The living landscape - designing for beauty and biodiversity

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS TREES, continued Populus tremuloides Prunus americana Prunus serotina Prunus virginiana Ptelea trifoliata Quercus alba Quercus macrocarpa Quercus muehlenbergii Quercus palustris Quercus prinoides Quercus rubra Quercus velutina Robinia pseudoacacia Salix nigra Sassafras albidum Sorbus americana Thuja occidentalis Tilia americana Ulmus americana Zanthoxylum americanum ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS & cover for wildlife (e) nest sites for birds wae pollen and/or nectar producer quaking aspen American plum black cherry | chokecherry hoptree white oak burr oak chinkapin oak pin oak dwarf chinkapin oak red oak black oak black locust black willow sassafras mountain ash northern white cedar basswood American elm (blightresistant variety) @ @ 1 @ & RY ADA NR @ @ @ prickly ash yy food for birds r\) food for mammals ef%e food for caterpillars @ OVOn (@) eV OY A. (@) Be OY a. he OY A. (2) eA. (©) Se OYA. he OY AA. (&) *Be 2 GY a. (&) Be@Y a. (&) eV OY A. (©) eV OA. (&) *Be 4 GY A. (©) *¢ OYA. Se A. (©) Be YOY... he OYA. OVOn () Be YA. Ven (©) *8* A. ) 8 LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS x spring flowers % summer flowers % fall flowers % winter flowers de fall foliage color ~) 2. fragrance Boos a deciduous ground cover ee oT le Mh rT Hee ee de, ee Hee de, ele ete ee ee tee ae, ee ee ee 2 Mam, He te i, aie Wie BR, eM, ota screening a shade and cooling ees. «s evergreen ground cover 6 edible fruits for humans 347

SELECTED PLANTS FOR THE MIDWEST AND MOUNTAIN STATES, continued BOTANICAL NAME SHRUBS Aesculus glabra Amorpha canescens Amorpha fruticosa Aronia melanocarpa Asimina triloba Atriplex canescens Betula pumila Ceanothus americanus Cephalanthus occidentalis Chamaedaphne calyculata Cornus amomum Cornus canadensis Cornus racemosa Cornus sericea Corylus americana Crataegus mollis Diervilla lonicera Dirca palustris Gaylussacia baccata Hamamelis virginiana Ilex glabra Ilex mucronata Ilex opaca Ilex verticillata 348 COMMON NAME Ohio buckeye lead plant false indigo black chokeberry pawpaw four-winged saltbrush bog birch New Jersey tea buttonbush leatherleaf silky dogwood bunchberry gray dogwood redtwig dogwood American hazelnut downy hawthorn bush honeysuckle leatherwood black huckleberry witch hazel inkberry American mountain holly American holly winterberry ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS Zeta {3 ©) En, Zeta Beever SEeon SeEeVveon SeEVven A? A. SEeVvon ren ZExeVveon »S BGEeVvona SEeVvona Seven SEeVvegen 2° A. Ben oe OA. 4 @ Sn, ©) Sa, 4 @seV an, SEeVvea SEevan, | *& eM, eh, ae Mle M, a We hos i we 4 % eh % | ee EE st aE Me B, oe we BR 3% Me Me ae, em EB 77’ ae Xe Mle M, eM, ae,

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS SHRUBS, continued Juniperus communis Juniperus horizontalis Kalmia latifolia Lindera benzoin Myrica pensylvanica Physocarpus opulifolius Rhamnus lanceolata Rhus aromatica Rhus copallina Rhus glabra Rhus typhina Ribes americanum Ribes missouriense Rosa acicularis Rosa arkansana Rosa blanda Rosa setigera Rubus flagellaris Rubus idaeus Rubus occidentalis ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS @ cover for wildlife () nest sites for birds wae pollen and/or nectar producer common juniper horizontal juniper mountain laurel spicebush northern bayberry common ninebark lanceleaf buckthorn fragrant sumac winged sumac smooth sumac staghorn sumac wild black currant Missouri gooseberry prickly rose Arkansas rose meadow rose prairie rose northern dewberry red raspberry black raspberry SaVven ZeEVvVOn {@ (we) *8 (©) Se OYA. (&) eV OY a. () Be VS OYA. he YA. (&) *Be 2 GY A. (&) *Se GY A. (&) *e Vf OYA. & eV OA. wae @Y wae oY whe OY whe OY he OY whe OY eV OY A. SeEeVvean SEeVveoyn A)Y 54 food for birds \y food for mammals f%» food for caterpillars LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS ° 4 spring flowers 5 summer flowers x fall flowers % winter flowers we fall foliage color ©) eA fragrance en Be evergreen ground cover Bo deciduous ground cover tt i M, ee m, me, Hee He le Hee Hee He ee *e #6 Mm % 5 * % #o %o ond screening a shade and cooling $8 edible fruits for humans 349

SELECTED PLANTS FOR THE MIDWEST AND MOUNTAIN STATES, continued BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME | | ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS SHRUBS, continued Salix amygdaloides Salix discolor Salix eriocephala Salix humilis Salix interior Salix petiolaris Sambucus canadensis Shepherdia argentea Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea alba Spiraea tomentosa Staphylea trifolia Symphoricarpos albus Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Taxus canadensis Vaccinium angustifolium Vaccinium corymbosum Vaccinium vitis-idaea Viburnum acerifolium Viburnum cassinoides Viburnum dentatum Viburnum lentago Viburnum prunifolium 350 peachleaf willow pussy willow Missouri River willow prairie willow sandbar willow meadow willow elderberry silver buffaloberry russet buffaloberry white meadowsweet steeplebush bladdernut snowberry coralberry Canada yew low sweet blueberry highbush blueberry mountain cranberry mapleleaf viburnum smooth witherod, possumhaw arrowwood nannyberry blackhaw {3 (&) 8 A, {4 (2) 8 A, eta, {2 () 8 A, BZOe On BeEeVveoyn | "ee *é* aor. {9 *8 A, BA, ee A. en See ON BOeVvon ~e eV On. SeEseVv ean @) eV Oa. SOeVven @ (e) ~e VY OYA. He we My, tM, eM, % eM, aM, Xt BD. H. o0 *% a we 2 Mie Mh oe at EE 6s HE wie Me, HE we Hh BE Mle Me, HE Me HE we

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS VINES Ampelopsis cordata Celastrus scandens Lonicera dioica Menispermum canadense Parthenocissus quinquefolia Parthenocissus vitacea Vitis cinerea Vitis riparia Vitis vulpina raccoon grape American bittersweet limber honeysuckle moonseed Virginia creeper woodbine winter grape riverbank grape frost grape {9 8" VY OV A. 9 he VY OY .n. 8° A. 2° A. se VV OY A. i 8 V OY A. 4 ©) eV Yn. {9 (&) *8e OY A, &) eV On. % 3 we % % ie Ve *% a a HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AND BULBS Actaea racemosa Actaea rubra Ageratina altissima Anemone canadensis Anemone quinquefolia Aquilegia canadensis Arisaema triphyllum Asarum canadense Asclepias incarnata Asclepias syriaca black cohosh red baneberry white snakeroot Canada anemone wood anemone wild columbine Jack-in-the-pulpit wild ginger swamp milkweed common milkweed A? A. tg 4g $e c A A. A A Ae A. ® RE) MeE BAE) RE teS) ee 3 ‘.( ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 7 cover for wildlife ) nest sites for birds wae pollen and/or nectar producer 54 food for birds r\y food for mammals of% food for caterpillars LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS oly fall foliage color TTY screening ~ 2. fragrance xt spring flowers t summer flowers % fall flowers Boe evergreen ground cover ¢o edible fruits for : : humans x winter flowers ae deciduous ground cover a shade and cooling 351

SELECTED PLANTS FOR THE MIDWEST AND MOUNTAIN STATES, continued BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AND BULBS, continued Asclepias tuberosa Aster ericoides Aster novae-angliae Baptisia alba Baptisia australis Boltonia asteroides Calla palustris Caltha palustris Campanula rotundifolia Caulophyllum thalictroides Chelone glabra Cimicifuga racemosa Clintonia borealis Coreopsis lanceolata Coreopsis rosea Delphinium tricorne Dicentra canadensis Dicentra cucullaria Dodecatheon meadia Echinacea purpurea Erythronium americanum Eutrochium maculatum Eupatorium perfoliatum Filipendula rubra 352 butterfly weed white heath aster New England aster wild white indigo blue false indigo false aster, white doll’s daisy water arum marsh marigold harebell blue cohosh turtlehead black cohosh blue bead lily tickseed pink coreopsis dwarf larkspur squirrel-corn Dutchman's breeches shooting star purple coneflower yellow trout lily spotted Joe-Pye weed boneset queen of the prairie 2° A. Se LA. he A. 8° A. 2° A. Se Vw. wae wae »ae »ae 2° A. 2° A. ~ae 8° A. Be Vn, eV A. we VY a. rhe VY A, Ae A, el tl aa

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AND BULBS, continued Gaultheria procumbens Gaylussacia brachycera Gentiana clausa Geranium maculatum Geum triflorum Helenium autumnale Heliopsis helianthoides Hepatica acutiloba Hepatica americana Heuchera americana Hibiscus moscheutos Houstonia caerulea Hydrastis canadensis Iris cristata Iris versicolor Jeffersonia diphylla Liatris spicata Lilium philadelphicum Lobelia cardinalis Lobelia siphilitica ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS vd cover for wildlife Si nest sites for birds wae pollen and/or nectar producer teaberry whe box huckleberry whe Vn, closed gentian wild geranium prairie smoke Helen's flower, sneezeweed oxeye sharp-lobed hepatica round-lobed hepatica alumroot, coral bells rose-mallow ? bluets goldenseal crested iris blue flag iris twinleaf spiked blazing star K wood lily cardinal flower great blue lobelia se gg ee¢gegeeegegee LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS we fall foliage color xt summer flowers 2. fragrance *% fall flowers % winter flowers bY 4 food for birds % spring flowers oy food for mammals ef%» food for caterpillars De ix, SS deciduous ground cover Me BE POI esate ease RF DOO! ae ne See oe * 2‘2 (ha screening CN shade and cooling Ry S ; Ff Sei evergreen ground cover edible fruits for humans 353

SELECTED PLANTS FOR THE MIDWEST AND MOUNTAIN STATES, continued BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AND BULBS, continued Lupinus perennis Mahonia repens Maianthemum canadense Maianthemum racemosum Mertensia virginica Mitchella repens Mitella diphylla Monarda didyma Monarda fistulosa Oenothera fruticosa Opuntia humifusa Panax quinquefolius Penstemon digitalis Penstemon hirsutus Phlox divaricata Phlox maculata Phlox subulata Physostegia virginiana Podophyllum peltatum Polemonium reptans Polygonatum biflorum Potentilla tridentata Ratibida pinnata Rudbeckia fulgida 354 blue lupine creeping mahonia Canada mayflower false Solomon’s-seal Virginia bluebells partridgeberry miterwort beebalm wild bergamot sundrops eastern prickly pear ginseng foxglove beardtongue hairy beardtongue wild blue phlox wild sweet William moss pink false dragonhead mayapple creeping Jacob's ladder Solomon’s-seal shrubby fivefingers pinnate prairie coneflower orange coneflower 2° A. @ SV a, wae »ae ~ae § K % ? ol hl ll Ooh q KK 2? ae at Mie EE oo at *% ae at ne 2 se htholee

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AND Rudbeckia hirta Rudbeckia laciniata Sanguinaria canadensis Senecio aureus Sisyrinchium angustifolium Solidago caesia Solidago rugosa Solidago speciosa Stylophorum diphyllum Teucrium canadense Thalictrum dasycarpum Thalictrum pubescens Tiarella cordifolia Tradescantia ohiensis Tradescantia virginiana Trientalis borealis Trillium flexipes Trillium grandiflorum Trillium sessile Uvularia grandiflora ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 7 cover for wildlife @ nest sites for birds wae pollen and/or nectar producer WS food for birds (\) food for mammals ef% food for caterpillars BULBS, continued black-eyed Susan cutleaf coneflower bloodroot golden ragwort blue-eyed grass blue-stem goldenrod rough-stem goldenrod showy goldenrod wood poppy wood sage purple meadow rue tall meadow rue eastern foamflower spiderwort Virginia spiderwort starflower bent trillium white trillium red trillium large-flowered bellwort LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS he A. re A. %S° rhe VLA. ¢¢eeeee¢egeetes % spring flowers * 9 summer flowers % fall flowers %* winter flowers we fall foliage color 2. fragrance BOO Bo evergreen ground cover SS deciduous ground cover we FEMRORE etE oe aMREtee ee ee TH screening a shade and cooling eb edible druits for humans 355

SELECTED PLANTS FOR THE MIDWEST AND MOUNTAIN STATES, continued BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AND BULBS, continued Veronicastrum virginicum Viola cucullata Viola pedata Viola pubescens Viola sororia Waldsteinia fragarioides Zizia aurea GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES Acorus americanus Andropogon gerardii Andropogon virginicus Aristida purpurea Bouteloua gracilis Buchloe dactyloides Carex muskingumensis Carex pensylvanica Carex plantaginea Carex platyphylla Chasmanthium latifolium Deschampsia cespitosa Elymus glaucus Eragrostis spectabilis Juncus effusus Panicum virgatum 356 Culver's root marsh blue violet birdsfoot violet yellow violet hooded violet barren strawberry golden Alexanders sweetflag big bluestem broomsedge purple three awn blue gramagrass buffalograss palm sedge Pennsylvania sedge plantain sedge broadleaf sedge river oats tufted hairgrass blue wild rye purple lovegrass common rush switchgrass NK (@) K? NN > ee (es) ne MERE Ht TE XeNee ME REKe|e X hRe)t|e ee

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES, continued Schizachyrium scoparium Scirpus cyperinus Sorghastrum nutans Spartina pectinata Sporobolus heterolepis Tridens flavus Typha latifolia little bluestem Ze Ya. Me wie SS bulrush, woolgrass oy indian grass Seva prairie cord-grass Cu Va prairie dropseed SeEVa purpletop Af. broadleaf cattail AGRA \} FERNS Adiantum pedatum Asplenium trichomanes Athyrium filix-femina Botrychium virginianum Cryptogramma stelleri Cystopteris fragilis Dennstaedtia punctilobula Dryopteris cristata Dryopteris filix-mas Dryopteris goldiana Dryopteris intermedia Dryopteris marginalis ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS & cover for wildlife a) nest sites for birds whe pollen and/or nectar producer maidenhair fern () | SR OeREMme OM spleenwort, maidenhair spleenwort lady fern rattlesnake fern slender rock brake @ &ee ee brittie bladder fern, fragile fern hayscented fern crested wood fern male fern Goldie’s fern evergreen wood fern marginal shield fern A) RYD @& ee & £p ge LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS 4 food for birds xt spring flowers uly fall foliage color tha screening \} food for mammals % summer flowers 2. fragrance a shade and cooling Bacco : : ef% food for caterpillars % fall flowers BS evergreen ground cover 6 edible fruits for % winter flowers Se deciduous ground cover humans 357

SELECTED PLANTS FOR THE MIDWEST AND MOUNTAIN STATES, continued BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS FERNS, continued Gymnocarpium dryopteris Matteuccia struthiopteris Onoclea sensibilis Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda claytoniana Osmunda regalis Pellaea atropurpurea Phegopteris hexagonoptera Polypodium virginianum Polystichum acrostichoides Polystichum braunii Pteridium aquilinum Thelypteris palustris Woodsia obtusa Woodwardia virginica ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS vo cover for wildlife @& nest sites for birds whe pollen and/or nectar producer 358 WS food tor birds ay food for mammals ef food for caterpillars oak fern ostrich fern sensitive fern cinnamon fern interrupted fern royal fern purple cliffbrake broad beech fern rock polypody Christmas fern Braun's holly fern bracken fern marsh fern blunt-lobed woodsia chain fern ee) AYD am iehe LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS % fall flowers % winter flowers % spring flowers we fall foliage color summer flowers 2. fragrance cS deciduous ground cover Sf fee By ee itd screening shade and cooling evergreen ground cover 6 edible fruits for humans

SELECTED PLANTS FOR NEW ENGLAND by Chris Schorn, New England Wild Flower Society BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS TREES Abies balsamea Acer rubrum Acer penslyvanicum Acer saccharum Amelanchier arborea Betula alleghaniensis Betula lenta Betula nigra Betula papyrifera Carya ovata Celtis occidentalis Cercis canadensis Cornus florida Fagus grandifolia Fraxinus americana Juglans nigra Juniperus virginiana Larix laricina Liquidambar styraciflua Liriodendron tulipifera Nyssa sylvatica Ostrya virginiana Picea glauca balsam fir red maple striped maple sugar maple shadblow serviceberry yellow birch sweet birch river birch paper birch shagbark hickory common hackberry redbud flowering dogwood American beech white ash black walnut red cedar tamarack sweet gum tulip tree black gum American hop hornbeam white spruce (&) Se OVA. (©) *e OYA. he OY A. (&) *Be VS GY A. 7 & eV OA. mae VY OY A. he OY A. he OY A. he OY A. (&) "Be 4 OY A. f @) Se VOY A. ae (©) Se Vn. (&) *8e OYA. (@) Se OYA. () Be OY A. (&) Se VY OVA. (&) *e OYA. (&) *e OYA. (&) *8e OYA. (&) Be 2 YA. ae (&) Be OY A. &. ith whe le M, whe ae Me BM 60 we BD. H, le le le Me o0 ule 00 ae Mie Be, ae Me B He, le Mca we Me, le DB. M60 & itd %. le ie BH, Ht We BD. M, ve ae Mle Be, 2. th %, 359

SELECTED PLANTS FOR NEW ENGLAND, continued BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS TREES, continued Pinus banksiana Jack pine (ve) *e V2 OY A, Ath &. Pinus rigida pitch pine (u) he 7 OY .A. ith %.. Pinus strobus white pine () Be YS OV LA. 7 * Prunus serotina black cherry (u) he Y OY A. & Sm 6 Quercus alba white oak wu) whe YOY A, . wm Quercus palustris pin oak wv) whe YY OY A. we Quercus prinus chestnut oak (u) ee YY OY A. ve Mm Quercus rubra red oak (u) he © OY A. ue he Salix nigra black willow Bw meV A wy hs Sassafras albidum sassafras (ue) he YY OY A. % we 2B. Sorbus americana American mountain ash one LY XE we Mm Thuja occidentalis ae a) eee (u) Be Y OY A. hh Tilia americana basswood (u) Me YY OY A, % ke QB. Zanthoxylum americanum prickly ash &) Se a ve QB. Mm SHRUBS Alnus incana gray alder fH (Ue aA, vem Alnus viridis Aronia arbutifolia Ceanothus americanus Cephalanthus occidentalis Chamaedaphne calyculata Clethra alnifolia Cornus amomum Corylus americana mountain alder red chokeberry New Jersey tea buttonbush leatherleaf sweet pepperbush silky dogwood American hazelnut ESV an {9 Be OY an. 2° Vn, Be a, ~ae SeEweve we V OA @) se Vey the, ee Qt, 6 he Bi Me, oe N te eM + 2m 2 he Bi te, re

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS SHRUBS, continued Diervilla lonicera Dirca palustris Epigaea repens Gaultheria procumbens Gaylussacia baccata Gaylussacia brachycera Hamamelis virginiana Ilex glabra Ilex opaca Ilex verticillata Juniperus horizontalis Kalmia latifolia Lindera benzoin Myrica pensylvanica Rhododendron canadense Rhododendron maximum Rhus aromatica Rhus copallina Rhus glabra Rhus typhina northern bush honeysuckle leatherwood trailing arbutus teaberry, wintergreen black huckleberry box huckleberry witch hazel inkberry American holly winterberry horizontal juniper mountain laurel spicebush northern bayberry rhodora great laurel, rosebay rhododendron fragrant sumac winged sumac smooth sumac staghorn sumac ree ~ae he OY A. wa \) ee OY 2YVOn. sey eay wey ©) Se Vn @ {4 ©) SA, 4 eev a, we~svey 7 ©) 8A, ©) Sf an, 4 *8e OY A. f 8 OYA. {3 8 @Y A. fe OY A. te te D * Qe * 2 xB te BM Ht wie Be, DMM, — a eB Mh Ms, ee Be, ee te, ee me, xe Me te, ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS @ cover for wildlife y food for birds spring flowers why fall foliage color tha screening (e) nest sites for birds a food for mammals summer flowers 2. fragrance a shade and cooling xX wae pollen and/or nectar ef%e food for caterpillars fall flowers Bo evergreen ground cover ¢o edible fruits for ME HtH humans producer winter flowers a deciduous ground cover 361

SELECTED PLANTS FOR NEW ENGLAND, continued BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS SHRUBS, continued Rosa virginiana Rubus idaeus Rubus odoratus Salix discolor Sambucus canadensis Spiraea alba Symphoricarpos albus Taxus canadensis Vaccinium angustifolium Vaccinium corymbosum Vaccinium vitis-idaea Viburnum acerifolium Viburnum dentatum Viburnum lentago | Virginia rose red raspberry flowering raspberry pussy willow elderberry white meadowsweet | | snowberry Canada yew lowbush blueberry highbush blueberry mountain cranberry mapleleaf viburnum arrowwood nannyberry ~~ VO Poe 4 ~~ Oo BOervn sav ON {9 8 A. ZeExwVve ZeOeVvon BZeEeVvron —BZOeVveon eve eV OA se V OA. BeVON 3 B. M00 %t DB00 xt B. M00 we eB Be * 2. | ¥ Hh ar Heh *=S ae Mle B, | tee 3 Mle Hh Viburnum nudum | smooth witherod, possumhaw @ (a whe YY TA / xt ae 2. a VINES Celastrus scandens | American bittersweet & YY r\} xt fd Lonicera dioica Parthenocissus quinquefolia Parthenocissus vitacea Vitis aestivalis Vitis labrusca Vitis riparia 362 limber honeysuckle Virginia creeper woodbine | summer grape fox grape | riverbank grape Seay Sova ZEVa SeVvon BEV ON BSeVvon i ie B. Be ie BO 7 Y

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AND BU Actaea rubra Anemone quinquefolia Aquilegia canadensis Arisaema triphyllum Asclepias syriaca Asclepias tuberosa Aster divaricatus Aster ericoides Aster novae-angliae Aster novi-belgii Calla palustris Caulophyllum thalictroides Chelone glabra Cimicifuga racemosa Clintonia borealis Coreopsis rosea Dicentra canadensis Eupatorium maculatum Eupatorium rugosum Gentiana clausa LBS red baneberry wood anemone wild columbine Jack-in-the-pulpit common milkweed butterfly weed white wood aster white heath aster New England aster New York aster water arum blue cohosh turtlehead black cohosh blue bead lily pink coreopsis squirrel-corn spotted Joe-Pye weed white snakeroot closed gentian he OY A. Ef A. Ae LA. ~e VY OY A. 2° A. 2° A. Sf A. Be A. Sf A. 8° A. 7 “ae {9 ©) 8A. 8° A. he OY Be LA. Be OY *S° A. Sf A. ~ae ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS @ cover for wildlife y food for birds (3) nest sites for birds i\y food for mammals PAE pollenand/ornectar f%» food for caterpillars producer LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS % spring flowers * summer flowers * fall flowers % winter flowers whe fall foliage color 2. fragrance x x] 7 B at ES % 5 wt B. r WO & Se faa screening a shade and cooling = evergreen ground cover 6 edible fruits for a deciduous ground cover humans 363

SELECTED PLANTS FOR NEW ENGLAND, continued BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AND BULBS, continued Geranium maculatum Hedyotis caerulea Heliopsis helianthoides Hepatica acutiloba Hibiscus moscheutos Iris versicolor Lilium canadense Lilium philadelphicum Lobelia cardinalis Lobelia siphilitica Lupinus perennis Mitchella repens Monarda didyma Panax quinquefolius Penstemon digitalis Phlox divaricata Phlox subulata Podophyllum peltatum Polygonatum commutatum Potentilla tridentata Rudbeckia hirta Sanguinaria canadensis Smilacina racemosa 364 wild geranium bluets oxeye sharp-lobed hepatica swamp rose-mallow blue flag iris Canada lily wood lily cardinal flower great blue lobelia blue lupine partridgeberry beebalm ginseng foxglove beardtongue woodland phlox, wild blue phlox moss pink mayapple Solomon’s-seal shrubby fivefingers black-eyed Susan bloodroot false Solomon's-seal he OY. wae SA. 8° A. (e) * ~Be 2° A. A. VON. Bev Oa. A? A. A? A, se OA. © % % % *% * % % *% % *% Ee Be ee Be

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AND BULBS, continued Solidago caesia Solidago rugosa Teucrium canadense Tiarella cordifolia Trillium erectum Trillium grandiflorum Viola cucullata Viola pedata Viola pubescens Zizia aurea blue-stem goldenrod rough-stem goldenrod wood sage eastern foamflower purple trillium white trillium marsh blue violet birdsfoot violet yellow violet golden Alexanders 2° A. 8° A. At A. vse he OY LA. he OYA. de Vn. Se Vn. Se Vn. At A. = ne GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES Andropogon gerardii Andropogon virginicus Carex pensylvanica Deschampsia cespitosa Eragrostis spectabilis Juncus effusus Panicum virgatum Scirpus cyperinus Schizachyrium scoparium ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS big bluestem broomsedge Pennsylvania sedge tufted hairgrass purple lovegrass common rush switchgrass bulrush, woolgrass little bluestem wey wey seve SEVean Seva, Seve SeaVven Seva Seva, LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS & cover for wildlife ) nest sites for birds wae pollen and/or nectar producer y food for birds (\y food for mammals ef% food for caterpillars % spring flowers 5 summer flowers % fall flowers %t winter flowers le fall foliage color © « fragrance RS Ee See th screening am shade and cooling Ra ; : oe evergreen ground cover 6 edible fruits for oe deciduous ground cover humans 365

SELECTED PLANTS FOR NEW ENGLAND, continued _ BOTANICAL NAME COMMONNAME —||_ ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS —_|_ LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS — GRASSES, SEDGES, AND RUSHES, continued Sporobolus heterolepis prairie dropseed a (e) ~ oa Typha angustifolia narrowleaf cattail (es) Y ey A. ee FERNS Dennstaedtia punctilobula hayscented fern Matteuccia struthiopteris ostrich fern 6 (Se * of Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern Phegopteris hexagonoptera broad beech fern Thelypteris noveboracensis New York fern ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS iz cover for wildlife bY 4 food for birds spring flowers we fa Il foliage color. | Ty screening o (Cai nest sites for birds r \J food for mammals summer flowers 2 fragrance athe : a, shade and cooling — whe pollen and/or nectar f% food for caterpillars producer fall flowers evergreen ground cover eo edible fruits for He winter flowers humans deciduous ground cover 366

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Acknowledgments The authors thank the following people and institutions who contributed information, photography, and/or opened their gardens to us in the production of this book: Sue and Doug Barton, Bok Tower Gardens, Cole Burrell, James and Claire Cecchi, Abby Coffin, John Cram, Jerry and Diane Darke, Angie Dunson, Governor and Mrs. Pierre S. du Pont, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Frederick, Jr., Leonard J. Buck Garden, Longwood Gardens, Mt. Cuba Center, Robert Reimer, Mike Riska, Cindy Tallamy, Patricia and Charles Robertson, The University of Delwaware Botanic Garden, John van Neil, Meg and Adam Waldron, Jim White, Philip Williams, Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library, and Melinda Zoehrer. 369

Photo Credits All photographs by Rick Darke except for the following: Jay Cossey, page 29 zebra swallowtail larva on pawpaw leaf. Jerry Darke, pages 51 pileated woodpecker at bottom right, 225 barred owl. Doug Tallamy, pages 8 all, 22 all, 23 eastern gray squirrel, 32 woodthrush on nest, 35 spicebush swallowtail larva, adult spicebush swallowtail, 49 land snail, salamander, ant carrying 370 bloodroot seed, 55 Baltimore oriole with nest, 73 all, 74 all, 75 all, 76 all, 77 all, 78 all, 79 all, 94 all, 95 all, 96 all, 97 all, 98 all, 99 all, 100 ll, 104 all, 110 all, 115 all, 119 all, 125 all, 128 all, 129 all, 141 all, 142 colletid bee emerging from nest, andrenid bee on woodland phlox, 143 baby turtle in hand, 148 hover fly on bluet, 153 click beetle, 186 red-banded hairstreak on arrowwood viburnum, 189 zebra swallowtail on sweet pepperbush, 194 young mantids hatching from egg case, 222 all, 223 all, 242 ruby-throated hummingbird on trumpet honeysuckle, 246 pipevine swallowtail eggs, pipevine swallowtail with chrysalis, 273 catbird, downy woodpecker with gall, 275 meadowlark chicks, 230 all, 281 all, 282 indigo bunting, 283 all, 285 orchard oriole in oak. John van Neil, page 49 springtails on leaf. Jim White, page 67 spring peeper-. Melinda Zoehrer, pages 62 ebony jewelwing, 245 pipevine flower, 277 monarch butterfly larva.

Index Abies amabilis, 338 Abies balsamea, 345, 359 Abies concolor, 333, 338 Abies grandis, 338 Abies procera, 338 abiotic elements, 53 Acacia farnesiana, 333 Acer, 54, 55 Acer barbatum, 323 Acer circinatum, 338 Acer grandidentatum, 333 Acer macrophyllum, 338 Acer negundo, 290-291 Acer pensylvanicum, 251, 290- 291, 345, 359 Acer rubrum, 290-291, 323, 345, 359 Acer saccharinum, 345 Acer saccharum, 290-291, 345, 359 Acer spicatum, 290-291 acetogenins, 27 Achlys triphylla, 342 Aconitum columbianum, 342 Aconitum uncinatum, 304-305 Acorus americanus, 356 Actaea pachypoda, 304-305 Actaea racemosa, 351 Actaea rubra, 351, 363 Adiantum capillus-veneris, 332, 337 Adiantum pedatum, 155, 159, aoe ty plant tables, 320-321, 332, 344, 357 Aesculus glabra, 348 Aesculus parviflora, 193, 296-297 Aesculus pavia, 325 Agalinus tenuifolia, 70, 304-305 Agastache cana, 335 Agastache scrophulariifolia, 304-305 Ageratina altissima, 351 agricultural landscapes, 115-116 air filtration, 115 Alabama snow wreath. See Neviusia alabamensis Alchillea millefolium, 342 alder gray. See Alnus incana mountain alder. See Alnus viridis red. See Alnus rubra smooth. See Alnus serrulata allées, 83, 138, 139, 219, 239 Allegheny monkey flower. See Mimulus ringens Allegheny spurge. See Pachysandra procumbens alligator juniper. See Juniperus deppeana Allium cernuum, 335 Alnus incana, 345, 360 Alnus rubra, 338 Alnus serrulata, 62, 63, 296- 297, 325 Alnus viridis, 345, 360 alpine sunflower. See Hymenoxys grandiflora alternate-leaf dogwood. See Cornus alternifolia alumroot. See Heuchera americana; H. macrorhiza; H. villosa Amelanchier, 215 Amelanchier alnifolia, 339 Amelanchier arborea, 54,55, 215, 232 plant tables, 290-291, 323, 345,359 Amelanchier canadensis, 290-291 Amelanchier xgrandiflora, 215, 290-291 Amelanchier laevis, 215, 290-291 American astilbe. See Astilbe biternata American beech. See Fagus grandifolia American bittersweet. See Celastrus scandens American elm. See Ulmus americana American hazelnut. See Corylus americana American heuchera. See Heuchera americana American holly. See Ilex opaca American hop hornbeam. See Ostrya virginiana American lady butterfly, 305 American mountain ash. See Sorbus americana American mountain holly. See Ilex mucronata American plum. See Prunus americana American smoketree. See Cotinus obovatus American snowbell. See Styrax americana American strawberry bush. See Euonymus americanus American sycamore. See Platanus occidentalis American toad. See Bufo americanus American wisteria. See Wisteria frutescens American yellowwood. See Cladrastis kentukea Amorpha canescens, 333, 348 Amorpha fruticosa, 296-297, 348 Ampelopsis cordata, 351 Amsonia, 177, 179 Amsonia ciliata, 329 Amsonia hubrichtii, 174-175, 250, 252-253, 304-305 Amsonia tabernaemontana, 304-305 Andrenidae, 141 andrenid bee, 142 Andropogon gerardii, 271, 316- 317, 331, 337, 356, 365 Andropogon glomeratus, 71, 316-317 Andropogon ternarius, 316-317 Andropogon virginicus, 271, 274-275, 318-319, 356, 365 Anemone canadensis, 304-305, 351 Anemone quinquefolia, 351, 363 animal nests, 22-23 ant, 49, 128, 315 carpenter, 51, 75 antelope bitterbush. See Purshia tridentata Antennaria dioica, 304-305 anthracnose, dogwood. See Discula destructiva Apheloria virginiensis, 49 Apis mellifera, 141 Aplectrum hyemale, 304-305 aquatic milkweed. See Asclepias perennis Aquilegia caerulea, 335 Aquilegia canadensis, 304-305, 351, 363 Aquilegia chrysantha, 335 Aquilegia formosa, 342 Aralia californica, 342 arborvitae. See Thuja occidentalis Arbutus menziesii, 338 architectural landscape, 135-137 371

architecture, organic, 135-139 Arctostaphylos columbiana, 339 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 296— 297, 333, 340 Argynnis, 317 Arisaema triphyllum, 167, 174- 175, 304-305, 329, 351, 363 Aristida purpurea, 337, 356 Aristolochia macrophylla, 94, 95, 244-246, 277 plant tables, 304-305, 328 Arizona cypress. See Cupressus arizonica Arkansas rose. See Rosa arkansana aromatic aster. See Aster oblongifolius Aronia arbutifolia, 296-297, 326, 360 Aronia melanocarpa, 296-297, 326, 348 arrow arum. See Peltandra virginica arrowwood viburnum. See Viburnum dentatum Artemisia cana, 333 Artemisia tridentata, 333 arthropods, 47, 48, 73, 76,77 art of observation crypsis, 129 essays, 122-128 essence of, 121 Aruncus dioicus, 234, 235, 304— 305, 342 Asarum canadense, 43, 85, 150, iS plant tables, 304-305, 329, 351 Asarum caudatum, 342 Asclepias, 117-118 Asclepias incarnata, 269, 304- 305, 351 Asclepias perennis, 329 Asclepias speciosa, 335 Asclepias syriaca, 118, 276-277, 304-305, 351, 363 Asclepias tuberosa, 304-305, 329, 335, 352, 363 372 Index Ashland Hollow, 180, 209, 248 Asimina triloba, 27-29, 40, 210, 296-297, 323, 348 Asplenium platyneuron, 320- 321, 332 Asplenium trichomanes, 344, 357 Aster, 176-177, 254-255 aster aromatic. See Aster oblongifolius bushy. See Aster dumosus calico aster. See Aster lateriflorus Douglas aster. See Aster subspicata false. See Boltonia asteroides heart-leaved. See Aster cordifolius Maryland golden. See Chrysopis mariana New England. See Aster novae-angliae New York. See Aster novi-belgii purple. See Aster bigelovii purple-stem. See Aster puniceus showy. See Aster spectabilis white heath. See Aster ericoides white wood. See Aster divaricatus Asteraceae, 162 Aster bigelovii, 335 Aster cordifolius, 163, 252-253, 304-305 Aster divaricatus growth rate, 152-153, 155 home landscapes with, 157, 163, 164, 169, 172, 174-175, 252-253 plant tables, 304-305, 363 in wild landscapes, 91 Aster dumosus, 329 Aster ericoides, 352, 363 Aster lateriflorus, 304-305 Aster novae-anglide, 163, 272, 273, 304-305, 352, 363 Aster novi-belgii, 363 Aster oblongifolius, 153, 155, 250, 304-305, 329 Aster puniceus, 272, 273, 304-305 Aster spectabilis, 306-307 Aster subspicata, 342 Astilbe biternata, 306-307 atala butterfly. See Eumaeus atala Athyrium asplenioides, 332 Athyrium filix-femina, 320- 321, 344, 357, 366 Atlantic white cedar. See Chamaecyparis thyoides Atriplex canescens, 348 Autumn Bride. See Heuchera macrorhiza autumn olive. See Elaeagnus umbellata azalea coastal. See Rhododendron atlanticum flame. See Rhododendron calendulaceum Florida flame. See Rhododendron austrinum Piedmont. See Rhododendron canescens Piedmont flame. See Rhododendron austrinum pink. See Rhododendron periclymenoides pinkshell. See Rhododendron vaseyl pinxter. See Rhododendron periclymenoides plumleaf. See Rhododendron prunifolium roseshell. See Rhododendron prinophyllum swamp. See Rhododendron viscosum sweet. See Rhododendron arborescens western. See Rhododendron occidentale wild. See Rhododendron canescens Baccharis halimifolia, 296-297 bacteria, ground layer, 47, 141 Baileya multiradiata, 335 bald cypress. See Taxodium distichum balsam fir. See Abies balsamea Baltimore checkerspot butterfly, 307 Baltimore oriole, 55 Baptisia alba, 329, 352 Baptisia australis, 306-307, 352 barred owl, 225 barren strawberry. See Waldsteinia fragarioides barrenwort. See Epimedium pinnatum subsp. colchicum Barton garden, Sue and Doug, 213, 279 basswood. See Tilia americana beaked hazel. See Corylus cornuta bearberry. See Arctostaphylos uvd-ursi beautyberry. See Callicarpa americana beebalm. See Monarda didyma beech. See Fagus grandifolia bee(s). See also Apis mellifera colletid, 142 ground-nesting, 141, 143 plants supporting, 159, 161, 163, 257, 277 remedying habitat shortfalls, 115-116 beetle(s), 97, 100, 115 click, 96, 152, 153 Japanese, 161 June, 74 wood-boring, 51 bent trillium. See Trillium flexipes

Berberis haematocarpa, 334 Berlandiera lyrata, 335 Betula, 146 Betula alleghaniensis, 230, 231, 290-291, 345, 359 Betula lenta, 54, 55, 230, 290- 291, 323, 359 Betula nigra, 157, 184-185, 186, 230-232, 254-255 plant tables, 290-291, 323, 345, 359 Betula occidentalis, 338 Betula papyrifera, 338, 345, 359 Betula pendula, 230 Betula populifolia, 290-291 Betula pumila, 348 bicolor barrenwort. See Epimedium xversicolor ‘Sulphureum’ biennials, 152 big bluestem. See Andropogon gerardii bigleaflupine. See Lupinus polyphyllus bigleaf maple. See Acer macrophyllum Bignonia capreolata, 302-303, 328 big sacaton. See Sporobolus wrightii bigtooth maple. See Acer grandidentatum biodiversity herbaceous layer, 151-155 home garden illustration, LSA) for strong ecosystems, 99-103 biological corridors, 116-117 biotic elements, 53 birch black. See Betula lenta bog. See Betula pumila European white. See Betula pendula gray. See Betula populifolia paper. See Betula papyrifera river. See Betula nigra sweet. See Betula lenta water. See Betula occidentalis yellow. See Betula alleghaniensis birdbath, stone, 164-165 birds banking seeds, 125 diet specialization, 94-99 in home gardens, 164-165, 178-179, 222-223, 269, 271 local extinction and, 101 in wild landscapes, 73-79 birdsfoot violet. See Viola pedata bishop’s cap. See Mitella diphylla - bitternut hickory. See Carya cordiformis bittersweet. See Celastrus orbiculatus American. See Celastrus scandens Oriental. See Celastrus orbiculatus black ash. See Fraxinus nigra black birch. See Betula lenta black-capped chickadee, 163, 164 i black cherry. See Prunus serotina black chokeberry. See Aronia melanocarpa black cohosh. See Actaea racemosa; Cimicifuga racemosa black cottonwood. See Populus trichocarpa black-eyed Susan. See Rudbeckia hirta Blackfoot daisy. See Melampodium leucanthum blackgum. See Nyssa sylvatica blackhaw. See Viburnum prunifolium black huckleberry. See Gaylussacia baccata blackjack oak. See Quercus marilandica black locust. See Robinia pseudoacacia black oak. See Quercus velutina black raspberry. See Rubus occidentalis black spruce. See Picea mariana black swallowtail, 63, 69, 71 black walnut. See Juglans nigra black willow. See Salix nigra bladdernut. See Staphylea trifolia Blechnum spicant, 344 bloodroot. See Sanguinaria canadensis blue bead lily. See Clintonia borealis bluebird, 74, 99, 299 eastern, 74 blueblossum. See Ceanothus thyrsiflorus blue cohosh. See Caulophyllum thalictroides blue dicks. See Dichelostemma pulchellum blue elderberry. See Sambucus cerulea blue-eyed grass. See Sisyrinchium angustifolium blue false indigo. See Baptisia australis blue flag iris. See Iris versicolor blue-flag iris. See Iris virginica blue gramagrass. See Bouteloua gracilis blue-gray gnatcatcher, 23 blue grosbeak, 8, 223 blue heron, 78 blue jay, 147, 283 blue lupine. See Lupinus perennis blue sage. See Salvia azurea blue spruce. See Picea pungens bluestars. See Amsonia bluestem big. See Andropogon gerardii little. See Schizachyrium scoparium splitbeard. See Andropogon ternarius blue-stem goldenrod. See Solidago caesia bluets. See Hedyotis caerulea; Houstonia caerulea blue vervain. See Verbena hastata blue wild rye. See Elymus glaucus blue winged wasp, 161 blue wood sedge. See Carex glaucodea blunt-lobed woodsia. See Woodsia obtusa bog birch. See Betula pumila bog laurel. See Kalmia microphylla Bok Tower Gardens, 111 bolas spider. See Mastophora phynosoma Boltonia asteroides, 306-307, 352 boneset. See Eupatorium perfoliatum Botrychium virginianum, 357 bottlebrush buckeye. See Aesculus parviflora bottlebrush grass. See Elymus hystrix Bouteloua curtipendula, 337 Bouteloua gracilis, 337, 356 box elder. See Acer negundo box huckleberry. See Gaylussacia brachycera bracken fern. See Pteridium aquilinum Braun’s holly fern. See Polystichum braunii bristlecone pine. See Pinus aristata bristly locust. See Robinia hispida brittle bladder fern. See Cystopteris fragilis Index 373

brittlebush. See Encelia farinosa broad beech fern. See Phegopteris hexagonoptera broadleaf cattail. See Typha latifolia broadleaf sedge. See Carex platyphylla broadleaf yucca. See Yucca baccata broomsedge. See Andropogon virginicus brown thrasher, 222 Buchloe dactyloides, 337, 356 Buck, Leonard J. garden, 206, 267 buckeye butterfly, 305, 311 buckwheatbrush. See Eriogonum corymbosum buffalograss. See Buchloe dactyloides Bufo americanus, 147 bulb plant tables, 304-316, 329-331, 335-337, 342-344, 351-356, 363-365 bulrush. See Scirpus cyperinus bumblebee, 115, 293, 299, 311 bunchberry. See Cornus canadensis Burrell-Ellsworth garden, 244 Burghardt, Karin, 101, 104 burning bush. See Euonymus atropurpureus burr oak. See Quercus macrocarpa bush chinquapin. See Chrysolepis sempervirens bush honeysuckle. See Diervilla lonicera bush morning glory. See Ipomoea leptophylla bush poppy. See Dendromecon rigida bushy aster. See Aster dumosus bushy beardgrass. See Andropogon glomeratus bushy St. John’s wort. See 374 Index Hypericum densiflorum butterfly, 161, 269 American lady, 305 atala butterfly, 110-112, 303 Baltimore checkerspot, 307 black swallowtail, 63, 69, 71 buckeye, 305, 311 cloudless sulphur, 129, 307 fritillary, 162, 317 grey hairstreak, 297 Hessel’s hairstreak, 291 monarch, 117-118, 163, 276— 277, 395 question mark, 200 pipevine swallowtail, 94, 95, 244, 246, 277, 305 red-banded hairstreak, 186 red-spotted purple, 128 silver spotted skipper, 63 skipper, 269, 311, 319 southern dogface, 307 spicebush swallowtail, 34, 35, 192, 281, 295, 301 sulphur, 315 tiger swallowtail, 59, 69, 161, 269 variegated fritillary, 166 zebra swallowtail, 27-29, 189, 297 butterfly weed. See Asclepias tuberosa butternut. See Juglans cinerea buttonbush. See Cephalanthus occidentalis button snakeroot. See Eryngium yuccifolium calico aster. See Aster lateriflorus California bay laurel. See Umbellularia californica California black oak. See Quercus kelloggii California oatgrass. See Danthonia californica California poppy. See Eschscholzia californica California wax myrtle. See Myrica californica caliper, 31 Calla palustris, 352, 363 Callery pears. See Pyrus calleriana Callicarpa americana, 326 Callirhoe involucrata, 335 Calocedrus decurrens, 333, 338 Calopteryx maculata, 62 Caltha palustris, 352 Calycanthus floridus, 174-175, 181, 296-297, 326 ‘Michael Lindsey’, 181, 296-297 camouflaged looper, 311 Campanula rotundifolia, 342, 352 Campsis radicans, 302-303, 328 Canada anemone. See Anemone canadensis Canada ginger. See Asarum canadense Canada goldenrod. See Solidago canadensis Canada hemlock. See Tsuga canadensis Canada lily. See Lilium canadense Canada mayflower. See Maianthemum canadense Canada wild rye. See Elymus canadensis Canada yew. See Taxus canadensis canopy layer and garden design, 224-229, 259 home garden plants, 230-239 wild landscape, 19-23, 74 canyon grape. See Vitis arizonica canyon live oak. See Quercus chrysolepis carbon sequestration, 20-21, 112, 293 Cardamine concatenata, 306-307 cardinal (bird), 119, 147, 178, 179 cardinal flower. See Lobelia cardinalis cardinal hibiscus. See Hibiscus coccineus Carex flaccosperma, 318-319 Carex glaucodea, 318-319 Carex laxiculmis, 221-222, 318-319 Carex muskingumensis, 356 Carex obnupta, 344 Carex pensylvanica, 318-319, 356, 365 Carex plantaginea, 318-319, 331, 356 Carex platyphylla, 318-319, 356 Carex praegracilis, 344 Carex stricta, 67, 318-319 Carex vulpinoidea, 318-319 Carolina allspice. See Calycanthus floridus Carolina chickadee, 75, 96, 97, 102, 103, 125 Carolina hemlock. See Tsuga caroliniana Carolina jessamine. See Gelsemium sempervirens Carolina rhododendron. See Rhododendron minus Carolina rose. See Rosa carolina Carolina silverbell. See Halesia carolina Carolina wild petunia. See Ruellia caroliniensis Carolina wren, 50 carpenter ant, 51, 75 Carpinus caroliniana, 24, 25, 146, 206-207 plant tables, 290-291, 323, 345 Carya cordiformis, 345 Carya glabra, 290-291 Carya illinoensis, 323

Carya laciniosa, 290-291 Carya ovata, 236-237, 290- 291, 323, 345, 359 Cascade penstemon. See Penstemon serrulatus cascara. See Frangula purshiana Castilleja integra, 335 Catalpa bignonioides (catalpa), 323 catbird, 74, 222 caterpillars bird consumption of, 74, 96, 102-103 crypsis, 129 diet specialization, 97-99 plants supporting, 101, 104- 105,106 Caulophyllum thalictroides, 352, 363 Ceanothus americanus, 57, 296-297, 326, 348, 360 Ceanothus integerrimus, 340 Ceanothus prostratus, 340 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 340 Cecchi garden, James and Claire, 145 cedar Atlantic white. See Chamaecyparis thyoides eastern red. See Juniperus virginiana incense. See Calocedrus decurrens northern white. See Thuja occidentalis Port Orford. See Chamaecyparis lawsoniana ‘red. See Juniperus virginiana western red. See Thuja plicata yellow. See Chamaecyparis nootkatensis cedar waxwing, 74-75, 231, 293, 299 Celastrus orbiculatus, 102, 148, 249 Celastrus scandens, 351, 362 Celtis laevigata, 323 Celtis occidentalis, 290-291, 345, 359 Celtis reticulata, 333 Cephalanthus occidentalis, 63, 65, 296-297, 326, 348, 360 Cercidiphyllum japonicum, 254-255, 290-291 Cercis canadensis home landscapes with, 208- 209, 214, 232, 254-257 plant tables, 290-291, 323, 345, 359 in wild landscapes, 27, 56, 57 Cercocarpus montanus, 334, 340 chain fern. See Woodwardia virginica Chamaecrista fasciculata, 129, 306-307 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, 338 Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, 338 Chamaecyparis thyoides, 60, 61, 290-291 Chamaedaphne calyculata, 296-297, 348, 360 Chamaelirium luteum, 306-307 Chasmanthium latifolium, 164, 201, 250, 268 plant tables, 318-319, 331, 356 Chelone glabra, 306-307, 352, 363 chemical mimicry, 95 cherry western sand. See Prunus besseyi black. See Prunus serotina cherry laurel. See Prunus caroliniana chestnut oak. See Quercus montana; Q. prinus chickadee, 75 black-capped, 163, 164 Carolina, 75, 96, 97, 102, 103, 125 Chilopsis linearis, 333 chinkapin oak. See Quercus muehlenbergii Chionanthus virginicus, 209, 292-293, 323 chipmunk, 50 chocolate flower. See Berlandiera lyrata chokecherry. See Prunus virginiana Christmas berry. See Heteromeles arbutifolia Christmas fern. See Polystichum acrostichoides Chrysogonum virginianum, 306-307, 329 Chrysolepis chrysophylla, 338 Chrysolepis sempervirens, 340 Chrysopis mariana, 306-307 Chrysothamnus nauseosus, 334 cicada, 142 Cimicifuga racemosa, 306-307, 352, 363 cinnamonbark clethra. See Clethra acuminata cinnamon fern. See Osmunda cinnamomea Cirsium muticum, 277 Cladrastis kentukea, 104-105, 292-293, 323 Claytonia virginica, 39, 306-307 Clematis albicoma, 57 Clematis columbiana, 334 Clematis hirsutissima, 342 Clematis ligusticifolia, 334 Clematis virginiana, 302-303, 328 Cleome serrulata, 335 Clethra acuminata, 31, 296-297 Clethra alnifolia, 33, 60, 61, 182 ‘Hummingbird’, 189 plant tables, 296-297, 326, 360 click beetle, 152, 153 cliff fendlerbush. See Fendlera rupicola cliff spirea. See Holodiscus dumosus climbing hydrangea. See Decumaria barbara Clinopodium douglasii, 342 Clintonia borealis, 352, 363 closed gentian. See Gentiana clausa cloudless sulphur, 129, 307 clustered field sedge. See Carex praegracilis coastal azalea. See Rhododendron atlanticum coastal doghobble. See Leucothoé axillaris coastal strawberry. See Fragaria chiloensis coast leucothoe. See Leucothoé axillaris cockspur hawthorn. See Crataegus crus-galli Colletidae, 141 colletid bee, 142 Columbian monkshood. See Aconitum columbianum common blue violet. See Viola papilionacea; V. sororia common cinquefoil. See Potentilla simplex common hackberry. See Celtis occidentalis common juniper. See Juniperus communis common maidenhair. See Adiantum capillus-veneris common milkweed. See Asclepias syriaca common ninebark. See Physocarpus opulifolius common polypody. See Polypodium vulgare common reed. See Phragmites australis common rush. See Juncus effusus Index 375

common stonecrop. See Sedum spathulifolium common strawberry. See Fragaria virginiana Comptonia peregrina, 296-297 connection. See interrelationships Conradina canescens, 329 coontie. See Zamia pumila Copper House, 228 coral bean. See Erythrina herbacea coral bells. See Heuchera americana coralberry. See Symphoricarpos orbiculatus coral honeysuckle. See Lonicera sempervirens Coreopsis lanceolata, 306-307, 352 Coreopsis rosea, 306-307, 352, 363 Coreopsis verticillata, 306-307 Cornus alternifolia, 8,204- 205, 223, 254-255 plant tables, 292-293, 323, 345 Cornus amomum, 296-297, 348, 360 Cornus canadensis, 342, 348 Cornus controversa, 204 Cornus florida home landscapes with, 203, 204, 221-222, 248, 252, 254-255 plant tables, 292-293, 323, 359 supporting birds, 25, 76,211 in wild landscapes, 53, 203 Cornus nuttallii, 338 Cornus racemosa, 296-297, 348 Cornus sericea, 65,194, 298— 299, 340, 348 ‘Cardinal’, 194 Cornus stolonifera, 326 Corydalis scouleri (corydalis), 342 Corylus americana, 298-299, 326, 348, 360 Corylus cornuta, 338 Cotinus obovatus, 171, 292-293, 323 cottonwood black. See Populus trichocarpa eastern. See Populus deltoides crabapple Oregon. See Malus fusca southern. See Malus angustifolia wild. See Malus ioensis Cram garden, John, 149 cranberry. See Vaccinium oxycoccus cranefly orchid. See Tipularia discolor Crataegus crus-galli, 345 Crataegus douglasii, 338 Crataegus mollis, 348 Crataegus phaenopyrum, 323 Crataegus viridis, 323 creeping Jacob’s ladder. See Polemonium reptans creeping mahonia. See Mahonia repens creeping phlox. See Phlox stolonifera creosote bush. See Larrea tridentata crested iris. See Iris cristata crested wood fern. See Dryopteris cristata Crinum americanum, 329 cross vine. See Bignonia capreolata crowberry. See Empetrum nigrum crypsis, 129 Cryptogramma stelleri, 357 cucumber tree. See Magnolia acuminata cultural layers, 17, 80-87, 287 Culver’s root. See Veronicastrum virginicum cup plant. See Silphium perfoliatum Cupressus arizonicd, 333 curly-heads. See Clematis albicoma cutleaf coneflower. See Rudbeckia laciniata cutleaf toothwort. See Cardamine concatenata Cyrilla racemiflora, 326 Cystopteris fragilis, 320-321, 357 daddy long-legs, 285 Dalea jamesii, 335 Danthonia californica, 344 Darke, Jerry and Diane, 225 Darmera peltatum, 342 Dasiphora fruticosa. See Potentilla fruticosa Decumaria barbara, 328 deer, 33, 36-37 deerbrush. See Ceanothus integerrimus deer fern. See Blechnum spicant Delphinium tricorne, 352 Dendromecon rigida, 334 Dennstaedtia punctilobula, 168, 170, 320-321, 357, 366 Deschampsia cespitosa, 344, 356, 365 desert four o’clock. See Mirabilis multiflora desert holly. See Berberis haematocarpa desert mallow. See Sphaeralcea ambigua desert marigold. See Baileya multiradiata desert rose. See Rosa stellata desert willow. See Chilopsis linearis detritivores, 152 detritus, 74 devilwood. See Osmanthus americanus Dicentra canadensis, 39, 42, 49, 306-307, 352, 363 Dicentra cucullaria, 39, 42, 49, 306-307, 352 Dicentra eximid, 306-307 Dicentra formosa, 342 Dichelostemma pulchellum, 335 Diervilla lonicera, 348, 361 Diervilla sessilifolia, 326 diet specialization, 96-99 Dioscorea villosa, 247, 306-307 Diospyros virginiana, 211, 212, 292-293, 323, 346 Dirca palustris, 105, 198, 298- 299, 326, 348, 361 Discula destructiva, 53 diversity of species. See biodiversity Dixie wood fern. See Dryopteris xaustralis Dodecatheon meadia, 352 dog violet. See Viola conspersa dogwood alternate-leaf. See Cornus alternifolia flowering. See Cornus florida gray. See Cornus racemosa Pacific. See Cornus nuttallii red osier. See Cornus sericea; C. stolonifera redstem. See Cornus sericea; C. stolonifera redtwig. See Cornus sericea silky. See Cornus amomum dogwood anthracnose, 53 dotted blazing star. See Liatris punctata double bloodroot. See Sanguinaria canadensis ‘Multiplex’ Douglas aster. See Aster subspicata Douglas fir. See Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas hawthorn. See Crataegus douglasii

downy hawthorn. See Crataegus mollis downy phlox. See Phlox pilosa downy serviceberry. See Amelanchier arborea downy woodpecker, 272, 273 downy yellow violet. See Viola pubescens dreys, 23 drooping leucothoe. See Leucothoé fontanesiana Dryopteris xaustralis, 332 Dryopteris cristata, 320-321, 357 Dryopteris filix-mas, 320-321, 357 Dryopteris goldiana, 320-321, 357 Dryopteris intermedia, 109, 320-321, 357, 366 Dryopteris ludoviciana, 332 Dryopteris marginalis, 168, 320-321, 357 duff, 47 du Pont garden, Governor and Mrs. Pierre S., 169, 209. See also Patterns garden Dutchman’s breeches. See Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman’s pipe. See Aristolochia macrophylla dwarf chinkapin oak. See Quercus prinoides dwarf cinquefoil. See Potentilla canadensis dwarf fothergilla. See Fothergilla gardenii dwarf ginseng. See Panax ; trifolius dwarf larkspur. See Delphinium tricorne dynamic edge, 53-57 eastern bluebird, 74 eastern box turtle, 44, 143, 313 eastern cottonwood. See Populus deltoides eastern foamflower. See Tiarella cordifolia eastern gamagrass. See Tripsacum dactyloides eastern gray squirrel, 23 eastern monkshood. See Aconitum uncinatum eastern prickly pear. See Opuntia humifusa eastern red cedar. See Juniperus virginiana eastern wahoo. See Euonymus atropurpureus ebony jewelwing. See Calopteryx maculata ebony spleenwort. See Asplenium platyneuron Echinacea purpurea, 306-307, 329, 335, 352 Echinacea “Tomato Soup’, 166, 306-307 ecological dynamism, 53 ecological functions of gardens. See also plant tables benefiting humans, 112-115 benefiting wildlife, 115-118 ecosystem complexity, 118-119 ; forest oxidation process, 20-21 overview of, 14 species conservation, 110-112 ecosystem health biodiversity and, 99-103 time and relationships, 103-107 ecosystems, novel, 107 ecosystem services, 118-119 ecotone, 53-57, 78 ecotypes, 21, 31 edge layer dynamic edge, 53-57 home garden overview, 248-251 home garden photo illustration, 252-257 wet edges, 58-63, 78-79, 263-269, 291, 311 Elaeagnus umbellata, 102, 108 elaiosome, 49 elderberry. See Sambucus canadensis elm American. See Ulmus americana slippery. See Ulmus rubra Elymus canadensis, 318-319 Elymus glaucus, 356 Elymus hystrix, 318-319 Elymus virginicus, 318-319 Empetrum nigrum, 340 Encelia farinosa, 334 Engelmann spruce. See Picea engelmannii environmental functions of gardens. See ecological functions of gardens Epargyreus clarus, 63 ephemerals, 41-42, 156 Epigaea repens, 361 Epilobium canum, 335 Epimedium pinnatum subsp. colchicum, 157, 306-307 Epimedium xversicolor ‘Sulphureum’, 188, 306-307 Eragrostis intermedia, 337 Eragrostis spectabilis, 318-319, 331, 356, 365 Erhlich, Paul and Anne, 100 Eriogonum corymbosum, 335 Eriogonum umbellatum, 335 Eriophyllum lanatum, 342 Eryngium yuccifolium, 329 Erysimum asperum, 335 Erythrina herbacea, 329 Erythronium americanum, 39, 41, 42, 49, 308-309, 352 Erythronium oreganum, 342 Eschscholzia californica, 335 ethics, 131 Eubotrys racemosa. See Leucothoé racemosa Eucalyptus stelloleta, 104 Eumaeus atala, 110-112, 303 Euonymus americanus, 298- 299, 326 Euonymus atropurpureus, 214, 292-293, 346 Euonymus occidentalis, 340 Eupatorium, 270-273 Eupatorium altissimum, 308-309 Eupatorium coelestinum, 308- 309, 330 Eupatorium dubium, 269, 308-309 Eupatorium fistulosum, 269, 272, 273, 308-309, 330 ‘Bartered Bride’, 269, 308-309 Eupatorium hyssopifolium, 308-309 Eupatorium maculatum, 69, 308-309, 363 Eupatorium perfoliatum, 69, 270, 271, 308-309, 352 Eupatorium rotundifolium, 70, 308-309 Eupatorium rugosum, 308— 309, 363 Eupatorium serotinum, 308-309 Euphorbia corollata, 308-309 European white birch. See Betula pendula Eurybia. See Aster Eutrochium maculatum, 352, 363 evaporative cooling, 112-113 evening primrose. See Oenothera biennis evergreen huckleberry. See Vaccinium ovatum evergreen wood fern. See Dryopteris intermedia exotic plants. See non-native plants extinct species, 100-101 extreme weather moderation, 114-115 Index 377

Fagus grandifolia in home landscape, 14, 15, 184-185, 233, 235, 254-255 plant tables, 292-293, 323, 346, 359 self-sown seedlings, 148 fairy wand. See Chamaelirium luteum Fallingwater, 44, 198 false aster. See Boltonia asteroides false dragonhead. See Physostegia virginiana false indigo. See Amorpha fruticosa false lily-of-the-valley. See Maianthemum dilatatum false rosemary. See Conradina canescens false Solomon’s-seal. See Maianthemum racemosum; Smilacina racemosa fawn lily. See Erythronium oreganum Fendlera rupicola, 334 Ferncliff Peninsula, 36-37 fernleaf phacelia. See Phacelia bipinnatifida ferns, 105 plant tables, 320, 332, 337, 344, 357-358, 366 Festuca roemeri, 344 fetterbush. See Lyonia lucida Filipendula rubra, 308-309, 352 finch, 293, 295, 305, 315 fir balsam. See Abies balsamea Douglas. See Pseudotsuga menziesii grand. See Abies grandis noble. See Abies procera Pacific silver. See Abies amabilis white. See Abies concolor fire pink. See Silene virginica flame azalea. See Rhododendron calendulaceum 378 index Florida anise. See Illicium floridanum Florida flame azalea. See Rhododendron austrinum Florida yew. See Taxus floridana flower fly, 148 flowering dogwood. See Cornus florida flowering raspberry. See Rubus odoratus flowering spurge. See Euphorbia corollata fly (ies) flower, 148 goldenrod gall, 272, 273 hover, 148 food web stability. See ecosystem health Forestiera neomexicana, 334 forest layers. See wild landscape layers Fothergilla gardenii, 326 Fothergilla xintermedia, 139, 182, 184-188, 298-299 four-winged saltbrush. See Atriplex canescens foxglove beardtongue. See Penstemon digitalis fox grape. See Vitis labrusca; V. rotundifolia fox sedge. See Carex vulpinoidea Fragaria chiloensis, 342 Fragaria virginiana, 308-309, 342 fragile fern. See Cystopteris fragilis fragrant sumac. See Rhus aromatica fragrant waterlily. See Nymphaea odorata Frangula purshiana, 338 Franklinia alatamaha, 326 Franklin tree. See Franklinia alatamaha Fraser’s magnolia. See Magnolia fraseri frass, 128 Fraxinus americana, 292-293, 323, 346, 359 Fraxinus caroliniana, 323 Fraxinus latifolia, 338 Fraxinus nigra, 346 Fraxinus pennsylvanica, 292-293 Fraxinus velutina, 333 fringecup. See Tellima grandiflora fringed bleeding heart. See Dicentra eximia fringed bluestar. See Amsonia ciliata fringe tree. See Chionanthus virginicus fritillary butterflies, 162, 317 variegated, 166 frost grape. See Vitis vulpina functions of home landscapes, 14, 131-132, 259 fungi, 47, 48,141 Galanthus nivalis, 157, 174-175, 308-309 garden design. See home garden Garrya elliptica, 340 Garry oak. See Quercus garryana Gaultheria ovatifolia, 340 Gaultheria procumbens, 48, 298-299, 353, 361 Gaultheria shallon, 340 Gaylussacia baccata, 31, 193, 298-299, 348, 361 Gaylussacia brachycera, 353, 361 Gelsemium sempervirens, 328 genetic variations, 21 Gentianaceae, 171 Gentiana clausa, 353, 363 Geranium maculatum, 158, 167, 308-309, 353, 364 Geranium oreganum, 343 Geranium Viscosissimum, 343 Geum triflorum, 353 giant chain fern. See Woodwardia fimbriata giant plume grass. See Saccharum giganteum giant purple hyssop. See Agastache scrophulariifolia giant sequoia. See Sequoiadendron giganteum Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo), 105— 107, 292-293 ginseng. See Panax quinquefolius Gleditsia triacanthos, 346 goat’s beard. See Aruncus dioicus golden Alexanders. See Zizia aurea golden chinquapin. See Chrysolepis chrysophylla golden currant. See Ribes aureum golden pea. See Thermopsis montana golden ragwort. See Senecio aureus goldenrod gall fly, 272, 273 goldenseal. See Hydrastis canadensis golden-spurred columbine. See Aquilegia chrysantha Goldie’s fern. See Dryopteris goldiana Gordonia lasianthus, 324 grand fir. See Abies grandis grasslands, 68-72, 77-78 grass-leaved goldenrod. See Solidago graminifolia grass plant tables, 316-318, 331, 337, 344, 356-357, 365-366 gray alder. See Alnus incana gray birch. See Betula populifolia gray dogwood. See Cornus racemosa

great blue heron, 59, 92, 93 great blue lobelia. See Lobelia siphilitica great egret, 79, 287 greater anglewing katydid. See Microcentrum rhombifolium great gray dart, 99 great horned owl, 73 great laurel. See Rhododendron maximum green and gold. See Chrysogonum virginianum green ash. See Fraxinus pennsylvanica green false hellebore. See Veratrum viride green hawthorn. See Crataegus viridis green heron, 266 grey hairstreak, 297 ground layer, 46-51, 73-74, 145-149 ground-nesting bees, 141, 143 groundsel bush. See Baccharis halimifolia Gymnocarpium dryopteris, 344, 358 Gymnocladus dioicus, 32.4, 346 habitat connection, 116-117 habitat heterogeneity, 73-79 hairy beardtongue. See Penstemon hirsutus hairy clematis. See Clematis hirsutissima hairy honeysuckle. See Lonicera hispidula hairy manzanita. See Arctostaphylos columbiana Halesia carolina, 324 Halesia diptera var. magniflora, 202, 203, 218-219, 292-293 Halesia tetraptera, 217, 254- 255, 292-293 Hamamelis virginiana home landscapes with, 174- 175, 190-191, 254-255 plant tables, 298-299, 326, 348, 361 in wild landscapes, 33, 34, 54,55 hard designs, 135 harebell. See Campanula rotundifolia hayscented fern. See Dennstaedtia punctilobula heart-leaved aster. See Aster cordifolius Hedyotis caerulea, 364 Helenium autumnale, 308-309, 353 Helen’s flower. See Helenium autumnale Helianthus angustifolius, 308- 309, 330 Helianthus maximiliani, 71, 308-309, 336 Heliopsis helianthoides, 308- 309, 353, 364 hemlock Canada. See Tsuga canadensis Carolina. See Tsuga caroliniana western. See Tsuga heterophylla Hepatica acutiloba, 308-309, 353, 364 Hepatica americana, 308-309, 353 herbaceous plants. See also home garden herbaceous layer plant tables, 304-316, 329- 331, 335-337, 342-344, 351- 356, 363-365 wild landscape, 39-45 herbivorous insects, 96-99 hermit thrush, 76-77, 179, 299 heron blue, 78 great blue, 59, 92, 93 green, 266 Hesperocyparis arizonica. See Cupressus arizonica Hessel’s hairstreak, 291 Heteromeles arbutifolia, 334 Heuchera americana, 152, 153, 155, 310-311, 353 Heuchera macrorhiza, 153, 155, 250, 310-311 Heuchera micrantha, 343 Heuchera pulchella, 336 Heuchera villosa, 153, 310-311 Hexastylis arifolia, 330 Hibiscus coccineus, 330 Hibiscus moscheutos, 64, 65, 310-311, 330, 353, 364 hickory pignut. See Carya glabra shagbark. See Carya ovata shellbark. See Carya laciniosa bitternut. See Carya cordiformis Hierochloe odorata, 337 highbush blueberry. See Vaccinium corymbosum High Line, The, 241 hoary skullcap. See Scutellaria incana hollowstem Joe-Pye weed. See Eupatorium fistulosum Holodiscus discolor, 340 Holodiscus dumosus, 334 home garden. See also ecological functions of gardens; plant tables as biological corridor, 116 birds in, 164-165, 222-223 cultural layers, 287 ecosystems created by, 107, 108 functions of, 14, 131-132, 259 ground layer, 145-149 layering process, 259-261 managed landscape creation, 281-285 meadow gardens, 271-279 organic architecture shapIng, 135-139 shrub layer featured plants, 181-201 subterranean organisms, 141-143 understory featured plants, 202-221 vines in, 240-247 wet and moist spaces, 263-269 home garden canopy layer design overview, 224-229 featured plants, 230-239 home garden edge habitat special concerns of, 248-251 transformation illustrations, 252-257 home garden herbaceous layer cultivating diversity, 151-155 designing with natives, 168-170 function of hybridization, 166-167 maintenance strategies, 155-158 as managed wilderness, 171-172 planting the, 259 transformation illustration, YS) weed suppression, 159-160 wildlife support, 161-165 honeybee. See Apis mellifera honeycup. See Zenobia pulverulenta honey locust. See Gleditsia triacanthos honeysuckle bush. See Diervilla lonicera coral. See Lonicera sempervirens hairy. See Lonicera hispidula Japanese. See Lonicera japonica Index 379

honeysuckle, continued limber. See Lonicera dioica northern bush. See Diervilla lonicera southern bush. See Diervilla sessilifolia trumpet. See Lonicera ciliosa hooded violet. See Viola sororia hooktip moth. See Oreta rosea hoptree. See Ptelea trifoliata horizons of soil, 47-48 horizontal juniper. See Juniperus horizontalis horizontal layers, 17, 77-79 Houstonia caerulea, 149, 310- 311, 353 hover fly, 148 huckleberry oak. See Quercus vaccinifolia hummingbird, 78, 305, 311, 313, 315 hummingbird sphinx moth, 313 hummingbird trumpet. See Epilobium canum Hyacinthoides hispanica, 159, 310-311 hybrids, 166-167 Hydrangea arborescens, 298- 299, 326 Hydrangea quercifolia, 31, 196- 197, 298-299, 326 Hydrastis canadensis, 353 Hydrophyllaceae, 159 Hydrophyllum virginianum, 159, 172, 310-311 hymenopterans, 159 Hymenoxys grandiflora, 336 Hypericum densiflorum, 326 Hypericum lloydii, 326 hyssopleaf thoroughwort. See Eupatorium hyssopifolium Tlex crenata, 201, 298-299 Tlex decidua, 298-299, 326 Ilex glabra, 201, 221-222, 380 Index 298-299, 326, 348, 361 “‘Densa’, 201, 298-299 Tlex mucronata, 348 Ilex opaca, 33,76 plant tables, 292-293, 298— 299, 324, 348, 361 Tlex verticillata, 76,77, 108, 201, 234, 235 plant tables, 65, 66, 298-299, 326, 348, 361 Tliamna rivularis, 343 Illicium floridanum, 326 Impatiens capensis, 66, 78,79, 310-311, 330 Impatiens pallida, 78, 310-311 incense cedar. See Calocedrus decurrens inclusive habitat, 131. See also interrelationships Indian grass. See Sorghastrum nutans Indian paintbrush. See Castilleja integra Indian pink. See Silene laciniata indicator species, 51 indigenous organisms, 93, 103-107, 166, 168-170, 283 indigo blue false. See Baptisia australis false. See Amorpha fruticosa wild white. See Baptisia alba indigo bunting, 282 inkberry. See Ilex glabra insect herbivores, 96-99, 104-105 insects, terrestrial, 141 interrelationships biodiversity and ecosystem health, 99-103 plant lineage and time, 103-107 species specialization, 94-99, 106, 108 interrupted fern. See Osmunda claytoniana intimate space, 131-132 Ipomoea leptophylla, 336 Ipomopsis aggregata, 336 Tris cristata, 353 Tris fulva, 330 Tris missouriensis, 336 Tris tenax, 343 Tris vernd, 55, 310-311 Tris versicolor, 266, 310-311, 353, 364 Iris virginica, 330 ironwood. See Carpinus caroliniana Itea virginica, 60, 61, 189, 268, 298-299, 327 Jack-in-the-pulpit. See Arisaema triphyllum Jack pine. See Pinus banksiana Jackson vine. See Smilax smallii Jacob’s ladder. See Polemonium foliosissimum James’s dalea. See Dalea jamesii Japanese beetle, 161 Japanese holly. See Ilex crenata Japanese honeysuckle. See Lonicera japonica Japanese stiltgrass. See Microstegium vimineum Japanese yew, 173 Jeffersonia diphylla, 41, 310- 311, 353 jewelweed. See Impatiens capensis Joe-Pye weed. See Eupatorium hollowstem. See Eupatorium fistulosum spotted. See Eupatorium maculatum white-flowered hollowstem. See Eupatorium fistulosum ‘Bartered Bride’ Jones, Russ, 170 Juglans cinerea, 346 Juglans nigra, 324, 346, 359 jug plant. See Hexastylis arifolia junco, 186, 201 Juncus effusus, 61, 318-319, 331, 356, 365 Juncus patens, 344 Juniperus communis, 349 Juniperus deppeana, 333 Juniperus horizontalis, 349, 361 Juniperus monosperma, 333 Juniperus virginiana, 75,108, 129 plant tables, 292-293, 324, 346, 359 Kalmia angustifolia, 298-299 Kalmia latifolia, 31, 221-222, 298-299, 327, 349, 361 Kalmia microphylla, 340 Kalmiopsis leachiana (kalmiopsis), 340 katsura. See Cercidiphyllum japonicum katydid, 23 Kentucky coffee tree. See Gymnocladus dioicus kingbird, 222 kinnikinnik. See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Koeleria macrantha, 344 Korean spice viburnum. See Viburnum carlesii Labrador tea. See Ledum groenlandicum lady fern. See Athyrium filix-femina lanceleaf buckthorn. See Rhamnus lanceolata landscape architecture, 135-137 “landscape” etymology, 81 landscape functions, 14, 116, 131-132, 259. See also plant tables landscape stewardship, 131 land snail, 49

large-flowered bellwort. See Uvularia grandiflora large-flowered penstemon. See Penstemon grandiflorus large-flowered two-winged silverbell. See Halesia diptera var. magniflora large-leaved umbrella tree. See Magnolia macrophylla Larix laricina, 346, 359 Larix occidentalis, 338 Larrea tridentata, 334 late-blooming thoroughwort. See Eupatorium serotinum lateral layers, 17 Lauraceae, 33, 34, 35 Law of Nature, 99-100 layers. See also home garden; wild landscape layers introduction to, 11-13 specialization by birds, 73-79 vines in multiple, 240-247 lead plant. See Amorpha canescens leaf color, 122-123 leaf fall/mulch, 146-147, 260 leaf litter, 47, 73-74 leaf nests, 22-23 leatherleaf. See Chamaedaphne calyculata leatherwood. See Dirca palustris Ledum glandulosum, 340 Ledum groenlandicum, 340 Lepidoptera, 69, 235 Lespedeza virginica, 310-311 lesser celandine. See Ranunculus ficaria Leucothoé axillaris, 200, 298- 299, 327 Leucothoé davisiae, 340 Leucothoé fontanesiana, 199, 298-299 Leucothoé racemosa, 327 Liatris elegans, 330 Liatris punctata, 336 Liatris spicata, 129, 310-311, 330, 336, 353 lichens, 22 licorice fern. See Polypodium glycyrrhiza Lilium canadense, 364 Lilium columbianum, 343 Lilium philadelphicum, 353, 364 Lilium superbum, 63, 310-311 lily Canada. See Lilium canadense tiger lily. See Lilium columbianum Turk’s cap lily. See Lilium superbum wood lily. See Lilium philadelphicum limber honeysuckle. See Lonicera dioica limber pine. See Pinus flexilis Lindera benzoin, 33-36, 192, 248, 254-255, 266 plant tables, 300-301, 327, 349, 361 Linnaea borealis, 343 Liquidambar styraciflua, 239, 292-293, 324, 359 Liriodendron tulipifera, 90-91, 102-103, 105, 203 plant tables, 292-293, 324, 346, 359 Lithocarpus densiflorus, 338 var. echinoides, 340 litter, 47, 73-74 little bluestem. See Schizachyrium scoparium littleleaf mock orange. See Philadelphus microphyllus live oak. See Quercus virginiana Lobelia cardinalis, 65, 269, 310-311, 330, 353, 364 Lobelia siphilitica, 310-311, 353, 364 loblolly bay. See Gordonia lasianthus loblolly pine. See Pinus taeda local extinction, 100-101 lodgepole pine. See Pinus contorta Loganiaceae, 171 longleaf pine. See Pinus palustris long-tailed wild ginger. See Asarum caudatum Longwood Gardens, 6, 107, 189, 196, 206, 266, 272 Lonicera ciliosa, 221-222, 240, 241, 342 Lonicera dioica, 351, 362 Lonicera hispidula, 342 Lonicera involucrata, 340 Lonicera japonica, 148, 249 Lonicera sempervirens, 240, 241, 242, 302-303, 328 looper, 129 Louisiana iris. See Iris fulva lowbush blueberry. See Vaccinium angustifolium low Oregon grape. See Mahonia nervosa low sweet blueberry. See Vaccinium angustifolium Ludwigia alternifolia, 310- 311 luna moth, 293 Lupinus argenteus, 336 Lupinus perennis, 354, 364 Lupinus polyphyllus, 343 Lyonia lucida, 327 lyre-leaved sage. See Salvia lyrata Lysimachia ciliata, 310-311 MacArthur, Robert, 99-100 Maclura pomifera, 324 magnolia Fraser’s. See Magnolia fraseri southern. See Magnolia grandiflora sweetbay. See Magnolia virginiana umbrella. See Magnolia tripetala Magnolia acuminata, 324 Magnolia fraseri, 31, 292-293 Magnolia grandiflora, 324 Magnolia macrophylla, 324 Magnolia tripetala, 26, 202, 203, 292-293 Magnolia virginiana, 143, 213, 292-293, 324 Mahala mat. See Ceanothus prostratus Mahonia aquifolium, 340 Mahonia nervosa, 340 Mahonia repens, 354 Maianthemum canadense, 310-311, 354 Maianthemum dilatatum, 343 Maianthemum racemosum, 343, 354 maidenhair fern. See Adiantum pedatum maidenhair spleenwort. See Asplenium trichomanes maintenance strategies, 151— 152, 155-158, 271 male fern. See Dryopteris filix-mas Malus angustifolia, 324 Malus fusca, 338 Malus ioensis, 346 mapleleaf viburnum. See Viburnum acerifolium maple(s). See Acer bigleaf. See Acer macrophyllum mountain. See Acer spicatum red. See Acer rubrum silver. See Acer saccharinum southern sugar. See Acer barbatum striped. See Acer pensylvanicum sugar. See Acer saccharum vine. See Acer circinatum marginal shield fern. See Dryopteris marginalis Index 381

marsh blue violet. See Viola cucullata marsh fern. See Thelypteris palustris marsh marigold. See Caltha palustris Maryland golden aster. See Chrysopis mariana Mastophora phynosoma, 95-96 Matteuccia struthiopteris, 358, 366 var. pensylvanica, 38, 39, 151, 152, 320-321 Maurandya antirrhiniflora, 334 Maximilian sunflower. See Helianthus maximiliani mayapple. See Podophyllum peltatum meadow checkermallow. See Sidalcea campestris meadowlark, 271, 274-275 meadow layer, 271-279 meadow phlox. See Phlox maculata meadow rose. See Rosa blanda meadows, 68-72, 77-78 meadow willow. See Salix petiolaris Melaleuca quinquenervia, 104 Melampodium leucanthum, 336 Menispermum canadense, 351 Mertensia paniculata, 343 Mertensia virginica, 38—41, 87, 151, 155-156, 188 plant tables, 310-311, 354 Mexican evening primrose. See Oenothera speciosa Mexican feathergrass. See Stipa tenuissima Mexican hat. See Ratibida columnifera Microcentrum rhombifolium, 23 micro-invertebrates, 141 Microstegium vimineum, 36, 37 Mid-Atlantic plant tables expanded key, 289 382 Index ferns, 320 grasses, sedges, rushes, 316— 318 herbaceous plants and bulbs, 304-316 shrubs, 296-302 trees, 290-296 woody vines, 302 Midwest and Mountain States plant tables expanded key, 22 ferns, 357-358 grasses, sedges, rushes, 356— 357 herbaceous perennials and bulbs, 351-356 shrubs, 348-350 trees, 345-347 vines, 351 milkweed(s). See Asclepias aquatic. See Asclepias perennis common milkweed. See Asclepias syriaca showy. See Asclepias speciosa swamp. See Asclepias incarnata millipede, 49 Mimulus guttatus, 343 Mimulus ringens, 269, 310-311 Mirabilis multiflora, 336 Mississippi hackberry. See Celtis laevigata Missouri evening primrose. See Oenothera missouriensis Missouri gooseberry. See Ribes missouriense Missouri River willow. See Salix eriocephala mistflower. See Eupatorium coelestinum mistletoe. See Phoradendron serotinum Mitchella repens, 312-313, 330, 354, 364 Mitella diphylla (miterwort), 42, 312-313, 354 mockingbird, 77, 299 mock orange. See Philadelphus lewisii monarch butterfly, 117-118, 163, 276-277, 305 Monarda didyma, 285, 312-313, 330, 354, 364 Monarda fistulosa, 354 monkey flower. See Mimulus guttatus moonseed. See Menispermum canadense moosewood viburnum. See Viburnum edule Morus rubra, 324, 346 moss, 48, 144-145, 148-149 moss pink. See Phlox subulata moth(s), 95, 96, 269 hooktip. See Oreta rosea hummingbird sphinx, 313 luna, 293 nocturnal sphinx, 311 small-eyed sphinx, 119 sweetbay silk, 293 waved sphinx, 129 mountain alder. See Alnus viridis mountain ash. See Sorbus americana mountain clethra. See Clethra acuminata mountain coral bells. See Heuchera pulchella mountain cranberry. See Vaccinium vitis-idaea mountain death camas. See Zigadenus elegans mountain laurel. See Kalmia latifolia mountain mahogany. See Cercocarpus montanus mountain maple. See Acer spicatum Mountain States plant tables. See Midwest and Mountain States plant tables mountain stonecrop. See Sedum ternatum Mt. Cuba Center, 160, 241, canopy tree layer, example of 224, 239 edge vegetation, examples of, 251, 265 herbaceous layer, example of, 151 meadow garden, example of, 274 shrub layer, example of, 184 space-making with organic architecture, example of, 135 understory tree layer, example of 203, 216 Muhlenbergia capillaris, 331 mulch, 146-147, 260 multiflora rose. See Rosa multiflora muscadine grape. See Vitis rotundifolia mutualism, 49 Myrica californica, 340 Myrica gale, 341 Myrica pensylvanica, 349, 361 nannyberry. See Viburnum lentago narrowleaf cattail. See Typha angustifolia narrowleaf yucca. See Yucca glauca narrow-leaved mountain mint. See Pycnanthemum tenuifolium native plants, 93, 103-107, 166, 168-170, 283 nesting material, 22-23 netleaf hackberry. See Celtis reticulata netted chain fern. See Woodwardia areolata

Neviusia alabamensis, 195, 256-257, 300-301, 327 New England aster. See Aster novae-angliae New England plant tables expanded key, 322 ferns, 366 grasses, sedges, rushes, 365-366 herbaceous perennials and bulbs, 363-365 shrubs, 360-362 trees, 359-360 vines, 362 New Jersey tea. See Ceanothus americanus New Mexico cliff fern. See Woodsia meomexicana New Mexico locust. See Robinia neomexicana New Mexico privet. See Forestiera neomexicana New York aster. See Aster novi-belgii New York fern. See Thelypteris noveboracensis New York ironweed. See Vernonia noveboracensis ninebark. See Physocarpus opulifolius noble fir. See Abies procera nocturnal sphinx moth, 311 nodding trillium. See Trillium cernuum; T. flexipes non-native plants, 101, 103-107 Nootka rose. See Rosa nutkana northern bayberry. See Myrica pensylvanica northern blue violet. See Viola septentrionalis northern bush honeysuckle. See Diervilla lonicera northern dewberry. See Rubus flagellaris northern flicker, 186 northern maidenhair fern. See Adiantum pedatum northern red oak. See Quercus rubra northern starflower. See Trientalis arctica northern white cedar. See Thuja occidentalis northern white violet. See Viola pallens Northwest plant tables. See Pacific Northwest plant tables novel ecosystems, 107 Nymphaea odorata, 61, 312- 313, 330 Nyssa sylvatica home landscapes with, 184-185 leaves of, 122, 146 plant tables, 292-293, 346, 359 in wild landscapes, 26, 47, 54,55 oak fern. See Gymnocarpium dryopteris oakleaf hydrangea. See Hydrangea quercifolia oak(s). See Quercus black. See Quercus velutina blackjack. See Quercus marilandica black. See Quercus velutina burr. See Quercus macrocarpa California black. See Quercus kelloggii canyon live. See Quercus chrysolepis chestnut. See Quercus montana; Q. prinus chinkapin. See Quercus muehlenbergii dwarf chinkapin. See Quercus prinoides Garry. See Quercus garryana huckleberry. See Quercus vaccinifolia live. See Quercus virginiana northern red. See Quercus rubra pin. See Quercus palustris red. See Quercus rubra scarlet. See Quercus coccinea scrub. See Quercus marilandica Shumard. See Quercus shumardii southern red. See Quercus falcata swamp white. See Quercus bicolor tanbark. See Lithocarpus densiflorus white. See Quercus alba willow. See Quercus phellos observation skills. See art of observation oceanspray. See Holodiscus discolor Oenothera biennis, 343 Oenothera fruticosa, 312-313, 354 Oenothera missouriensis, 336 Oenothera speciosa, 336 Ohio buckeye. See Aesculus glabra one-seed juniper. See Juniperus monosperma Onoclea sensibilis, 266, 320- 321, 332, 358, 366 Opuntia humifusa, 354 orange coneflower. See Rudbeckia fulgida orange jewelweed. See Impatiens capensis orchard oriole, 223, 285 Oregon ash. See Fraxinus latifolia Oregon box. See Paxistima myrsinites Oregon crabapple. See Malus fusca Oregon geranium. See Geranium oreganum Oregon grape. See Mahonia aquifolium Oregon iris. See Iris tenax Oregon sunshine. See Eriophyllum lanatum Oregon wintergreen. See Gaultheria ovatifolia Oreta rosea, 98-99 organic architecture, 135-139 Oriental bittersweet. See Celastrus orbiculatus osage orange. See Maclura pomifera Osmanthus americanus, 324 Osmunda cinnamomea, 67, 164, 174-175 plant tables, 320-321, 332, 358, 366 Osmunda claytoniana, 151, 320-321, 358 Osmunda regalis, 63, 267, 320- 321, 332, 358, 366 ostrich fern. See Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrya virginiana, 146, 216, 294-295, 324, 346, 359 ovenbird, 73-74 owl barred, 225 great horned, 73 Oxalis oregana, 343 oxeye. See Heliopsis helianthoides oxidation process, 20-21 Oxydendrum arboreum, 52, 53, 294-295, 324 Pachysandra procumbens, 188, 220-221, 312-313, 330 Pacific dogwood. See Cornus nuttallii Pacific madrone. See Arbutus menziesii Pacific ninebark. See Physocarpus capitatus Pacific Northwest plant tables expanded key, 322 Index 383

Pacific Northwest plant tables, continued ferns, 344 grasses, sedges, and rushes, 344 herbaceous perennials and bulbs, 342-344 shrubs, 339-342 trees, 338-339 vines, 342 Pacific rhododendron. See Rhododendron macrophyllum Pacific silver fir. See Abies amabilis Packera aurea. See Senecio aureus painted turtle, 265 pale jewelweed. See Impatiens pallida palimpsest, 81-83 palisade mesophyll cells, 25 palm sedge. See Carex muskingumensis Panax quinquefolius, 354, 364 Panax trifolius, 47, 312-313 Panicum virgatum, 72, 256-257, 271 plant tables, 318-319, 331, 337, 356, 365 paper birch. See Betula papyrifera Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 241,242, 243 plant tables, 302-303, 329, 351, 362 Parthenocissus vitacea, 351, 362 partridgeberry. See Mitchella repens partridge pea. See Chamaecrista fasciculata Passiflora incarnata, 329 passion vine. See Passiflora incarnata pathways, 132, 283 Patterns garden, 219. See also 384 Index du Pont garden, Governor and Mrs. Pierre S. pawpaw. See Asimina triloba Paxistima myrsinites, 341 peachleaf willow. See Salix amygdaloides pecan. See Carya illinoensis Pellaea atropurpurea, 320-321, 344, 358 Peltandra virginica, 330 Pennsylvania sedge. See Carex pensylvanica Penstemon barbatus, 336 Penstemon digitalis, 312-313, 354, 364 Penstemon fruticosus, 341 Penstemon grandiflorus, 336 Penstemon hirsutus, 354 Penstemon secundiflorus, 336 Penstemon serrulatus, 343 Penstemon smallii, 330 perennials, 152 periodical cicada, 142 Persea americana, 94-95 Persea borbonia, 324 persimmon. See Diospyros virginiana pewee, 223 Phacelia bipinnatifida, 150, 151, 159, 160, 312-313 Phegopteris hexagonoptera, 332, 358, 366 Philadelphus lewisii, 341 Philadelphus microphyllus, 334 Phlox, 155 Phlox carolina, 330 Phlox divaricata, 39, 142,154, 312-313, 354, 364 Phlox maculata, 312-313, 354 Phlox nivalis, 330 Phlox paniculata, 168, 312-313 Phlox pilosa, 330 Phlox stolonifera, 152,154, 312-313 Phlox subulata, 330, 354, 364 phoebe, 131, 222 Phoradendron serotinum, 22, 302-303 Phragmites australis, 104, 108 Physocarpus capitatus, 341 Physocarpus opulifolius, 63. 300-301, 327, 349 Physostegia virginiana, 354 phytochemicals, 27, 98, 105 Picea engelmannii, 338 Picea glauca, 346, 359 Picea mariana, 346 Picea pungens, 333 Picea sitchensis, 339 pickerel-weed. See Pontederia cordata Piedmont azalea. See Rhododendron canescens Piedmont barren strawberry. See Waldsteinia lobata Piedmont flame azalea. See Rhododendron austrinum pignut hickory. See Carya glabra pileated woodpecker, 51, 75, 237 Pinckneya pubens, 327 pine bristlecone. See Pinus aristata Jack. See Pinus banksiana limber. See Pinus flexilis loblolly. See Pinus taeda lodgepole. See Pinus contorta longleaf. See Pinus palustris pitch. See Pinus rigida ponderosa. See Pinus ponderosa red. See Pinus resinosa southwest white. See Pinus strobiformis sugar. See Pinus lambertiana Virginia. See Pinus virginiana white. See Pinus strobus Pine Barrens, 61, 69,72, 86 pink azalea. See Rhododendron periclymenoides pink coreopsis. See Coreopsis rosea pink muhly. See Muhlenbergia capillaris pinkneya. See Pinckneya pubens pink nodding onion. See Allium cernuum pinkroot. See Spigelia marilandica pinkscale blazing star. See Liatris elegans pinkshell azalea. See Rhododendron vaseyi pinnate prairie coneflower. See Ratibida pinnata pin oak. See Quercus palustris Pinus aristata, 333 Pinus banksiana, 346, 360 Pinus contorta, 333, 339 Pinus flexilis, 333 Pinus lambertiana, 339 Pinus palustris, 324 Pinus ponderosa, 333, 339 Pinus resinosa, 346 Pinus rigida, 61, 294-295, 346, 360 Pinus strobiformis, 333 Pinus strobus, 294-295, 346, 360 Pinus taeda, 324 Pinus virginiana, 294-295, 324 pinxter azalea. See Rhododendron periclymenoides pipevine. See Aristolochia macrophylla pipevine swallowtail, 94, 95, 244, 246, 277, 305 pitch pine. See Pinus rigida plains lovegrass. See Eragrostis intermedia plantainleaf sedge. See Carex plantaginea plantain sedge. See Carex plantaginea plant-eating insects, 96-99 planting tips, 259-260

plant lineage and time, 103-107 plant propagation, 285 plant tables expanded keys, 289, 322 Mid-Atlantic, 289-321 Midwest and Mountain States, 322, 345-358 New England, 322, 359-366 Pacific Northwest, 322, 338-344 Southeast, 322-332 Southwest, 322, 333-337 Platanus occidentalis, 55,70, 294-295, 346 plumleaf azalea. See Rhododendron prunifolium Podophyllum peltatum, 43-44, 152, 158, 169 poison ivy, 76, 77 Polemonium foliosissimum, 336 Polemonium reptans, 312-313, 354 pollinator community support, 115-116, 141, 143 pollution filtering, 115 Polygonatum biflorum, 354 Polygonatum commutatum, 312-313, 364 Polypodium glycyrrhiza, 344 Polypodium virginianum, 22, 320-321, 358 Polypodium vulgare, 109, 320-321 Polystichum acrostichoides home landscapes with, 147, 156-158, 168, 169, 174-175, 250 plant tables, 320-321, 332, 358, 366 in wild landscapes, 36, 37, 91 Polystichum braunii, 358 Polystichum munitum, 344 pond cypress. See Taxodium ascendens ponderosa pine. See Pinus ponderosa Pontederia cordata, 330 Populus deltoides, 294-295, 346 Populus tremuloides, 347 Populus trichocarpa, 339 Port Orford cedar. See Chamaecyparis lawsoniana possum haw. See Ilex decidua possumhaw. See Viburnum cassinoides; V. nudum possumhaw holly. See Ilex decidua Potentilla canadensis, 312-313 Potentilla fruticosa, 336, 341 Potentilla simplex, 312-313 Potentilla tridentata, 354, 364 prairie cord-grass. See Spartina pectinata prairie dropseed. See Sporobolus heterolepis prairie June grass. See Koeleria macrantha prairie rose. See Rosa setigera prairie smoke. See Geum triflorum prairie willow. See Salix humilis prairie zinnia. See Zinnia grandiflora praying mantis, 60, 61,194 prickly ash. See Zanthoxylum americanum prickly rose. See Rosa acicularis Prunus, 105 Prunus americana, 347 Prunus besseyi, 334 Prunus caroliniana, 324 Prunus serotina, 324, 347, 360 Prunus virginiana, 347 Pseudacris crucifer, 67 Pseudotsuga menziesii, 333, 339 Ptelea trifoliata, 327, 347 Pteridium aquilinum, 337, 358 purple aster. See Aster bigelovii purple cliffbrake. See Pellaea atropurpurea purple coneflower. See Echinacea purpurea purple lovegrass. See Eragrostis spectabilis purple meadow rue. See Thalictrum dasycarpum purple-stem aster. See Aster puniceus purple three awn. See Aristida purpurea purpletop. See Tridens flavus purple trillium. See Trillium erectum Purshia tridentata, 334 pussytoes. See Antennaria dioica pussy willow. See Salix discolor puttyroot. See Aplectrum hyemale Pycnanthemum muticum, 161, 312-313 Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, 312-313 Pycnanthemum virginianum, 312-313 Pyrus calleriana, 108 quaking aspen. See Populus tremuloides queen of the prairie. See Filipendula rubra Quercus in home landscape, 144-145, 184-185, 285 leaf mulch, 146 seedlings of, 44, 45 as wildlife hosts, 97, 104, 112, 113 Quercus alba, 21, 106, 203, 236-237 plant tables, 294-295, 325, 347, 360 Quercus bicolor, 238, 294-295 Quercus chrysolepis, 339 Quercus coccinea, 238, 294- 295, 325 Quercus falcata, 294-295 Quercus garryana, 339 Quercus kelloggii, 339 Quercus macrocarpa, 71, 294- 295, 347 Quercus marilandica, 61, 294-295 Quercus montana, 31,54, 55, 239, 294-295 Quercus muehlenbergii, 347 Quercus palustris, 202, 203, 237 plant tables, 294-295, 325, 347, 360 Quercus phellos, 294-295, 325 Quercus prinoides, 347 Quercus prinus, 360 Quercus rubra, 20, 21, 294- 295, 325, 347, 360 Quercus shumardii, 325 Quercus vaccinifolia, 339 Quercus velutina, 97, 294-295, 347 Quercus virginiana, 325 question mark butterfly, 200 quetzal, 94-95 rabbitbrush. See Chrysothamnus nauseosus rabbiteye blueberry. See Vaccinium ashei raccoon grape. See Ampelopsis cordata railroad palimpsest, 82-85 rainfall cycles, 114-115 Ranunculus ficaria, 109 Ratibida columnifera, 336 Ratibida pinnata, 312-313, 354 rattlesnake fern. See Botrychium virginianum red alder. See Alnus rubra red-banded hairstreak, 186 red baneberry. See Actaea rubra red bay. See Persea borbonia red-bellied woodpecker, 223 red buckeye. See Aesculus pavia Index 385

redbud. See Cercis canadensis red cedar. See Juniperus virginiana red chokeberry. See Aronia arbutifolia red columbine. See Aquilegia formosa red-eyed vireo, 222 red-flowering currant. See Ribes sanguineum red huckleberry. See Vaccinium parvifolium red-lined panapoda, 97 red maple. See Acer rubrum red mulberry. See Morus rubra red oak. See Quercus rubra red osier dogwood. See Cornus sericea; C. stolonifera red pine. See Pinus resinosa red raspberry. See Rubus idaeus red-spotted purple butterfly, 128 redstem dogwood. See Cornus sericea; C. stolonifera redtop. See Tridens flavus red trillium. See Trillium sessile redtwig dogwood. See Cornus sericea redwood sorrel. See Oxalis oregana residential landscapes. See home garden Rhamanus lanceolata, 349 Rhododendron arborescens, 62, 63, 174-175, 300-301 Rhododendron atlanticum, 182, 300-301, 327 Rhododendron austrinum, 184, 300-301, 327 Rhododendron calendulaceum, 55, 300-301, 327 Rhododendron canadense, 361 Rhododendron canescens, 180, 183, 300-301, 327 Rhododendron macrophyllum, 341 Rhododendron maximum, 54, 55, 62, 198, 199 plant tables, 300-301, 327, 361 Rhododendron minus, 327 Rhododendron occidentale, 341 Rhododendron periclymenoides, 183, 300-301, 327 Rhododendron prinophyllum, 30, 31, 300-301 Rhododendron prunifolium, 134, 135, 327 Rhododendron vaseyi, 184, 300-301 Rhododendron viscosum, 300— 301, 327 rhodora. See Rhododendron canadense Rhus aromatica, 171, 192, 300- 301, 327, 349, 361 Rhus copallina, 300-301, 349, 361 Rhus glabra, 300-301, 341, 349, 361 Rhus trilobata, 334 Rhus typhina, 300-301, 349, 361 Ribes americanum, 349 Ribes aureum, 334 Ribes missouriense, 349 Ribes sanguineum, 341 Richards, Melissa, 101 Riska-Dunson garden, 130- 133, 214, 245 riverbank grape. See Vitis riparia river birch. See Betula nigra river oats. See Chasmanthium latifolium rivet hypothesis, 100 Robertson garden, Patricia and Charles, 271 robin, 25, 73, 178, 179, 231, 299 Robinia hispida, 328 Robinia neomexicana, 333 Robinia pseudoacacia, 325, 347 rock polypody. See Polypodium virginianum Rocky Mountain beeplant. See Cleome serrulata Rocky Mountain clematis. See Clematis columbiana Rocky Mountain columbine. See Aquilegia caerulea Roemer’s fescue. See Festuca roemeri roots of plants, 141 Rosa acicularis, 349 Rosa arkansana, 349 Rosa blanda, 300-301, 349 Rosa carolina, 300-301, 328 Rosa multiflora, 109 Rosa nutkana, 341 Rosa palustris, 300-301 Rosa setigera, 300-301, 349 Rosa stellata, 334 Rosa virginiana, 300-301, 328, 362 rose Arkansas. See Rosa arkansana Carolina. See Rosa carolina desert. See Rosa stellata meadow. See Rosa blanda multiflora rose. See Rosa multiflora Nootka. See Rosa nutkana prairie. See Rosa setigera prickly. See Rosa acicularis swamp. See Rosa palustris Virginia. See Rosa virginiana rosebay laurel. See Rhododendron maximum rosebay rhododendron. See Rhododendron maximum rose-mallow. See Hibiscus moscheutos roseshell azalea. See Rhododendron prinophyllum rose spirea. See Spiraea douglasii rough-stem goldenrod. See Solidago rugosa round-leaved boneset. See Eupatorium rotundifolium round-lobed hepatica. See Hepatica americana Rowland garden, 221 royal fern. See Osmunda regalis Rubus, 36, 37 Rubus flagellaris, 349 Rubus idaeus, 349, 362 Rubus occidentalis, 349 Rubus odoratus, 362 Rubus parviflorus, 341 Rubus spectabilis, 341 ruby-throated hummingbird, 78,79 Rudbeckia fulgida, 312-313, 354 Rudbeckia hirta, 100, 330, 336, 355, 364 Rudbeckia laciniata, 70, 269, 314-315, 355 Rudbeckia nitida, 314-315 Ruellia caroliniensis, 331 rush plant tables, 316-318, 331, 337, 344, 356-357, 365-366 russet buffaloberry. See Shepherdia canadensis Saccharum giganteum, 318-319 sagebrush. See Artemisia tridentata salal. See Gaultheria shallon salamander, 49 Salix, 105 Salix amygdaloides, 350 Salix discolor, 300-301, 350, 362 Salix eriocephala, 350 Salix humilis, 350 Salix interior, 350 Salix nigra, 70, 294-295, 325, 347, 360 Salix petiolaris, 350 Salix scouleriana, 339 Salix sericea, 302-303 salmonberry. See Rubus spectabilis

Salvia azurea, 336 Salvia coccinea, 331 Salvia lyrata, 314-315 Sambucus canadensis, 302- 303, 328, 350, 362 Sambucus cerulea, 341 sandbar willow. See Salix interior sandhill St. John’s wort. See Hypericum lloydii Sanguinaria canadensis, 49, 314-315, 355, 364 ‘Multiplex’, 166-167, 314-315 Sassafras albidum (sassafras) home landscapes featuring, 146, 147, 252-255, 281 plant tables, 294-295, 325, 347, 360 in wild landscapes, 33, 53-55 Satureja douglasii. See Clinopodium douglasii sawfly larvae, 297 scale, home garden, 203 scarlet bugler. See Penstemon barbatus scarlet gilia. See Ipomopsis aggregata scarlet oak. See Quercus coccinea scarlet sage. See Salvia coccinea scarlet tanager, 77 Schizachyrium scoparium, 72, 108, 271-275 plant tables, 318-319, 331, 337, 357, 365 Scirpus cyperinus, 331, 357, 365 Scolia dubia, 161 Scouler’s willow. See Salix scouleriana scrub oak. See Quercus marilandica Scutellaria incana, 331 seaside goldenrod. See Solidago sempervirens sedge blue wood. See Carex glaucodea broadleaf. See Carex platyphylla clustered field. See Carex praegracilis fox. See Carex vulpinoidea palm. See Carex muskingumensis Pennsylvania. See Carex pensylvanica plantain. See Carex plantaginea plantainleaf. See Carex plantaginea seersucker. See Carex plantaginea slough. See Carex obnupta spreading. See Carex laxiculmis thinfruit. See Carex flaccosperma tussock. See Carex stricta sedge plant tables, 316-318, 331, 337, 344, 356-357, 365-366 Sedum spathulifolium, 343 Sedum ternatum, 43, 155, 156, 314-315 seedbox. See Ludwigia alternifolia seed dispersal, 285 seedlings, 148 seersucker sedge. See Carex plantaginea selected plants. See plant tables selection, plant breeding, 166 Senecio aureus, 71, 134, 135, 265, 314-315, 355 Senna, 129 Senna hebecarpa, 314-315 sensitive fern. See Onoclea sensibilis sequestration of carbon, 20-21, 112 Sequoiadendron giganteum, 339 shadblow serviceberry. See Amelanchier arborea shadbush. See Amelanchier shade production, 113 shagbark hickory. See Carya ovata sharp-lobed hepatica. See Hepatica acutiloba sheep laurel. See Kalmia angustifolia shellbark hickory. See Carya laciniosa Shepherdia argentea, 334, 350 Shepherdia canadensis, 350 shining coneflower. See Rudbeckia nitida shooting star. See Dodecatheon meadia short-toothed mountain mint. See Pycnanthemum muticum showy aster. See Aster spectabilis showy goldenrod. See Solidago speciosa showy milkweed. See Asclepias speciosa showy trillium. See Trillium grandiflorum shrubby cinquefoil. See Potentilla fruticosa shrubby fivefingers. See Potentilla tridentata shrubby penstemon. See Penstemon fruticosus shrubs home-garden featured, 181-201 layering process, 259 plant tables, 296-302, 325-328, 333-334, 339-342, 348-350, 360-362 wild landscape, 31-37, 74 Shumard oak. See Quercus shumardii Sibbaldiopsis tridentata. See Potentilla tridentata Sidalcea campestris, 343 sidebells penstemon. See Penstemon secundiflorus sideoats grama. See Bouteloua curtipendula Silene laciniata, 336 Silene virginica, 314-315 silk-tassel bush. See Garrya elliptica silky camellia. See Stewartia malacodendron silky dogwood. See Cornus amomum silky willow. See Salix sericea Silphium perfoliatum, 276, 314-315 silverbell. See Halesia tetraptera silver buffaloberry. See Shepherdia argentea silver maple. See Acer saccharinum silver sage. See Artemisia cana silver spotted skipper, 63 silvery lupine. See Lupinus argenteus Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 314-315, 331, 355 Sisyrinchium bellum, 343 Sitka mountain ash. See Sorbus sitchensis Sitka spruce. See Picea sitchensis skipper, 269, 311, 319 skunkbush sumac. See Rhus trilobata skunk cabbage. See Symplocarpus foetidus slender bushclover. See Lespedeza virginica slender false-foxglove. See Agalinus tenuifolia slender rock brake. See Cryptogramma stelleri slippery elm. See Ulmus rubra slough sedge. See Carex obnupta small-eyed sphinx moth, 119 Index 387

small-flowered alumroot. See Heuchera micrantha Small’s beardtongue. See Penstemon smallii Smilacina racemosa, 42, 314- 315, 364 Smilax smallii, 329 smoke tree. See Cotinus obovatus smooth alder. See Alnus serrulata smooth hydrangea. See Hydrangea arborescens smooth rush. See Juncus effusus smooth serviceberry. See Amelanchier laevis smooth sumac. See Rhus glabra smooth witherod. See Viburnum cassinoides; V. nudum snapdragon vine. See Maurandya antirrhiniflora sneezeweed. See Helenium autumnale snowberry. See Symphoricarpos albus snowdrops. See Galanthus nivalis snow wreath. See Neviusia alabamensis soil communities, 141-143 soil cultivation, 141 soil grading, 47-48 soil heterotrophs, 141 Solidago, 68, 69,70, 108, 270-273 Solidago caesia, 314-315, 355, 365 Solidago canadensis, 314-315, 343 Solidago flexicaulis, 155, 172, 314-315 Solidago graminifolia, 314-315 Solidago rugosa, 252-253, 314- 315, 355, 365 Solidago sempervirens, 331 388 index Solidago speciosa, 314-315, 355 Solomon’s-seal. See Polygonatum biflorum; P. commutatum Sorbus americana, 347, 360 Sorbus sitchensis, 341 Sorghastrum nutans, 271, 272— 275, 318-319, 331, 337, 357 sourwood. See Oxydendrum arboreum Southeast plant tables expanded key, 322 ferns, 332 grasses, sedges, rushes, 331 herbaceous perennials and bulbs, 329-331 shrubs, 325-328 trees, 323-325 vines, 328-329 southern bush honeysuckle. See Diervilla sessilifolia southern crabapple. See Malus angustifolia southern dogface butterfly, 307 southern lady fern. See Athyrium asplenioides southern magnolia. See Magnolia grandiflora southern maidenhair fern. See Adiantum capillus-veneris southern red oak. See Quercus falcata southern shield fern. See Thelypteris kunthii southern sugar maple. See Acer barbatum southern wood fern. See Dryopteris ludoviciana Southwest plant tables, 322, 3395307 southwest white pine. See Pinus strobiformis Spanish bluebells. See Hyacinthoides hispanica Spartina pectinata, 357, 366 specialization, 94-99 species conservation, 110-112 species extinction, 100-101 species redundancy, 100 Speyeria, 317 Sphaeralcea ambigua, 336 spicebush. See Lindera benzoin spicebush swallowtail, 34, 35, 192, 281, 295, 301 spider, 74 spiderwort. See Tradescantia ohiensis Spigelia marilandica, 159, 171, 172, 314-315 spiked blazing star. See Liatris spicata Spiraea alba, 302-303, 350, 362 Spiraea douglasii, 341 Spiraea tomentosa, 302-303, 350 spleenwort. See Asplenium trichomanes splitbeard bluestem. See Andropogon ternarius Sporobolus heterolepis, 221- 222, 271, 318-319, 357, 366 Sporobolus wrightii, 337 spotted Joe-Pye weed. See Eupatorium maculatum spreading rush. See Juncus patens spreading sedge. See Carex laxiculmis spring beauty. See Claytonia virginica spring iris. See Iris verna spring peepers. See Pseudacris crucifer springtail, 47, 49 spruce black. See Picea mariana blue. See Picea pungens Engelmann. See Picea engelmannii Sitka. See Picea sitchensis white. See Picea glauca squirrel-corn. See Dicentra canadensis St. Augustine grass. See Stenotaphrum secundatum staghorn sumac. See Rhus typhina Staphylea trifolia, 350 Staphylea trifoliata, 328 starflower. See Trientalis borealis steeplebush. See Spiraea tomentosa Stenotaphrum secundatum, 331 Stewartia malacodendron, 328 sticky purple geranium. See Geranium viscosissimum Stipa tenuissima, 337 stonecrop common. See Sedum spathulifolium mountain. See Sedum ternatum woodland. See Sedum ternatum streambank wild hollyhock. See Iliamna rivularis stream violet. See Viola glabella striped cream violet. See Viola striata striped maple. See Acer pensylvanicum Stylophorum diphyllum, 150, 151, 314-315, 355 Styrax americana, 325 subterranean organisms, 141-143 suburban landscapes, 10-13. See also home garden sugar maple. See Acer saccharum sugar pine. See Pinus lambertiana sulphur butterfly, 315 sulphur-flower buckwheat. See Eriogonum umbellatum sumac fragrant. See Rhus aromatica

skunkbush. See Rhus trilobata smooth. See Rhus glabra staghorn. See Rhus typhina winged. See Rhus copallina summer grape. See Vitis aestivalis summer phlox. See Phlox paniculata sundrops. See Oenothera fruticosa swallowtail black, 63, 69, 71 pipevine, 94, 95,244, 246, 277, 395 spicebush, 34, 35, 192, 281, 295,301 tiger, 59, 69, 161, 269 zebra, 27-29, 189, 297 swamp azalea. See Rhododendron viscosum swamp doghobble. See Leucothoé racemosa swamp lily. See Crinum americanum swamp milkweed. See Asclepias incarnata swamp rose. See Rosa palustris swamp rose-mallow. See Hibiscus moscheutos swamps, 65 swamp sunflower. See Helianthus angustifolius swamp thistle. See Cirsium muticum swamp white oak. See Quercus bicolor sweet acacia. See Acacia farnesiana sweet azalea. See Rhododendron arborescens sweetbay magnolia. See Magnolia virginiana sweetbay silk moth, 293 sweet birch. See Betula lenta sweet fern. See Comptonia peregrina sweetflag. See Acorus americanus sweetgale. See Myrica gale sweetgrass. See Hierochloe odorata sweet gum. See Liquidambar styraciflua sweet pepperbush. See Clethra alnifolia sweet shrub. See Calycanthus floridus sweetspire. See Itea virginica sweet white violet. See Viola blanda switchgrass. See Panicum virgatum sword fern. See Polystichum munitum sycamore. See Platanus occidentalis Symphoricarpos albus, 341, 350, 362 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, 328, 350 Symphyotrichum subspicatum. See Aster subspicata Symplocarpus foetidus, 40, 67, 266, 314-315 : syrphid, 148 Syrphidae, 148 system redundancy, 151 tadpoles, 265 Tallamy, Cindy, 281, 285 tall bluebells. See Mertensia paniculata tall ironweed. See Vernonia angustifolia tall meadow rue. See Thalictrum pubescens tall phlox. See Phlox carolina tall thoroughwort. See Eupatorium altissimum tamarack. See Larix laricina; L. occidentalis tanbark oak. See Lithocarpus densiflorus Taxodium ascendens, 325 Taxodium distichum, 325 Taxus brevifolia, 339 Taxus canadensis, 350, 362 Taxus floridana, 328 teaberry. See Gaultheria procumbens Tellima grandiflora, 343 temporal layers, 17, 88-91 terrestrial insects, 141 Teucrium canadense, 331, 355, 365 Thalictrum dasycarpum, 355 Thalictrum pubescens, 355 Thelypteris kunthii, 332 Thelypteris noveboracensis, 44, 45,168,170 plant tables, 320-321, 332, 366 Thelypteris palustris, 320-321, 358 Thermopsis montana, 344 thimbleberry. See Rubus parviflorus thinfruit sedge. See Carex flaccosperma threadleaf bluestar. See Amsonia hubrichtii threeleaf foamflower. See Tiarella trifoliata Thuja occidentalis, 325, 347, 360 Thuja plicata, 339 Tiarella cordifolia, 152, 184, 314-315, 355, 365 Tiarella trifoliata, 344 tickseed. See Coreopsis lanceolata tiger lily. See Lilium columbianum tiger swallowtail, 59, 69, 161, 269 Tilia americana, 296-297, 325, 347, 360 time, plant lineage and, 103-107 Tipularia discolor, 316-317 titi. See Cyrilla racemiflora touch-me-not. See Impatiens capensis; I. pallida Tradescantia occidentalis, 336 Tradescantia ohiensis, 331, 355 Tradescantia virginiana, 355 trailing arbutus. See Epigaea repens trailing phlox. See Phlox nivalis transitional zone, 53-57, 78 trapper’s tea. See Ledum glandulosum tree layers. See canopy layer; understory trees tree plant tables, 290-296, 323-325, 333, 338-339, 345-347, 359-360 Tridens flavus, 357, 366 Trientalis arctica, 344 Trientalis borealis, 355 Trillium cernuum, 85, 316-317 Trillium erectum, 365 Trillium flexipes, 39, 49, 151, 316-317, 355 Trillium grandiflorum, 172, 316-317, 355, 365 Trillium ovatum, 344 Trillium sessile, 355 Tripsacum dactyloides, 318-319 trumpet honeysuckle. See Lonicera ciliosa trumpet vine. See Campsis radicans Tsuga canadensis, 325 Tsuga caroliniana, 325 Tsuga heterophylla, 339 tufted hairgrass. See Deschampsia cespitosa Tulipa sylvestris, 157, 316-317 tulip tree. See Liriodendron tulipifera turf grass, 145, 249, 259-260, 283 turkey, 235, 293 Turk’s cap lily. See Lilium superbum Index 389

turtlehead. See Chelone glabra tussock sedge. See Carex stricta twinberry. See Lonicera involucrata twinflower. See Linnaea borealis twinleaf. See Jeffersonia diphylla Typha angustifolia, 366 Typha latifolia, 357 Ulmus Americana, 296-297, 347 Ulmus rubra, 296-297 Umbellularia californica, 339 umbrella magnolia. See Magnolia tripetala umbrella plant. See Darmera peltatum understory trees featured home garden plants, 202-221 in layering process, 259 wild landscape, 24-27, 74 University of Delaware Botanic Garden, 169, 269 Uvularia grandiflora, 355 Vaccinium angustifolium, 302- 303, 350, 362 Vaccinium ashei, 328 Vaccinium corymbosum, 60, 61, 86,194 plant tables, 302-303, 328, 350, 362 Vaccinium ovatum, 341 Vaccinium oxycoccus, 341 Vaccinium parvifolium, 341 Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 350, 362 Valley Farm, 263 Vancouveria hexandra (vancouveria), 344 vanilla leaf. See Achlys triphylla variegated fritillary, 166 velvet ash. See Fraxinus velutina Veratrum viride, 44, 45, 316- 317 Verbena hastata, 65, 316-317 vernal crested iris. See Iris verna Vernonia angustifolia, 331 Vernonia noveboracensis, 68, 69, 71, 270, 271, 316-317 Veronicastrum virginicum, 316-317, 356 vertical layers, 17, 73-77 Viburnum, 98-99, 176-177 Viburnum acerifolium, 122- 123, 187, 302-303, 328, 350, 362 Viburnum carlesii, 191 Viburnum cassinoides, 350 Viburnum dentatum, 33, 186 plant tables, 302-303, 328, 350, 362 Viburnum edule, 342 Viburnum lentago, 350, 362 Viburnum nudum, 86, 174-175, 186, 302-303, 328, 362 ‘Brandywine’, 186 ‘Winterthur’, 174-175, 186, 302-303 Viburnum prunifolium, 33, 302-303, 328, 350 vine maple. See Acer circinatum vines in multiple layers, 241-247 plant tables, 302, 328-329, 334, 342, 351, 362 Viola blanda, 316-317 Viola conspersa, 316-317 Viola cucullata, 356, 365 Viola glabella, 344 Viola pallens, 316-317 Viola papilionacea, 316-317 Viola pedata, 316-317, 356, 365 Viola pubescens, 316-317, 356, 365 Viola septentrionalis, 316-317 Viola sororia, 162, 316-317, 356 Viola striata, 163, 316-317 violet birdsfoot. See Viola pedata common blue. See Viola papilionacea; V. sororia dog. See Viola conspersa downy yellow. See Viola pubescens hooded. See Viola sororia marsh blue. See Viola cucullata northern blue. See Viola septentrionalis northern white. See Viola pallens stream. See Viola glabella striped cream. See Viola striata sweet white. See Viola blanda yellow. See Viola pubescens Virginia bluebells. See Mertensia virginica Virginia creeper. See Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia mountain mint. See Pycnanthemum virginianum Virginia pine. See Pinus virginiana Virginia rose. See Rosa virginiana Virginia spiderwort. See Tradescantia virginiana Virginia sweetspire. See Itea virginica Virginia waterleaf. See Hydrophyllum virginianum Virginia wild rye. See Elymus virginicus virgin’s bower. See Clematis virginiana Vitis aestivalis, 362 Vitis arizonica, 334 Vitis californica, 342 Vitis cinerea, 351 Vitis labrusca, 362 Vitis riparia, 351, 362 Vitis rotundifolia, 329 Vitis vulpina, 351 wading birds, 78-79 Waldsteinia fragarioides, 221— 222, 316-317, 356 Waldsteinia lobata, 155, 316-317 warbler yellow, 222 yellow-rumped, 76, 77 yellowthroat, 76, 77, 223 Washington hawthorn. See Crataegus phaenopyrum wasp, 161 blue winged, 161 water arum. See Calla palustris water ash. See Fraxinus caroliniana water birch. See Betula occidentalis water for birds, 164-165 waterlily fragrant. See Nymphaea odorata white. See Nymphaea odorata watershed protection, 113-114 water strider, 124 waved sphinx moth, 129 weather moderation, 114-115 weeds, 148, 251 weed suppression, 159-160 western aralia. See Aralia californica western azalea. See Rhododendron occidentale western bleeding heart. See Dicentra formosa western blue-eyed grass. See Sisyrinchium bellum western blue flag. See Iris missouriensis western bracken fern. See Pteridium aquilinum western hemlock. See Tsuga heterophylla

western leucothoe. See Leucothoé davisiae western red cedar. See Thuja plicata western sand cherry. See Prunus besseyi western serviceberry. See Amelanchier alnifolia western spiderwort. See Tradescantia occidentalis western virgin’s bower. See Clematis ligusticifolia western wahoo. See Euonymus occidentalis western wallflower. See Erysimum asperum western white. See Trillium ovatum western wild grape. See Vitis californica western yew. See Taxus brevifolia wet edges, 58—63, 78-79, 263- 269, 291, 311 wetlands, 64-67 white ash. See Fraxinus americana white baneberry. See Actaea pachypoda White Clay Creek Preserve, 90-93, 126-127 white doll’s daisy. See Boltonia asteroides white fir. See Abies concolor white-flowered hollowstem Joe-Pye weed. See Eupatorium fistulosum ‘Bartered Bride’ white heath aster. See Aster ericoides white meadowsweet. See Spiraeaalba white oak. See Quercus alba white pine. See Pinus strobus Whitesbog cultural landscape, 86 white snakeroot. See Ageratina altissima; Eupatorium rugosum white spruce. See Picea glauca white-tailed deer, 33, 36, 37, 44, 45, 257 white-throated sparrow, 77, 186, 257 white trillium. See Trillium grandiflorum white waterlily. See Nymphaea odorata white wood aster. See Aster divaricatus whorled coreopsis. See Coreopsis verticillata wild avocado. See Persea americana wild azalea. See Rhododendron canescens wild bergamot. See Monarda fistulosa wild black currant. See Ribes americanum wild blue phlox. See Phlox divaricata wild columbine. See Aquilegia canadensis wild crabapple. See Malus ioensis wild geranium. See Geranium maculatum wild ginger. See Asarum canadense wild hyssop. See Agastache cana wild indigo duskywing, 307 wild landscape layers birds in, 73-79 canopy, 19-23 cultural, 17, 80-87 dynamic edge, 53-57 ground, 46-51 herbaceous plants, 38-45 managed, 171-172 meadows and grasslands, 68-72 overview of, 17 shrubs, 31-37 temporal, 17, 88-91 understory trees, 24-27 wet edges, 58-63 wetlands, 64-67 wildlife support, 22-23, 151, 161-165, 235, 236 wild senna. See Senna hebecarpa wild strawberry. See Fragaria virginiana wild sweet William. See Phlox maculata wild white indigo. See Baptisia alba wild yam. See Dioscorea villosa willow black. See Salix nigra desert. See Chilopsis linearis meadow. See Salix petiolaris Missouri River. See Salix eriocephala peachleaf. See Salix amygdaloides prairie. See Salix humilis pussy. See Salix discolor sandbar. See Salix interior Scouler’s. See Salix scouleriana silky. See Salix sericea willowleaf bluestar. See Amsonia tabernaemontana willow oak. See Quercus phellos wine cup. See Callirhoe involucrata winged sumac. See Rhus copallina winterberry. See Ilex verticillata winter grape. See Vitis cinerea wintergreen. See Gaultheria procumbens Wisteria frutescens, 243, 302—- 303, 329 witch hazel. See Hamamelis virginiana wood anemone. See Anemone quinquefolia woodbine. See Parthenocissus vitacea woodland phlox, See Phlox divaricata woodland stonecrop. See Sedum ternatum wood lily. See Lilium philadelphicum woodpecker, 75 downy, 272, 273 pileated, 51, 75, 237 red-bellied, 223 wood poppy. See Stylophorum diphyllum wood sage. See Teucrium canadense Woodsia meomexicana, 337 Woodsia obtusa, 358 woodthrush, 32, 33 wood tulip. See Tulipa sylvestris Woodwardia areolata, 320- 321, 332 Woodwardia fimbriata, 344 Woodwardia virginica, 320- 321, 332, 358 woolgrass. See Scirpus cyperinus Xanthorhiza simplicissima, 221-222, 302-303, 328 yarrow. See Alchillea millefolium yellow birch. See Betula alleghaniensis yellow cedar. See Chamaecyparis nootkatensis yellow jacket, 317 yellow loosestrife. See Lysimachia ciliata yellowroot. See Xanthorhiza simplicissima yellow-rumped warbler, 76, 77 Index 391

yellowthroat warbler, 76, 77, 223 yellow trout lily. See Erythronium americanum yellow violet. See Viola pubescens yellow warbler, 222 392 Index yellowwood. See Cladrastis kentukea yerba buena. See Clinopodium douglasii Yucca baccata, 334 Yucca glauca, 334 Zamia pumila, 110-111, 302-303 Zanthoxylum americanum, 347, 360 Zauschneria latifolia. See Epilobium canum zebra swallowtail, 27-29, 189, 297 Zenobia pulverulenta, 328 Zigadenus elegans, 344 zigzag goldenrod. See Solidago flexicaulis Zinnia grandiflora, 337 Zizia aurea, 356, 365 Zoehrer, Melinda, 137

| PS The Seattle - Public Library ANNEAL 0 01 00 8164284 4 RALPH VITUCCIO RICK DARKE isa landscape" consultant, lecturer, and photographer who blends art, ecology, and cultural geography in the design and stewardship of living landscapes. His work draws ona background in field botany and ecology and decades of international exploration as Longwood Gardens’ Curator of Plants. He has won numerous awards, including the Scientific Award of the American Horticultural Society. His books include The Wild Garden: Expanded Edition, The Encyclopedia of Grasses for Livable Landscapes, and The American Woodland Garden. For further information visit rickdarke.com. Jacket photographs by Rick Darke Jacket design by Patrick Barber DOUG TALLAMY is professor in the Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology at the University of Delaware in Newark, where he has written more than 80 research articles and has taught insect taxonomy, insect ecology, and behavioral ecology. Chief among his research goals is to better understand the many ways insects interact with plants and how such interactions determine - the diversity of animal communities. Doug won the Silver Medal from the Garden Writer’s Association for his book Bringing Nature Home. For details on othe Timber Press books and to sign up for our newsletters, 77’ and timberpres#.¢7 uk 36 visit our websites, timberpress.com JON BALDIVI

ardeners want a home landscape that nourishes and fosters wildlife. But they also want beauty, a space for the kids to play, privacy, and maybe even a vegetable patch. Sure, it’s a tall order, but The Living Landscape shows how to do it. By combining the insights of two outstanding authors, it offers a model that anyone can follow. Inspired by its examples, you'll learn the strategies for making and maintaining a diverse, layered landscape—one that offers beauty on many levels, provides outdoor rooms and turf areas for children and pets, incorporates fragrance and edible plants, and provides cover, shelter, and sustenance for wildlife. The Living Landscape is your roadmap to a richer, more satisfying garden. | THE LIVING LANDSCAPE is the first collaboration between two of the most original and far-sighted thinkers in the realms of science, nature, landscape, and design. RICK DARKE has won an international reputation both for his photography and for his subtle and penetrating writings on the many ways that humans interact with the landscape. DOUG TALLAMY changed the conversation about gardening with the publication of his landmark book, Bringing Nature Home, and continues to write and lecture on the vital role that native plants play in sustaining healthy ecosystems. z oO a w a = w a a < Oo BSS te) z Zz Wu 4 oO o co oO ai (o>) O t+ Oo © 5. age 1 ioe) KR (o>) Zz a ” 781609