ແບບຮຽນພູມສາດ ມ1

c[[IPo

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-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu !

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d;fcdh3fp G mkj o Il fi 7e,tou l5]ygff
[aookmydko3fp G ok’ r;’7e lq,ltoyf

g0Qk|hk3fp G ok’ f;’,k]k okd[5o8k

dt-;’ldb lkmdy ko
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gs^A,oU oadIPo9twfhIPoI6hdPj ;da[|;j p3]dF czomFuj dkog7vnj og|a’0v’|;j p3]dF [aopkdkfF
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g0Qk.odkoIPo{dkolvogmqjkoAoD 76lk,kf-vdsk0=h,6ogruj,g8u,9kds^kpcs^j’gvdtlko
grvjn .sch mfg\ktd[a ltrk[dkosoa xPj o0v’3]d.oxfa 9[5 oa D

ltoAo 9’bj 0=IPdIhv’,kpa’76}vk9ko c]t mkj oz6hvkj o9’qj -;j p8u]k7kF 4vf4vo[qfIPo
.odkooe.-hxB,sq;oU c]h;lqj’7e7yf7egsao0v’mjkowxpa’ lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkf
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dt-;’ldb lkmdy ko
lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;ymtpklkfdkoldb lkD

lk]t[ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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gxfu s;q g]vjn ’ ..................................................................................................... 1
rkdmu I G |j;p3]d c]t czomuj ................................................................ 3
[fq mu ! G |;j p3]d ....................................................................................... 3
[fq mu @ G |;j p3]d9e]v’ c]t czomju.......................................................... 8
rkdmu II G dko\6oxyjo0v’|j;p3]d .......................................................... 14
[fq mu # G dko\o6 xojy vvh ,8;q ,oa gv’0v’|;j p3]d......................................... 14
[fq mu $ G dko\o6 xojy 0v’|;j p3]dvvh ,f;’8kg;oa ....................................... 19
rkdmu IIIG [aopkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf ..................................................... 23
[fq mu & G -oA [oa pkdkf............................................................................... 23
[fq mu * G 2kh vkdkf c]t r,6 vkdkf .......................................................... 28
[fq mu ( G ],q c]t xtgrf0v’],q ................................................................ 33
rkdmu IVG c,joE]eg- mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f ...................................... 39
[qfmu ) G c,oj E]eg- ................................................................................. 39
[fq mu _ G mtg] c]t ,tsklt\f5 .o3]d ..................................................... 44
rkdmu VG [k’xtdqfdkome,t-kf c]t zqoltmhvo0v’,aomuj,u8+3]d .. 49
[fq mu !W G xtdfq dkorojq ,da ,k rw6 2 c]t czoj foy ws; ................................... 49
rkdmu VI G xt-kdvo c]t czomujdkog,nv’0v’3]d............................... 55
[fq mu !! G xt-kdvo3]d ............................................................................. 55
rkdmu VII G,to5f16jg0fIhvo ......................................................................... 62
[fq mu !@ G ,tof5 1gj6 0fr,6 vkdkfIvh o ........................................................... 62
[fq mu !# G ,tof5 1gj6 0fr,6 vkdkfcs’h c]’h Xmtg]-kp? .................................. 68
[fq mu !$ G ,tof5 1gj6 0fm’jq spkh -k;ko ........................................................... 73
rkdmuVIII G ,to5f16jg0fvq[v5jo ...................................................................... 78
[fq mu !& G ,tof5 1gj6 0fr,6 vkdkfv[q voj5 ......................................................... 78
rkdmu IX G ,to5f16jg0f0Q;3]d .................................................................... 82
[fq mu !* G ,tof5 1gj6 0f0;Q 3]d........................................................................ 82
[fq vkj ogr,uj G .................................................................................................. 90
vtmy[kp7ela[ G ............................................................................................. 95

r6,lkf7Qo7;hkspa’cfjL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
r6,lkfc,jodkolbdlklkprq;rao g-yj’dao
c]t dao]ts;jk’7qoda[me,t-kf c]t c,jo
dkolbdlkdPj ;da[dko9af8A’rNomuj c]t dkofegouo
dkog7njvows;0v’,to5f[qorNomujfaj’djk;D
;ymtpklkfr6,lkfme,t-kf7Qo7;hk
ltgrktxtdqfdko0v’me,t-kf16gj my’|hk3]dg-oaj G
mq’j rP’F r6rP’F r6zkxjkfq’F c,joE]eg-F sh;pIjv’
|v’[b’ c]t ,tsklt\5fF dk’g;aoF dk’7noF
]tf68jk'M cffF /qoF rbdlk-kf c]t laflk;k

lyj’8jk’M grnjvvtmy[kpxtdqfdko8jk’Mwfh1jk’-afg9oF gryjooe.-hczomujF czo;kfF
8k8t]k’ c]t I6[rk[8jk’MD

dkolbdlk7qQo7;hk;y-kr6,lkfme,t-kf-;j p.shr;dgIqkI6h9adme,t-kf1kj ’9tc9h’F
phvo;jk .o0totmujvtmy[kpxtdqfdko8jk’MoAoF ;ymtpklkf;jkfh;pr6,lkf wfh-U.shgsao
c9h’g4y’zqoltmhvog-yj’dao c]t dao]ts;jk’xtdqfdkogs^qjkoAoD

lq,,5f g,njvcffs^kpd=gIaf.shoE]tgsupvkp dkpgxaog,dc]h;gdufgxao/qo8qd]q’,k
rk.shrbdlk-kf’vd’k,F c8jg,njv,u/qos^kpvkfgIaf.shg0f.fg0f|bj’gdufoE4h;, gIaf.sh
8k/aj’g9njvo s^n g-ktfyooegvqk/5jo]q’,kl6jmqj’rP’F g0ffyo8O c]t [jvovnjoMD

g,vjn I9h6 da lkgsfF Izh6 oq ltmvh og-’jy doa c]t doa rvh ,m’a zoq Ikh pF zoq f8u +dkozt]fy F 8+-;u fy
dkogxao16jc]h; r;dgIqkd=pyj’g-njv;jk ,to5f,u7;k,lk,kffafcx’me,t-kf9edafzqoIhkp
c]t 0tspkplyj’mujfu’k,0v’c8j]txtdqfdkowfhD

pk,.f;ymtpklkfr6,lkfd=8yfraoda[me,t-kfF 8yfraoda[r6,]egoqk c]t -u;yf
dkogxao16j0v’xt-kdvoD faj’oaAo dko7Qo7;hkIOIPor6,lkf9tgIaf.shr;dgIqk,umjkmu

1

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດvao4nd8hv’8+me,t-kf c]t la’7q,F I6hlts’;oIad c]t xqdxadIadlkme,t-kfvaol;p’k,
Iad[hkogdufg,nv’ovoF I6h75o7kj dkovvdcI’’koF ffa cx’me,t-kfF gr,ju ro6 zt]fy zoq 0v’,tof5 F
-;j p.srh ;dgIqklk,kfla’gdf c]t vtmy[kpwfh[k’xtdqfdkor6,lkfmuj’jkpfkp g-yj’
gduf0Bo.oltrk[c;f]hv,vhv,0hk’8qogv’D

T gxaospa’9bj’8hv’IPor6,lkfL
dkoIPo;y-kr6,lkf,u7;k,le7aos^kp1jk’g-ajoG
{ -;j p.srh ;dgIkq Igh6 ]vjn ’]k; c]t lt4kom8ju kj ’M0v’3]dD
{ -;j p.sgh xoa roq ]tg,vn ’f0u v’-kfF Ida me,t-kfF Ida -kfF Ida [kh ogdfu g,vbn 'ovoD
{ -j;p.ofhkom5]tdyfdko7hkD
{ -j;p.odkogfuomk’D
{ -j;p.odkorafmtokglf4tdyf c]t la’7q,D
{ -j;p.odkolbdlk;y-kvnjoM.sh,u7;k,g0Qk.9s^kp0BoD
{ -;j p.shgduf7;k,g0Qk.9 c]t 7;k,I;j ,,nvaofu]ts;jk’[aofkxtgmf8jk’MD
7e4k,
!D ;y-kr6,lkf7Qo7;hkspa’cfjL
@D me,t-kf,uzqoltmhvo8+-u;yfdkogxao16j0v’,to5fco;.fL
#D dkoIPor6,lkf-j;pspa’cfjL

2

rkdmu I |j;p3]d c]t czomuj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

[qfmu ! |j;p3]d

I. |j;p3]d.o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko

3]dgIkq gxoa fk;g7ktf;’|’bj g-’yj 1.6j od,5j fP;doa d[a fk;g7ktvonj Mmxuj ojy vvh ,f;’vkmfy
X8kg;ao? d5,j fk;g7ktgs^kqj oU c]t f;'8kg;aogvhuo;kj G ]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koD

!D f;’8kg;ao
f;’8kg;aogxaofk;]bd mujgxaol6odk’0v’]t[q[l5]yptD fk;g7kt c]t fk;sk’
];h oc83j 79voIv[f;’8kg;oa m’a \fq D f;’8kg;oa gxoa fk;]db m.ju s7h ;k,le7oa mlju f5 83+ ]dg-oja G
.shcl'cffF cl'lts;kj '.sh7;k,vq[vo5j cdlj afF ,to5f c]t .shrt]a’’kocdrj nf ovdoAo
p'a gIfa .s3h ]d,ru ,6 vkdkfsk^ pxtgrfm’a gvvN veo;p8d+ kofe]’q -;u fy 0v’,tof5 D
f;’8kg;aoxtdv[fh;pIu3fic-o ($:F gI]P, @&: c]t mkfvnjoM.oxt]y,kog]adohvpD
f;’8kg;aomjur;dgIqkgsaom5d;aooUgxaofk;mju,u0t|kf.spjs^kp 4hkmP[.ljda[fk;vnjoMD

]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koG d5j,0v’f;’8kg;ao c]t fk;g7kt8kj ’M mujxyjovhv,f;’8kg;aoD
fk;]bdG c,oj fk;mujlk,kfcr]j aflt\uvvdwxIv[8q;gv’D
fk;g7ktG c,oj fk;muj[+lk,kfcrcj l'Iv[8qogv'D
fk;sk'G gxao;af45gmy'2hkmuj,ucl' c]t 379vovhv,f;'8kg;aoD

3

va'7koc84j hkmP[.l|j ;j p3]d glAozkj dk’0v’f;’8kg;aopk;d;kj glAozkj dk’0v’|;j p3]d !W_
gmvnj c]t []= ,y kf.spdj ;kj []= ,y kf0v’|;j p3]d8’A ! #WW WWW gmvjn F c8rj ;dgIkq g[’jy f;h p8kgxkjq
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດgsoa ;kj f;’8kg;oa ovh ppvh o;kj ,oa 1w6j d|;j p3]d8’A |’bj Ivh pskh l[y ]kh o d, X!&W WWW WWW d,?
f;’8kg;aoczj7;k,Ihvo c]t cl’lts;jk’vvdwxmqj;m5dmyfD 4hk|j;p3]d[+wfhIa[cl’
lts;kj ’ c]t 7;k,IhvooAo|;j p3]dd=9t,nfF g1aodtfhk’F ,;o,to5fF laf c]t rbdlk-kf
8kj ’Md=9t4ndf[a lo6 D

@D fk;g7kt
vu’8k,7eoypk,.\mj uwj fhzkj odv’xt-5,ltstraofk]klkflkdqo7A’;aomu @$ ly’sk xu
@WW* fk;g7kt\kpg4y’;af45I6[,qodq,gmy’mhv’2hkmuxj yoj vhv,f;’8kg;aoF D xaf95[ao.o]t[q[
l]5 py t9da dt;ko,fu k;g7kt ) f;’f’aj oGU !D fk;rf5 XMercure/Mercury?F @D fk;rtld5 XVenus?F
#D |;j p3]d (Terre/Earth)F $D fk;v’a 7ko XMars?F &D fk;rtsfa XJupiter), 6. fk;glkq (Saturne/
Saturn)F (D fk;,t]b8tp6 (Uranus)F )D fk;gdf (Neptune?F gryoj wfh8afgvqkfk;pq, XPluton/
Pluto? vvd9kd;’q 379vopvh o;kj ,oa [l+ k,kf7;[7,5 cI’f’b ff6 c]t ;’q 379vo0v’l’jy 8kj ’M
m1uj I6j v[;q’379vo0v’,aowfh X!?D ltgrkt|;j p3]d,uf;’9aogxao[=]y;ko\6ovhv,D

II. |j;p3]d

]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko

X!? dv’xt-5,ltstraofk]klkf7A’;aomu @$ ly’sk @WW* muj g,nv’xikd xtgmflkmk]tot]af
g-adwfhgsaofu;jk fk;pq,[+c,oj fk;g7kt xaf95[aopa’gs^nvfk;g7kt ) f;’D
4

!D I6[Ijk’ c]t 0t|kf0v’|j;p3]d ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

|;j p3]dgxaoI6[,qodq,F g-’yj xaf95[aolk,kfryl6fwfh9kddko4kj pI6[3]d.o]adltotI6[
-’q d,q 9kdovd3]dwfDh 7fy w]lj tg]pj gloA zkj dk’0v’|;j p3]d pk;xt,ko !@ (&* d,S ];’Iv[
0v’|;j p3]d $W W(* d,S govN m0uj v’|;j p3]d &!W WWW WWW d,@ D

@D glAo0t|ko c]t glAoc;’

@D! glAo0t|koc,joglAo;q’,qo8jk’M mjulq,,5fvhv,|j;p3]d8k,mk’0;k’D
glAo0t|kogs^jqkoAo,uglAo]aflt\upk;[+gmjqkdaoF glAo0t|komju,uglAo]aflt\upk;d;jk\j6oAo
c,oj gloA lo6 lf6 g-’yj gxoa gloA mcuj [’j |;j p3]dvvdgxoa lv’rkdl;j ogmkqj doa 7Gn g2vN ’3]dg|vn c]t
g2Nv’3]d.8hD py’j ,+0Q;3]dgmqkj .fF ;q’glAo0t|kogs^qjkoAo9tohvpg0Qkgxao]efa[F l5fmhkpglAo
m1uj 06j ;Q 3]dgsvn^ c89j f5 fP;gmkjq ooA grojy IPd;kj 0;Q 3]dD w]ptskj ’]ts;kj ’lv’0;hq 3]dc,oj !)W =
Xv’q lk?D

dkoc[’j w]ptskj ’4kh w]cj 8gj loA lo6 lf6 Ivf0;Q 3]dg|vn s^n 0;qh 3]d.8ch ,oj ,u _W F= 4kh gIkq
0fu gloA 0t|ko.s,h wu ]ptskj ’doa ! F= 9kdgloA lo6 lf6 9oq Ivf0;Q 3]d.8h sn^ g|vn 9twfgh loA 0t|ko
)_ glAoF c8j;jk1j60hq;3]dc,jo95ffP;gmqjkoAo c]t wfhsadglAol6ol6fvvdc]h;D glAo0t|ko
8kj ’Mm1uj ]j6 ts;kj ’dk’gloA lo6 lf6 c]t 0;Q 3]dg|vn gvouh ;kj G gloA 0t|kog|vn F l;j ogloA 0t|ko
8kj ’Mmuj16j]ts;kj ’glAol6ol6f c]t 0Q;3]d.8hgvUo;kj G glAo0t|ko.8hD glAo0t|kog|nvmu @# =
@( j gvUo;kj G glAovkpaog|nvF glAo0t|ko.8hmu @# =@( j gvUo;kj G glAovkpao.8hD glAovkpaoc,oj
glAomjucl’8kg;aoljv’,k8A’lkd s^n 16j-njsq;r;dgIqk.og;]kmjP’0v’;aomu @@ ,u45ok
16jg2Nv’3]dg|nv c]t 0v’;aomu @@ mao;k 16jg2Nv’3]d.8hD

@D@ glAoc;’
glAoc;’c,joglAolq,,5fmjugoaj’c8j0Q;3]dg|nvsk0Q;3]d.8hF 4hkgIqk0ufglAosjk’dao! =
Xvq'lk? gIqk9twfhglAoc;’vhv,3]dma’\qf #*W glAoF .ooAo ,uglAoc;’8kg;aovvd !)W glAoF
glAoc;’ 8kg;ao8qd !)W glAoF glAogs^kqj oAogmqkj dao c]t ,k95dao16jlv’0Q;3]dD
gryoj wfhdeoqfgvqkglAoc;’mujzkj olt4koufk]klkf7iyo;yf (Greenwich) X16j]vofvo
ot7vos^;’0v’xtgmfva’dyf? gxaoglAoc;’g7Qk XglAoc;’ W = <l6ovq’lk<?F c8]j tglAoc;’
wfh\kp9eo;ovq’lk grnjv[vdw]ptskj ’]ts;kj ’,aoda[glAoc;’g7QkD 9eo;ovq’lkmuj\kp
1j6glAoc;’gvUo;jkG vq’lkc;’F 9eo;ovq’lkmjuwfh[vdc9h’w]ptsjk’0v’glAoc;’8jk’M
1j6mk’g[Nv’8kg;ao8qd 0v’glAoc;’g7QkgvUo;jkG vq’lkc;’8kg;ao8qdF 9eo;ovq’lkc;’

5

mujwfh[vdc9h’w]ptskj ’0v’glAoc;’8kj ’M16jmyf8kg;aovvd0v’glAoc;’g7Qk gvUo;kj vq’lk
c;’8kg;oa vvdD

0Q;3]dg|nv
_W = g|nv

*W =

glAovkpaog|nv $W =
glAovkpaogl.8Aoh l6ol6f @W =
W=
0Q;3]d.8h @W =

]t[q[glAo0t|ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

0Q;3]dg|nv

g,nv'diyo;yf

glAoc;'g7Qk W =
0Q;3]dg|nv

0Q;3]d.8h

]t[q[glAoc;'

6

#D 0Q;3]d ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
lv’loQ 0v’cdo3]d s^n grkq 3]dgvUo;kj G 0;Q 3]dD |;j p3]d,ulv’0;Q 3]d7nG 0;Q 3]dg|nv
c]t 0;Q 3]d.8Dh g,vjn |;j p3]dxoyj vvh ,8oq ,oa gv’F lv’9f5 0;Q 3]dp’a 176j ’q mFuj l;j o9f5 8kj ’M1|6j kh
3]dd=g7nvj opkh p8k,;’q ,oq .ow]pt;oa |’jb wfIh v[|’jb D
$D dkodeoqf95frydaffhkor6,lkf
grvjn 1kdI86h ec|’j m8uj ’A 0v’lt4kom8uj kj ’Mgm’y |kh 3]dooA grojy wfdh eofq .sgh m’y roN z;y 3]d
,uglAolq,,5f @ ]t[q[7nG ]t[q[vq’lk0t|ko c]t ]t[q[vq’lkc;’D glAolq,,5fma’lv’
]t[[q 9t8fa doa c]t c8]j t9f5 m8uj fa doa c,oj 9f5 rdy fa fkh or,6 lkf g-’yj .-dh eofq 8ec|’j lt4komuj
8kj ’Mgm’y roN z;y 3]dD
7e4k,
!D |;j p3]dc,oj spa’L 9’qj vtmy[kp|;j p3]d.o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;koL
@D glAoc;’F glAo0t|ko8kj ’da[vq’lkc;’ c]t vq’lk0t|koco;.fL
#D glAoc;’g7Qk c]t glAol6ol6fc,oj glAoco;.fL
$D 9qj’-vdsk95frydafr6,lkf0v’,qfltd6;jkG 1j6vq’lkc;’ c]t vq’lk0t|ko

mugmqkj .fL X3fpvkwl|;j p3]d9e]v'?
{ xtgmf]k;ovo16j]ts;kj ’vq’lkc;’ c]t vq’lk0t|komugmqjk.fL

7

[qfmu @ |j;p3]d9e]v’ c]t czomju

I. |j;p3]d9e]v’

!D |j;p3]d9e]v’

c,oj 8;q cmom.uj d7h P’mluj f5 0v’|;j p3]dmuj 9f5 8fa
cmh9y’D c8j[+lk,kfltcf’vvdwfh \qfm5d
]da ltot0v’|;j p3]dF ,uc8lj tcf’.sgh soa I[6 9f5 lo6 dk'
]adltot];,mk’ovd0v’|j;p3]dgmjqkoAo gloA lo6 lf6
g-oaj G mtg]F ,tsklt\f5 F mt;[u 8kj ’M c]t vonj M D

g4y’1jk’.fd=8k,F |j;p3]d9e]v’
lk,kfgIaf.shoadIPog0Qk.9g4y’I6[-q’ c]t
dko\o6 xojy 0v’|;j p3]dwffh Du

|;j p3]d9e]v’
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

mfy 8kg;oa 8dq mfy g|vn

mfy 8kg;oa vvd

myf.8h
dkodeoqfmyffh;pf;'8kg;ao

8

@D myf c]t dko-vdmyf

gIkq Ic6h ];h ;kj 8kg;oa 0oB mk’mfy 8kg;oa vvd c]t 8dq mk’mfy 8kg;oa 8dq F .o8vog-kQ 4kh gIkq
;kc0ovvdgvqkc0o0;k-Uwx.l8j kg;aoF c0o-hkp0v’gIqkc,oj myf8kg;ao8qdF g[Nv’|hkc,oj
myfg|nv c]t g[Nv’s^a’c,oj myf.8hD

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g-yj’c[’j vvdgxao #*W = Xvq'lk? myfma’luwj fh\kp[vdfh;pvadlvosp=h7nG

N -uh[vdmyfg|nv E -hu[vdmyf8kg;aovvd
S -U[vdmyf.8h W -U[vdmyf8kg;ao8qd

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myf.8hD 1kd-vdmyfg|nvwfh1kj ’7adcogj Iqk;k’g0a,myf.l|j hkrP’muj0t|koda[|hkfyogsao;kj G
g0a,-Umyf9t8u’’avdc’adlv’lk,gmnjvc]h;15f1j6 lQolucf’-Uwxmyfg|nvgIqk7jvpMsao|hkxaf
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.8hF 8kg;aovvdF 8kg;ao8qdF 1kj ’4nd8hv’?D
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

g0a,myf

9

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດIID czomju

!D 7;k,\kp0v’czomju
czomcuj ,oj I[6 ltcf’[]= gy ;o.f|’jb F vkokg0fxtgmf.f|’jb F zon czoj foy d;kh ’ sn^ c7[.f
|’jb gm’y |kh 3]d 3fpdkospgh= 0kQ .lcj zoj g9ph f;h p,kf8kl;j omcuj ooj voD
czomwuj flh kh ’0oB [oq roN 4ko;my tpklkfvoa 7da coj ;fa cmd]tvPfF 7fy w]4j 4uj ;h oF c8,h c]t
r,y 9[q fFu ,du ko]t[kpl8u kj ’MD czomcuj ,oj g7vnj ’.-vh oa 9egxoa .odkoIPoF 7oQ 7;kh c]t lfy lvo
;y-kr6,lkfD
@D ,kf8klj;o0v’czomju
grvnj 1kdc8,h czomrju ,6 lkfvoa .f|’bj F wf,h du kospgh= 0kQ .l|j kh g9ph 3fp.-,h kf8kl;j o g-’yj
gxoa g]dl;j omluj tcf’.sgh soa ;kj Gwfsh pIh= [6 c]tgloA 8kj 'Mgm’y czom]uj 'q 9da gmvjn mP[.ldj [a 8;q 9'y gm'y |kh foy
s^n gmy'|kh 3]dD
8q;1kj ’G ,kf8kl;j o0v’czomujr6,lkf !G !WWWWWWS \kp7;k,;kj G ! -, 16.j oczomuj
gmqkj da[ !WWWWWW -a’8ugg,af s^n !W dy3]c,af 0v’|hkfyoD
#D g7njv’\kp -njr6,lkf8jk’Mgmy'czomju
1g6j m'y czommuj d5 czoj 8vh ’.-gh 7vnj ’\kp c]t -8nj kj ’Mgm'y czomFju czomuj mguj rojy ,da .-,h su ^kp
-tofy g-oaj G czomduj kog,vn ’0v’3]d sn^ mt;[u F r,6 ru kdF czommju e,t-kfF czomguj lf4tdfy 0v’
r6,urkd 0v’xtgmf8kj ’M s^n 0v’mhv’4yoj 8kj ’MD
8q;1kj ’G czomumj e,t-kf0v’xtgmf]k; gmy’czomugj ryoj 0Po-xnj tgmfD
{ g[vN ’gm’y 0v'czomcuj ,oj mfy g|vn D
{ g[vN ’],5j 0v'czomucj ,oj mfy .8Dh
{ fkh o0;k,nc,oj myf8kg;oa vvdD
{ fkh o-kh p,nc,oj myf8kg;oa 8dq D
{ 1.6j oczomu,j ug]d\kpgloA c;’ c]t gloA 0t|ko8kj ’MD

,kf8kl;j o0v’czomuj !G !@&WWWW \kp7;k,;kj ! -a’8uc,af Xcm? .oczomuj
gmqkj da[ !@&WWWW -a’8uc,af s^n !@F& dy3]c,af0v’|hkfyoD

10

$D ]tfa[7;k,l6’lezafF ]tfa[7;k,l6’le[6oF dkoltcf’]tfa[l6’gmy’czomju

]tfa[l6’7yfgxaoc,afF 4ngvqk]tfa[|hkoEmtg] gxao95f8A’8QoD
8q;1kj ’G r6g[hp Xc0;’-P’0;k’? l6’ @)@W c,af c,oj gryoj mP[9v,r6g[hpda[]tfa[
ltg]pj 0v’|kh oEmtg]D

9v,r6

]tfa[l6'lezaf
8uor6

]tfa[l6'le[6oສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
oEmtg]

dkomP[]tfa[l6'

{ ]tf[a 7;k,l’6 le[o6 Xgffa 4ko? XAbsolute? c,oj ]tf[a l’6 m7uj fy w]9j kd]tf[a |kh oE
mtg]wxsk9f5 .f|’jb D 8;q 1kj ’ 9v,rg6 vg;cu il (Everest) l'6 ))$) c,fa 1g6j 0fxtgmf
goxkogxoa 9v,rm6 lju '6 .o3]dD

{ ]tf[a 7;k,l’6 lezfa XmP[4ko? c,oj ]tf[a l’6 m7uj fy w]9j kd9f5 |’bj mP[.lvj du 9f5 |’bj D

11

X8;q 1kj ’G 9kd8ou rs6 k9v,r?6 F grvjn 8fy 8k,]tf[a oE0oB c]t ]’q grojy wfxh da sd^a cmd
]tfa[oE16j8k,mkj gInvF 16j8k,glqk0q; c]t 16jxkdoED
{ dkoltcf’]tf[a l’6 gm’y czomGuj

&_W ,

&WW , ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
$WW ,
#WW ,
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]adltot0v’r6

1j6.oI6[c8h,|hkmu !@D [vdg4y’]adltot0v’r6 c]t I6[c8h,|hkmu !# [vdg4y’
glAo]tfa[l6’gmy’czomjuD le]a[r61j6I6[gmy'oU c]t I6[1j6|hkmu !# c,jodkovtmy[kpg4y'
;my du koc8,h gloA ]tf[a l'6 0v'rg6 m'y czomFuj 3fpg],ju 9kd]tf[a |kh oEmtg] c];h \kp gxoa 9f5 w;h
!WW c,afF @WW g,af c]t 8+Mwx9qol5f9v,r6D

lf5 mkh pgIkq 9twfgh loA ]tf[a l’6 le[o6 mguj xoa gloA g-vjn ,80+ v’md5 M9f5 .o]tf[a fP;doa !WW c,fa F
@WW c,afF #WW c,afDDD

12

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gloA ]tf[a 7;k,l’6 ltg\u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

7e4k,
!D |;j p3]d9e]v’c,oj sp’a L
@D grnvj -vdskmyfgroyj .-h;ymu.fcfLj 9’qj pqd8q;1kj ’,kxtdv[L
#D g,njv.-hg0a,myf8hv’gvqk.9.lsj ^addko.fcfLj fh;pgsf.fL
$D czomucj ,oj sp’a L
&D gxoa sp’a gIkq 9’jb 8vh ’Id6h Pj ;d[a ,kf8kl;j o0v’czom.uj odkoc8,h czomLuj
*D 9q’j vtmy[kpdPj ;da[]tfa[l6’leraf c]t ]tfa[l6’le[6o,u7nco;.fL
(D ;ymultcf’]tfa[l6’gmy’czomugj royj gIaf7nco;.fL X9’qj vtmy[kp?D

13

rkdmu II dko\6oxyjo0v’|j;p3]d

[qfmu # dko\6oxyjovhv,8q;,aogv’0v’|j;p3]d

I. xtdqfdkomjurk.sh,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7no

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|;j p3]d\6oxyoj vhv,8q;,aogv’ 3fp\6ovhv,grqk3]d XglAozkj l6odk’9kd0Q;3]dg|nv
g4y’0Q;3]d.8h? xyjo9kdmyf8kg;ao8qdskmyf8kg;aovvd s^n \6o9kd-hkpwxsk0;k g-y’j dq’dao
0kh ,d[a dko\o6 xoyj 0v’g0,a 3,’D .o0totm|uj ;j p3]d\o6 grkq 0v’|;j p3]d9ts’Pj ’g]da ovh pD
|;j p3]d\o6 vvh ,8;q ,oa gv’.-gh ;]kxt,ko @$ -;qj 3,’8+Iv[|’bj D pvh odko\o6 xoyj vvh ,8;q ,oa
gv’0v’|;j p3]d 9’jb gIfa .sh,udk’g;oa c]t dk’7no16mj d5 9f5 gmy'|kh 3]dD

0;Q 3]dg|nv 0;Q 3]dg|nv
cl'8kg;aສoະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dk'7on dk'g;ao
dkod5f8k
glAol6ol6f

0Q;3]d.8h

dk'g;ao c]t dk'7nogmy'|j;p3]d

14

@D c8j]t95f0v’3]d9tzafxjPogxaodk’g;ao c]t dk’7no ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
g,vnj l;j o.f0v’3]dxojy g0kQ skf;’8kg;oa l;j oooA dw= fIh [a cl’lts;kj ’ c]t 7;k,Ivh o
9kdf;’8kg;oa c]t .og;]kooA d9= tgxoa dk’g;oa F l;j om1uj d6j ’q doa 0kh ,[w+ fIh [a cl’lts;kj ’ c]t
7;k,Ivh o9kdf;’8kg;oa d9= tgxoa dk’7on D
4kh |;j p3]dskd176j ’q muj [+,udkog|’a 8u’cooj vog7y’j |’bj 0v’|;j p3]dg;]k.fd=9tgxoa
dk’g;oa F vudg7’yj |’bj 9tgxoa g;]kdk’7no8ts^vfwxD
fh;pdko\6ovhv,8q;,aogv’0v’3]d 1c6j 8]j t95f0v’3]dg;]kd=9txPj owx8k,]efa[7nG
g-QkF l;pF mjP’F [jkpF c]t 7jO9qo]a[cl’lts;jk’ c]t 7;k,Ihvo9kdf;’vkmyf
g0Qkl76j ;k,,nfgxaog;]kdk’7no8+wx9qod;kj 9twfhIa[cl’lts;kj ’9kdf;’vkmyfvud 9’bj gxao
g;]kdk’g;aoD gonjv’9kd|j;p3]d\6ovhv,8q;,aogv’[+15f9adgmnjvdk’g;ao c]t dk’7no
9’jb lts^[a doa wx8ts^vfdkoD

IID 3,’ Xg;]k?

!D 3,’mhv’4yjo
.o,N|'bj Xma'dk'g;ao c]t dk'7no? d;, @$ -;qj 3,'F 4hkgIqkc['j |;j p3]dgxao @$ g0f
8k,];'0v'gloA c;'F c8]j tg0fd9= t,gu ;]kmguj xoa gvdtrk[ c80j ;Q 3]dg|vn sk0;Q 3]d.8h c]t
,ug;]kmu8j kj 'd[a g0fvonj g-'yj IPd;kj g;]kmvh '4oyj D
g;]kmvh '4oyj c,oj 3,’mulj tcf’.sgh soa g4y’mu8j ’A 0v’f;’8kg;oa 1g6j my’mvh ’2kh D
8;q 1kj ’G 4kh r;dgIkq gvkq lv’8;q g,nv’7n ;P’9oa F xda dy’j ,kl,q mP[.ldj oa gIkq 9tgsoa ;kj G
.og;]kfP;16jlv’[jvooAo 9tgsaomuj8A’0v’f;’8kg;ao8jk’daoD xaddyj’9tgsaof;’8kg;ao1j6
g-y’j sq;dvj o;P’9ao ! -q;j 3,’D

15

16

czomສluj tະcຫfສງ'ວ.mວນu8j .ລສA'0ຂິ vະ'ສxດິ addy'j c]t ;P'9ao

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

vk]kltdk de9afdk
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dkodkIu 3,ltd6 -8u k
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Ik;kp vyogfp glAoc[j’;aolkdqo
dkIkdkf
17
ly’dt3x

-u]u -k;gxqk3] c7[mk; -yfou
oy;-uc]o

czom[ju ;q 3,’

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phvolv’[vj ooAo8A’16jgmy’glAoc;’8kj ’dao ,uc89j 5f8kj ’M muj16jgmy’glAoc;’fP;dao 9b’j ,u3,’
g;]kfP;doa D

vu’8k,muj8A’0v’f;’8kg;ao16jc8]j tmhv’4yoj F g4y’9tgxaog0fohvpxko.fd=,u3,’cmhlt
grktmujoAoD 8k,dko7yfltg]pj 0v’lv’95f16jskj ’dao !& = Xvq’lk? .f9ts^5f]noj dao ! -q;j 3,’
vu’8k,muj8A’0v’f;’8kg;ao16jcs’j fa’j dkj ;c8]j t ! =Xvq’lk? 9ts^5f]noj dao $ okmuD

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7;k,w;gmkqj da[dko\6o0v’3]d7n zkj o !& = c;’ .og;]k ! -;qj 3,’D f’aj oAoF 4hkgIqkvvd9kd
;P’9ao g;]kmPj ’grnvj gfuomk’wxvkg,iydk wxmk'myf8kg;aovvd s^n wx8k,myffP;daoda[
dkoxojy 0v'|;j p3]dgIkq 9tIlh6 db ;kj f;’8kg;oa 1gj6 7’jy s;q 8tsv^ fg;]kD g,vjn d[a ,k g4’y ;P’9oa
s’a^ 9kdgfou mk’wfh @$ -;jq 3,' sn^ ! Iv[ xkdfq ;kj ;P’9oa ooA gxoa vdu ;oa |’jb c];h D gIkq vkfIlh6 db ’’q
grktgIqkwfhgsaodk’g;ao c]t dk’7nozkj owxc]h; ! ;aoD ltoAo 9egxao8hv’,udkoxPj o;aomuD
1g6j loA c;'.f|'jb gmy'3]d g,vnj xu !))$ wf,h udko8dq ]’q doa ]ts;kj ’-kf4ngvkq gloA c;’mu!)W =
gxoa 0fu \kp0v'dkoxPj ogxoa ;oa .\Dj
#D [q;3,’
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Xvq'lk?.oc8]j tg0fgryoj 4ngvqk3,’0v’glAoc;’zkj odk’0v’[q;3,’oAo gxao3,’xt9eg0fD
grojy wfdh eofq 4gn vkq g0fm,uj gu loA c;’g7kQ XW = v'q lk? zkj ogxoa [;q 3,’g7kQ 7Gn gloA c;'mzuj kj o dioy ;ly F
g0fg,nv']vofvoF xtgmfva'dyfD
8;q 1kj ’G
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3,’ .og;]koAo16j;P’9aoc,oj ( 3,’g-QkD
$D 3,’mk’dko
c,oj 3,’mxuj tgmf|’bj g-'jy d;, @{# [;q 3,'wfvh ’u 8k,[;q 3,’0v’lkdoq grvjn deofq 3,'muj
gxoa gvdtrk[doa \fq .om;qj xtgmfD
7e4k,
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@D 9’qj vtmy[kplkgsfmujrk.sh,udk’g;ao c]t dk’7noL
#D 3,’mvh ’4yoj c,oj sp’a L
$D 3,’mk’dkoc,oj 3,’co;.fL

18

[qfmu $ dko\6oxjyo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;ao

ID ;q’379vo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;ao

]tf6.[w,hx’qj

@! gfnvo #

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@@ gfnvo * @@ gfnvo !@

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\o6 xoyj 8k,gloA 379voIv[|’bj doy g;]k #*& ;oa d[a * -;qj 3,’ w]ptooA gvoU ;kj |’jb xDu grvjn ltf;d
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l;j ogmqkj daoF w]ptmuj|;j p3]dg7nvj owfh !}!@ 0v’glAo379vooAoIPd;kj ! gfnvo D

ltoAo 8k,xt8ymyoc]h; xu|b'j ,u !@ fnvoF c8]j tgfnvo,u #W s^n #! ;aoF ,uc8gj fnvod5,rk
,u @) ;aoF m5d $ xu.f gfnvod5,rk ,u @_ ;aoD

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19

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D 7;k,s^5f]njo]ts;jk’dk’g;ao c]t dk’7no

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0Q;3]d.8h

|j;p3]d
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0v’glAo379vogxao,6,xt,ko ** = #W Dj fa’j oAoF ,uc8;j aomu @! gfnvo ,uok c]t ;aomu @# gfnvo
daopk 0v’m5dMxu cl’8kg;ao 9’jb lvj ’8A’lkdda[glAol6ol6fD
ltoAo gryjo9b’j gvUo;aomu @! gfnvo ,uok c]t ;aomu @# gfnvo daopk gxao;ao;yl5;af X!? s^n
;oa XEquinoxe? cx;kj .olv’,oN 1U m6j d5 9f5 gm’y |kh 3]d,du k’g;oa c]t dk’7on !@ -;jq 3,’gmkqj doa D
g;]k0v'|;j p3]dxojy vvh ,f;'8kg;oa F grkq 0v'3]dp'a s'Pj 'wxmk'gdkjq [+,xu Pj ocx'F f'ja ooA F
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g,nvj Ivf;aomu @@ gfnvo ,y45ok 0v’xu cl'8kg;ao8A'lkdda[glAovkpaog|nvD ,NoAo
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20

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#D ]tf6dko8jk’M

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w]pt|’bj 0v’xDu [oq gloA mk'379vovvh ,f;'8kg;oa F g2vN '3]dg|vn c]t g2vN '3]d.8zh fa xPj odoa
I[a cl'cff|vh ps^kp8kj 'doa 9'jb rk.s1h m6j d5 9f5 gmy’|kh 3]d,u]tfd6 koc8d8kj ’doa D

1]6j ts;kj 'gloA 0t|ko $W {= &W = g|vn c]t $W {= &W = .8h 0v’3]d,u $ ]tf16 kj ’9tc9’h 7Gn
]tf6|k;F ]tf6.[w,hxq’j F ]tf6Ihvo c]t ]tf6.[w,hs^qoj D

pvh ov’u .l9j f5 rgy lfmk’fkh om8uj ’Aa 0v’c8]j txtgmf 9’jb gIfa .s,h ]u tfd6 koc8d8kj ’doa g-oja
xtgmfmuj8A'16j]ts;kj 'glAo0t|ko8Og|nvsk8O.8h Xs^n .dhglAovkpaog|nv c]t .8h?F ,urP’ @
]tf67nG ]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qoD ryglfg0f glAol6ol6f9t,uc8]j tf6fP;gmqkj oAo 7n]tf6Ihvoma’,u
/qo8qd8ts^vfxuD g[yj’I6[;q’379vo0v’|j;p3]dvhv,f;’8kg;aor;dgIqkla’gdfmju8A’0v’
|;j p3]d.o]ts;kj ’;oa mu @@ gfvn o ,4y o5 k sk ;oa mu @# gfvn o doa pk .ow]ptooA g2vN ’3]dg|vn
s’jP’wxskf;’8kg;ao c]t ,aowfhIa[7;k,Ihvos^kpmjul5fD .ow]ptoAog2Nv’3]dg|nv
c,oj ]tfI6 vh oF d'q doa 0kh ,1gj6 2vN ’3]d.8ch ,oj ]tf|6 k;D m8uj ’A 0v’g2vN ’3]d g|vn .o]ts;kj ’;oa mu

21

#D -Ao8jk’M0v’[aopkdkf

g,3-3x c8d3,ltc2
g,3-ltc2

lt8ik383x lt8ik38ltc2 ]tfa[7;k,l6'

[k]6ovkdkf g7njv'[yovkprqo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

38i3xltc2

v5ostr6,

-Ao[aopkdkf

oda ;my tpklkfwfch [’j 37’lkh ’0v’[oa pkdkfvvdgxoa -oA M 3fp.-gh doc8d8kj ’doa g-oja
c[’j 8k,lfa l;j o0v’dkH fF c[’j 8k,7o5 l,q [fa mk’w22kh F c8.j odkoldb lkfkh ov85 o5 py ,q ;my tpk
c];h grojy c[’j [oa pkdkf8k,dkoxPj ocx’0v’vo5 str,6 D -oA [oa pkdkf0v’3]dxtdv[f;h p
& -oA c88j Oskl'6 7Gn 38i3xltc2 (Troposphere)F lt8ik38ltc2 (Stratosphere)F g,3-ltc2
(Mesosphere)F c8d3,ltc2 (Thermosphere) c]t -oA 3v3-o (Ozone)D

24

$D 75oxt3spf0v’-Ao[aopkdkf c]t ;ymuxqdxadIadlk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
4kh [+,u-oA [oa pkdkfc];h |;j p3]dd=s;kj ’gxkjq [+,ul'yj mu,j u-u;yfF [+,uc,oj EF [+,u],q F [+,u/oq F
[+,u2hkgs^Nv,F 2hkIhv’DDD -Ao[aopkdkfIa[xtdao.sh|;j p3]d,uv5ostr6,.o]tfa[cooj voF ,ao
daoj 8v']aflt\u8kj ’M0v’f;’8kg;aoF -;j pdt9kp7;k,Ihvo.shcd3j ]dF f6fgvqk7;k,Ihvo
c]t ltmhvocl'0v’8kg;aoF gxaomju,k0v’vkpoE.olj;o8jk’M0v’c8j]tmt;u[ c]t
,u[qf[kfle7ao8+l'yj m,uj u-u;yf8kj ’MD
cs^j’degouf0v’vkdkfglpc,oj ,k9kdm+vkpglp0v’]qfpqoF 3I’’kov5flkstdeF
dkogzkq w\h X9f6 0gU spvN F 9f6 xkj DDD?F 3I’’kow22kh 7;k,Ivh oF [vj o-,5 o,5 -oq [kh ogIvn o c]t vojn MD
dkoxdq xda Ida lk-oA [oa pkdkfgxoa |kh m0uj v’\fq md5 7oq 1.j6 o3]dm9uj t8vh ’wfgh vkq .9.lgj 4’y
[aoskoU1kj ’g0A,’;f D ltoAoF ;ymudkocdhw0d=7nG
{ s^5fzvj odko.-h;af45g-Nvw2muj9tlhk’dHkf Xgaz? ryf F /o5j ]tvv’F lkoryfvonj MD
{ .-hg8ad3o3]1ug\ktlq,cmog8ad3o3]1u mujgIaf.shgdufdHkf Xgaz? ryfg-aoj G s^5fzvj o

dko.-h ltgx^ grvnj xhv’dao-Ao3v3-oD
{ de9fa 0v’glpmguj xoa rfy 0v'g7vjn 'poq md5 -tofy c]t 3I''kovf5 lkstde dvj oxvj p

vvdl[6j oa pkdkfD
{ gzupcz7j ;k,I.6h smh d5 7oq wfIh 96h da c]t xvh ’doa 8+zoq Ikh p0v’vkdkfgxoa ryfD
{ vvddqf\kp7;[75,1kj ’g0A,’;f D

7e4k,
!D -Ao[aopkdkfc,oj spa’L
@D gryoj c[’j -Ao[aopkdkfvvdgxao9ad-AoL c8]j t-Ao-;nj kj co;.fL
#D -Ao3v3-o,u75oxt3spf c]t 3mfco;.f8+l’yj mu,j u-u;yfL
$D 9’qj g;Qkg4y’75oxt3spf0v’-Ao[aopkdkf c]t ;ymuxqdxadIadlkL

25

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ[qfvjkogruj,

1. -oA [aopkdkf1j68yfda[|hkfyo s^n -Ao38i3xltc2 XTroposphere?
-AooU,u7;k,|k !&{!( d,F c87j ;k,|k[+lt|ej ltg\uF 3fpltgrkt16gj lAo0Q;3]dc,oj
|k xt,ko *{_ d, gmqkj oAoD [aopkdkf-AooU gxao-Aomuj,u7;k,|kc|hod;kj -Aovnoj Md;,gvqk
xt,ko #}$ 0v’vkdkfm’a \fq D -oA o,U 7u ;k,gxgy xvN osk^ p c]t ,du koxPj ocx’1g6j ]vN pF ,du ko
xoja x;o0v’vkdkf 1g6j xoa xt9eg-oja G xtdfq dko2kh Ivh ’F /oq 8dq F ],q rkpF5 7;k,-,j5 F 7;k,Ivh oDDD
@D -Aolt8ik38ltc2 XStratosphere?
-AooU16jl6’9kd|hkfyoc8j !({ *W d,F gxao-Aomuj,uvkdkfxaoj x;j os^kpF ,udtclvkdkf
g7vjn om8uj k,];’0;k’ c]t ,]u ,q rfa cI’rl= ,q 7;oD [oa pkdkf.o-oAa oU ,7u ;k,lts’[q sk^ pd;kj
-oA 38i3xltc2 g7vjn ’[oy vkprojq 9’jb opy ,q [oy 1.j6 o-oA ],j5 0v’[oa pkdkfoU grvjn sdu^ ltrk[vkdkf
mIju o5 cI’.o-oaA 38i3xltc2D
#D -Aog,3-ltc2 (Mesosphere?
gxao-Ao[aopkdkf16jg|nv-Aolt8ik38ltc20Bowx v5ostr6,s^5f8O]q’ 9qog4y’ {_W =c
mwuj ]ptl6’ )W d,F govnj ’9kdskj ’9kdcs’^j 7;k,Ihvo.o-Ao3v3-ovvdwx,;ovkdkf.o-AooU
,u[+g4y’ WD!: 0v’,;ovkdkfma’\qfD
$D -Aoc8d3,ltc2 XThermosphere?
dD -Aovu3v3oltc2 XIonosphere?
gxao-Aol6’l5f0v’[aopkdkf X)W{$WW d,?F -AooUgxao-Aomujvkdkfg[qk[k’mujl5fF gxao-Ao
mu[j +7’q muxj ko.f 9’jb gIfa .svh kdkf[+xdq dt8yD gxoa -oA mulj k,kf ltmvh o7No8kj ’M0v’;ymtp5 c]t
3m]trk[9kd|hkfyowxl06j q’g0f8kj ’M vhv,3]d wfh3fpzkj ofk;mP, D
0D -Aogvad3-ltc2 XExosphere) c,jo-aAo[aopkdkfovdl5f0v’3]dg-yj’16j4af9kd
-Aovu3v3oltc2 XIonosphere? F ,u]tpt7;k,l6’8A’c8j &WW{!WWWW d,D

26

&D -Ao3v3-o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
-oAa 3v3-o XOzone layer? gxoa l;j o|’jb 0v’-oA [oa pkdkf0v’3]dg-’jy xtdv[f;h p3v3-o
.oxt]y,kos^kpD -Ao3v3-o-;j pf6f-a[]a’luv5o8ikw;3vg]f (Ultra Violet) 9kdf;’vkmyf
xt,ko _({__ % 0v’]a’luma’\qfmujczj,kpa’3]dD -Ao3v3-o9t-j;pxhv’dao[+.sh]a’lu
vo5 8ikw;3vg]f 9kdf;’8kg;oa lvj ’,kg4’y 3]d0v’gIkq m’a gIfa |kh mgju xoa gdkt7,h5 doa xdq xvh ’rfn
c]t laf9kd]a’lumujgxaovoa 8t]kp0v’f;’8kg;aoD f’ja ooA g,vjn .f4kh skd-oA 3v3-o[k’]’q
r;dgIkq d9= twfIh [a dkoxdq xvh ’|vh p]’q f;h pD

c8d3,ltc2
g,3-gxqk

27

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ[qfmu * 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf

ID 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkf

!D 2hkvkdkf

c,jovkdkoma’\qf0v’vkdkf Xv5ostr6,F 7;k,faoF 7;k,-j5,DD? .ow]ptlAo0v’
g;]k.fg;]k|bj'1j6csj’.fcsj’|jb’D 2hkvkdkf,udkoxjPocx’1j6g]NvpMg-ajoG .opk,g-Qk
r;dgIqkgsaomhv’2hkxvf3xj’lqf.l,ucl’cffF ,ug/Nv[k’gxaodhvog]njvo]vp1j6gmy’2hk
gIqkgvUo;kj mhv’2hkc9,j .lF c84j hk,u/qo8qd ,u]q,raf,ks^kp9tg;Qk;kj 2hk]q,DDD

@D r6,vkdkf

r6,vkdkfc,jodkoxjPocx’0v’2hkvkdkf g-yj’\6o;Powx8k,w]ptg;]k.f|bj'mju
pk;okorl= ,q 7;o.o0'q g0f.f|'jb 0v'3]dD

IID ,6olj;o8jk’M0v’vkdkf

r,6 vkdkfxtdv[f;h psk^ p,o6 l;j o c88j oQ 8d= ;kj \c6j ,oj vo5 str,6 F 7;k,foa F 7;k,-,5j D
!D v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf c,oj g;Qkg4y’7;k,Ihvo c]t 7;k,g1ao0v’vkdkf.og0f.f
|’jb .og;]k.f|’bj D grvjn ;fa cmd7;k,Ivh oF 7;k,g1oa 0v’vkdkfgrojy .-[h ksv^ f Xc8d3, c,fa
Thermometre? g-’yj c,oj vx5 tdvom.uj -lh e][a ;fa cmdvo5 str,6 D
;ymucmd.o,N|b’j gryjocmd $ 7A’ 8q;1kj ’G
g;]k ! 3,’ " @& c=
g;]k ( 3,’ " @) c=
g;]k !# 3,’ " #( c=
g;]k !_ 3,’ " #W c=
{ 4hk1kdwfhv5ostr6,ltg]pj ,N gIqkgvqkzqo[;d0v’ $ 7A’mujcmdw;h,ksko.sh $D
8q;1kj 'G @& T @) T #( T #W " !@W}$ " #W =c
{ 4kh 1kdwfvh o5 str,6 ltg]pj gfvn ogIkq gvkq zoq ltg]pj 0v’c8]j t,N[;ddoa c];h ,ksko

.s9h eo;o,.N o gfvn o c]t 4kh 1kdIv6h o5 str,6 ltg]pj xu gIkq dg= vkq zoq ltg]pj 0v’c8]j t
gfnvo[;ddaoc]h;,ksko.sh 9eo;ogfnvoma’\qfD 4hk;jkv5ostr6,0v’vkdkf
8ej d;kj W = c Xv’q lk? 8vh ’8,jn g7vjn ’\kp][q X{? .lmj k’|kh 8;q g]d 8;q 1kj 'G X{!W =c?D

28

@D 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf c8d3,c,af

vkdkfg[kq mluj f5 9t,uoE|da 7n ! c,fa dvh o Xm3? 9t,u oE|da !F# d^k,
Xg? phvo-Ao vkdkf |ks^kpF faj’oAo oE|ad 0v’,ao9bj’rk.shgduf,u
de]a’cI’16gj my’|hkfyoF 7;k,fao f’aj dkj ;gvUo;kj 7;k,fao0v’vkdkfD

sq;|;j p;afcmd7;k,fao0v’vkdkfc,oj ,u]u[kD 7;k,faovkdkf
xdq dt8ly tg]pj c,oj !W!& ,]u [y kD 7;k,foa vkdkfzoa cxwx8k,c8]j tg0f
c]t c8]j tf6dkoD 7;k,faovkdkfl6’c,oj -Aovkdkf|kc|homujxqd75,
[=]yg;ovaod;hk’ g-yj’gIqkIPd;kj “va’8u-u3d^o” l;j o7;k,fao vkdkf8O
c,oj -oA vkdkfmuxj dq 7,5 1g6j 0f.fg0f|’bj ooA [+|kc|oh F g[kq c]t ,]u da ltot
x;y 0oB g-’yj IPd;kj “gfcrf^ -vu ’q ” (Depression)D xtdfq dko gdfu ,vu kdkffoa 8O
c]t l’6 ogU xoa lkgsf0v’dkogdfu ,]u ,q rkp5 pvh odkog7vjn opkh p0v’vkdkf
s^n ]q,9kd[vj om,uj u7;k,faovkdkfl6'wxl[6j vj om,uj u7;k,faovkdkffao8ej D

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
#D 7;k,-j5,0v’vkdkf

\kpg4y’xt]y,kovkpoEmju[ao951j6.ovkdkfs^kp s^n |hvpD vkpoEoAoc,jo,k9kd
dko]tgsupgxaovkp0v’oE.o,tsklt\5fF c,oj E]eg-F sh;pIvj ’F |v’[b’DDD

8;q 1kj ’G
v5ostr6, W =c vkdkf[ao95vkpoEl6’l5f & dik,} ,3
v5ostr6, @W =c vkdkf[ao95vkpoEl6’l5f !( dik,/ ,3
v5ostr6, #W =c vkdkf[ao95vkpoEl6’l5f #W dik,} ,3

IIID [aofkxtdqfdko0v’oE.ovkdkf

g/NvG Xg,d? py’j 0Bol6’gmqkj .fv5ostr6,py’j s^5f]q’F phvoco;oAovkpoE[ao9516j.ovkdkf
muj4ndp6h0Bol6’g,nvj rq[7;k,g1ao 9’bj mhvo3I,daog0QkgxaovkpoE.ovkdkfg-yj’r;dgIqk gvUo;kj
g/Nv Xg,d?D

\vdG gduf,k9kd[aofkg,afoEohvpM mujg]nvj o]vp16j8k,vkdkf.dhda[|hkfyogvUo;kj

29

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ\vdD oE\vdl;j osk^ pxtdfq ,.u opk,g-kQ c]t pk,c]’F \vd,su k^ p.o]tf|6 k; 3fpltgrkt
c,oj 16jg0fvq[v5jo c]t g0fr6fvpD

\vd0o5h G c,oj [oa fkg,fa oE\vdmcuj 0oh 8;q .opk,dk’7on g;]k.d9h tc9’h 0v’]tf|6 k;
.og’nvj ow0v5ostr6,s^5f]q’8ej g-aoj G g,afoEmuj8qd7hk’16j8k,|hkfyoF ’kj w,h c]t s^a’7kgInvoD

oE7kh ’G dc= ,oj I[6 ]da ltot0v’\vdxtgrf|’bj g-’yj ,oa ,gu ,fa oE.spdj ;kj \vdme,tfkF
g,jnv,ao8qd]q’,k.opk,dk’7no9tgIaf.shg,afoE8qd7hk’1j68k,.[w,hF .[sphkD phvo;jk.[
0v’rnf7kpvkpoEvvdgIfa .svh kdkf[=]yg;oooA ,u7;k,-,5j l’6 D

1kfoE2hkXPrecipitation? gxao-nj];,0v’1qfoE c]t oEc0’mujgduf9kddko7;[
c|oh 0v’vkpoEc];h 8dq ]’q ,klrj6 Nofyodkpgxoa /oq F /oq \kdgs[a c]t sy,tgxoa 8oQ D

/qoG vkpoE.ovkdkf.og,vjn 4dn g8kQ 3I,gxoa g,fa ovh p Xg/vN ? 1.j6 o]tf[a l’6 @ dD, g4’y !W dD,
9tdkpgxaog/BvD [aofkg,afoEohvpMfa’j dkj ; g,nvj rq[vkdkfg1ao,ao9t7vj pg8Qk3I, gxaog,af
.sp0j Bo g-y’j ,uglAozkj l6odk’c8j WF& ,D, 0Bowx c]h;dkpgxaog,af8qd]q’fyo 9’bj gvUo;kj /qoD

/qo\kdgsa[G c,oj xtgrf/qomuj,ug,af/qo8qd]q’,kgxaodhvo7nda[oEdhk,F /qo\kdgsa[
gduf0Bo9kdvkpoEmju3I,daog0Qkgxaog,af/qoc8jpa’[+mao8qd]q’,kg4y’rNod=4nd]q,rkp5rafwx

I6[ oE7hk’
30

xtmtda[vkdkf g-yj’,u7;k,g1aos^kp.og[Nv’l6’F 1qfoE/qogs^qjkoU9t3I,daog0Qkdkpgxao
dvh ooEc0’8dq ]’q ,klfj6 yoF dvh ooEc0’gsk^jq oU gIkq gvUo;kj G /oq \kdgs[a D

sy,tG gduf,k9kdoE.og’njvow0v5ostr6,8je W =Xl6ovq’lk?D ,ao];,8q;gxaog,af
8fy g0kQ doa 7kh p7pn v’/kh pc];h x;y ]’q ,kl|j6 kh foy D

IVD g0fr6,vkdkf

gryjoc[j’g0fr6,vkdkfmjuxqd75,mjq;.o3]dvvdgxao # g0f.spjmju0t|kowx 8k,gloA
0t|ko0v’3]d7Gn g0fr,6 vkdkf0;Q 3]dF g0fr,6 vkdkfv[q vo5j c]t g0fr,6 vkdkfIvh oD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

glAo;q'0Q;3]dg|nv 0Q;3]dg|nv ** =#Wj 0Q;3]dg|nv g0f|k;
glAovkpaog|nv @# =#Wj
glAol6ol6f ** = #Wj W= g0fvq[v5jo
@# =#Wj @# =#Wj
glAovkpao.8h W= ** =#Wj g0fIhvo
@# =#Wj g0fvq[v5jo
glAo;q'0Q;3]d.8h ** =#Wj 0Q;3]d.8h
0Q;3]d.8h g0f|k;

grqk0v'3]ds'Pj ' @# =#Wj XmP[.lcj o;8A'?

31

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ g0fr,6 vkdkf0;Q 3]d
c,oj g0f0v’7;k,|k;9fa 1g6j 0f]ts;kj 'gloA 0t|ko ** = #W gj |vn sk0;Q 3]dg|vn c]t
g0f]ts;kj 'glAo0t|ko ** = #W = .8h sk0Q;3]d.8hD
{ g0fr,6 vkdkfv[q vo5j
c,oj g0fmuj16j]ts;kj ’ glAo0t|ko ** = #W j g|nv skglAovkpaog|nv X@# =#W ?j c]t
glAo0t|ko ** = #W j .8hskglAovkpao.8hF ,u $ ]tf6 1kj ’9tc9h’7nG ]tf6|k;F ]tf6.[w,hxq’j
Xs^n ]tf6[ko.\?j F ]tf6Ihvo c]t ]tf6.[w,hs^qoj D
{ g0fr,6 vkdkfIvh o
c,oj g0fm1uj ]6j ts;kj ’dk’gloA vkpoa g|vn c]t gloA vkpoa .8Dh cl’cff1g6j 0foU lvj ’]’q ,k
gdvn [8’A lkdd[a |kh foy gIfa .svh o5 str,6 1g6j 0fo1U .6j o]tf[a l’6 gdvn [8tsv^ fxDu .og0fo,U lu v’ ]tf76 Gn
]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qo s^n ]tf6csj’]q,,=]tl5,D pyj’spa[vvd9kdglAol6ol6f g-yj’gxaog0f
Ihvogmqkj .fw]pt0v’]tf6c]h’d=py’j cdpj k; Xdkp * gfnvo? [k’[vj od=,umtg]-kpmujwfhIa[/qo
|vh pmluj f5 D
7e4k,
!D 2hkvkdkf c]t r6,vkdkfc8d8kj ’daoco;.fL
@D [aofk,6ol;j o0v’r6,vkdkfxtdv[fh;pspa’cfLj
#D [aofkxtdqfdko0v’oE.ovkdkf,uspa’cfLj
$D 9’jq \kpg0fr,6 vkdkf8kj ’M.lIj kj ’czom3uj ]dL

32

[qfmu ( ]q, c]t xtgrf0v’]q, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

!D dko-U[vdmyf0v’]q, c]t de]a’cI’0v’]q,

dkog7nvj omu0j v’vkdkf9kd[vj o|’jb wxp’a vud[vj o|’bj gIkq gvUo;kj ],q D ],q rfa ,k9kdmyf
.fgIkq gvoU mfy ooA gxoa -0jn v’],q D

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\kdxyoj -U[vdmyfraf0v']q,
33

]tfa[ W ]tfa[ * ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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34

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@D@ ]q,vk]ug- XALIZES? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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35

@D# ]q,xt9e]tf6 Xmonsoon}mousson?

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c,oj ],q rfa 9kdmtg]g0kQ lc6j zoj foy D

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xtgmf]k;16j.og0f]q,xt9e]tf6 7n ]q,,=]tl5,D

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36

#D 75oxt3spf c]t zqoIhkp0v’]q, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

]q,rkp5 w-37^o okdyf XCyclone Nargis)

#D! 75oxt3spf
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37

rtp5w8h/5oj 8k]yo c]t ok[u X@WW&?

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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dko];,8q;0v'vkpoE

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38
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oE/oq D

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39

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oE38o8kofExjk /qo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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gxoa |v’D

40

#D c,joE]eg-

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-cjn ,oj E 7;k,pk;XdD, ? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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gxoa sou cIFj sou -kp c]t foy |P;S sou F cIlj ;j osk^ p9t7kh ’ 1g6j 0f8vodk’0v’c,oj EF l;j og,fa

41

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດm,uj ,u ;olkoovh p]tvPf7Gn -kp c]t foy |P; Xfoy fkd? g-’jy gvoU ;kj foy loa fvoooA d9= t4dn rfa wx
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c,oj Ed=gxoa g0fmulj tf;d.odkolt|v’oE.sch ddj kozt]yfdtlydeD

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c8fj oq oko,kc];h ,tof5 wfoh e.-ch ,oj E8kj ’Mgxoa gloA mk’wx,kskl76j kh 0kpdoa 3fp.-gh Ivn F
crF gInv9admujmaoltw\DDD c,oj E]eg-gxaoglAomk’7q,,tok7q,mujltf;dF dko0qolq’j mk’oE
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c,oj dko9edfa dko8fa w,mh e]kpxkj F grkt;kj dko8fa w,mh e]kpxkj ooA gxoa dkome]kp7;k,
v5fq,lq,[6o0v’me,t-kf gIaf.shgduf,uxtdqfdkooE4h;,F fyog9vnj o1kj ’IhkpcI’DDD

42

wrcs’h c]’h mxju tgmfvoy gfp g,vn ’d96 kIkf X Gujarat ! ,’a dvo @WW#?ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

7e4k,G
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&D .shoadIPo[vd-ncj ,oj E]eg-mu,j u1.6j omhv’4yoj 0v’8qo,kxt,ko #{$ -nDj

43

[qfmu _ mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f.o3]d

!D mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f

govN mouj Eg7,a 0v’-oA vm5 dq dtrkdX!? d;,gvkq xt,ko (! : goNvmu0j v’3]dD goNvmufj ’ja dkj ;
c,oj ,tsklt\5f g-y’j ,u16j $ cs’j 7nG ,tsklt\5fxk-u2yd X.spdj ;kj \6j.o3]d?F ,tsklt\5f
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govN mmuj ’a \fq 0v’3]d &!W ]hko d,@ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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8jk’M oAogryjogvUo;jkmtg]g-ajoG mtg]9uoF mtg]1jux5joF mtg]vaofk,aoF mtg]feF mtg]
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X!? v5mqddtrkd " rkdl;j omujgxaooE

44

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mk’;ymtpklkfwfh1A’1no;kj oEmtg] 0Bo{]q’ c,oj gonvj ’,k9kdcI’fb’f6f0v’f;’9ao c]t
f;’8kg;ao8+-AooE1|6j hk3]dD dkos^5f]onj ]ts;kj ’ dko0Bo{]q’0v’oEmtg]c8d8kj ’daowx.o
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mt;u[muj,aows^zkj o c]t gxaog0fmuj,uxks^kpmujl5fD

45

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#D@ vyfmyrqo0v’dtcloE ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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{ .o[]= gy ;om,ju du tcloEIvh o c]t dtcloEg1oa ,kxtmtdoa 9t,\u vd]’q 9fa g-oja 1gj6 dkt

o;y 2oa c]oD
{ dtcloEvoj5 -;j p.smh kj gInv[+gxoa oEc0’gIfa .sgh Invlk,kfgfuowflh tf;dm’a xuD
{ -;j p.odkogfuogInvmuwj x8k,myfmk’dkows^0v’dtcloEgfuomk’wfwh ;0BoD
{ vkskole7ao0v’xk c]t lafoEvonj M,u1s6j ^kp.odtcloEg1aoD
{ -j;p.shlafoEmujvkwl16j.ooEg]yd,u-u;yf16jwfh3fpdkorkgvqkvqd-uc-o9kdrNozy;

oE]’q wx.o]tf[a oEg]ydD

$D 75oxt3spf c]t dkoxqdxadIadlkoEmtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f

$D! 75oxt3spf0v’mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f

{ mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f wfhlt|v’oEvao,tsklko.shcd|j ;j p3]dF c,oj E]eg-
c]t ,u7;k,le7ao.odkogIaf.shly’j mu,j u-u;yf1nopq’7q’8q;D

{ mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fgxaomju1j6vkwl0v’laflk;klyj’ c]t rnfraookM-toyf
m’a gxoa cs’^j vkskomulj e7oa 0v’,tof5 D

{ roN mtg]F ,tsklt\f5 gxoa [vj om,uj cu I3j ]stmkfF oE,oa F gdvn DDD -[a rtpkdvogskj^q oU
,u75o7kj 8+v5flkstde c]t dkofe]q’-u;yf0v’,to5fD

{ mtg] c]t ,tsklt\f5 p’a gxoa gloA mk’7,q ,tok7,q 0oq l’jq mluj e7oa .odko8fy 8r+ ;q roa
g-y’j dao c]t dao0v’,to5f16mj t;u[8kj ’M.o3]dD

ovd9kdoU mtg]d=pa’.sh3mfcd,j to5fvud g-aoj gsfdkomugj duf0Bo.omtg]vaofk,ao 7aA’
;aomu @* mao;k xu @WW$ wfhgdufczoj fyows;0t|kf _D@ iydg8u rk.sgh duf7No-6ok,yl6’g0kQ 4ts,^jq
-kp/’ja mk’rkd.80h v’xtgmfwmF rkdg|vn xtgmfvoy 3fgog-p g-’jy lkh ’7;k,glpskp.sgh cdj
-a[lyo c]t -u;yf0v’xt-kdvogxao9eo;os^;’s^kpD

47

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ$D@ dkoxqdxadIadlk-a[rtpkdvo.omtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f

g4’y c,oj ;kj -[a rtpkdvo.omtg] c]t ,tsklt\f5 9t,su k^ pd8= k,F c87j ;k,IPdIvh ’
8hv’dko0v’7qo8+-a[rtpkdvofa’j dkj ;oa[,Noa[l6’D fa’j oAo g4y’g;]kc]h;mujr;dgIqk9t8hv’
wfh8A’[aoskdjP;da[dkooe.-h-a[rtpkdvofaj’djk;1jk’4nd8hv’F lq,gsflq,zqoF pk;oko
grvjn dkooe.-.h sph on p’q D

[oa skoEmtg] c]t ,tsklt\f5 gxygxNvod=wfdh kpgxoa [oa sk.spsj ^;’0v’3]dxfa 9[5 oa D
lkgsf0v’7;k,gxygxNvophvoG dko4jkpgmlyj’glfgs^nv9kd3I’9ad3I’’ko c]t 9kd
dkog7vjn ows; 0v’,tof5 ]’q lc6j ,oj E]eg-F lm6j tg] c]t ,tsklt\f5 D vdu fkh o|’bj dp= vh odko0f5 7oQ
oE,aog-vN w2 c]t dko0qolq'j .og0fmtg]wfhgduf,udkoIqj;ws^0v’oE,aoF 7;k,gxygxNvo c]t
lkoryfgs^qjkoAo9t7q’1j6.ooE gxaog;]kpk;okovaowfhgIaf.shrnf c]t lafwfhIa[vao8t]kp
9kddkoff6 -,b l’yj gsk^jq ooA F p’yj wxd;kj ooA .og;]k,tof5 gIkq wf[h =]y3rdrnf c]t lfa gsk^qj ooA d=9t
wfIh [a voa 8t]kpwx8k,Mdoa D pvh oco;ooA dkooe.--h [a rtpkdvo.omtg] c]t ,tsklt\f5
1kj ’lq,gsflq,zqo 9’bj d;,gvqkma’dkoxhv’dao[+.shmtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fgxygxNvoD

rk]t|kh mfuj ’ja dkj ; IPdIvh ’.s,h du koxtdv[l;j oF dkoI;j ,,0n v’sk^ prkdl;j oF o[a m’a
[5d7qoF vq’dko9af8A’F oad;ymtpklkf.om;qj 3]dD

7e4k,

!D .o3]d,,u tsklt\f5 9da cs’j F ,,u tsklt\f5 .fcfLj ,tsklt\f5 .fm.uj spdj ;kj \.6j o3]dL
@D mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f8kj ’dao7nco;.fL
#D oEmtg]0Bo{]q’ phvolkgsfvao.fL
$D dtcloEmtg]c,oj spa’L dtcloEmtg]Ihvo c]t dtcloEmtg]g1aoc,oj spa’L
&D 75oxt3spf0v’mtg] c]t ,tsklt\5f,u7nco;.fL
*D gxaospa’r;dgIqk9b’j 8hv’xqdxadIadlk-a[rtpkdvomtg] c]t ,tsklt\5fL
(D 9’qj [vddPj ;d[a dkoxdq xda Ida lkc,oj E]eg-1.j6 o[kh o s^n -,5 -oq mouj da IPovkwl1Dj6

[qfvkogruj,

oEmtg],ulj;oxtlq,0v’gdnvs^kpmujl5fD 3fpmqj;MwxoEmtg]|ad !WWW dik, 9t,u
gdnv8kj ’Mxtlq,16j #& dik, gxaogdnvmtg] @){@_ dik,D oEmtg],u7;k,g7a,[+gmqkj dao 9b’j ,u
7;k,|kc|oh c]t l8u kj ’doa D oEmtg].og0fIvh o,7u ;k,g7,a d;kj .og0fv[q voj5 c]t g0f|k;
grkt,udko]tgsups^kpd;kj D mtg]mu,j uc,oj Ews^]q’l6|j hvplkp9t,u7;k,g7a,s^kpd;kj mtg]
mu,j uc,joEws^]q’l6js^kplkpD 3fpmqj;wx oEmtg],ulu2hkcdcj 8vj kfxPj ocx’wxwfhgrkt0Boda[
xt],y kolkom]ju t]kpg9vn xoq 1Dj6

48