EARTH 151 But there are many other groups and organizations working at the intersection of the Indigenous rights and climate movements who also need support, such as Articulação dos Povos Indígenas do Brasil (APIB), Amazon Watch, Instituto Socio Ambiental, and CIMI. Protecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples and traditional communities along with their lands means protecting everyone’s future. We all need a future that includes a healthy, thriving Amazon rainforest.
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EARTH 153 In the first period of the semester, Lewis and I discussed the approach in which humans have exploited nature for their own benefit without returning anything in kind. He suggested that I read Braiding Sweetgrass by Robin Wall Kimmerer, which examines environmentalism from the perspective of Indigenous North American traditions and cultures. The book is a series of personal reflections that explore the relationship between living things and human efforts to create a more sustainable world. Braiding Sweetgrass Robin Wall Kimmerer
154 TERRAFORMS I ' How, in our modern world, can we find our way to understand the earth as a gift again, to make our relations with the world sacred again?' -Robin Wall Kimmerer
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EARTH 157 "If all the world is a commodity, how poor we grow. When all the world is a gift in motion, how wealthy we become" -Robin Wall Kimmerer
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EARTH 159 Why Nasa is exploring the deepest oceans on Earth. BBC Future, Isabelle Gerretsen 12th January 2022 Article Nasa is exploring the deep ocean in search of clues to what oceans on other planets could look like and to test equipment and experiments for potential space missions. The US space agency is working with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to investigate the limits of life on Earth and potentially provide insight into the search for alien life. The deepest parts of Earth›s oceans are known as the hadal zone, and engineers at Nasa›s Jet Propulsion Laboratory are building an autonomous underwater vehicle called Orpheus to map and study the marine biodiversity of these depths. This vehicle is named after the Greek hero who travelled to the underworld and back. Overview:
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EARTH 161 Original Article Could our understanding of the deep ocean help unlock the mysteries of outer space? Nasa's space mission is leading us to unexplored depths of our own planet. Our oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface, but over 80% of them remain unexplored. In fact, it is often claimed that we know more about the surface of Mars and the Moon than about the ocean floor on our own planet. Nasa is on a mission to change that. The US space agency is exploring the deep ocean to search for clues of what oceans on other planets could look like, and push the limits of science and technology in one of the most extreme environments on our planet. It is a mission filled with wonder, danger and a notinsignificant risk of implosion. The hope is that the underwater discoveries they make will help to unlock some of the mysteries in outer space while also test some of the equipment and experiments needed for missions elsewhere in the Solar System. Earth's ocean depths are surprisingly similar to some of the conditions Nasa expects to find on other worlds in our Solar System. They could even provide clues about where scientists should be searching for alien life. The deepest parts of Earth's oceans are known as the hadal zone. Named after Hades, the Greek god of the underworld, it is a forbidding place worthy of its name. Consisting of deep trenches and troughs, it extends 11 km (6.8 miles) below the surface of the world's oceans. Cumulatively they account for an area of seabed equivalent to the size of Australia. Yet few vehicles
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EARTH 163 can survive plunging into this dark abyss. It is here that Nasa scientists, in partnership with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Massachusetts, are attempting to explore and probe the limits of life on Earth. Even the language the scientists use for their missions to this region shares terms with space exploration – in recent years marine biologists have sent multiple "landers" equipped with sensors and cameras to "crash-land" on the floor of the hadal zone, where they take measurements. But engineers from Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California are building a new autonomous underwater vehicle called Orpheus, after the ancient Greek hero who travelled to the underworld and back, to map the more inaccessible depths. Using similar visual navigation technology to Nasa's Perseverance Mars Rover, Orpheus uses highly sensitive cameras to identify rock formations, shells and other features on the ocean floor to build up three-dimensional maps dotted with landmarks (or perhaps seabedmarks). This allows the robot to find its way and recognise places it has already been, but should also help it shed new light on the biodiversity of this harsh environment. "Orpheus is a gateway vehicle," says Tim Shank, a deep sea biologist who is leading WHOI's hadal exploration programme. "If it works, there is no place in the ocean where you can't go." It is not the first time that Shank has tried to reach the dark depths of the hadal zone. In 2014, Orpheus' predecessor Nereus was sent down to the Kermadec Trench, which lies north-east of New Zealand. The underwater vehicle imploded some 10km (6.2 miles) down, most likely due to the immense pressure. "After 12 hours, we saw it coming up in small pieces," says Shank, adding that the loss of Nereus made them rethink how they explore the deep sea. About the size of a quad bike and weighing around 550 pounds (250kg), Orpheus is designed to be much lighter, smaller and cheaper than previous underwater vehicles. This should make it nimbler too, allowing it to get into trenches and vents in the sea floor that have never been explored before. Europa on Earth For a long time, marine biologists thought that life in the hadal zone was impossible, but as deep sea submersibles began venturing into the region in the first half of the 20th Century, it became apparent life could survive there. But it was still believed that all living organisms were sustained by a food chain ultimately fueled by photosynthesis. Plants, algae and some marine bacteria in surface waters convert the Sun's energy into sugars which they store in their organic matter. This is then eaten by herbivores, which in turn are eaten by carnivorous animals. Scientists were convinced that organisms on the ocean floor survived off dead organic matter – the carcasses of animals, faeces and the steady fall of other organic detritus or "marine snow" drifting down from above. But it was thought there was not enough food to sustain anything much in
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EARTH 165 the way of sea creatures and the deepest areas were believed to still be too dark and cold for life. These are animals that don't require direct sunlight… they live off chemicals coming out of the sea floor – Tim Shank But this perception of the deep ocean changed in 1977, when a US research team dropped a remotely operated vehicle 8,000ft (2,440m) into the Pacific Ocean. The vehicle was dispatched to take images of hydrothermal vents, where heat from volcanic activity seeped from the ocean floor. To their amazement, the scientists discovered vibrant ecosystems around the vents, teeming with marine organisms, such as translucent snailfish and amphipods, tiny flea-like crustaceans, that had never been seen before. "With this discovery, we [came across] a whole new way of living on Earth," says Shank. "These are animals that don't require direct sunlight... they live off chemicals coming out of the sea floor." The scientists were perplexed: how could species in the hadal zone survive such crushing pressure? "The pressure is 15,000 pounds per square inch," says Shank. "It's so intense that the individual cells of an animal would be squeezed out." Since that first sighting in 1977, scientists have discovered that organisms living at such depths have adapted on a cellular level to survive down there, says Shank. Creatures in the hadal zone, such as giant amphipod crustaceans and the snailfish, have enzymes called piezolytes (from the Greek "piezin" for pressure), which stop their cellular membranes and proteins from being crushed under extremely high pressure. The piezolytes counteract the pressure by increasing the space that proteins take up inside the organism's cells to counteract the weight of the water around it. "It's like putting the stakes up in a tent," says Shank. Discovering organisms that can not only survive, but thrive in such an oppressive environment, raises important questions for biologists looking beyond the realms of our own planet – might it also be found on other ocean worlds. Below the icy surface of Jupiter's moon Europa lies a salt-water ocean that is thought to be between 40 to 100 miles deep (150-60km) and contains twice as much water as all of Earth's oceans combined. Sunlight doesn't penetrate below Europa's thick ice sheet, which is crisscrossed by cracks and fractures. Beneath the icy crust, the pressure is comparable to the hadal zone. "Here we have Europa on Earth," says Shank. "I don't see how we could do exploration on Europa, until we did it on Earth." A robot capable of exploring the Earth's hadal zone could do the same on a frozen moon 628.3 million km (390.4 million miles) away. "The ocean floor is a great testbed for us to develop the technology that we need in order to have a successful mission to one of these ocean worlds," says Russell
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EARTH 167 Smith, an engineer from Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who is part of the team building Orpheus. A robot operating in outer space or the deep ocean, however, must be completely autonomous. "The robot has to be able to make decisions," says Smith, noting that the aim is for Orpheus to be able to detect and classify environmental DNA and chemicals in the water, as well as bring back samples from the ocean floor. Building a robot for the hadal zone is incredibly challenging, he says. Orpheus has to withstand intense pressure and temperature extremes – the water in the hadal zone is just above freezing, but in the hydrothermal vents temperatures can reach 370C (698F). "Developing a vehicle that is going to survive is really hard," says Smith. "You need really thick walls to prevent the electronics from getting crushed or wet." Orpheus is partly constructed from syntactic foam, a buoyant material composed of microscopic glass spheres set in epoxy resin. The foam used in Orpheus comes from leftover material produced for film director James Cameron's Deepsea Challenger, which descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, in the western Pacific, in 2012. As it is pitch black in the deep ocean, Orpheus is equipped with a huge flashlight. If the light stays on the entire time, it will quickly drain the robot's battery, leaving it stranded at the crushing depths. To conserve power, Orpheus will switch to a low-power mode when it isn't taking images or samples, says Smith. Mission to the Moon In 2017, Nasa launched the Systematic Underwater Biogeochemical Science and Exploration Analog, also known as Subsea, to bring together the fields of space and ocean exploration. To date, they have carried out two missions with remotely operated vehicles to hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean. The volcanic activity around the Lō`ihi seamount, around 30km (19 miles) off the coast of Hawaii, and Gorda Ridge, 120km (75 miles) off the US coast where California and Oregon meet, is thought to be similar to what may be found in the ocean worlds on Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus. In 2023, Nasa will send a robotic rover to look for water-ice at our Moon's south pole "The whole project was predicated on finding areas in our deep ocean that had a really good analogous nature to what is predicted to be active in places like Enceladus," says Darlene Lim, a Nasa geobiologist who is leading the Subsea programme and preparing astronauts for exploration of the Moon and deep space. Scientists used the two Subsea missions to gain a better understanding of the geology and chemistry of these vents and the life found around them. "These vents are very innocuous," says Lim. "You have to look very closely for a temperature change in the water coming up through the ground and interacting with very cold seawater. Even that act alone
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EARTH 169 is very valuable for how we might anticipate having to do exploration on some of these ocean worlds in our solar system." While sending robots to Europa and Enceladus may still be decades away, Nasa scientists are already applying what they have learned from deep ocean exploration to space missions. In 2023, Nasa will send a robotic rover to look for water-ice at our Moon's south pole. The mission known as the Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover, or Viper, will study ice near the lunar crater Nobile in the hope it could be mined as a resource for rocket fuel or drinking water. While not operating underwater, a rover roaming around on the Moon will face many of the same technical challenges. "We're taking all the learnings from Subsea and applying it to Viper," says Lim, who is also the deputy lead project scientist on Viper. The aim of the Subsea programme was to ensure that scientists met their research goals in extremely challenging conditions, both from a communications and technology perspective. From an operations perspective, ocean and space exploration also have a lot in common. In both fields, robots are sent to explore treacherous environments which humans cannot reach, supported by remote teams of scientists. But it could also help prepare astronauts for controlling robotic equipment from a lunar base in the future too. Fewer than 10 scientists went out to sea with the Subsea mission and they worked with a larger group of colleagues on shore. For the Viper mission, a team will operate the rover on Earth in near real-time and will have to analyse data and make decisions very rapidly. Efficient communication is critical during these missions, says Zara Mirmalek, a social scientist with Nasa who helps scientists prepare for exploration in extreme environments, and has worked on both the Subsea and Viper programmes. Life In The Deep Far from being devoid of life, the hadal zone supports a rich – if somewhat alien – ecosystem of life. One of the deepest dwelling creatures found to date was a giant amphipod more than 8cm (3in) long that was discovered living more than five miles (8km) beneath the surface in the deepest part of the Peru-Chile Trench known as Richards Deep. Named Eurythenes atacamensis, this crustacean, which is closely related to shrimp, is a scavenger that lives off bits of dead sea creature which drift down from above. It was discovered in 2018 by researchers including Johanna Weston, a marine biologist at Newcastle University, and is thought to be among the most abundant of the creatures living in the Trench, alongside at least three species of strange and rather fragile snailfish and longlegged isopods. Each has evolved to survive in the extreme pressures, cold temperatures and pitch black found in the hadal zone.
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EARTH 171 For deep sea exploration, scientists have to change decisions all the time, depending on the ocean conditions, weather and salinity. "You know that you are going to have less time than you planned for," says Mirmalek. "It's a lot harder to work in the deep ocean because the conditions are so challenging to the technology." On space missions, communication is extremely limited, says Mirmalek. To prepare for outer space conditions, Mirmalek restricted the Subsea scientists to communicating with each other just once a day. "There were no failures – they met all their research goals," she says. "Everything we learned by working together with the oceanographic community has been completely invaluable, really priceless, in helping us have confidence in the process that we're using to design our science operations for Viper," says Lim. But much like missions off our planet, those to the bottom of the oceans are also allowing humanity to look at the Earth in new ways. While Nasa says its oceanographic explorations have yielded "thousands" of scientific discoveries, they are also providing information that could be vital if we hope to continue living on a world with healthy oceans. We need to understand our oceanic environments if we are to save them, says Laura Lorenzoni, ocean biology and biogeochemistry program scientist with the science mission directorate at Nasa. "This is critical for life on Earth, and the sustained measurements Nasa has done, and continues to do, are fundamental for ensuring a sustainable use of our ocean resources," she says. It means that each step towards the exploration of other worlds, we learn a little bit more about some of the most unexplored parts of our own blue planet too.
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EARTH 173 The condition of the oceans is a complex and ever-changing issue. There are many factors that can affect the health of the oceans, such as pollution, overfishing, and climate change. In recent years, there has been growing concern about the state of the oceans and the impact that human activities are having on them. For example, plastic pollution is a major problem in the oceans, with millions of tons of plastic waste ending up in the ocean each year. Overfishing is also a concern, as many species of fish are being caught at unsustainable rates, leading to population declines and ecosystem imbalances. Climate change is also having a major impact on the oceans, causing warming temperatures, rising sea levels, and changes in oceans currents. Despite these challenges, there are efforts being made to protect and conserve the oceans, and many organizations are working to raise awareness and address these issues. While reading articles about the oceans and the negative effects of environmental changes on marine life was disheartening. The ocean›s health is critical to the health of our planet because it functions as the earth›s lungs. Humans, on the other hand, continue to treat the oceans like garbage dumps. We are endangering humanity›s future if we do not take better care of our oceans. It›s heartbreaking to see the ocean›s natural beauty being destroyed and the harm being done to its diverse array of marine life, much of which is caused by human activities or natural forces. The oceans are a vast and incredibly diverse ecosystem, and we still have a lot to learn about it. Our actions, on the other hand, are causing many of the ocean›s natural treasures to vanish before we have a chance to discover them. This is a loss not only for science and knowledge, but also for the oceans themselves, because the destruction of these ecosystems can have farreaching consequences across the entire planet. We must take steps to protect and conserve the oceans, not only for our own benefit, but also for the health and well-being of the many plants and animals that live there. Thoughts
Life Forms
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LIFE FORMS 177 Introduction In this chapter, I will present the information I have gathered about living species, including their populations, the impact of climate change on humans and animals, and the potential consequences of climate change for the future of life on Earth. I will also explore the reasons behind these occurrences through research. As we have reached the halfway point of the fall semester, I have been able to collect a significant amount of research and information related to the area of exploration that I am interested in pursuing. However, I have struggled to identify a specific focus for my work in the coming period. Through further research and discussions with Lewis, I have been able to reach a starting point for my concept. My goal is to create work that explores the potential future of living species on Earth, in which the planet has undergone significant changes and is no longer recognizable. This work will focus on the ways in which living species will need to deform and evolve into new forms in order to survive in this new environment that earth has become.
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LIFE FORMS 179 What is the sixth mass extinction and what can we do about it? Worldwildlife.org 15 March 2022 Article A mass extinction occurs when a significant percentage of biodiversity, or distinct species, dies out over a short period of time. In geological time, a ‘short’ period can last thousands or even millions of years. The planet has experienced five previous mass extinctions, the most recent of which wiped out the dinosaurs 65.5 million years ago. Experts now believe that we are in the midst of a sixth mass extinction. Unlike previous mass extinctions, which were caused by natural phenomena, the sixth mass extinction is being driven by human activity, specifically the unsustainable use of land, water, and energy, as well as climate change. Overview:
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LIFE FORMS 181 Original Article A mass extinction is a short period of geological time in which a high percentage of biodiversity, or distinct species— bacteria, fungi, plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, invertebrates—dies out. In this definition, it’s important to note that, in geological time, a ‘short’ period can span thousands or even millions of years. The planet has experienced five previous mass extinction events, the last one occurring 65.5 million years ago which wiped out the dinosaurs from existence. Experts now believe we’re in the midst of a sixth mass extinction. What’s causing the sixth mass extinction? Unlike previous extinction events caused by natural phenomena, the sixth mass extinction is driven by human activity, primarily (though not limited to) the unsustainable use of land, water and energy use, and climate change. According to the Living Planet Report, 30% of all land that sustains bio-diversity has been converted for food production. Agriculture is also responsible for 80% of global deforestation and accounts for 70% of the planet’s freshwater use, devastating the species that in-habit those places by significantly altering their habitats. It’s evident that where and how food is produced is one of the biggest human-caused threats to species extinction and our ecosystems. To make matters worse, unsustainable food production and consumption are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions
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LIFE FORMS 183 that are causing atmospheric temperatures to rise, wreaking havoc across the globe. The climate crisis is causing everything from severe droughts to more frequent and in-tense storms. It also exacerbates the challenges associated with food production that stress species, while creating conditions that make their habitats inhospitable. Increased droughts and floods have made it more difficult to maintain crops and produce sufficient food in some regions. The inter-twined relationships among the food system, climate change, and biodiversity loss are placing im-mense pressure on our planet. Why should we care about mass extinction? Species do not exist in isolation; they are interconnected. A single species interacts with many other species in specific ways that produce benefits to people, like clean air, clean water, and healthy soils for efficient food production. When one species goes extinct in an ecosystem or its population numbers decline so significantly that it cannot sustain its important function, other species are affected, impacting the way the ecosystem functions and the benefits it provides. And the potential for species extinction rises. Monitoring these trends is vital because they are a measure of overall ecosystem health. Serious declines in populations of species are an indicator that the ecosystem is breaking down, warning of a larger systems failure. Currently, the species extinction rate is estimated between 1,000 and 10,000 times higher than natu-ral extinction rates—the rate of species extinctions that would occur if we humans were not around. While extinctions are a normal and expected part of the evolutionary process, the current rates of species population decline and species extinction are high enough to threaten important ecological functions that support human life on Earth, such as a stable climate, predictable regional precipitation patterns, and productive farmland and fisheries. If we do not course correct, we will continue to lose lifesustaining biodiversity at an alarming rate. These losses will, at best, take decades to reverse, resulting in a planet less able to support current and future generations. What can we do to stop mass extinction? Urgent action is needed if we are to curb human impacts on biodiversity. • Paris Agreement. We can ramp up our commitments to cutting carbon emissions under the Paris Agreement and limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. • 30X30. Our leaders can support the America the Beautiful initiative to conserve %30 of US lands and waters by 2030. • Build Back Better. Congress can support a policy package that offers the largest-ever federal in-vestment in clean energy.
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LIFE FORMS 185 • UN Biodiversity Summit. US leadership can play a critical role beside 195 other countries and agree to new ambitious global goals on biodiversity and how they can be financed and implemented. • Grassroots action. While the federal government can set high-level policies to conserve nature, businesses, communities, and individuals have a powerful role to play in shifting corporate behavior with their consumer choices and demanding accountability from political leaders.
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LIFE FORMS 187 WWF Living Planet Report 2022: Global wildlife populations plummeted by an average of 69% in the past 50 years.
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LIFE FORMS 189 Article The article mentions a report produced by the World Wide Fund for 'Nature', a non-governmental organization. According to The Living Planet Report, the rate of decline in wildlife populations is at an all-time high. The Living Planet Report contains shocking figures directly related to our interlinked climate and biodiversity crises and in response we must see transformative systems change if we’re to halt and reverse nature loss and secure a flourishing future for people and nature,” said Dr Marco Lambertini, Director General of WWF International. According to the report, the main causes of wildlife population decline around the world are habitat degradation and loss, exploitation, the introduction of invasive species, pollution, climate change, and disease. Overview: WWF’s Living Planet Report Reveals A Devastating 69% Drop In Wildlife Populations On Average In Less Than A Lifetime WWF.ca 13 October 2022
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LIFE FORMS 191 Original Article Monitored wildlife populations — mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish — have seen a devastating 69% drop on average since 1970 according to WWF’s Living Planet Report (LPR) 2022. The report highlights the stark outlook of the state of nature and urgently warns governments, businesses and the public to take transformative action to reverse the destruction of biodiversity. The LPR found that populations of species in North America declined by an average of 20% between 1970 and 2018, and while this decline is not as steep as other regions, it does not mean that Canada is safe from catastrophic losses. In fact, the Living Planet Report Canada 2020 showed that species of global conservation concern — assessed as threatened on the IUCN Red List — declined in Canada by %42, on average, from –1970 2016. With its biggest dataset yet, featuring almost 32,000 populations of 5,230 species, the Living Planet Index (LPI), provided within the report by ZSL (Zoological Society of London), reveals that monitored vertebrate wildlife populations are plummeting at a particularly staggering rate within tropical regions. The biggest declines globally were seen in monitored freshwater populations, which have fallen by an average of 83 per cent. Habitat loss and barriers to migration routes are responsible for about half of the threats to monitored migratory fish species.
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LIFE FORMS 193 “The Living Planet Report contains shocking figures directly related to our interlinked climate and biodiversity crises and in response we must see transformative systems change if we’re to halt and reverse nature loss and secure a flourishing future for people and nature,” said Dr Marco Lambertini, Director General of WWF International. “Government leaders must step up at COP15. The world is watching.” The report comes at a pivotal time. Senior government leaders from around the world are due to meet at the 15th Conference of Parties to the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD COP15) this December in Montreal for a once-in-a-decade opportunity to course-correct for the sake of people and the planet. WWF is advocating for leaders to commit to a ‘Parisstyle’ agreement capable of reversing biodiversity loss to secure a nature-positive world by 2030. “The findings of the LPR show the urgency with which we need to act as we approach CBD COP15 in Montreal. If we are going to reverse the dramatic species declines shown in this report, it’s important that Canada recognizes the role protected areas can play in helping us meet global biodiversity targets. What’s more is that when protected areas are established in a way that considers Indigenous rights, biodiversity and climate benefits at the same time, they can help us curb both biodiversity loss and the effects of climate change in a just and equitable way,” says Megan Leslie, WWF-Canada’s President and CEO. Dr Andrew Terry, Director of Conservation and Policy at ZSL, said: “The Living Planet Index highlights how we have cut away the very foundation of life and the situation continues to worsen. Half of the global economy and billions of people are directly reliant on nature. Preventing further biodiversity loss and restoring vital ecosystems has to be at the top of global agendas to tackle the mounting climate, environmental and public health crises.” Around the world, the report indicates that the main drivers of wildlife population decline are habitat degradation and loss, exploitation, the introduction of invasive species, pollution, climate change and disease. The LPR report makes clear that delivering a naturepositive future will not be possible without recognising and respecting the rights, governance, and conservation leadership of Indigenous Peoples and local communities around the world.
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LIFE FORMS 195 The WWF’s Living Planet Report 2022 sheds light on the Earth's condition, with species populations declining at an alarming rate. Freshwater species, for example, have declined by an average of 83 % since 1970, more than any other species group. Half of the threats to these populations are caused by habitat loss and impediments to migration routes. The use of Earth’s sources has been unsustainable, and now we are witnessing the consequence of those action through climate change. In this stage of the semester, the focus of my research process was on the causes of species extinction and the potential impact of these extinctions on the environment. The research has primarily focused on animals, including mammals and reptiles, and has sought to determine whether climate change or human activity is the primary driver of species extinction. The World Wildlife Organization›s official website has been a valuable resource for gaining an understanding of the issues facing different species around the world and the potential risk of extinction they face. Thoughts
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LIFE FORMS 197 Continent: Asia The World Wildlife Organization's official website was the source of the following information and images, which show animals that are at risk of extinction in various locations, including the Amur-Heilong region, Borneo and Sumatra, the Coral Triangle, the Eastern Himalayas, the Greater Mekong, and the Yangtze.
198 TERRAFORMS I Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Bornean Orangutan Hawksbills Sumatran Orangutan Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) Fin Whale
LIFE FORMS 199 Sumatran Rhinos Sumatran Elephants Sei Whale Green Turtles Dugongs Loggerhead Turtles
200 TERRAFORMS I Red Panda Ganges River Dolphin Greater One-Horned Rhino Saola Snow Leopard Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable