic 170bcra, 170btfr, 174b, 490frac, Nick Gordon 367fcl, Oliver Grunewald 378crb, 378b, Mike Martin Camm; Colin Newman
569frbc, Hans Reinhard 219tc, 469bfr, 489br, 490crb, John Shaw 182c; Impact Photos: Roger Scruton 511frbc; iStockphoto.com: & Elvan Habicht 94frac, Howard Hall 73c, 249rbc, 260frbc, 377cfl,
Bastetamn 526c, BrianEKushner 68c, FRANKHILDEBRAND 336t, 480tfr, David Haring 139frac, John Harris / Survival Anglia 114crb, All other images © Dorling Kindersley
hstiver 337tr, imagexphoto 236bc, KenCanning 295br, Terry Heathcote 282tfr, Richard Hermann 73c, 474c, 484cb, 501, For further information see: www.dkimages.com
mille19 60tc, MartinaVaculikova 61cb, NNehring 68cb, 529c, Karen Gowlett-Holmes 75cl, Roger Jackman 455c, Tim
PaulReevesPhotography 273cb, tanukiphoto 286cra, ValerijaP Jackson 463bc, Mark Jones 185fl, 380clb, Marx Jones 269bl, Paul
60ca; F. Jack Jackson: 539tfr, 540bfl, 605fbl; Jack Jeffrey: Kay 519fbr, Isaac Kehimka 119br, Breck P Kent 165cr, Chris
368fcl; Mike Johnson: 514cla, 517fcrb, 529flbc; Joint Nature Knights 28clb, 281tc, Rudie H Kuiter 489bl, 507br, 517bl, 517clb,
Conservation Committee: 538frac; Mike Jordan: 119bc, 121cfr, 538c, 599cfl, Satoshi Kuribayashi 549bfr, 549cfr, 549frac, 549frbc,
121bl, 122flbc, 123bl, 124bfl, 124bfr, 124ca, 125fbr, 126frbc, 590bfl, K & L Laidler 179bc, Lon E. Lauber 67bfr, Zig Leszczynski
377cfr, 439bfl, 450cl, 461tc, 463bfr, 472br, Zig Leszczynski /
Animals Animals 597bfr, London Scientific Film 541frac, 541br,
Mantis Wildlife Films 452bl, 456bfl, Juan Manuel 321fbl, John