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xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ i lk]t[ko [qfmu ! 7v,ry;g8u c]t v5xtdvo8jk’M..................................................................................1 1. 7v,ry;g8u c,jospa’L....................................................................................................1 2. lj;oxtdv[0v’7v,ry;g8u............................................................................................2 3. |j;pxt,;ozqodk’......................................................................................................4 4. |j;p7;k,9es^ad (Main Memory)..............................................................................10 5. |j;p7;k,9eleIv’ (Permanent Memory)..............................................................11 6. v5xtdvoxhvo s^n Ia[0=h,6o (Input Devices)...................................................................29 7. v5xtdvoltcf’zqo (Output Devices).........................................................................35 7e4k,7Qo7;hk !.........................................................................................................43 [qfmu @ -v[c; (Software)...........................................................................................45 1. 7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c;.................................................................46 2. -v[c; c]t rklk7v,ry;g8u....................................................................................46 3. -toyf0v’-v[c;........................................................................................................49 4. |hkmuj0v’-v[c;]t[q[...............................................................................................52 5. -v[c;xtp5d...............................................................................................................70 6. w;iaf7v,ry;g8u XComputer’s Virus?...........................................................................88 7e4k,7Qo7;hk @..........................................................................................................98 xt,;o7ela[...............................................................................................................100 8k8t\]k’.................................................................................................................101 lk]t[koI6[...............................................................................................................102 cs^j’vhk'vu'...............................................................................................................104 g;[w-G..........................................................................................................................104 gvdtlkoG...................................................................................................................104 ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
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xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 8 Ij5o gvmu7 (AT)D 7;k,lk,kf0v’ )W@)* pa’gxaow,37i3xic-lg-u 0t|kf !) [yf c8jlk,kfg-njv,8+da[|j;p7;k,9es^adwfh3fpdq’ g4y’ !) MBD 3) w,37i3rig-lg-u )W#)* (CPU 80386) gxao CPU I5jomuj.-h.o|j;pxt,;o zqodk’0v’g7njv’ w,37i7v,ry;g8u c]t oevvd9e|jkp.oxu 7Dl !_)*D CPU I5jooU gxao CPU 0t|kf #@ [yf c]t ,uxtlyfmyrk[s^kpd;jk )W@)* s^kp 3fpltgrkt 37’lhk’ dkog-njv,8+da[|j;p7;k,9e lk,kf8+wfhg4y’ $ GBD I6[ !D)w,37i3rig-lg-u )W#)* c]t )W$)* 4) w,37i3rig-lg-u )W$)* (CPU 80486) rafmtok8+gonjv’,k9kd )W#)* c]t g]uj,zt]yf.oxu 7Dl !__WD CPU pa’7hkp7n CPU c[[ )W#)* c8jgruj,7;k,lk,kf.odko 7eo;o9eo;o9y’F ,u37’lhk’muj-a[-hvo0Bo c]t ,u9eo;o miko-ulg8u (Transistors) s^kpd;jk|bj’]hkovao .o -y[ (Chip) czjofP;D 7 AT sp=h,k9kd Advanced Technology “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko”. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 9 5) w,37i3rig-lg-u mujl6’d;jk )W$)* [=]ylafz6hzt]yfwfhxjPo-njI5jo CPU 9kddko.-h \kpg]d,kgxao-njmk’dko7hk g-ajoG gromP, (Pentium) gvm]vo (Athlon), ... g-yj’ CPU oU [ao95 Transistors s^kpd;jklk,]hkovaoF ,u0t|kf *$ [yf c]t gIaf;Pdwfhw;d;jk w,37i3rig-lg-u )W$)*D 3fpltgrkt ,ao,udkogIaf;Pdrkp.ofh;p0t[;odkofegouo ’koc[[0t|ko grnjv.shgIaf;Pdwfh;jv’w;0BoD rafmtokdko0v’|j;pxt,;ozqodk’dhk;|hk8ts^vfg;]kF ,uz6hzt]yf|j;pxt,;o zqodk’s^kp[=]ylaf g-yj’c8j]t[=]ylafwfhrafmtok.sh,u7;k,lk,kfmujc8d8jk’daoD .ovtok 7qf |j;pxt,;ozqodk’9twfhIa[dkorafmtok.sh,u7;k,lk,kfl6’0Bovuds^kpD I6[ !D_w,37i3rig-lg-u )W$)* I6[ !D!Wrafmtokdko0v’w,37i3rig-lg-u c]t 9eo;omiko-ulg8u c8j xu!_(W{@WWW ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 10 4. |j;p7;k,9es^ad (Main Memory) ,u|hkmuj.odkogda[0=h,6o c]t 3xicdi,muj9t.sh CPU gvUowx.-h;PdwfhD |j;p7;k, 9es^adgxaov5xtdvomujgIaf,k9kd wv-u (IC sp=h,k9kd Intergrated Circuit? g-ajofP;daoF ,u;q’9vogda[0=h,6o.oI6[8q;g]d4kolv’ g-yj’d=7nlaopkow22hkD dkogda[0=h,6o9tgda[I;, daogxaod5j, 7n ) bits I;,daogxao ! BD goNvmuj|j;p7;k,9es^ad0t|kf *$ MB lk,kf gda[0=h,6o s^n 7elaj’wfh *$ V !W@$ V !W@$ B gmqjkda[ *(D!W)D)*$ B s^n xt,ko !*DWWW |hkg9hpD dkogda[0=h,6o.o|j;p7;k,9es^ad9tgda[3fpdeoqf8ec|j’muj16j0v’0=h,6o (address)D CPU 9t0Po s^n vjko0=h,6o.o|j;p7;k,9e3fpvhk’8ec|j’muj16jD dkovhk’vu’8k,8ec|j’ muj16j0v’0=h,6o.f|bj’ CPU lk,kfvhk’wfhmaomuD dkovhk’vu’8k,8ec|j’muj16j0v’0=h,6oc[[ oU gvUo;jk dkog0Qkg4y’3fpl5j, (random access)D |j;p7;k,9es^admuj.-h.ow,37i7v,ry;g8u wfhc[j’gxao @ rkdlj;ofaj’oUG 4.1 ci, XRAM sp=h,k9kd Random Access Memory? ci, gxao|j;p7;k,9emujgda[0=h,6ole]a[wx.-h.o;Pd’komqj;wxD dkovhk’vu’8k, 8ec|j’muj16j0v’0=h,6o.f|bj’grnjvdko0Po s^n dkovjko 9tgIafwfhc[[dkog0Qkg4y’3fpl5j, 7nG gvUowxsk8ec|j’muj16j0v’0=h,6o.fd=wfhD |j;p7;k,9extgrfoU9tgda[0=h,6ow;h .og;]k.fmuj,u dtclw22hkc]jo.o;q’9vo skdw22hk,vfg,njv.f 0=h,6od=9tl6oskpmaomujD I6[ !D!!|j;p7;k,9e ci, ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 11 4.2 iv, XROM sp=h,k9kd Read Only Memory? iv, gxao|j;p7;k,9evudxtgrf|bj’ muj,udkovhk’vu’8k,8ec|j’muj16j0v’0=h,6oc[[ g0Qkg4y’3fpl5j,D |j;p7;k,9extgrfoU ,uw;hgrnjv[ao953xicdi,le7ao[k’vao c]t 0=h,6oD g,njvgxufg7njv’ CPU 9tg]uj,8QogIaf;PdmaomuD 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,mujgda[w;h.oiv,9t4nd [aombd,kdjvoc]h; z6h.-hlk,kfvjko0=h,6owfh c8j[+lk,kf0Po0=h,6o.fM]q’wxwfhD 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,muj16j.oiv,oU9t16j1jk’4k;vo g4y’;jk9txyfg7njv’ 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi,d=9t[+4nd ]n[wxD I6[ !D!@|j;p7;k,9es^ad-toyf iv, w,37i7v,ry;g8uc8j]tg7njv’ vkf9t,u0t|kf0v’|j;p7;k,9es^adc8d8jk’dao 8k,c8j7;k,8hv’dkoD xaf95[ao g7njv’w,37i7v,ry;g8u,u|j;p7;k,9es^ad muj,u7;k,[ao95 s^kp0Bo grnjv.shlk,kf[ao953xicdi,0t|kf.spjwfhD 5. |j;p7;k,9eleIv’ (Permanent Memory) ci, gxao|j;p7;k,9emujgda[0=h,6o s^n -v[c;.o0totg7njv’gIaf;PdgmqjkoAo c8j0=h,6o s^n -v[c;gs^qjkoAo9t4nd]b[4U,wx 4hkxyfg7njv’ s^n w22hkfa[D fh;pgsfoUgv’ ,ao9egxao 9bj’8hv’,u|j;p7;k,9eleIv’ grnjv.-hgda[0=h,6omuj8hv’dko s^n -v[c;w;h.-h;Pd8+wx c]t skd8hv’dko.-h;Pdg,njv.f d=9t4jkp0=h,6o s^n -v[c;9kd|j;p7;k,9eleIv’,kw;h16jmuj |j;p7;k,9es^ad Xci,? grnjv.sh|j;pxt,;ozqofegouo’koD |j;p7;k,9eleIv’muj.-h dao.o]t[q[7v,ry;g8u ,us^kpxtgrf 7nG ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 12 5.1 czjo[aombd s^n czjofyfltcdaf (floppy disk or diskette) w,37i7v,ry;g8uI5jogdqjk lj;os^kp,ug7njv’vjkoczjo[aombd1jk’|hvp|bj’g7njv’D czjo fyfltcdaf,u0t|kfmqj;wx 7nG ) oU;F &F@& oU; c]t #F& oU;D ,aogxaoczjo[k’F g7nv[ zu;|hkczjofh;plko8 c,jgs^ad c]t 16j.o0v[xt]klt8ydc0’ grnjvxhv’daodko06f0ufD dko gda[0=h,6o9tgIaf3fp[aombd]q’wx.ljzu;|hk0v’czjoD xqddt8y czjooAo9t.-hwfhma’lv’fhkoF faj’oAoF sq;vjko0v’g7njv’vjkoczjo[aombd9bj’,ulv’sq;D czjo9txyjofh;p7;k,w;7q’muj Xvkf 9txyjowfh #WW s^n #*W Iv[8+okmu? c]t sq;vjko9tc]jog0Qk{vvd grnjvvjko0=h,6o.o8ec|j’ muj16jmuj8hv’dkoD |hkzu;muj.-hgda[0=h,6o 9tc[j’gxao;q’Iv[gvUo;jk mtciad Xtrack?D c8j]t track 9tc[j’gxaos^kplj;ow;hle]a[gda[0=h,6o g-yj’c8j]tlj;ogvUo;jk g-adg8u Xsector?D czjo[aombd0t|kf #F& oU; ,u7;k,[ao95wfh !F$$ MBD I6[ !D!#lj;oxtdv[0v’czjo[aombd c]t 37’lhk’dko9afgda[0=h,6ogmy’czjo[aombd .odko0Po0=h,6o]qj’.ljczjo[aombdF dtclw22hk9tws^zjko0qf];f.osq;vjko c]t 9t lhk’dtclc,jgs^ad (magnetic flux) .ocdoc,jgs^ad0v’sq;vjko{0PoD [jvo;jk’.ocdo c,jgs^ad 9tpv,.shdtclc,jgs^adws^zjkovvd,k c]t gIaf.shlkoc,jgs^adgmy’czjo[aombd 8 lko Xlki? \kpg4y’ 0v’c0’F lj;ole7aoF goNvcmh “rq9oko5diq, ]k;F l5[yo rit3dw-p%” ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 13 gxaoc,jgs^ad0BoD rNomujgmy’czjo4ndgIaf.shgxaoc,jgs^ad 3fpgxaovto5rkdmuj,umyfmk’ c]t Iadlklt4kotc,jgs^adw;hD 0Q;0v’rNomuj mujgIafgxaoc,jgs^ad9try9k]tokwfh 3fp.-hmyfmk’ dkows^0v’dtclw22hkzjko0qf];fD 0=h,6olk,kfvjko9kdczjo[aombd fh;psq;vjko{0Po g-ajofP;daoD g,njv0Q;0v’c,jgs^adxjPo phvo track zjkowxgmy’[jvo;jk’F .osq;vjko{0PoD cI’faow22hkohvpM gxao,y]u3;o (mV) 9tgduf0Bo.o0qf];fF g7njv’0tspkp (amplifier) c]t g7njv’xa[laopko (comparator) 4nd.-hgxao8q;xjPolaopkoohvpM gxao]tfa[3]-yd (logic)D ,kf8t4koIjv’8q;xqdxhv’dko0Po (write-protect) .oczjo[aombd lk,kf.-h xhv’daodkogda[0=h,6o9kddko0Poma[D I6[ !D!$czjo[aombd fhko|hk c]t sq;vjko{0Po czjoc,jgs^ad I6[ !D!&I6[c[[dko[aombd[yf (Recorded Bit Formats - FM and MFM) ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 14 I6[c[[dko[aombd[yf (Recorded Bit Formats: FM and MFM) 7nG [yf ! cmofh;pdkoxjPo0Q;0v’c,jgs^adgmy’;q’Iv[ c]t [yf W cmofh;pdko[+xjPo0Q;0v’ c,jgs^adD I6[c[[dko[aombdoU gvUo;jk dko[aombdc[[gvovkic-af (NRZ sp=h,k9kd non-return-zero)D phvo,ult|k,c,jgs^adgmy’;q’Iv[ltg\u vkf9t,u0Q;gxao|bj’ s^n s^kp myfmk’D sq;vjko9tlhk’laopko g,njvrNomujmuj,ult|k,c,jgs^adxjPozjkosq;vjkoD 9kdI6[ltcf’dkogda[0=h,6ogxao[yfgmy’;q’Iv[0hk’gmy’ .oI6[c[[7;k,|kc|ho xqddt8y Xsingledensity? 9 D I6[c[[oU,adgvUo;jk dko[aombdcv2gv, (FM sp=h,k9kd frequency modulation or F2F)D 4hkla’gdfglAo7No 9t,u7No3,’ C (clock pulse C) 16j95fg]uj,8Qoc8j]txjv’[yf Xbit cell)D .oI6[c[[oU 7No Xpulse) gs^qjkoU 9t4ndcmofh;p 7;k,4ujrNo4koD [yf ! 9t4nd0Po.oshv’[yf3fp.lj7No D ]ts;jk’7No CD [yf W 9t4nd cmo3fpdko[+,u7No ]ts;jk’7No C. 95ffu0v’dko[aombdc[[ F2F 7n 7No c]t 0=h,6o[yf (data bit) 4nd.-h grnjvcmoc8j]t 0=h,6o[yf grkt;jk [yflk,kfgda[w;h.dhMdaogmy’;q’Iv[0v’czjo[aombd 3fp[+8hv’g-njv, 8+daoD dkogda[c[[oU ,u0=h9edaf.ofhko9eo;o0v’0=h,6omujlk,kf16jgmy’;q’Iv[D 4hk.o9e o;o0=h,6omujlk,kfgda[gmy’;q’Iv[ ,ugxaolv’gmnjv gryjo9t.-hdkogda[c[[ cv,gv2cv, (MFM sp=h,k9kd modified frequency modulation) faj’ltcf’.oI6[ !D!&D 5.2 Ikfful Xhard disk? 9 Single density gxaoI6[c[[dko9afgda[0=h,6o.olnjmujgdqjkcdjmujl5f s^a’9kdoAoF wfhsao,k.-h7;k,|hkc|ho @ gmqjk c]t $ gmqjk s^n 7;k,|hkc|hol6’cmo “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko”. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 15 I6[ !D!*Ikfful 5.2.1 ]adltotmqj;wx ]t[q[Ikffulc8d8jk’9kdczjofyfltcdafD 3fpmqj;wxc]h; ,ao9t,u9eo;o|hkle ]a[gda[[aombd0=h,6os^kpd;jklv’|hkD ovd9kdIkfful9tgda[[aombd0=h,6og\nvodaoda[czjo fyfltcdafc]h; ,aopa’gxaolj;omuj.-h.odkovjko s^n 0Po[aombd0=h,6og\nvo38vjkoczjofyl (disk drive)D czjo9ko0v’Ikfful 9t,u7;k,|kc|ho0v’dko[ao950=h,6owfhl6’d;jkczjofyflt cdafs^kp g-ajoG czjofyfltcdaf,kf8t4ko0t|kf &F@& oU; [ao950=h,6owfh #*W dy3]w[ 9t,u9eo;o;q’Iv[[aombd0=h,6ooAo 16j $W ;q’D d=]tou0v’Ikfful0t|kffP;dao 9t,u9e o;o;q’Iv[s^kpd;jk !WWW ;q’0BowxD 0totfP;dao 7;k,[ao95.oc8j]t;q’Iv[0v’ Ikffuld=9tl6’d;jk g-yj’,uxt,ko & gmnjv0v’7;k,[ao95.oc8j]t;q’Iv[0v’czjofyf ltcdafD gonjv’9kd7;k,|kc|ho0v’dko[aombd0=h,6o gmy’rNozu;czjo9koc,jgs^ad0v’Ikf fyll6’s^kp gIaf.shsq;vjko c]t 0Po[aombd,u0t|kfohvpD 8ec|j’0v’sq;vjko c]t 0Po [aombd8hv’16j.o8ec|j’muj.dhMda[zu;|hk9ko c]t ,u3vdkfmujzu;|hk0v’9ko c]t sq;vjko{0Povkf9tmq[daowfhD faj’oAoF czjo9koc,jgs^ad9bj’gxaoczjovt]5p,yoP,c0’ c]h; g7nv[fh;plkoc,jgs^adD Ikfful9t[ao9516j.oda[3]stxyfc9[ grnjvxhv’dao[+.shlyj’gxygxNvo s^5fg0Qkwxrkp.oD 4hk8hv’dkogxufvvd 9t8hv’gxuf.oshv’mujltvkf (clean room) muj,u dkodjao8v’0U/5jovvd9kdvkdkf.oshv’c]h;D Ikffulmujoypq,.-hdaogxaoc[[8yf16jrkp.o ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 16 g7njv’7v,ry;g8u c]t [+lk,kfg7njvophkpwx,kwfh7ndaoda[czjo[aombd gvUo;jk ;yoc9aflt g8ufyf (Winchester Disk)10D Ikffullj;o.spj9txtdv[fh;pczjo9koc,jgs^ad (platters) lv’czjo s^n s^kpd;jk ,k9afIP’16jgmy’cdofP;dao gvUo;jk cdo\6o (spindle)D cdo\6ogIaf.shczjoc,jgs^ad\6o rhv,Mdao 9kddko0a[g7njvo0v’,=g8u fh;p7;k,w; #*WW Iv[8+okmuD c8j]t|hk0v’ czjo9ko 9t,usq;vjko{0Poxt9eltgrkt g-yj’sq;vjko{0Pom5dsq;9tg-njv,8yfdao7hkp7ndao da[s;u c]t lk,kfg7njvog0Qk{vvd]ts;jk’;q’Iv[8jk’M wfh1jk’;jv’w; XI6[ !D!(?D 9kdI6[0hk’]5j, ltcf’Ikffulmuj,uczjo9ko rhv,da[dkodeda[-njczjo c]t |hk0v’fyfD zu;0v’czjo9koda[sq;vjko{0Po9t16jgdnv[8yfdao 7nsjk’9kdrP’|bj’lj;o clooU;D w]ptsjk’oU.o]ts;jk’;q’Iv[8jk’M 8hv’lt\Oltg\g-yj’dqowd0v’g7njv’ c]t dkoxtdv[Ikfful8hv’]tvPf c,jo1eD dko\6omuj;jv’w;0v’czjo9kogIaf .shsq; vjko {0Po cpdsjk’9kdzu;|hk9ko fh;pcI’]q,\6o0v’9koD c8j4hkczjo9ko[+wfh\6o s^n ,vfg7njv’ sq;vjko{0Po9tg]njvo]q’8yfda[czjo9koD faj’oAoF g;]kg]ud9kddko.-h;Pd 7;ophkpsq;vjko{0Powxsk[=]yg;omuj[+wfh.-hgda[0=h,6o mujgvUo;jk [jvo]q’9vf (Landing Zone) grnjv;jk ,udkodtmq[dtcmd0v’sq;vjko{0Po c]t zu;|hkF czjo9kod=9t[+,u zqo8+0=h,6omujgda[w;hD I6[ !D!(lj;oxtdv[ c]t I6[zjkmk’0;k’ltcf’sq;vjko{0Po c]t czjo9koc,jgs^ad0v’Ikfful 10 Winchester Disk vjko;jk ;yoc9afltg8ufyf “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko }37’dkopqd]tfa[0tc|’dkog8ad3o3]-u0+h,6o0jk;lko}JICA},tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf}dt-;’lndlkmydko}@WW&”. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 17 5.2.2 dko3vophkp0=h,6o]ts;jk’Ikffulda[|j;p7;k,9e Ikffulmuj.-hxtdv[.og7njv’w,37i7v,ry;g8u 9t8hv’,udko7;[75,.sh,ao,kgIaf;Pd Ij;,3fp9tlP[g0Qkda[xJv’lP[ (slot)11 mujpa’;jk’16j0v’g7njv’D .odkovjko0=h,6o9kd disk sq;vjko{0Po9toegvqk0=h,6omujvjkowfh lqj’zjko;q’9vow22hk0v’ wfi Xdrive? wxskcz’ (card) 7;[75,fyf 3fp9tgda[16j.ogoNvmuj7;k,9e-qj;7k;grnjvgda[0=h,6o gvUo;jk [jvorad 0=h,6o-qj;7k; (Data buffer12)D 0totfP;dao;q’9vogmy’cz’7;[75,9tlqj’laopkowxsk |j;pxt,;ozqodk’ (CPU) g-yj’c,jow,37i3xig-lg-u g-ajoG CPU 8088, 80286 s^n vnjoMD grnjv.sh8q; CPU 3vophkp0=h,6o9kd[jvorad0=h,6o-qj;7k; wxsk|j;p7;k,9es^ad0v’ 7v,ry;g8uD .oI6[ !D!) gsao;jk dko3vophkp0=h,6og[Nv’8QovkfgIafwfh @ ;ymu 7nG 4hkgxaog7njv’I5jo AT c]t PS/2 8q; CPU 9tgIaf;PdoAo3fpdq’ zjko8q;,aogv’ c]t wxsk|j;p7;k,9eD c8j4hkgxaog7njv’I5jogdqjk 7nG PC XT, dko3vophkp0=h,6o9tgIafc[[ dkog0Qkg4y’|j;p 7;k,9e3fpdq’ (DMA = Direct Memory Access) 3fp9t3vophkp0=h,6o9kd data buffer wxsk|j;p7;k,9es^adD dko3vophkp0=h,6oc[[oU [+8hv’zjko8q; CPU phvo;jk 8q; CPU )W)) 0v’g7njv’I5jogdqjkgIaf;Pd-hkF [+mao8+vaf8k7;k,w;0v’dko3vophkp0=h,6o0v’ IkffulD 0=h,6omuj3vophkpwxsk|j;p7;k,9e RAM 9tgda[.orNomuj gvUo;jk [a2g2u0v’fvl (DOS Buffer) g-yj’|bj’ Buffer 9tgda[0=h,6o9kd disk wfh ! lj;o (sector)D 9eo;o Buffer oU z6h.-h7;o9tgxaoz6hdeoqf0Bogv’9kd7elaj’ BUFFERS c]t [ao95.o[jvogda[2kp0=h,6o (file house) @W BufferD g,njvvjko 2kp0=h,6o (file data) 9kd disk wxgda[w;h.o[jvogda[-qj; 7k;0v’ DOS c]t [ao95 Buffer 9qog8a,7q[\qfF dko3vophkp sector 8+wx 9tpbf8k,s^ad muj;jk Buffer .f4ndgvUo.-h9kd3xicdi,.-h;Pdl5fmhkp|hvpmujl5f (least recently accessed) d=9t4ndcmomuj0Poma[.\jD 0=h,6omuj16j.o[jvogda[-qj;7k;0v’ DOS 9t3vophkpwx sk|j;p7;k,9evnjo 8k,7;k,8hv’dko0v’3xicdi,oe.-hD 11 Slot \kpg4y’ xjv’xadlP[,u]adltotohvpM c]t pk;M grnjvlP[czjo;q’9vogruj,g8u, 12 [jvorad0=h,6o-qj;7k; XData buffer? gxaorNomuj0v’|j;p7;k,9emujdeoqfw;h grnjvgda[0=h,6o-qj;7k;9qod;jkleg]af rk]tdyf “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko}37’dkopqd]tfa[0tc|’dkog8ad3o3]-u 0+h,6o0jk;lko}JICA},tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf }dt-;’lndlkmydko}@WW&”. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 18 I6[ !D!)dko3vophkp0=h,6o]ts;jk’Ikffulda[|j;p7;k,9e dko[aombd0=h,6ogmy’ disk d=gIaf.o]adltotdq’dao0hk,da[dkovjko0=h,6o 3fp3xi cdi,oe.-h 9tc9h’8ec|j’0=h,6omuj8hv’dko0Powxsk DOSD DOS d=9t3vophkp0=h,6owx sk Buffer c]t lqj’zjkowxsk[jvogda[0=h,6o-qj;7k; gmy’cz’7;[75,fyfD ;q’9vogmy’ cz’7;[75, disk 9tdeoqf lj;o.o;q’Iv[ c]t |hk0v’ disk muj.-h[aombd 9tlqj’laopko grnjvg]njvosq;vjko{0Powxsk8ec|j’muj8hv’dko c]t 3vophkp0=h,6o9kd[jvorad-qj;7k;wx gda[[aombdw;h.o diskD 5.2.3 dko7;[75,Ikfful gonjv’9kdIkfful[+lk,kfgIaf;Pd’kodjP;da[dkogda[0=h,6ogv’wfh gIqk9egxao8hv’ ,udko7;[75, grnjv[vddkogIaf;Pdxtdv[oeD 8k,xqddt8y cz’ (card) oU 9t.-hlP[ g0QkxJv’lP[ (slot) le]a[dkogruj,0tspkpD laopkomujg0Qk s^n vvd9kdIkfful 9t8hv’ zjkocz’7;[75,oUdjvoltg\uD cz’7;[75,c8j]t-5f9t,u;ymudkog0Qk]tsafltgrktle]a[ -jv’vjko{0PoD gIqk[+lk,kfoegvqkcz’7;[75,vnjo muj.-h;ymudkog0Qk]tsafc8d8jk’dao ,kvjko0=h,6o.oIkffulD IkffuloAo9t8hv’gIafdko9afI6[c[[ (format) .\j ,ao9bj’9t.-h da[cz’7;[75,oAowfhD -toyf0v’cz’7;[75,mujoypq,.-h.oxaf95[ao0Boda[vyog8uia[ (interrupt)13 muj,u16j $ -toyf 7nG 13 interrupt(vyog8uia[? \kpg4y’8q;muj[vd.shg7njv’7v,ry;g8u15fgIaf;Pdmujde]a’gIaf16j c]h;wx8v[lt|v’;Pd[k’1jk’ “xt,;o7ela[;ymtpkdko0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko}37’dkopqd]tfa[0tc|’dkog8ad3o3]-u0+h,6o0jk;lko}JICA },tsk;ymtpkw]csj’-kf }dt-;’lndlkmydko}@WW&”. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 19 1) -toyf ST-506/41L: gxao]t[q[7;[75,,kf8t4koF g]uj,.-h7A’mevyfda[g7njv’ 7v,ry;g8ulj;o[5d7qo (PC)D ,ao,u;ymudkog0Qk]tsafc[[ MFM. 8+,krkps^a’ 9bj’wfh0t spkpgxaoc[[ RLL14 c]t ARLL 8k,g8ad3o3]-u0v’;afltf5muj.-hD 0=hla’gdfvudxtdko |bj’ muj[vd0=hc8d8jk’0v’dkog0Qk]tsafc[[ MFM c]t RLL 7nG dkoc[j’lj;o.o ;q’Iv[0v’dkovjko{0Poc[[ MFM 9twfh !( cluster15 X7t]afltg8u? 8+;q’Iv[ c]t dkovjko{0Poc[[ RLL 9twfh @* cluster 8+ ;q’Iv[D c[[ RLL 9t,u7;k,[ao95 wfhs^kpd;jk #W : 9tdq’da[Ikfful -jv’vjko{0Po @W MB 0v’c[[ MFMD 2) -toyf ESDI (enhanced small device interfaces): gxao]t[q[mujl6’d;jk ]t[q[,kf8t4ko ST-506 le]a[-jv’vjko{0Po ,u7;k,[ao95s^kp0Bo c]t 7;k,w; l6’0BoD oa[;jk gxao]t[q[mujvvdc[[,k grnjv.-hda[g7njv’muj,uw,37i3xig-lg-u )W@)* c]t )W#)* muj,u7;k,w;laopko3,’l6’d;jk vaf8kdko3vophkp0=h,6o s^n dkovjko0=h,6o9kd disk 9tw;d;jk disk c[[ ST-506 xt,ko $ gmnjvD le]a[ disk c[[ ST-506 c,jo.-hda[ g7njv’muj,uw,37i3xig-lg-u )W))D cz’7;[75,c[[ ESDI oU lk,kf8+Ikffulwfhlv’vaoD 3) -toyf SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)G vjko;jk "-tdaf-u" (SCUZZY) gxaocz’I5jo.\jmujoypq,.-hdaos^kp0Bo grkt]t[q[oU [+rP’c8jgxaocz’7;[75, IkffulgmqjkoAo ,aopa’gxaodkog-njv,8+ [al Xbus? mujlts^kf (intelligent) muj,u8q;xt,;ozqo (processor) 16j.o38,aogv’ gIaf.shgxaolj;ogruj,0tspkpda[cz’;q’9vo.\jD 0t|kf c]t vaf8kdkovjko0=h,6omP[wfh.dhda[c[[ ESDI. ]t[q[ SCSI ovd9kd9t.-hgrnjv7;[75, Ikffulc]h; pa’.-hgrnjvdko7;[75,v5xtdvo8+glu,vnjoM wfhfh;p g-ajoG 3,gfa, (modem)F -ufu iv, (CD ROM)F ltcdogou (scanner) c]t g7njv’ry, (printer)D ]t[q[ SCSI .o|bj’cz’ lt|a[lt|6odko8+v5xtdvog4y’ ) vao oa[ma’7v,ry;g8umuj.-h 9t4ngxaov5xtdvofh;pD faj’oAoF 9bj’gs^nv.shgIqk8+v5xtdvoglu, wfhgruj,vud ( vaoD rkp.8h DOS ]t[q[ SCSI 9t.shgIqk.-h IkffulwfhrP’ @ vao X8k,dkovhk’vu’0v’muj16j0v’ w[vvl (BIOS)?D 4hk8hv’dko8+ v5xtdvovnjoM gIqk8hv’.-hv5xtdvo-jv’vjko{0Po (device driver) 9kd[=]ylafvnjo,kme dko8yf8A’glpdjvoD 14 RLL sp=h,k9kd run length limited 15 Cluster X7t]afltg8u? c,jod5j,0v’g-adg8u g-yj’gxaogoNvmujle]a[9afgda[0=h,6o.oczjofyl “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko”. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 20 4) -toyf IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics): ]t[q[oU gxao]t[q[.\j muj,u0t|kf 7;k,[ao95.dh7P’da[lv’c[[mujdjk;,kc]h; 7nG ESDI c]t SCSI c8j,u]k7k8Od;jkD ]t[q[ IDE xaf95[aooypq,.-h[ao95Ij;,16j.ocz’8q;7;[75, c]t gs^nv slot ;jk’.sh.-h.o ;PdvnjoMD .o]t[q[gdqjkd=lk,kf.-h dko0Po{vjkoc[[ IDE oU c8jgIqk8hv’gruj,cz’dko g-njv,8+lP[ slotD 5.3 gma[c,jgs^ad (magnetic tape) gxaov5xtdvomuj.-hdao,kfqookoc]h; g-yj’]adltot0v’,ao gxaoc4[lkpxt]klt8ydF g7nv[fh;plkoc,jgs^ad 7ndaoda[gma[[aombdlP’D gma[c,jgs^ad.-hle]a[gda[0=h,6o9eo;os^kpF ,udko9afgda[ c]t gvUo7Qosk0=h,6oc[[gxao]efa[D ltoAoF dkog0Qksk0=h,6od=9tgxaowx8k, ]efa[ (sequential access) g-ajoG 4hk8hv’dkosk0=h,6o16j]efa[mu & gmy’gma[ gIqk9t8hv’ vjko0=h,6oc8j8Qodjvo X]efa[mu !? c]h;7jvpg0Qk,ksk0=h,6omujgIqk8hv’dkoD lj;odkooe.-h oAo goAole]a[.-hleIv’0=h,6ogrnjv7;k,\Ao.9 g-ajoG 4hkIkffulgxjgr 0=h,6o.oIkfful9tl6o skpwx 9bj’9egxao8hv’gda[leIv’0=h,6ow;hD .ovtfuf .-h,h;ogma[.spj c8jxaf95[aodkozt]yfgma[gIafwfhfus^kp0BoD gIaf.shgma[muj.-h da[7v,ry;g8u,u0t|kfohvp]q’s^kp c]t gvUogma[r;doU;jk da[gma[ (cartridge tape). da[gma[c,jgs^ad,u7;k,[ao958+,h;ol6’s^kp 9bj’oypq,.-hw;hgda[0=h,6omuj,u0t|kf.spj s^n 9eo;o s^kpD dkoleIv’0=h,6o3fpmqj;wx ,ad9tdeoqf8k,dko.-h;Pdgxaow]ptg;]k g-ajoG leIv’ 0=h,6om5dvkmyfD dkoleIv’0=h,6oc8j]tgmnjvvkf.-hg;]kokos^kply[okmuD I6[ !D!_gma[c,jgs^ad (magnetic tape) ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 21 5.4 czjo-ufu (CD sp=h,k9kd Compact Disc) I6[ !D@W czjo-ufu[aombdwfhgmnjvfP; c]t czjo-ufumujlk,kf[aombdwfhs^kpgmnjv 5.4.1 xts;af7;k,gxao,kG .o-j;’mqflt;af xu 7Dl !_(WF oad;yw90v’[=]ylaf2u]y[wfh.-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’czjog]g-u fyl (Laser disc) ,kmqf]v’lhk’czjocl’ (optical disc) gda[lP’c8jrP’1jk’fP; 3fpg]uj,8Qo.-h;ymudkog0Qk]tsaflP’c[[ wideband FM c]t c[[ PCM .o]t[q[fu9y8vo (digital system)D .og;]k8+,k .o-j;’xkpmqflt;af 2u]y[ (Phillip)F 3-ou (Sony) c]t [=]ylafvnjoM wfhltcf’8Qoc[[0v’czjofyl ]t[q[lP’fu9y8voD .oxu8+,k 2u]y[ c]t 3-ou 8aflyo.9Ij;,,ndao 9af8A’my,;ylt;tdvoIj;, g-yj’,u rk]tdyfvvdc[[czjofyl ]t[q[lP’fy9y8vo c[[.\jD lt,k-ydmujle7ao0v’my, 7nG 7uf vy,,y’ (Kees Immink) c]t 38-ymtft fvp (Toshitada Doi)D sa^’9kdmqf]v’ c]t 4qd4P’dao |bj’xuF my,’kowfhvvd,kf8t4kodjP;da[ CDD /jkp[=]ylaf 2u]y[ lt|a[lt|5o .og]njv’0t[;odkozt]yf 3fpvkwlg8ad3o3]-udkozt]yfg]g-ufyl c]t pa’lt|a[lt|5o ;ymudkoxtlq,laopko (modulate16) c[[ EFM g-yj’lk,kf[aombdlP’wfhs^kp c]t mqomko8+Ivp06f0uf s^n IvpoU;,nD 0totmuj 3-ou lt|a[lt|5o;ymucdh0=hzyfrkf (error correction). 16 Modulate \kpg4y’ xtlq,laopko “xt,;o7ela[ ;ymtpkdko 0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnjlko”. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 22 CD vvd;k’8ts^kf.odk’ xu 7Dl !_)@ .ovk-u c]t xu8+,k.olt4komujvnjoMD gsfdkooU wfhIa[dkola’gdf;jk gxao95fg]uj,8Qo0v’dkoxt8y;aflP’fy9y8voD czjofyllP’ c[[.\joUwfhIa[dkopv,Ia[ c]t 7e-njo-q,.o75ootrk[lP’9kdg7njv’mujxtfyfle]a[[aombd lP’faj’gfu,D dko.-h CD wfh0tspkpwxpa’fhkovnjoMD lv’xu8+,k ,udkozt]yf -ufuiv, (CD-ROM) vvd9e|jkp g-yj’czjoc[[oU z6h.-h[+lk,kf0Po0=h,6ogv’wfhD czjo-ufuvki (CD-R) d=wfhvvd,k.sh.-hxt,ko xu 7Dl !__W g-yj’gxaoczjomujz6h.-hlk,kf0Po0=h,6ogv’wfh c]t dkpgxao,kf8t4ko.odko9afgda[c]dxjPo0=h,6o7v,ry;g8u c]t gr’.oxaf95[aoD CD c[[8jk’Mwfhxtlq[7;k,leg]afs^kp .oxu 7Dl @WW$ g-yj’rP’xufP; ,udko9e|jkpczjo-ufu gr’.oI6[c[[ CD-ROM mqj;3]d s^kpd;jkly[]hkoczjoD 5.4.2 ,kf8t4ko0v’ CD czjo-ufulP’ (Audio CD) s^n czjo-ufugr’muj,urk[xtdv[ (VCD17) gda[laopko lP’.oI6[c[[mujgxaowx8k,,kf8t4ko (red book)D -ufulP’xtdv[fh;p;q’Iv[le]a[ ltg8iu3v (sterio track) s^kp;q’ mujgda[dkog0Qk]tsafc[[ PCM 0t|kf !* [yf fh;pvaf8kdkol5j,8q;1jk’ $$F! kHzD CD ,kf8t4ko,uglAozjkl6odk’ !@W mm X,y]uc,af? c8jd=,uI5jo )W mm gxao czjo0t|kfohvpD czofyf0t|kf !@W mm [aombdlP’wfh ($ okmu c8j,uI5jomujlk,kf [aombd )W okmuD g8ad3o3]-u7v,crdfyf8+,kwfhxa[x5’gxaov5xtdvo [aombd0=h,6omuj,adgvUo dao;jk czjo-ufuiv, (CD-ROM). 8k8t]k’8+wxoU ltcf’0t|kf c]t 7;k,[ao95 0v’czjo-ufuG 0t|kf dko[ao95c[[lP’ dko[ao950=h,6omqj;wx I6[c[[ 12 cm 74–99 min 650–870 MB Standard size 8 cm 21–24 min 185–210 MB Mini-CD size 85x54 mm - 86x64 mm ~6 min 10-65 MB "Business card" size 17 VCD sp=h,k9kd Video Compact Disc. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 23 I6[ !D@!czjo-ufu8k,c8j]t0t|kf 5.4.3 dkogIaf;Pd0v’ CD rkp.o-ufuiv,9tc[j’gxao;q’Iv[ c]t lj;o 7hkp7nda[czjofyfltcdaf (Diskette) c8jlj;omuj9tgda[0=h,6o.o CD 9t,u0t|kfgmqjkdaom5dlj;o c]t gIaf.shlk,kfgda[0=h,6owfh s^kp0BoD g,njv.f CD g]uj,gIaf;PdF ,=g8u9tg]uj,\6ofh;p7;k,w;s^kp 7jkc[[oU d=grnjv .shvaf8k7;k,w;.odkovjko0=h,6o9kdczjo-ufu7q’muj lt\Oltg\um5dlj;o [+;jk9tgxaolj;o muj16j;q’Iv[ovd;q’.od=8k,D 9kdoAoF cl’g]g-ud=9tlkf]q’.ljczjo-ufu 3fp]ecl’9t4nd 9hv,g0Qk (focus) fh;p g]o (Lens) mujg7njvo8ec|j’wfh 3fpdkogIaf;Pd0v’0qf];fD ]ecl’g]g-u 9tmt]5zjkowxmujczjo-ufu c]h;4ndltmhvoda[wxskzu;|hk0v’-ufu ,ao9tdkp gxao05,gxao[+D lj;omujgxao05,]q’wxgvUo;jk c]o (land)D le]a[[jvomuj[+,udkog9kt]q’ wxgvUo;jk ryf (pit)D zu;lv’I6[c[[oU gryjo.-hcmodkogda[0=h,6o .oI6[c[[0v’ ! c]t WD cl’g,njv4nd pit 9tdt9kpwx[+ltmhvoda[ c8jg,njvcl’4nd land 9tltmhvoda[zjko cdh;s^jP, 9kdoAoF sadzjkocdh;s^jP, wxskg7njv’d;f9a[cl’vudD m5dM w]pt0v’]ecl’ mujdtmq[g7njv’d;f9a[cl’ 9tgdufcI’faow22hk s^n gduf ! c]t W g-yj’gIaf.sh7v,ry;g8u g0Qk.9wfhD ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 24 I6[ !D@@ dkogIaf;Pdgmy’czjo-ufu (CD-R or CD-RW18) lj;odko0Po s^n [aombd0=h,6o]q’.ljczjo-ufuoAo 8hv’.-hcl’g]g-ug-ajodao 3fp,u]e cl’g]g-u9kdsq;[aombd0v’g7njv’[aombd0=h,6o ljv’wxdtmq[.ljrNozu;|hk0v’czjoD 4hkcl’ ljv’wxdtmq[[=]yg;o.f ,ao9tgIaf.sh[=]yg;ooAogxao05,0t|kfohvpD [=]yg;omuj[+4nd[aombd 9t,u]adltotgxaorNorP’lt]a[daowxg]NvpM 8ts^vfma’czjoD czjo-ufugxaolnj.odkogda[ 0=h,6oc[[cl’ (Optical Storage) 3fp.-h]ecl’g]g-u.odkovjko0=h,6omujgIaffh;pxt]klt 8yd c]t g7nv[fh;pvt]6,yoP, grnjvltmhvocl’g]g-umujpy’,kD g,njvcl’g]g-umujpy’,k ltmhvoda[wxsk8q;vjko0=h,6omujgvUo;jkG v5xtdvogda[cl’ XPhoto Detector) d=vjko0=h,6o mujwfhda[,k;jk gxaospa’ c]t lqj’7jk ! c]t W wx.shda[ CPU grnjvoegvqkwxxt,;ozqo8+wxD 18 CD-R sp=h,k9kd Compact Disc Recordable gxaoz6h.-hlk,kf0Po0=h,6o]q’wfh c]t s^a’0Poc]h;pa’lk,kf0Po0=h,6o 8nj,.ljwfhvud 4hkskdczjooAopa’[+g8a,S CD-RW sp=h,k9kd Compact Disc ReWritable 7hkp7nda[czjo CD-R c8jlk,kf]n[ c]t 0Po0=h,6o.ljwfhs^kpgmnjv .oczjofP;oAoD ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 25 5.4.4 g7njv’vjko{0Po-ufu 7;k,w;0v’g7njv’vjko{0Po-ufu ,us^kp]tfa[ g-ajoG c8j @V sk @$V s^n s^kpd;jk Ivf &*V gxao8QoD 7jk @V \kpg4y’ g7njv’vjko{0Po vjko s^n 0Po 0=h,6owfh #WW dy3]w[8+;yokmu (kB/s) c]t ,u7;k,w;.odko\6o @ gmqjkD g7njv’vjko{0Po -ufu g7njv’mevyf mujlhk’0Bo ,u7;k,w;rP’c8j !V 9t,uvaf8kdko4jkp3vo0=h,6o (Data Tranfer Rate) 150 kB/sD .oxaf95[ao 7;k,w;.odkovjko-ufuiv,l6’l5f16jmuj &*V c8j4hkgxaodko0Poczjo CDRW c,jo,u7;k,w;8Od;jkoAoD 5.5 czjo fu;ufu (DVD = Digital Versatile Disc) I6[ !D@# czjo DVD-R c]t DVD-RW fu;ufu gxaoczjo0=h,6oc[[[aombdfh;pcl’ (optical disc) muj.-h[aombd0=h,6o8jk’M g-ajoG I6[g’qk Xrk[rtpqo? g-yj’.sh75ootrk[0v’rk[ c]t lP’mujfuD fu;ufu 4ndrafmtok0Bo,k grnjv.-hcmo -ufu 3fp.-hczjomuj,u0t|kffP;dao XglAozjkl6odk’ !@ cm?D c8j.-h[aombd 0=h,6omujc8d8jk’dao c]t 7;k,]tvPf.odko[aombd|kc|hod;jkD .og[Nv’8Qo fu;ufu c,josp=h,k9kd digital video disc c8jz6hzt]yf[k’7qogsao;jk 7;oxjPo,kgxao digital versatile disc xaf95[ao8k,7eoypk,1jk’gxaomk’dkoc]h; fu;ufu [+wfhsp=h,k9kd-njg8a,c8j1jk’.fg]upD g7njv’0Po fu;ufu (DVD Writer) 7nG g7njv’le]a[dko[aombd0=h,6o]q’.oczjofu;ufu c]t ,u7;k,w;.odkogIaf;Pds^kp]tfa[c8d8jk’dao 8k,0t|kf c]t pujs=hD ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 26 fu;ufu xtdv[fh;p75olq,[affaj’oUG lk,kf[aombd0=h,6o;yfu3v muj,u7;k,]tvPfl6’ wfhg4y’ !@W okmuD dko[u[vaf0v’;yfu3v.oI6[c[[ MPEG-2 19 oAo ,uvaf8klj;o16jmuj $GWG!D lk,kf,ulP’.o2y,wfhg4y’ * rklk 3fp.oc8j]trklkvkf9tgxaolP’ltg8iy 3v @DW -jv' XI6[c[[ PCM20? s^n ]t[q[lP’Iv[myfmk’ Xg-ajoG $DWS &D!S *D!? .oI6[c[[ Dolby Digital (AC-3) s^n Digital Theater System (DTS)D ,u7e[aopkpwfhs^kpl5fg4y’ #@ rklkD |a’fu;ufu [k’czjooAo lk,kfxjPo,5,dhv’wfhfh;p (Multiangle)D gIafrk[oY’.shlq,[6o g\nvodaoda[rk[ltw]D 7;[75,]tfa[lyfmydkos^Yo (Parental Lock) D ,u]tsafmhv’4yjole]a[.-h;PdltgrktrNomuj mujdeoqf.sh (RegionalCodes)D -toyf0v’fu;ufu muj.-h[aombdoAo,u16j s^kp-toyf 7nG 0t|kf c]t -nj0v’czjo[aombd (Capacity and nomenclature of (re)writable discs) laopt]ad |hk -Ao X];,? glAozjkl6odk’ 0t|kf (cm) (GB) DVD-R SS SL (1.0) 1 1 12 3.95 DVD-R SS SL (2.0) 1 1 12 4.70 DVD-RW SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 DVD+R SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 DVD+RW SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 DVD-R DS SL 2 2 12 9.40 19 MPEG-2 sp=h,k9kd Moving Picture Experts Group @ gxao-nj0v’]t[q[,kf8t4komuj.-hle]a[g0Qk]tsaflP’ 0=h,6ork[ Xg-ajoG rk[rtpqo;yfu3vgr’? .oI6[c[[[u[vafc[[fy9y8voD 20 PCM sp=h,k9kd Pulse-code modulation. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 27 DVD-RW DS SL 2 2 12 9.40 DVD+R DS SL 2 2 12 9.40 DVD+RW DS SL 2 2 12 9.40 DVD-RAM SS SL 1 1 8 1.46 DVD-RAM DS SL 2 2 8 2.65 DVD-RAM SS SL (1.0) 1 1 12 2.58 DVD-RAM SS SL (2.0) 1 1 12 4.70 DVD-RAM DS SL (1.0) 2 2 12 5.16 DVD-RAM DS SL (2.0) 2 2 12 9.40 \kpgsfG SS = single-sided, DS = double-sided, SL = single-layer, DL = dual-layer 95ffu0v’ DVD-RW 7nG r;d,aolk,kf]b[ c]t oeda[[aombd0=h,6o.\jwfhd;jk !WWDWWW 7A’ c8jfu;ufumujwfhIa[7;k,oypq,s^;’s^kp.oxaf95[aooU c,jo DVD-RD lj;o DVDRAM [+oypq,.-hc]h;. dko[aombdfu;ufuc8j]t-toyfoAo [+lk,kf.-h;Pd0hk,daowfh 7nG DVD-RW [+lk,kf .-h.og7njv’[aombd DVD+RW wfh 8hv’0Poda[g7njv’[aombd DVD-RW gmqjkoAoD lj;odko vjko0=h,6o.ofu;ufuoAo lk,kfvjkoda[g7njv’.fd=wfh g-ajoG DVD+RW lk,kfvjkoda[g7njv’ s^Yo DVD-R wfhD czjofu;ufu muj.-h[ao95I6[g’qkoAo 9t,udkodeoqf]tsafmhv’4yjo (Regional Codes) s^n [=]yg;o (Zone) grnjvxt3spf.odko7;[75,]y0tlyf21D .ooU c8j]tczjo9t[ao95]tsafw;h 1jk’|hvp ! [=]yg;oD le]a[czjomujlk,kf.-hwfhda[m5d[=]yg;o (All Zone) oAo 9t[ao95]tsaf gxao !S @S #S $S &S * oAogv’D czjo9er;doU [k’gmnjvoypq,daogvUo;jkG czjo3-o WD 3fpxqddt8y g7njv’s^Yofu;ufu I;,wxg4y’fu;ufuiv, mujzt]yf.oc8j]txtgmf 9tlk,kfs^Yowfh ltgrktczjomujzt]yfle]a[[=]yg;o s^n g0foAoM c]t czjomuj]t[5gxao All Zone gmqjkoAoD 21 ]y0tlyf \kpg4y’ lyfmy.odkooe.-h ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 28 g0f rNomuj 1 ltst]afvtg,iydkF c7okfk 2 gvuiq[F pujx5joF cv2iyddk.8hF 8tg;aovvddk’ I;,g4y’ vu1y[ 3 vk-u8tg;aovvdlP’.8hF I;,g4y’xtgmfwmF vk-u8tg;aovvd I;,g4y’Ijv’dq’ c8j[+I;,9uo 4 vtg,iydkdk’F vtg,iydk.8hF 3vg-pgop 5 gvuiq[8tg;aovvdF iafg-pF vk-u.8hF vk2iydkF gdqks^ug|nvF ,q’3dg]p 6 9uo 7 leIv’ 8 pkorkstot]ts;jk’xtgmf g-ajoG gInv c]t gInv[yo le]a[g0f @ Xgvuiq[? vkf9t,u]tsafpjvp8A’c8j D1 9qog4y’ D4 3fp D1 7n 9e|jkpltgrktxtgmfva’dyfS D2 9qog4y’ D3 deoqf;jk [+9e|jkp.ova’dyf c]t wvc]oD lj;o D4 \kpg4y’ 9e|jkpwfhmqj;ma’mt;u[gvuiq[D .o|bj’czjofu;ufu lk,kf.lj]tsafg0fI;,daowfhs^kpg0f 3fpvkf9t,u]tsafg0f #}* grnjv.shlk,kf.-h.ovk-u8tg;aovvdlP’.8h c]t 9uoD dkodegouf0v’ czjofylcl’ (optical disk) X-toyf}xuzts^yf? Laserdisc (1978) - Laserfilm (1984) - CD Video - VCD (1993) - DVD (1996) - DVD-Video (1996) - MiniDVD - CVD (1998) - SVCD (1998) - FMD (2000) - EVD (2003) - FVD (2005) - UMD (2005) - VMD (2006) - HD DVD (2006) - Blu-ray Disc (BD) (2006) - AVCHD (2006) - Tapestry Media (2007) - HVD (TBA) - PH-DVD (TBA) - Protein-coated disc (TBA) - Two-Photon 3-D (TBA) ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 29 5.6 |j;p7;k,9ec[[2tc]al (flash memory) I6[ !D@$ |j;p7;k,9ec[[2tc]al mujgvUo;jk g7njv’vjko{0PogIofU (handy drive) 2tc]alwfi s^n p6gvl[uwfi (Flash drive s^n USB drive) gxaov5xtdvo7v,ry;g8u le]a[gda[0=h,6o3fp.-h|j;p7;k,9ec[[ 2tc]al (flash) gIaf;PdIj;,da[ 16gvl[u (USB) !D! s^n @DW ,u0t|kfohvp c]t g[qkD .oxaf95[ao 2tc]alwfi lk,kf[ao950=h,6owfhg4y’ !@) GBD 3fpmqj;wx 2tc]alwfi 9tgIaf;Pdwfh.os^kp]t[q[xt8y[afdko Xoa[c8j Windows 98/ME/2000/XP/Vista, MAC, Linux c]t Unix?D v5xtdvogda[0=h,6o-toyfoU vkf9t I6h9addao.os^kp-nj 3fp-njgs^qjkoAo c,jo0Bo16joez6hzt]yf g-yj’gxaowx8k,8q;c[[0v’g0qkg9Qk gv’ g-ajoG 7uwfi (key drive)F 9a,wfi (jump drive)F fk8hk7u (data key) s^n fk8hk-t8yd (data stick)F mikg;]wfi (travel drive)F ma,wfi (tump drive) s^n ma,7u (tump key)F growfi (pen drive)F 2tc]alwfi (flash drive) s^n 2tc]alful (flash disk)F g,3,iuwfi (memory drive) s^n g,3,iu-t8yd (memory stick)F p6gvl[uwfi (USB drive) s^n p6gvl[u7u (USB key)F cIofUwfi (handy drive) c]tvnjoM 6. v5xtdvoxhvo s^n Ia[0=h,6o (Input Devices) 9kdI6[c[[dkogIaf;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8u v5xtdvoxhvo0=h,6ogxaov5xtdvomujoegvqk 0=h,6o s^n 3xicdi, g0Qkwxgda[w;h.o|j;p7;k,9es^ad c]t .-h.odkoxt,;ozqoD v5xtdvo Ia[0=h,6o,us^kpxtgrf g-ajoG cxhory, (keyboard)F g,qkl (mouse)F mtciad[vo (trackball)F ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 30 dko7;[75, (joystick)F g7njv’ltcdogou (scanner)F g7njv’vjkovadlvoc,jgs^adF 9=leraf (touch screen)D I6[ !D@&cxhory,0t|kf !W$ x5j, 6.1 cxhory, cxhory,gxaov5xtdvomujgIaf|hkmujIa[0=h,6o3fpdkodqfx5j,gmy’cxhory, c]h;lqj’]tsaf .shda[g7njv’7v,ry;g8uD cxhory,muj,ad.-hdaos^kp .o8vooU ,u9eo;ox5j, !W$ x5j,D g4y’;jk ,ao9t,ux5j,s^kpd=8k, c8jdkoxhvo0=h,6opa’,ux5j,pqd (shift key) le]a[.-h7;[75,8q;vadlvo vnjo g-ajoG dqfx5j, shift grnjvg]nvdvadlvorklklkdqo.shgxao8q;.spjD cxhory,muj.-h.oxtgmf gIqklk,kfry,vadlvorklk]k;wfhD dkomujIa[0=h,6orklk]k;wfh gonjv’9kd,udkorafmt ok3fp.-h3xicdi, s^n -v[c;.shg7njv’Ia[I6hrklk]k;wfhD ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 31 6.2 g,qklF mtciad[vo c]t dko7;[75, dkorafmtok3xicdi,7v,ry;g8u.oxaf95[ao 9tgoAo.shz6h.-hgIaf;Pdwfh’jkp0Bo 9bj’,u dkorafmtokv5xtdvoIa[g0Qk mujg\ktlq,da[3xicdi, g-yj’lk,kfg]nvd-Uwxgmy’|hk9= c]h;g]nvdlyj’muj8hv’dkowfh g-ajoG 6.2.1 g,qkl gxaov5xtdvoIa[0=h,6og0Qk mujlk,kfg]njvo8q;-Uwxsk8ec|j’muj8hv’dkogmy’|hk9=D g,qklI5jogdqjk ,u]adltotgxaox5j,dqf xqd16jda[|j;pdq, c]t g,njv]kdwxgmy’rNoc]h; 9t,u dkolqj’laopko8k,cdo x c]t y g0Qkl6j7v,ry;g8uD .oxaf95[ao g,qkl,us^kpI6[c[[ c]t lj;os^kp9t.-hcl’cmo.sh|j;pdq, g-yj’gIaf.shz6h.-hlk,kfg]nvdwfh8k,7;k, 8hv’dkoD I6[ !D@*g,qkl.oI6[c[[8jk’M 6.2.2 mtciad[vo 7n |j;pdq,mujlk,kfdY’wx,k c]t ;k’16jgmy’g[QkD z6h.-hlk,kf[a’7a[|j;pdq,.sh \6owx,k grnjv7;[75,dkogIaf;Pd0v’8q;-Ugmy’|hk9=7v,ry;g8uD 7v,ry;g8uc[[3ohf[5d (note book) I5jogdqjk lj;os^kp,udkolhk’mtciad[vow;h grktltf;d8+dko.-h c]t .-h rNomuj|hvpD ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 32 I6[ !D@( mtciad[vo 6.2.3 dko7;[75, ,u]adltotgxao7ao3pd g-yj’3pdwx,kwfhs^kpmyfmk’D 0totmuj3pddhko7;[75,wx,k 8ec|j’0v’8q;-UxjPowxfh;p g-yj’gxaodkolqj’laopkog0Qkl6j7v,ry;g8uD dko7;[75,gxao mujoypq,.-hdaos^kp.odkos^Yogd,D I6[ !D@)dko7;[75,c[[8jk’M 6.3 g7njv’ltcdogou (scanner) gxaov5xtdvoIa[0=h,6o3fp.-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’dkozjkocl’ grnjvvjko]tsafmujgxaolaopt ]ad s^n I6[rk[8jk’M c]h;.sh7v,ry;g8uoegvqkwxxt,;ozqo8+F g7njv’ltcdogou-j;p.sh dkoIa[0=h,6owfh;jv’w;d;jkdkodqfx5j,gmyj’cxhory, c]t vudma’pa’s^5fzjvo0=hzyfrkfvao gonjv’,k9kddkodqfx5j,vudfh;pD g7njv’mujoypq,.-hdao16jmqj;wxwfhcdj ltcdogouF g7njv’vjko c4[]tsaf gxao8QoD ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 33 I6[ !D@_ltcdogou c]t g7njv’vjkoc4[]tsaf 6.3.1 g7njv’vjkoc4[]tsaf}[k37f (barcode reader) gxaov5xtdvoIa[g0Qkmuj.-hle]a[vjko]tsafgxaoc4[ (bar code) g-yj’gxaoc4[glAomuj,u 0t|kfc8d8jk’dao c]t .-hcmo]tsaf0=h,6o8jk’MD dkovjko9t.-hcl’ljv’c4[glAo gIaf.shgdufdkoltmhvocl’ grnjvIa[]tsafg0Qk,k8u7;k,\kpD xaf95[ao oypq,.-h.oIhko la[rtlyo7hk g-yj’lyo7hkm5d-toyf9t8yfc4[]tsafw;hD z6h0kp.-hg7njv’vjkooU grnjv9twfhI6h;jk ,aogxaolyo7hkxtgrf.fF ]k7kgmqjk.f c]t lk,kfvvd.[[yoIa[g’yo.shwfh4nd8hv’1jk’ vaf8t3o,afD I6[ !D#Wc4[]tsaf c]t g7njv’vjkoc4[]tsaf ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 34 6.3.2 g7njv’vjkovadlvoc,jgs^ad (Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition sp=hgxao MICR) gxaog7njv’vjko8q;g]dmujry,16jgmy’gvdtlkomujle7ao[k’1jk’ g-ajoG 8q;g]dmujry,16joe mtok[af s^n .[g-adg’yo Xlaopk.-hg’yo? g-yj’8q;g]dgs^qjkoAo ,u]adltotryglfmujgIaf.sh g7njv’vjkowfhD gonjv’9kdc8j]t,N mtok7ko8hv’Ia[ c]t 9jkpg’yogxao9eo;os^kp 9bj’,u dko.-hg7njv’vjkooU -j;p.odkooa[ c]t d;flv[7;k,4nd8hv’0v’mtok[af s^n .oleoad ’kowxltou gryjo.-hg7njv’vjkooU grnjv-j;pcpd9qf\kp8k,]tsafwxltouD I6[ !D#!g7njv’vjkovadlvoc,jgs^ad c]t .[g-ad (check) 6.4 9=lezaf lk,kfgxaowfhma’|j;pIa[g0Qk c]t lqj’vvdD |j;p9=rk[lk,kfIa[0=h,6owxxt,;o zqowfh 3fpdkolezafgmy’[=]yg;o|hk9=rk[D [=]yg;o|hk9=rk[0v’9=lezafxtdv[fh;p8k 7jkp0v’]ecl’vyo2kgif (infa red)D g,njv,u;af45,klezafgmy’|hk9= ,ao9t,udkolqj’ laopkow22hk g-yj’lk,kf]t[58ec|j’gmy’|hk9=.shda[3xicdi,mujde]a’gIaf;Pd16jD dko.-h 9=lezaf,u7;k,ltf;d c8jvkf9tzyfrkf.odko]t[58ec|j’gmy’|hk9= 4hk8ec|j’gmy’ |hk9=rk[,u0t|kfohvpgduowxD 9=lezafwfhxtp5d.-hda[;Pds^kp1jk’ g-ajoG .os^kpxtgmf gryjo.-h.odko9v’xUg[yj’|a’F .odko9v’xUpqoF .o86h4vog’yo c]t vnjoMD ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 35 I6[ !D#@9=leraf 7. v5xtdvoltcf’zqo (Output Devices) gxaov5xtdvomujle7ao c]t 9egxao1jk’|bj’D v5xtdvoltcf’zqomuj.-h.o]t[q[7v, ry;g8u g-ajoG |j;p9=rk[ (Monitor)F g7njv’ry, (Printer)F g7njv’lkp (Data Projector). 7.1 |j;p9=rk[ |j;p9=rk[,u]adltot];,7ndaoda[3m]trk[mqj;wxD dkolqj’vvd0v’0=h,6o 9txkdqf gmy’|hk9= g-yj’ltcf’wfhma’8q;vadlvoF 8q;g]dF g7njv’\kpryglf c]t pa’lk,kfltcf’ I6[rk[wfhfh;pD |j;p9=rk[,ulv’c[[7nG c[[ -uvkimu (CRT sp=h,k9kd Cathode Ray Tube) .-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’s^vf]a’lugvg]ad8iq’ g-ajofP;da[3m]trk[.odkogIaf.shgdufrk[ c]t c[[ cv;-ufu (LCD sp=h,k9kd Liquid Crystral Display) .-hg8ad3o3]-u0v’ dko[ao950v’cs^;w;hrkp.o|hk9= g-ajofP;da[|hkxaf3,’mujgxao]t[q[8q;g]dD I6[ !D##|hk9=rk[c[[ -uvkimu c]t c[[ cv;-ufu ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 36 dkoltcf’zqogmy’|hk9=rk[ 9tltcf’fh;pg,afohvpM8k,mk’ovo c]t mk’8A’D c8jdjvo |hk9=rk[ltcf’zqowfhrP’lufP;D c8j8+,kwfh,udkorafmtok.sh,udkoltcf’zqo wfhs^kpluD ovd9kdoU pa’,u7;k,]tvPfl6’0Bo g-ajoG |j;p9=rk[muj.-hda[7v,ry;g8u.o xaf95[ao ltcf’zqo.ork;tdik2ydwfh1jk’|hvp .omk’ovo )WW g,af .omk’8A’ *WW g,af c]t ltcf’luwfhg4y’]hkoluD 3fpmqj;wx 0t|kf0v’|hk9=rk[9tcmd8k,7;k,pk;0v’ glAogoaj’9v,0v’|hk9= c]t ,u0t|kfg]uj,9kd !$ oU; 0Bowx $& oU; Xle]a[|hkc[[ CRT vkf9tIvfc8jxt,ko @W oU;gmqjkoAo?D dkoltcf’zqogmy’|hk9=7;[75,3fpcz’;q’9vo gvg]ad38ioydmuj16jrkp.o7v,ry;g8uD 7.2 g7njv’ry, 75ootrk[0v’dkory,gvdtlko 3fp.-hg7njv’7v,ry;g8ulj;o|bj’ 0Boda[xtlyfmyrk[ 0v’g7njv’ry,D ,aogxaov5xtdvomujle7aole]a[oegvqk0=h,6omujxt,;ozqoc]h; ry,]q’.lj|hk g9hp8k,muj8hv’dkoD g7njv’ry,muj.-hdaoxaf95[ao,us^kpc[[s^kppujs=h 0Bo16jda[g8ad3o3]-u0v’ dkory, g-ajoG 7.2.1 g7njv’ry,c[[g,af (dot matrix printer) ,u]k7k4ndF ,u75ootrk[fu c]t .-h;Pd wfhmqj;wxD dkomujg7njv’ry,oU,u-nj;jk g7njv’ry,c[[g,af grktI6[]adltot8q;vadlvomujry,vvd ,k 9tgxaog,afohvpM16j.o0v[ g-ajoG 8q;vadlvomuj,u7;k,]tvPf.o];’l6’0v’8q;vadlvo @$ g,af c]t 7;k,d;hk’c8j]t8q;vadlvo !@ g,afF 0t|kf c,miyd (matrix) 0v’8q; vadlvo 9t,u @$V!@ g,afD I6[ !D#$ g7njv’ry,c[[g,af ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 37 g7njv’ry,c[[g,af,ulj;oxtdv[[k’vao c]t 75o]adltotmujle7ao faj’8+wxoUG 1) sq;ry,0v’g7njv’ry, muj.-hmqj;wx ,ug0a,ohvpM9eo;o _ vaoD c8j4hk8hv’dko.sh ;Pddkory,,u7;k,]tvPfl6’ s^n .sh8q;|a’ln’k,0Bo sq;ry,7;o,ug0a, @$ vaoD dkory, 8q;|a’ln.ork;t7;k,l;p’k,oU gvUo;jk gvocv;7u; (NLQ = News Letter Quality). sq;g0a,gxao];fmuj,udqowd0a[g7njvo .-hs^addko-adoec,jgs^adw22hkD sq;g0a,8hv’c0’ c]t ,u 75ootrk[fu 9bj’lk,kfry,gvdtlko.ljg9hp|kl6’l5fwfhg4y’ & legoqk22D dkory,gvdtlko 0v’g7njv’ry,c8j]txtgrf s^n pujs=h 9tc8d8jk’dao grkt75ootrk[0v’cI’dqffaosq;ry, c8j]tvao9t[+gmqjkdaoF gIaf.sh7;k,-afg9o0v’gvdtlkolegoqkl5fmhkp8jk’daoD 7;k,]t vPf0v’g,afry,9t0Bo16jda[0t|kf0v’sq;g0a, c]t dqowd0a[g7njvo0v’g7njv’ry,c8j]tI5jo g-ajoG #*WV#*W g,af8+oU;F #*WV!)W g,af8+oU;D 75ootrk[dkory,dik2yd0Bo16jda[75o]adlt otfaj’djk;oAoD 2) v5xtdvod;flv[sq;ry, vkf9t,u.og7njv’ry,[k’I5joD ,ao,u|hkmujd;flv[7;k, Ihvo0v’sq;ry, grktg,njvg7njv’ry,4nd.-h;Pdfqo sq;ry,9tIhvo0Bo g4y’9t,urkdlj;o]t [kp7;k,Ihvoc]h;d=8k,F ,aovkf9t[+rP’r=D 4hkskdsq;ry,oAo Ihvo0Bos^kpD .od=]touoU v5xtdvofaj’djk; 9tlqj’laopko.shg7njv’ry,zjvo7;k,w;0v’dkory,]q’D g,njvv5ostr6,s^5f ]q’ ,aod=9tgruj,7;k,w;0v’dkory,wxg4y’0uf9edafvudD 3) v5xtdvod;flv[7;k,|k0v’g9hp lj;os^kp9t,u16j.og7njv’ry,D 4hkxhvog9hp .ljg7njv’ry,|kgduowx 9tgIaf.shsq;ry,gxgr’jkpD v5xtdvooU 9tgIaf.shg7njv’ry,15fgIaf;Pd g,njvd;frq[;jkg9hp mujxhvo.ljg7njv’skd|kgduowx grnjvxhv’dao7;k,glpskp0v’sq;ry,D ovd9kdoU ,aopa’d;flv[g[yj’;jk g9hpmujxhvo.ljg7njv’ry,oAopa’,us^n[+L 4) v5xtdvocmd7;k,w;0v’dkory, ,usq;|j;p;afcmdgxao9eo;o8q;vadlvo8+ ;yokmu g-ajoG g7njv’ry,9try,wfh #WW 8q;vadlvo8+;yokmu .ork;txqddt8y c]t fh;p0t|kf 8q;vadlvo !W 388+oU;F c8jskdry,c[[ NLQ 3fpmqj;wxc]h; 7;k,w;9ts^5f]q’ gs^nvrP’ |bj’.olk,lj;ogmqjkoAoD dkod;flv[7;k,w;0v’g7njv’ry, .o8q;9y’vkf9t[+gmqjkda[75o 22 legoqk \kpg4y’ 0=h7;k, s^n goNv.omujry,9kd8Qolt[a[F 0=h7;k,goNv.omujdjkplegoqkvvd,k9kdlt[a[gfu, “;af9toko5dq, rklk]k; Xlt[a[xa[x5’.\j? 3fp fiD mv’7e vjvo,toulvo}s=lt,5fcsj’-kf @WW)”. ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 38 ]adltotmuj[vdw;h phvo;jk0totmujry,8q;9y’ g7njv’ry,8hv’wfhg]njvosq;ry,wx,k 9tgIaf.sh glpg;]kr=lq,7;oD 7;k,w;0v’g7njv’ry,.oxaf95[ao,u8A’c8j @WW{&WW 8q;vadlvo 8+;yokmuD 5) 0t|kfry,0v’g7njv’ry,,u @ 0t|kf 7nG .-hda[g9hp0t|kf _V!& oU; s^n ry,wfh )W 8q;vadlvo c]t !#@ 8q;vadlvo.ork;t !W 8q;vadlvo8+oU;D 6) [jvorad0v’0=h,6o (buffer) gxaog]njv’mujle7ao grktdkory,c8j]tgmnjvoAo g7njv’ 7v,ry;g8u 9tlqj’0=h,6o]q’wxgda[w;h.o[jvorad-qj;7k;D 4hk[jvorad-qj;7k; ,u0t|kf.spj 9ts^5frk]tdkolqj’;Pd0v’7v,ry;g8uwxskg7njv’ry,wfhs^kpD 0t|kf0v’[jvorad-qj;7k; ,u8A’c8j ) KB 0BowxD g4y’1jk’.fd=8k, g7njv’ry,[k’I5jo lk,kfgruj,0t|kf0v’[jvorad 0=h,6o-qj;7k;wfh 3fpdko.lj|j;p7;k,9e]q’ g-yj’8hv’wfh-N.lj8jk’skdD 7) [jvo.ljg9hp gxaolj;omujle7ao .odkoxhvog9hpg0Qk.og7njv’ry, c]t 7;o.-h wfhma’g9hpme,tfk c]t g9hp8+gonjv’mujgxaoI6mk’fhko0hk’D 7.2.2 g7njv’ry,g]g-u (laser printer) gxaog7njv’ry,muoypq,.-hdao1jk’d;hk’0;k’D g7njv’ ry,oUvkwlg8ad3o3]-uw22hklt4yf mujrq[gsao.og7njv’4jkpgvdtlkomqj;wx 3fp]ecl’9kd wf3vfg]g-u 9tlkpwxskdt9qd,5, grnjvltmhvowxskmjvodY’w;cl’ g-yj’9txa[laopko rk[ s^n 8q;vadlvomujwfhIa[9kd7v,ry;g8u8k,mk’pk;0v’mjvodY’1jk’;jv’w;D lkog7nv[ gmy’mjvodY’9tgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[cl’ c]h;xjPogxao[ao95w22hklt4yf g-yj’gIaf.shzq’\bd gdkt8yfda[rNomujmuj,uw22hk[ao95D g,njvg9hpry,\6ozjkomjvodY’ 7;k,Ihvo9tgIaf.shzq’\bd s^v,]t]kp8yfda[g9hp wfhI6[rk[ s^n 8q;vadlvoD I6[ !D#&g7njv’ry,g]g-u (laser printer) ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
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xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 46 1. 7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c; -v[c; \kpg4y’-5f7elaj’ s^n 3xicdi,muj.-hlaj’.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd8k,]efa[ 0Ao8vodkogIaf;Pd’ko g-yj’0Po0Bofh;prklk0v’7v,ry;g8uD 7elaj’gs^qjkoAo IP’dao gxao3xicdi,7v,ry;g8uD g\nvofaj’mujdjk;,kc]h;;jk 7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd8k,-5f7elaj’F faj’oAoF dkogIaf;Pd’ko0AorNo4ko gxaorP’dkodtmeda[0=h,6omujgxao8q;g]d4kolv’ g-yj’ .-hcmo0=h,6omujgxao8q;g]dF 8q;vadlvoF I6[rk[ s^n cmolP’g;Qkd=wfhD dkomujgIqkgsao7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd.shda[gIqk1jk’s^kds^kp phvo,ao,u-v[c;8jk’M -j;plt|a[lt\6odkogIaf;Pd’kogs^qjkoAo g-ajoG Ihko7hkvkf9t.-h7v,ry;g8u .odkogIaf [ao-umujsp5h’pkd-a[-hvoF [=]ylaf0kpxUpqo.-h7v,ry;g8u-j;p.o]t[q[dko9v’xUF mtok7ko .-h7v,ry;g8u-j;p.odko9afdko0=h,6o8jk’M muj,u16j1jk’s^;’s^kpF 76 c]t oadIPo.-h7v,ry; g8u-j;p.odko9afry,gvdtlkoD faj’oAoF -v[c;9bj’,u7;k,\kpI;,wxg4y’3xicdi,7v, ry;g8um5dxtgrf mujgIaf.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;PdwfhD dkomuj7v,ry;g8ufegouodkowfhco;.f c]t lhk’.shgdufxt3spf.shwfhs^kp{|hvp rP’.foAo 9bj’0Bo16jda[-v[c;D -v[c;9bj’gxaolj;ole7ao0v’]t[q[7v,ry;g8uD skd0kf -v[c; 7v,ry;g8u[+lk,kfgIaf;Pdwfh c]t ,aogxaolj;oxtdv[|bj’mujgIaf.sh]t[q[0=h,6o 0jk;lkogxaowxwfh8k,muj8hv’dkoD 2. -v[c; c]t rklk7v,ry;g8u g,njv,to5f,u7;k,8hv’dko.-h7v,ry;g8u gxaog7njv’,n-j;p.odkofegouodko ,to5f 9egxao8hv’[vd0Ao8vo c]t dkofegouodko.sh7v,ry;g8u-k[D dkomuj9t[vdlyj’muj,to5f g0Qk.9.sh7v,ry;g8uIa[I6h c]t gIaf;Pdwfh1jk’4nd8hv’oAo 9egxao8hv’,ulnjdk’D 4hkxP[mP[ da[-u;yfxt9e;aoc]h; gIqk,urklkmuj.-hgxaodko8yf8+g-yj’daoc]tdaoD g-ajofP;dao 4hk,to5f 8hv’dko9t4jkpmvf7;k,8hv’dko.sh7v,ry;g8uIa[I6h c]t xt8y[af8k, 9t8hv’,ulnjdk’ le]a[dko8yf8+ grnjv.sh7v,ry;g8uIa[I6hD gryjogvUolnjdk’oU;jk rklk7v,ry;g8uD gonjv’9kd7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pdfh;plaopkow22hkxyf c]t gxuf g-yj’.-hcmofh;p8q; g]d W c]t ! wfhD z6hvvdc[[7v,ry;g8u9bj’.-h8q;g]d W c]t ! oU gxao]tsafcmo ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ
xB,c[[IPo ICT ,D@ 47 7elaj’.odkolaj’;Pd7v,ry;g8uD ]tsafcmo0=h,6o c]t 7elaj’3fp.-h]t[q[g]d4kolv’oU gIaf.sh7v,ry;g8ulk,kfg0Qk.9wfhD gryjogvUog]d4kolv’mujxtdv[gxao-5f7elaj’ c]t .-hlaj’ ;Pd’ko7v,ry;g8u ;jk rklkg7njv’D dko.-hrklkg7njv’ g4y’c,jo;jk7v,ry;g8u9tg0Qk.9wfhmaomu c8jz6h.-h9t,u0=hsp5h’pkd s^kp grktg0Qk.9 c]t 9nj9ewfhpkdD ltoAoF 9bj’,uz6hlhk’rklk7v,ry;g8u.oI6[c[[mujgxao 8q;vadlvoF gxaoxt3spd0=h7;k,D rklk.o]adltotfaj’djk; gvUo;jk rklk7v,ry;g8u]tfa[ l6’D rklkoU,u16j1jk’s^;’s^kpF [k’rklkd=,u7;k,g\ktlq,da[dko.-h;Pd’kodko7e o;omk’fhko7toyflkf c]t ;ymtpklkfF [k’rklkd=,u7;k,g\ktlq, w;hlaj’;Pd’ko mk’fhkodko9afdko0=h,6oD .odkogIaf;Pd’ko0v’7v,ry;g8uF 7v,ry;g8u9tcxrklk]tfa[l6’.shgxaorklk g7njv’D faj’oAoF 9bj’,uz6hrafmtok3xicdi,7v,ry;g8ule]a[cxrklk7v,ry;g8u]tfa[l6’ .sh gxaorklkg7njv’D 3xicdi,muj.-hcxrklk7v,ry;g8u]tfa[l6’.shgxaorklkg7njv’ ,u @ ]adlt otfaj’oUG 2.1 7v,rkpg]u XCompiler? s^n 3xicdi,cx3xicdi, s^n 8q;cx3xicdi, gxao3xi cdi,7v,ry;g8u mujgIaf|hkmujcx’-5f7elaj’rklk7v,ry;g8u|bj’wxgxao-5f7elaj’ muj,u7;k, \kpfP;dao.orklk7v,ry;g8uvnjoD ,ao9tgIafdkocx3xicdi,muj0Porklk]tfa[l6’ma’ \qf3xicdi,.shgxaorklkg7njv’djvo c]h;9bj’.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf;Pd8k,rklkg7njv’oAoD 2.2 vyog8uxiyfg8u XInterpreter? 9tgIafdkocxgmnjv]t7elaj’ c]h;.sh7v,ry;g8ugIaf 8k,7elaj’oAo g,njvgIafleg]afc]h; 9bj’,kcx7elaj’]efa[8+wxD 0=hc8d8jk’]ts;jk’7v,rkpg]u c]t vyog8uxiyfg8u 0Bo16jda[dkocxma’\qf3xicdi, s^n gmnjv]t7elaj’D 7v,rkpg]umujIh6daofu g-ajoG 8q;cxrklk-u c]t 8q;cxrklkxkldkoS lj;ovyog8uxiyfg8u g-ajoG 8q;cxrklkg[lydF 8q;cxrklk3]3d c]t 8q;cxrklk37[voD ສ.ວ.ສ ສະຫງວນລຂ ິ ະສດ ິ