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52

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53

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54

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c]t ,uvaf8kl;j o0v’7qo|5j,gxao9eo;os^kpD dq’dao0hk,9eo;ozh6.spj c]t zh6g4Qk,u|hvp
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7qo|5,j |hvpF ,uzh6.spj c]t zh6g4Qks^kp X,uvkp5pnod;,vaf8kl;j ol6’?D

59

&D g-Nv-kf8jk’M.o3]d

60

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gvuiq[3xvyf Xzy;-k;?
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vkg,iydao{vyofPo Xg-Nv-kfxtlq,?

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|a’F lu0v’zq,F lu0v’cdoj 8kDDD vu’.l]j adltotryglfoAo groyj wfhc[’j ,to5fvvdgxao # g-Nv-kf
.spj7nzy;0k;F zy;feF zy;gs^nv’g-ajoG 7qomt;u[gvuiq[c,jo,ug-Nv-kfzy;0k;F 7qomt;u[vk-u
l;j os^kpc,oj ,ug-Nv-kfzy;gs^nv’ c]t 7qomt;u[vk2iydk c]t l;j o|b’j 0v’mt;u[vk-u c]t
mt;u[vkg,iydkc,oj ,ug-Nv-kfzy;feD

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c8mj d5 7oq d,= lu fy ltg\ru k[gmkjq mP,doa D

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#D pvh ogsfzoq co;.f 9’jb gIfa .sdh kogr,ju 0oB 0v’xt-kdvoc8d8kj ’doa .oc8]j tg0fL
$D ,to5fgIqkc[’j vvdgxao9adg-Nv-kfL 7ng-Nv-kf.fcfLj

61

rkdmu VII ,to5f1j6g0fIhvo

[qfmu !@ ,to5f1j6g0fr6,vkdkfIhvo

I. g’njvow0fhkome,t-kf0v’g0fIhvo-5j,glAol6ol6f c]t Ihvocsh'
glAovkpao

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c]t .8hD g0fIhvo-5j,,uvkokg0fd;hk’0;k’g-aoj [=]yg;orkdg|nv0v’vkg,iydk.8hF [=]yg;o
vkg,iydkdk’F rkddk’0v’mt;u[vk2iydkF [=]yg;o\g6j dkt0v’g0fvk-u8kg;oa vvdlP’.8h
c]t [k’l;j o0v’g0fvk-u.8hD

$W = *W = ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ$W =
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@D r6,lao4ko
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g-oja G g0fc,oj Evk,k3-o.ovkg,iydk.8Fh c,oj Ed’q 3d.omt;u[vk2iydk c]tg0fvk-u8kg;oa
vvdlP’.8Fh l;j o.sp0j v’cs,^ voy f96 ou X];,,xu tgmf]k;? c]t [oa fk\g6j dktg-oja G voy 3fgog-pF
,kg]g-pF 2]u [y xoy D

62

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g0fgloA lo6 lf6 c]t g0fv’q lk0t|ko8O wfIh [a cl’cffs^kpw]ptg;]kdk’g;oa c]t
dk’7nogmqkj dao8ts^vfxuD gfnvo ,a’dvo .o]tf6|k;,uv5ostr6,[+c8d8kj ’dao s^kpxko.f
da[gfnvod=]tdqf.o]tf6IhvoD .om5d gfnvov5ostr6,0v’vkdkf9tl6’F v5ostr6, ltg]pj l6’
d;kj !_ =c r6,vkdkfg0fglAol6ol6f gxaor6,vkdkfxtgrfIhvo c]t -5j,16j8ts^vfF 9b'j rk.sh
rnfraookM-toyf 0P;’k,8ts^vfxuD
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c8fj yo.og0foU gxaofyomujg-nvj ,75ootrk[w; vaolq’j zqoltmhvo8+dkozt]yfdtlyde c]t rk.sh
lt,af4trk[dkozt]yf8OD lkgsfmurj k.sh7;k,v5fq,lq,[6o0v’fyos^5f]q’oAo,u7nG
{ phvo,udko4k’xkj s^kpgduowx gIaf.shgoNvmuj0v’xkj w,hs^5f]q’ c]t gIaf.shcs^’j 8Qo

oEcs’h D
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.ofoy wx\fq D
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{ xkj g0fIhvo-5,j ,uw,hmu,j u75o7kj l6’s^kpxtgrfg-oaj G w,hfF6j w,hladDDD ovdoAoxkj g0fIhvo
pa’,urnfv5flkstdemju,u]k7kcr’s^kpxtgrfg-ajoG 1k’1nfF cd’duokF s;kpF
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{ xkj g0fIhvo-5j,pa’,ulaf.spFj ohvps^kpxtgrfg-aoj G -hk’F cIfF g,upF dtmy’F glnvF
ly’F ]u’F 7kj ’F oqdF \6F ’6F c0hDDD

63

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດII. dkog7njvows;0v’,to5f.og0fr6,vkdkfIhvo-j5,

xjkw,hg0fl6ol6f

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|kc|ho0v’xt-kdvoc,oj xt,ko $ 7qo}d,@ D rNomujl;j o.spj 9b’j ,urnfraome,t-kfxqd75,
1m6j ;jq wxD ltcf’;kj ,tof5 [+moa wfgh 0kQ wx[d5 g[uds^kpF g0fmu,j uxt-kdvo|kc|oh 9t1.6j o[=]yg;o
mqj’rP’]hv’c,joEvnjoM g-yj’,ufyolaofvog\ktlq,cdjdkox6d/a’ c]t ltf;d.shcdjdko
7q,,tok7q,0qol’qj g-oaj G gdkt-k;kF m’qj rP’xkdc,oj E0v’ c]t vnoj MDDD
@D dkoxa[8q;0v',to5fg0fIhvo
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Ifu 7v’xtgrou c]t ]tf[a 0v’dkorfa mtokD xt-kdvo16j0’q g0foU wf,h du ko0f5 7oQ oe.-h c]t
[5dg[ud-a[rtpkdvome,t-kf,kIa[.-h.odkofe]q’-u;yf0v’8qoF c8jdkorafmtokoAo
p’a 9edfa F zoq zt]fy [l+ ’6 D dkozt]fy ,]u da ltotv’u .lmj e,t-kfgxoa 8oQ 8F= d,5h 8oq gv’ r.= zr]= k;F
rkps^a’muj,udkogxufd;hk’dkoleraoda[3]drkpovdF 0q’g0foUwfh,udkoxPj ocx’mk’fhko
glf4tdyfF ;y4u-u;yf c]t vnoj MDDD

64

#D ;Pd’koxjkw,h c]t dkooe.-hmjufyo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
g0fIhvo-5j, gxaog0fmuj,u-a[rtpkdvoxkj w,hvaov5fq,lq,[6oF fh;pgsfoAo;Pd’ko05f7Qo
xkj w,h 9’jb gxoa vk-u[mulj e7oa 0v’xt-kdvo.og0foUF w,mh uoj e,k.-,h um’a w,gh oNvc0’ c]t w,gh oNv
vvj oF c8gj xaodkopkdmuj9toew,hgs^qkj oUvvd,k9kdxkj grkt,u/qo8qd|ad8ts^vfg;]kgIaf.sh
dko]kdcdj sn^ g7vjn opkh pw,xh tl[q 7;k,sp’5h pkdF govnj ’9kdfoy xPd-,5j c]t ,ojn xtdv[,xu kj 8[b
gIaf.shgxaov5xtlad.odko0qolqj’D dko]vj ’w,h,k8k,c,joE]eg-gxao;ymudkomujltf;dmulj 5fD
ovd9kdoAo pa’,us;kpF w,hxvj ’d=4ndoe,kgIafgInvo c]t g7vnj ’.-hlvpxt9e;ao.o7q;gInvoD
$D dkooe.-hfyog0Qk.odkox6d/a’,ulv’I6[c[[7nG
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gxaow]ptc8j @{# xuF g,nvj fyo9nfc]h; d=phkp4yoj 4kowxsk[vj o.\Fj xt95[aoI6[c[[
dkox6d/a’faj’djk; pa’fegouo1j6g0fr6fvpmk’rkdg|nv c]t rkd.8h0v’vk-u
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{ dkoxd6 /’a c[[7’q mGuj g-’yj gxoa I[6 c[[m.uj szh oq zt]fy l’6 c]t gxoa ]da ltotmduj kh ;|kh
maoltw\d;kj g-aoj G dkogIafokx6dg0Qk Xlk,kfx6dwfhs^kp]tf6?F dkogIafl;ox6d
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;ymudko1kj ’.f.odko[5dg[ud s^n oe.-hL

65

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lq,[6oF ,u7;k,-j5,g\kt.odkox6d/a’9bj’gxaocs^j’|bj’0v’3]dmju,uxt-kdvovkwl1j61jk’
|kc|ho X!W@* 7qo}d,@?D .oxu @WW* gdktoU,uxt-kdvoxt,ko !#W ]hko7qoD Xxaf95[ao
c,oj xtgmfvoy 3fgog-p?D

dko4k'xjkgIafwIj

05f7Qow,hgrnvj dko7hk
66

xjkg0fIhvo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

dko8A'4yjo4ko0v',to5f.og0fIhvo
67

[qfmu !# ,to5f1j6.og0fr6,vkdkfcsh’c]h’ Xmtg]-kp?

ID g’njvow0fhkome,t-kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

!D mju8A’r6,lao4ko

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c8]j tcs’j ,7u ;k,c8d8kj ’doa wx8k,I[6 ]da ltot c]t 0t|kfD mtg]-kpmluj e7oa 0v’3]d,u
& cs’j 7nG

!D mtg]-kp-kIkik XSahara? gxaomtg]-kpmju.spjd;jk\j6.o3]d 8A’1j6mk’g|nv
gloA lo6 lf6 0v’mt;[u vk2idy k ,7u ;k,pk;g4’y &*WW d, 9kdc7,/'ja ,tsklt\f5
vaf]a’8yd skc7,/'aj ,tsklt\5fvyogfpD

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cdpj k;c88j kg;aovvddk'zkj ovuikoF xkdyflt4koF vk-udk' c]t vyogfpD

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&D mtg]-kpvk8kdk,k XAtacama? 16jvkg,iydk.8hgxaomtg]-kpmujpk; c]t c7[
goa’j 0t|kowxda[lkpr6va’gfu XAndes? mk’fhko8kg;aovvd [=]yg;oxtgmfgxi6
8d+ [a -]u u (Chile)D

@D r6,vkdkf *W = $W =
$W = @W =
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czomjug0fmtg]-kp8jk’M0v’3]d
68

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c8dj q’dao0hk,dk’7nosuo c]t -kp9tcz7j ;k,Ihvovvdw; gIaf.shvkdkfg1ao]q’dtmaosaoD
fh;pgsfoAo dk’g;ao c]t dk’7no 9b’j ,uv5ostr6,s^5f]noj daoxt,ko &W{*W =c v5ostr6,.o
]tf6Ihvo c]t v5ostr6,.o]tf6|k;d=c8d8kj ’dao1kj ’0kf0AoD la’];,c]h;g0fmtg]-kp
gxaog0fmujIhvo c]t csh’c]h’mujl5f X/qo8qd8Od;kj !WW ,, }xu?D
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rnf[k’-toyfgmqkj oAoD fa’j oAo rnf.og0fmtg]-kp 9b’j ,uc8xj tgrf r5j,|k,F 8Qodt[v’grafF
sphk8O g-y’j ,uIkdpk;1’aj ]q’g]yd.ofyo grvnj f6fgvqk7;k,-5,j X,u[k’-toyfIkd1a’j ]q’g]ydg4y’
({) c,af? .[ohvp9qodkpgxao|k,D .og0fmtg]-kp 4hkrq[oE.8hfyo[vj o.f[vj o|’bj d=9tdkp
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!? 3vvk-yfG c,oj g0fmuj,u[+oE16j XxP[fa'j gdktfvomujv5fq,lq,[6o.omtg]-kp?

69

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70

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mv’cf’16-j u]uF oE,aog-Nvw2 X168j kg;aovvddk'F vkj ;gxug-p?DDD

dkofb’oE0Bo9kd[+oE.og0f3vvk-yf

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71

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(Oasis) ,uxt-kdvovkwl1|6j kc|oh r=l,q 7;oD
9eo;o0v’xt-kdvomvuj kwl1.6j og0fcs’h c]’h c]t g0fmtg]-kpo0U oB d[a xt],y kooE
m,uj 1u .6j o[]= gy ;oooA D 4kh ,ou E.-rh P’rd= ,= 7u oq vkwl1s6j k^ p c]t dkoxd6 /’a d0= tspkp8;q D l;j o[]= gy ;o
muj,uoE|hvp9t,u-k;]hP'lafc[[g7nvj omujD 0tc|’dkoglf4tdyfmujgfaoj 0v’0q’g0fmtg]-kp
c,oj v5flkstdedko05f7QoF 3fpltgrktc,oj v5flkstdeoE,aog-Nvw2D
7e4k,
!D .soh da IPoG

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{ 0Po-[nj k’xtgmf.og0fr,6 vkdkfIvh omtg]-kp X3fpoe.-Ih kj ’czomu3j ]d?
@D mtg]-kp0v’3]d,da 9tr[q 1[6j =]yg;o.f0v’c8]j tmt;u[L
#D 9’qj xP[mP[7;k,c8d8kj ’]ts;kj ’rnf c]t laf.og0fmtg]-kpda[g0fIhvo-5,j L
$D g0fmtg]-kpwf,h udkoxPj ocx’mulj e7oa mk’fkh oglf4tdyf7nco;.fLD

72

[qfmu !$ ,to5f1j6g0fmqj’sphk-k;ko

ID mju8A’ c]t 95fryglf

!D mju8A’
fyocfomqj’sphk-k;kooU 9trq[1j6mk’g|nv c]t mk’.8h0v’g0fr6,vkdkfIhvo-j5,
g-ajoG 1j6vkg,iydk.8hF mt;u[vk2iydk c]t rkdg|nv0v’vqflt8ik]uD mqj’sphk-k;ko
xtdv[fh;pmqj’sphkmjul6’ g-yj’d;,gvqk[=]yg;od;hk’0;k’F ,ulafxjkvkwl1j61jk’s^;’s^kpD
m’jq spkh mulj e7oa ,u7nG
{ m’jq spkh ]k3of XLlanos? 1g6j 0f],5j c,oj E3viy3o3d xtgmfg;go-g6 vo]kD
{ mq’j sphkdexqf XCampos? 16jxtgmfd5p1ko c]t g[i-yoD
{ m’jq spkh di’a 9k3d XGranchaco? 1x6j tgmfvkd-’a 8oy D
{ mqj’sphk-k;ko1j6mk’.8h0v’mtg]-kp-kIkik.omt;u[vk2iydkgxaomqj’sphk

mudj ;kh ’d;kj \Dj6

@D r6,vkdkf
.og0fmq’j sphk-k;ko,u]tf6c]h’ c]t ]tf6/qo1kj ’9tc9h’F v5ostr6,0v’vkdkfl6’
8ts^vfxuD v5ostr6,ltg]pj .o]tf6|k;xt,ko @! =c .o]tf6Ihvoxt,ko @* ={ #@ =c
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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czomujg0fmqj’sphk-k;ko.o3]d
73

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D fyo
.og0foU,u7;k,v5fq,lq,[6o|hvp .o]tf6/qofyogxaofyo8q,|P;F l;j o.o]tfc6 ]’h fyoc0’
cdoj rk.swh 4F 7kfpkdF 4kh ,du koxd6 rfn 4k;vo9t8vh ’,du ko.l/j oj5 D [oa skdkodtldy e.og0f
.dhg0fcsh’c]h’ xt]y,kooE/qo9edaf c]t /qo8qd[+7vj pcooj voD
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l;j o.spgj xoa m’jq spkh -k;ko ,]u da ltotgxoa m’qj spkh l’6 gdktgxoa r,5j c|oh c]t ,8u oQ w,h
0BoxtxqoD 4hk16.j dhg0fl6ol6f9t,u8Qow,h0Bo8b[|kd;kj sphkF c84j hk16.j dhg0fmtg]-kp m’qj sphkoU
9t,u8Qosphkg8hp9qo,u]adltotgxaorq,rnf7hkp7n 16jmtg]-kp Xs^n g7y’j mtg]-kp?D g0f-k;ko
16mj t;u[vk2iydk ,u8Qo[k;[a[ XBaobab? g-y’j gxao8Qow,h.spmj ujl5fD
pvh og0fo,U xu t],y kooE/oq sk^ pd;kj g0fg7’yj mtg]-kp 8oQ spkh 9’jb ,0u t|kfl’6 Xvkfl’6
g4y’ @ c,af?F sphkgs^qjkoU,uIkd1aj’]q’g]yd c]t .[lh;pcs^,7q, grnjvxa[8q;g0Qkda[
7;k,csh’c]h’D

mq’j sphk-k;ko
74

8Qo[k;[a[
75

ສະຫສງວ.ວນ.ລສຂິ ະສດິ

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ&D laf
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c]t ,ugs’aolq[gxaf Xlafmu2j adw0cj 8]j hP’]6dfh;poEoq,?D

,hk]kp

IID dkog7njvows;0v’,to5f.og0fmqj’sphk-k;ko

!D xt-kdvo
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.s7h oq g0kQ wx8’A 4ojy 4ko 7dn oa d[a g0fIvh o-,5j D g0fm,uj xu t-kdvo|kc|oh sk^ pg-oja G gdktdp5 [kF
gdkt9kw,dkF rkd8kg;aovvd0v’xtgmfg,ad-ydF g0fvkg,iydkdk’F vkg,iydk.8hF rkd
8kg;aovvd 0v’g[i-yoF xtgmf-6fa’ c]t oug-iuD g4y’;jkg0foU9twfhIa[zqoltmhvo9kd
]q,,=]tl5, c8rj 6,vkdkf .og0fmq’j sphk-k;ko oU[+cooj vo[k’xugduf7;k,csh’c]h’1kj ’
zyfxqddt8y g-oaj G .omt;u[vk2iydk [vj og0fmugj vUo;kj -kcIo X Sahel ? ,uwrcsh’c]h’8yf8+dao
,ks^kpxu rk.shgduf,u7;k,vbfsy;D vq’dko9af8A’lkdqortpkpk,.sh7;k,-;j pgsn^v.odko
rafmtokfyocfomq’j sphkgs^qkj oU16jltg\uD c88j hv’vkwlg8ad3o3]1uc[[maoltw\g0Qk,k[5dg[ud
9b’j gIaf.sh fyocfooU,u7;k,9tg]uodhk;|hkwfh.ovtok7qfD

76

@D ltrk[7;k,gxao1j60v’-k;2Nog,nv’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
c,oj pa’.-h;ymusk]hP’-u[fh;pdko]kj lafF skxk c]t gIafwI1j 6mj q;j wxD .omt;u[vk2iydk
pa’,u-k;rNog,nv’[k’d,5j 16j.o0Aofhvprafmtokmujl5fD dkomuj,uw]ptg;]kcsh’c]h’g-y’j [+,u/qo
8qdfqogdnv[g7y’j xu gIaf.sh-k;rNog,nv’r;doU[+lk,kfx6drnf s^n gda[0v’xkj wfhD fa’j oAo -k;
rNog,nv’9b’j 8hv’wfhdtdP,vkskocIw;h grnvj xtg-uo|hkda[]tf6c]h’mucj dpj k;fa’j dkj ;D 16jg0f
muj,umtg]lk[F c,oj E]emko s^n 16j.dh/a’j mtg] xt-kdvo,uvk-u[c[[fA’gfu, X]kj lafF skxk?
wfhs^5f|hvp4vp]q’F -k;2Nog,nv’9eo;o|’bj ,uvk-u[]hP’lfa c]t xd6 /a’gxoa vk-u[8oQ 8=cmoD
wfh,us^kpxtgmfmuj,u7;k,9tg]uodhk;|hkmk’fhkoglf4tdyfg-ajoG xtgmfd5p[kF g,ad-yd3dF
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@D r6,vkdkfF fyoF rnf c]t laf.og0fmq’j sphk-k;ko,u]adltotgfaoj co;.fcfLj
#D 9’qj vtmy[kpdkog7vnj ows;0v’,to5f .og0fm’qj sphk-k;ko,u7nco;.fL

77

rkdmu VIII ,to5f1j6g0fvq[vj5o

[qfmu !& ,to5f1j6g0fr6,vkdkfvq[vj5o

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0v’2oN m3uj ]d c]t ,xu t-kdvovkwl1x6j t,ko ( : 0v’xt-kdvom’a \fq 0v’3]dD r,6 vkdkf
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dko]Ph ’lfa mluj e7oa 0v’3]d 3fpltgrktc,oj 1.6j o[]= gy ;om’jq spkh m,uj 7u ;k,ltf;d.odko0oq l’jq
maopkskol;j o.spj9tlq’j gxaolyo7hk0kvvdmujle7aoF gIaf.sh[=]yg;ooUdkpgxaocs^j’muj,uxt-k
dvovkwl16j1kj ’|kc|ho c]t ,u8q;g,nv’.spgj duf0Bo1kj ’s^;’s^kpD

ID g’njvow0me,t-kf

!D mju8A’r6,lao4ko
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vkg,iydk mq’j sphkltg8a[ (Steppe) 16jiafg-pF mq’j sphkxk,xk (Pampas) 0v’vkd-a’8yoD
c,oj E]eg- .og0foU,ad9tgsnvfcsh’ .o]tf6c]h’ c]t 9tgdufoE4h;,g,nvj ,u/qo8qd|adD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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czomjumq’j sphk.og0fvq[v5jo
78

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muj,u8Qosphkl6’lq,7;o XPrairie?D gonvj ’9kdg0foU16jskj ’wd9kdmtg]g0Qkg]yd.o.9dk’mt;[u
9’jb wfIh [a vfy mry oq 9kdmtg]|vh pD .o]tf|6 k; vkdkf|k;9fa vo5 str,6 sf5^ 8Od;kj W c= ,usy,tD
.o]tf6IhvovkdkfIhvov5ostr6,0Bol6’xt,ko @! =c rhv,ma’,u/qo8qdD

#D fyo
fyo.og0fm’qj sphkoUgxaofyolufe s^n ludtg[qkF gxaofyoz5zp5j c]t ,umkfgdnvF 3]stmu9j egxao
.sch drj db lk-kfD
$D laf
.og0fm’jq spkh ,ulfa s^kp-toyfG dt8kj pxkj F \x6 kj F \k9vdF \kwoDDD m’jq spkh 1r6j kddk’
0v’vk-u,u,hkxkj F ’q;dtmy’F ]=F ]kF ,hkF d;k’DDDD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

dt8kj pxkj \kwo
79

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xkj w,hg0fvq[v5jo ,u8Qow,hxtgrf.[cs^,g-aoj G w,hcxdF w,hIU’gvUo;kj G xkj w8dk XTaiga?D
4kh g]upwxmk’.80h v’xkj w8dk c,oj xkj 8oQ w,.h [.spj g-oja 8oQ c-o XChene?F 8oQ cvfa XHetre?DDD
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vkg,iydkg|nv,u/qo8qds^kpF f’aj oAo 9’bj ,uxkj w,h.[.spj 16gj 2Nv’3]d.8h,uxkj g0fvq[v5oj |hvpD

II. dkog7njvows;0v’,to5f.og0fvkdkfvq[vj5o

!D xt-kdvo
govjn ’9kdg0fogU xoa vkokg0fd;kh ’0;k’F r,6 vkdkfv[q vo5j -,5j g1oa F gxoa g0fm,uj mu ’jq spkh
d;hk’.spFj vaogxaog’nvj ow0ltf;d.shcddj kofe]q’-u;yf0v’xt-kdvoF
f’ja ooA 0’q g0foU 9’jb ,du ko0tspkp8;q 0v’8;q g,vn ’8kj ’M g-’jy gxoa [vj og8kQ 3I,0v’xt-kdvo
gxao9eo;os^kpg-oaj G 8q;g,nv’cfog;u XDenver?F 8;q g,nv’c-’]p5 XSaint Louis? 1l6j tst]fa
vkg,idy kD

dko]Ph ’cdt.og0fv[q voj5

80

@D dkooe.-hfyo.og0fvq[vj5o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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mjule7ao0v’3]dg-ajoG dko]hP’cdt c]t ’q;grnjv.sh-UoF oEoq,F g7njv’o5j’sqj,D lj;os^kp
dkodtlyde 16jg0fvq[v5jo9tlhk’gxaog0foy7q,0t|kf.spj 8q;1kj ’G g0f9aflaodkox6dg0Qkg[^F
xd6 lk]u1l6j tst]fa vkg,iydkD

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0vh ’d[a ;Pd’kodtldy eD 8;q 1kj ’ 3I’’kogIfa -oU dtxv’F 3I’’ko3,ch x’h F 3I’’kooE8koF 3I’’ko
2vd|’a c]t 3I'’kogIaf/5jo9kddtf6d s^n -UolafD ovd9kdoU pa’gxaog0fv5flkstde|ad
s^kp0tc|’mu0j tspkp8;q l’6 D

7e4k,
!D .soh da IPoG
{ \kpg0fm’jq spkh .og0fv[q vo5j D
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@D f;h pgsf.fm’jq spkh g0fv[q vo5j 9’jb ,u7o5 ]da ltotc8d8kj ’d[a m’jq spkh .og0fIvh o-,5j L
#D 9q’j g;Qkg4y’dkog7nvj ows;0v’,to5f .og0fr6,vkdkfvq[v5jo,u7nco;.fL

81

rkdmu IX ,to5f1j6g0f0Q;3]d

[qfmu !* ,to5f1j6g0f0Q;3]d

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pk;oko g\nvo.og0foUD rNoczoj fyo4ndxdq 7,5 f;h p -oA oEdvh o8ts^vfg;]k ,uxt-kdvovkwl
1|6j vh p 7dn oa d[a 1g6j 0fmtg]-kpD rfn roa ,|u vh p sn^ [,+ gu ]pu .o[k’[vj oF govjn ’9kdvkdkf|k;9fa D

ID g’njvow0fhkome,t-kf

!D mju8A’
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vaf]a'8yd

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vkg,iydk.8h 0Q;3]d.8h vyogfp
vkg,iydk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
0Q;3]dg|nv

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czomju0Q;3]d

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9vfdao X,tsklt\5fvaf]a’8ydF vyogfpF c]t xk-u2yd?D

82

@D 95fryglf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dD gxaog0fcsj’7;k,|k;
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dD g0fva’8kd8yd
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va’8kd8ydgxaomt;u[|bj’mujgxqjks;kj ’[+,u7qovkwl1j6 ovd9kdoad7Qo7;hk9eo;o|bj’F [+,urnfF
,urP’laf[k’-toyfmujvkwl 16j8k,c7,mtg]7nG oqdxu'd;yoF c,;oEF \uoED

oqdxu'd;yo 16jva’8kd8yd \u0k; 160j qQ;3]d

X!? vyo]a’-yfG c,oj fkooEdhvovao,tsklkolk,kfd;,gvqkmt;u[|bj’D
X@? vyltc[dG c,oj 3’oj oEdhvomujc8dcpdvvd9kdvyo]a’-yf c]t 4ndoEmtg]rafwx8k,|hkoED

83

0D g0fvkd8yd
vkd8ydgxaorNomuj.o[=]yg;o0Q;3]dg|nv g-yj’[=]yg;o0v’vkd8ydxtdv[fh;prNomuj
[k’lj;o0v’xtgmf8jk’Mg-ajoG dkokfkF diyoc]o Xfyocfo0v’cfo,kd?F iafg-pF
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7;k,v[q vo5j 0v’]tfm6 ,uj du k’g;oa pk;oko g-’jy veo;p.sch ddj ko0tspkp8;q 0v’rfn -tofy |’bj
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lfa g0fm’jq w7 g0f|k;o,U du ;k’m,uj gu 0kq sk^ p’kj , -;jn kj G ciogou (Renne) s^n Xd;k’-?u grojy ]Ph ’
le]a[w;h]kdcdj c]t dyo-UoF ,u9vo2voF gs’aoF dt8kj p0k; c]t c,;oEDDDDD

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

7e4k, d;k’ciogou

!D g0fvkd8yd c]t g0fva’8kd8yd8A’16j.lL ,u7;k,c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL

@D 9’qj vtmy[kp95fryglf16gj 0f0Q;3]dma’lv’L Xr6,vkdkfF ]tf6dkoF -k;2Nog,nv’?

#D .oIkj ’czom3uj ]d.soh da IPoG

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X!? 85ofik (Toundra)G rq,rnfmujxtdv[fh;pr5j,w,hg8hpF w7D
84

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85

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86

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3fplhk'glAomk'F gfuoj pqoDDD

87

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wxfh;ply’j ,u-u;yf8kj ’Mmuvj kwl1g6j 0foUg-oaj G xk;ko (Baleine), oqdxu'd;yo c]t ,to5fD
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vkd8dy 9t,7u ;k,vvj ows;wf’h kj pmlju f5 9kddkoxPj ocx’8kj ’Mmgju dfu 0oB gm’y 3]d0v’gIkq

88

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mluj k,kf7kfdko];j ’|kh .sch d3j ]d0v’gIkq D

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89

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xaf95[ao,to5f,u7;k,dhk;|hkmk’fhkog8ad3o3]1us^kp0Bo 9bj’g0Qk.9g]nvj ’]k;8jk’M
dPj ;d[a fk;g7ktsk^ p0oB F c8dj ,= su k^ pg]vjn ’dPj ;d[a fk;g7kt c]t3]d0v’gIkq mpuj ’a sk7e8v[
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fk;g7ktc[’j vvdgxao @ d5,j .sp7j nG fk;g7ktd5,j ohvpxtdv[fh;pfk;r5f XMercury}
Mercure?F fk;l5d XVenus?F 3]d XEarth}Terre?F fk;va’7ko XMars?D fk;g7ktgs^qjkoU
9t,]u da ltotgxoa 0v’c0’ l;j ovdu d,j5 |’jb 7fn k;g7ktd,j5 .spxj tdv[f;h p fk;rtsfa XJupiter?F
fk;glkq XSaturne?F fk;pg6 iofa sn^ vi6 kol5 XUranus?F c]t fk;go[a 9o6 (Neptune?D d,j5 fk;gsk^jq oU
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l’jy moju da fk]klkfl’q wl,kokoc];h d7= n p’a 9t,lu ’jy m,ju -u ;u fy 1gj6 m’y fk;g7ktf;’vojn vdu s[n^ +
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dkofe]’q -u;yf0v’l’yj m,uj u-u;yfm’a s^kpg-oja G vkdkfIvh ogduowxF g1oa gduowxgxoa 8oQ D

90

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pg6 iofa @F(#& @F)(W #FWW$ &@FWWW @$ -;jq 3,’ )$ xu
go[a 9o6 $F$&* $F$_( $F&#( $)FWWW @@ -;jq 3,' !*& xu

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f;’vkmyfda[3]dgvUo;kj 16.j o8ec|’j I;j ,daofhko.o XInterior Planet? c]t g,nvj f;’vkmyf
1]j6 ts;kj ’3]dd[a fk;g7ktgvUo;kj 1.j6 o8ec|’j -dnj oa fkh oovd XSuperior Planet?D
l;j ofk;g7kt-Aoovd9tg0Qk,k1.j6 omyfmk’-dnj a[f;’vkmyfwfhrP’1kj ’fP;7nG 8ec|’j
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91

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pk,I5’j vt]5o X8vog-Qk? 9kdd=]tdqf{85]kD l;j omk’g2Nv’3]d.8hg;]k.odkogsaofk;r5f
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0=h,6o[k’1jk’mu|j hkI6hdjP;da[fk;r5f MERCURY

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xt9e g,nv’ XEvening Star?D 4hkxkdqf.omhv’2hk8voI’5j vt]5o X8vog-Qk? dvj of;’vkmyf0Bo
gvUo;kj fk;I’j5 s^n fk;xtdkprdb XMorning Star?D g;]kmguj soa fk;ld5 7ndvj o f;’vkmyf0Bo s^n
sa^’f;’vkmyf]a[0v[2hkwxc]h;[+gduo # -qj;3,’ g4y’;kj fk;l5d9t16j.dh3]dgIqks^kpd=8k,
c8gj IqkI6hg]nvj ’dPj ;da[fk;l5d|hvps^kpgrkt;kj ,udHkfdkd3[oyd Co@ s5h,s+16|j kc|hos^kpD
dkog[y’j fh;pdhv’3m]tmaf[+lk,kfmt]5zkj o[aopkdkf0v’,aowfhD dko\6o0v’fk;l5d\6o
.omyfmk’dq’dao0hk,da[fk;g7ktf;’vonj MD

0=h,6o[k’1kj ’mu|j hkI6hdPj ;da[fk;l5d

v5ostr6,rNozy;G $)W c= VENUS

cI’fb’f6fG WF_ gmqkj 0v’3]d

7;k,|kc|hoG @F$ gmqkj 0v’oE

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,u7;k,lts;kj ’G {$F$ c,doy96f

92

fk;va’7ko XMars?

gxoa fk;m,ju tof5 gm’y 3]d.s7h ;k,loq .9sk^ pmlju f5 f;’|’jb grkt;kj g[’jy gsoa wf-h fa g9o g,vjn
.-dh vh ’3m]tmfa govjn ’9kd,[u oa pkdkf1gj6 [kq [k’ c]t ,su k^ pl’jy sk^ p1kj ’7kh p7dn [a 3]d0v’gIkq g-oja G
\o6 Iv[8;q gv’vfa 8kgdvn [gmkjq d[a 3]d7n @$ -;jq 3,’ #( okmu @# ;oy kmFu ,cu do\o6 vPj ’ 9kdco;
8A’lkdda[glAomk’379vo @# =&_< ,u-AooEc0’gxaolu0k;7hkp7n oEc0’16j3]d0v’gIqk c]t
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gmy’3]dgIqkgxao !WW gmqkj l;j os^kp9t,udHkfdkd3[oyd Co@D ovd9kdoAopa’rq[;kj ,ug,dF
rkp5/o5j vkpoE c]t ,uoEc0’gxaog,af,tou XCrystal? m[uj =]yg;o0Q;0v’f;’fk;D

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gm’y f;’9oa g,vjn xu !_(* gIkq p’a wf8h 'A [oa sk;kj G ,lu ’jy m,ju -u ;u fy 1gj6 m’y fk;v’a 7ko sn^ [F+ [k’m[u ]= gy ;o
mpuj kovt;tdkfwx]q’oAovkf9t[+rq[l’yj m,uj u-u;yfF c8vj kf,u1[6j =]yg;ovonj D

0,=h o6 [k’1kj ’m|uj kh Idh6 Pj ;d[a fk;v’a 7ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

v5ostr6,rNozy;G {@W =c {@WW =c

cI’fb’f6fG WF#) gmqkj 0v’3]d

7;k,|kc|hoG #F_& gmqkj 0v’oE
[aopkdkfG [k’mluj 5f[aopkdkf l;j os^kpgxao dHkfdkd3[oyd

7;k,lts;jk’l6’l5fG {@F& c,doy96f

MARS

fk;rtsaf XJupiter?
gxaofk;mxuj tdv[fh;pdHkf,tsklko c]t gxaofk;.spmj luj 5f.o]t[q[ l5]ypt9addt;ko
.spjd;jkfk;g7ktmd5 f;’];,doa D g-vjn ;kj [,+ lu ’jy mgju xoa 0v’c0’g\vn o3]dD fk;oxU tdv[f;h p
dkH fwI3fig9o}Iu3fic-o c]t dkfgI]uvv,g\vn of;’vkmfy F c8[j +.sprj m= 9ju tgxoa fk;]dn F

93

\o6 vvh ,Iv[ 8;q gv’wfwh ;mlju f5 .o]t[[q l]5 py t9da dt;ko 7\n o6 vvh ,Iv[8;q gv’ ! Iv[ .-gh ;]kxt,ko
!W -;jq 3,’D g,nvj g[y’j 9kddhv’3m]tmaf9tgsao,ug,d\vdxqd75,16gj xaoc4[lu8kj ’M [vj omugj xao
95fcf’.spj g-nvj ;kj [=]yg;ooAo vkfgxaorkp5cI'd=wfhD

0=h,6o[k’1jk’muj|hkI6hdPj ;da[fk;rtsaf JUPITER
source: knowledgerush.com
v5ostr6,mujpvfg,dG {!&W =c

cI’fb’f6fG @F( gmqkj 0v’3]d

7;k,|kc|hoG !F# gmqkj 0v’oE

[aopkdkfG ,uwI3fig9o c]t iu]P,

7;k,lts;jk’G { @F& c,doy96f

fk;glqk XSaturn} Saturne?? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
fk;glqkmxuj kdqf1g6j my’mhv’2hk9t,ulugs^nv’g['yj gsao
wf’h kj pF xtdv[fh;p dHkfwI3fig9o c]t dkH fgI]vu v,D
dko\6oIv[8q; gv’7hkp7nfk;rtsaf.-hg;]kw]gj ]pj doa
c8j,u7;k,|kc|ho |hvpd;jkD fk;glqk,u]adltot
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;’q cs;ogskjq^ oU [c+ ,oj 0v’c0’c8vj kf,lu trk[gxaodhvo
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gmqjkmuj7Qorq[fk;glqk,uf;’9ao gxao[=]y;ko !( f;’ .ovtok7fq vkf9t,du ko7oQ r[q gr,ju g8,u
vdu dg= xoa wfDh .o9eo;oo,U [u ]= gy ;om.ju spmj lju f5 -wjn 88ao}8u8ao XTitan? 4n;jkgxaof;’9aomuj.spjmujl5f
.o]t[q[l5]ypt9addt;ko c]t gxaof;’9ao f;’fP;mu,j u[aopkdkfs5h,s+D

0=h,6o[k’1kj ’muj|hkI6hdPj ;da[fk;glqk @(#F#WW d,
glAozkj l6odk’0v’;q’cs;oovdG
glAozkj l6odk’0v’;q’cs;o.oG !$_F#WW d,
v5ostr6,mujpvfg,dG {!)W =c

94

cI’fb’f6fG !F@ gmqkj 0v’3]d

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[aopkdkfG xtdv[fh;p wI3fig9o c]t dHkfiu]P,}gI]uvv,

7;k,lts;jk’G {WF# c,doy96f

fk;p6gioaf (Uranus?

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
fk;goa[96o (Neptune?
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8ec|’j 0v’fk;p6gioafxkdqf;jk 8ec|’j cmh9y’7kfg7jnvowx
gIaf.shoadfk]klkf7yf;jkG vkf9tgxaogrkt;jk,ufk;f;’vnjo
gIaf.sh fk;p6gioaf7kfg7nvj o vvdwx c]h;7yfw];j kj fk;f;’oAo
7;o1[j6 vj o.fD .omlju f5 dr= [q 3fpoda fk]klkfv’a dfy -;jn kj G vkf,a l
XAdams? c]t g]g;ugip XLiverier? .oxu !)*$F fk;goa[96o
xtdv[fh;pdHkf7hkp7n fk;p6gioafF ,u[=]y;ko @ f;’D

vtmy[kp7ela[

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@D fk;]ndG fk;mluj k,kfcz]j aflt\uvvdwxIv[8q;gv’}fk;m,uj ucl’.o8q;gv’
#D gloA lo6 lf6 G gxoa ;’q ,oq vvh ,3]dmlju oa o4y ko0oB g-’jy 8’A lkdd[a grkq 3]d c]t c[’j 3]d

vvdgxoa lv’g2vN ’gmkjq doa 7gn 2vN ’3]dg|vn c]t g2vN ’3]d.8Dh
$D gloA vkpoa G gloA ;’q ,oq m0ju t|kod[a gloA lo6 lf6 1sj6 kj ’9kdgloA lo6 lf6 wxmk’g|vn c]t

95

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດwxmk’.8h @# @= ( j c]t gxoa gloA mcju l’8kg;oa 8’A lkd.o;oa mu @! ,4u o5 k X1gj6 2vN ’3]d
g|vn ? c]t ;oa mu @@ moa ;k 1gj6 2vN ’3]d.80h v’md5 MxDu gloA vkpoa g|vn XTropigue du
cancer)F gloA vkpoa .8h XTropigue du capricorne)D
&D gloA 0t|koG gxoa ;’q ,oq vvh ,3]dm0ju t|kod[a gloA lo6 lf6 F ;’q ,oq 9tovh pg0kQ g,vjn sp[a
wxsk0;Q 3]dD
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(D grkq 3]dG gxoa gloA zkj 9f5 .9dk’0v’3]d g-’jy lv’loQ 0v’,oa c,oj 0;oA 3]dg|vn c]t
0;oA 3]d.8Dh
)D 95frydafr6,lkfG [vj o8afdao0v’glAo0t|ko c]t glAoc;’D
_D |;j p3]d9e]v’G c,oj 8q;cmomsuj p=h]q’ c]t .dh7P’mluj 5fda[|;j p3]dmcuj mh9y’D
!WD czomuGj c,oj I6[ltcf’[=]yg;o.f|b’j F vkokg0fxtgmf.f|b’j F znoczoj fyod;hk’
s^n c7[.f|b’j 3fpdkosp=h]q’.lcj zoj g9ApF 3fpdko.-h,kf8kl;j oohvp]q’ c]t.-h
loa pt]da 8kj ’Mvtm[y kpD
!!D ,kf8kl;j oczomGju dkosplh= fa l;j o8kj ’M]’q .l|j kh g9pA 3fp.-,h kf8kl;j o g-’jy gxoa
g]dl;j omlju tcf’.sgh soa ;kj spgh= loA -jn sn^ ;fa 495 ’y ]’q .lcj zomju 9da gmvjn .s,h oa gmkjq d[a gloA
mu1j 6gj my’|hkfyo s^n ;af459y’D
!@D ]tfa[l6’lerafG c,oj ]tfa[l6’m7uj yfw]9j kd95f|’bj mP[.lvj ud95f|’bj D
!#D ]tfa[l6’le[6oG c,oj ]tfa[l6’m7uj yfw]9j kd]tfa[|hkoEmtg]mP[.lvj ud95f|’bj D
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!*D 3,’mk’dkoG c,oj 3,’muxj tgmf|b’j deoqfgvqk vu’8k,[q;3,’0v’lkdqo.shgxao
gvdtrk[doa \fq .om;jq xtgmf Xg-’yj vkfd;,gvkq s^kp-ud0v’[;q 3,’?D
!(D xuvtmydt,kfG xumu8j n,j gfnvog0QkF xuoAogvUo;kj xuvtmydt,kf g-y’j ,u !# gfnvo c]t
,ad8n,j gfnvo ) gvUo;kj lv’sqoD xumugj fnvod5,rk,u @_ ,NF g-y’j \6o;Po,km5dM $ xuD
!)D ;ao;yl5;afG ;aom.uj oxu|’bj dk’g;ao c]t dk’7nopk;gmkqj dao @! ,uok c]t @# daopkD
!_D ;aog|qkpaoG ;aomucj l’8kg;ao8A’lkdda[glAovkpaog|nv s^n .8h c]t gxao;aodk’
7no}g;aopk;106j Q;3]dg|nv s^n 0Q;3]d.8hD
@WD ]tf6G ltrk[vkdkfmucj 8d8kj ’daorkp.ow]pt|b’j 0v’xuD
@!D g0fglAo0t|koxkodk’G c,oj g0fmu1j 6]j ts;kj ’ $W ={&W = g|nv c]t .8hD

96

@@D g0fglAo0t|ko8OG c,oj g0fmu1j 6]j ts;kj ’ #W = g|nvsk #W =.8hD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
@#D [oa pkdkfG -oA vkdkfmsju ,h5 s+|;j p3]d8’A c8|j kh foy 0oB wxg4’y mlju oY lf5 0v’vkdkfD
@$D 2hkvkdkfG c,oj xPj ocx'ltrk[0v'vkdkf.ow]ptlAo Xv5ostr6,F 7;k,faoF

7;k,-,5j DDD?
@&D r,6 vkdkfG c,oj vfa 8kltg]pj 0v'v'q xtdv[r,6 vkdkfm-ju Edoa .ow]pt @W{#W xu D
@*D v5ostr6,G 7;k,Ihvo c]t 7;k,g1ao0v’vkdkf.og0f.f|b’j .og;]k.f|’bj D
@(D 7;k,foa 0v’vkdkfG de]’a cI’9kdoE|da 0v’vkdkf mdju fq ]’q roN foy ,su ;q |;j p

;fa cmdgxoa ,ou ][u kD
@)D 7;k,-,5j 0v’vkdkfG xt]y,kovkpoEm[uj ao95.ovkdkfs^kp s^n |hvpD
@_D ],q mtg]G g;]kdk’g;oa ],q rfa rkc8mj tg]g0kQ skczoj fyoD
#WD ],q |kh fyoG g;]kdk’7no],q rfa rkc8|j kh fyovvdlmj6 tg]D
#!D ]q,vk]ug-G ]q,mruj afc8gj 0f7;k,faol6’wxskg0f7;k,fao8O Xg0fl6ol6f?D
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dkpgxao[b’ s^n |v’D
#&D vm5 dq dtrkdG rkdl;j omguj xoa oED
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#(D dtcloEIhvoG dtcloEmuwj s^9kdglAol6ol6fwxl6gj 0f0Q;3]d Xdtcld63]-u3; c]t

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#)D dtcloEg1aoG dtcloEmuwj s^9kd0Q;3]dwxl6gj 0fglAol6ol6f Xdtcl3v;k-u3v c]t

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#_ r6w2G c,oj r6m,uj um+g-vnj ,8+]ts;kj ’|hkfyoda[,ad,km1uj l6j ;j og]yd0v’rNo3]dD
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\kpg4y’z6hmu,j uvkp58Od;kj !& xu c]t l6’d;kj *$ xuD
$#D 37’lhk’mk’vkp5 c]t grfG l;j oxtdv[0v’xt-kdvod5,j |b’j g-y’j 9ecodvvd

97

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98