Oxford Atlas

Lagos

Equator ATLANTIC Gulf ongo Equator
5 of 5

Amazon OCEAN Guinea C Lake
Victoria
SOUTH Fernando
es A M E R I C A de Noronha
(Brazil)
OCEANS 49Ascension Islandla Basin
(St Helena) Lake
Mid-Atlantic Ridge Nyasa
And Brazil St Helena
Rio de Janeiro Basin (UK)

Ilha da Ango
Trindade ge
Tropic of Capricorn (Brazil) Walvis Rid Tropic of Capricorn
Andes
6 PACIFIC Paraná Rio Grande 6
Rise
StO C E A N Cape Cape Town
Buenos Basin
Aires Tristan da Cunha Cape of
ud r g e n t i n e Good Hope
(St Helena)

Basin Gough Island
(Tristan da Cunha)
yDhaba7 135
A In 2001, the Caledonian Star was damaged by a 100 ft (30 m)

“rogue wave” in the South Atlantic. Once thought to be a g e
n
Falkland Is. mythical occurrence, these giant waves are now a R i d
(UK)
recognized phenomenon and represent a major n d i a 123 7
South Georgia hazard to even the largest ships. a ntic-
I
Atl
(UK)
Cape Horn South Bouvet Island

Scotia Sea Sandwich Is. (Norway)

(UK)
. Atlantic-Indian Basin
CoB e l l i n g s h a u s e n
m8 Sea 0 km 2000 Antarctic Circle
0 miles 8
2000

136 W e d d e l l S e a 136 A N T A R C T I C A

AB CDE

AB CDE

62 63 50 AFRICA

ATLANTIC EU R O PE Africa 1
1 OCEAN
Caspian Sea
Black Sea C a u c a s u s

Iberian

Peninsula M e
T
48 Ceuta d i t Sicily
(Spain) U N IS
St2Madeira Melilla (Spain) s err a AS IA
(Portugal) ntai IA
n n e Cyprus Syrian 94
Desert
M OR OCCO M o u a n Sea 2
A tlas
ud(Spain)
Islas Canarias

WESTERN ALGERIA GHANA Libyan PersGiaunlf
BENIN Desert
ySAHARA
D(disputed) CAMEROONLIBYA EGYPT

GOAhaggar Red Sea
hSTropic of Cancer a h a r a Tropic of Cancer
Tibesti Nile
aba.3 Arabian
ALIA
MAURITANIA MALI NIGER 3
CHAD
Senega Niger Peninsula
SENEGAL
TOGO ERITREA
l
CGUINEA- Blue Nile
oBISSAU GUINEA
GAMBIA S ah el SUDAN DJIBOUTI Gulf of Aden
NIGERIA
BURKINA
Niger
mSIERRA Sudd Ethiopian SOMALILAND
(not internationally
E T H I O P I A recognized)
CÔTE White Nile
LEONE D'IVOIRE
CENTRAL AFRICAN Highlands
(IVORY REPUBLIC
4 LIBERIA COAST) Shebeli 4
Uele Equator
Gulf of Guinea EQUATORIAL Congo Lake SO M
Turkana
GUINEA UGANDA
KENYA
SAO TOME &
Equator
PRINCIPE

GABON CON RWANDA Lake Victoria

Cabinda DEM. REP. BURUNDI Kilimanjaro
(Angola) 19,341ft (5895m)

CONGO Great Rif TANZANIA

5 Ascension I. Lake 5
(St Helena) Tanganyika

St Helena t Va Lake Nyasa COMOROS
(UK) lley
ANGOLA MALAWI Mayotte
(France)
ZAMBIA
Bié E
Plateau Zambezi el

QU MADAGASCAR
ann

NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE MOZAMBI
ambique Ch
6 Namib Desert BOTSWANA 6
7
STropic of Capricorn Kalahari
tudAyDTOhLCaAEbNaATNI C7 49 Desert z Tropic of
Capricorn
o

M

Orange River SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
SOUTH

Tristan da Cunha AFRICA INDIAN
(St Helena)
Cape of 123
Gough Island Good Hope
(Tristan da Cunha) OCEAN

.Co0 km 1000 AFRICA 51
m8
0 miles 1000 8

136 136

AB CDE

52 AFRICA C D

Northwest Africa

AB

A T L A N T I C 74 SPAIN

1 OCEAN

On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747s collided ALGIERS
Mostaganem
Ceuta (Spain)
on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport on Tanger Blida
Tenerife with the loss of 583 lives, making Tetouan Melilla Oran Sidi Bel
this the world’s worst ever air disaster. Abbès
Kénitra (Spain)

2 48 ITselnaes(rSi(CfPpMeaaorianntdua)egriaFrilaau)Lesartnez-arotAEesgsMaaoadCuriiaSrrraasaKakfhbieMolcauhRnrOAicbaBMgRBAaeeTOlnlai-lCACEtOr RlaacFhèisdsiaOMFiugjBudoéigacuhGOTarlrnceacmnti dcdaeLeGaEninhgrathngraodlusaaïat
La Palma

Gran ventura Tan-Tan

Canaria ALGER

3 LAÂYOUNE Smara

Tindouf I-n-Salah

WESTERN StudyDhaba.Com Reggane

SAHARA a

(disputed territory under The region of Tidikelt
Moroccan occupation) in Algeria once went
Tropic of Cancer Ad Dakhla
Sfor 10 years without
h
a drop of rain.

4 48

Lagouira The Sahara Desert is one of the harshest
environments on Earth. With an area of
around 3,500,000 sq miles (9,000,000 sq km),
roughly the same as Europe, it has a population
of only around 2 million people compared to
Europe’s population of 731 million people.

5 MAURITANIA MALI
0 km
400
0 miles 400 56

A B CD

AFRICA 53

E F GH

ITALY 87

Annaba Bizerte Sicily GREECE

TUNIS Crete 1
2
Constantine Sousse MALTA 3

Kairouan Mediterranea n The hottest place on earth is Al ‘Aziziyah,
Sfax S e a Libya, where on September 13, 1922, an air
Sétif Batna temperature of 136ºF (57ºC) was recorded.
GabèsZuAwzáZráawh iyah
Gafsa Al Bayçá’ Darnah
Chott Biskra ◊ubruq
Melghir Al Marj
Tozeur Médenine TRIPOLI Banghází
Al Khums
Touggourt TUNISIA 54
Ouargla Mi∞rátah
Gharyán Khalíj Surt Ajdábiyá
Yafran

rg Surt
al
rOarni d E StudyDhaba.Com Great
G e nt EGYPTSand Sea

IA LIBYA

Birák

Awbárí Sabhá

Tassili-n-A jjer Murzuq Libyan

a ra Al Kufrah
Tropic of Cancer
Ahaggar
Desert
Tamanrasset
54 4

Tibesti
Libya has the largest proven oil reserves
in Africa, estimated at 41.5 billion barrels
in 2008. With production running at
around 1.8 million barrels per day, these
reserves are expected to last for another
60 years.

NIGER CHAD 5

58

E F GH

AB CDE

87 SYRIA 102 54 AFRICA

Mediterranean CYPRUS IRAQ IRAN Northeast Africa
1 Sea
LEBANON When first opened in 1869, the Suez Canal Per 1
consisted of a channel 26 ft (8 m) deep and
Al Iskandaríyah Nile ISRAEL J O R D A N 200 to 300 ft (60 to 90 m) wide at the surface.
Delta Construction involved the excavation and
(Alexandria) Búr Sa’íd (Port Said) dredging of 97 million cubic yards
(74 million cubic metres) of material.
Munkhafaç CAIRO Al Ismá’ílíya
Al Jízah
(Giza) Suez Canal

As Suways (Suez)

al Qaœœárah Sinai sian
For thousands of years the Nile has supported G u l f
-436ft (-133m) Al Minyá Baní Suwayf cultivation in the Aswan region, despite it being
E G Y P TL I B Y A
St2 53 Asyúπ Hurghada one of the driest places on Earth, with an average

of only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) of rain per year.
Sawháj SeaQiná 102 2
Al Uq∞ur (Luxor) Red
uL i b y a n Al Khárijah
NileIsná
Desert Idfú
dTropic of Cancer
Lake Nasser Aswán Tropic of Cancer

y (administered by Egypt) (administered by
Dha3 Sudan) SAUDI

Wadi Halfa Desert

ubian Port Sudan ARABIA

bDongola Ni N le 3

CHAD a Atbara
S U D .ACo Na r f u r
mD ERITREA
Omdurman Kassala YEMEN
KHARTOUM Mits’iwa

Wad Medani Gedaref ASMARA

Teseney

El Geneina El Fasher El Obeid Himora Mek’elé Gulf of Aden
4 Gonder
Blue Nile ‘Aseb 4

Nyala Dilling White Nile Bahir Dar DJIBOUTI

Desé DJIBOUTI Boosaaso

Kadugli Buré E t h i o p i a n Berbera SOMALILAND

S u d Malakal ADDIS ABABA Diré Dawa Hargeysa(notrienctoegrnniazteidon) ally

d Nazrét Ogaden Garoowe

Wau Goré Highlands
Jíma
White Nile Gaalkacyo
5 CENTRAL Rumbek E T H I O P I AElemi Triangle 5
AFRICAN (adminstered
by Kenya)
REPUBLIC Shebeli SOMALIA

Yambio Juba Negélé Beledweyne

Lokitaung

D E M . R E P. Arua Gulu Lake Baydhabo
Lira Turkana Wanlaweyn

CONGO Lake Albert UGANDA KENYA Marka MOGADISHU
Masindi
Mbale Eldoret Great Rift Valley
KAMPALA
Study6 Equator Lake Nakuru Meru Jamaame
Edward Entebbe Equator 6
Kisumu Nyeri
Kabale L a k e Garissa Kismaayo The Somali language
did not become
Lake Kivu Victoria NAIROBI a written language

RWANDA KIGALI Kilimanjaro until 1972.
19,341ft (5895m)
Mwanza Malindi

BUJUMBURA Arusha

BURUNDI Shinyanga Masai Moshi Mombasa The shortest war on record,
Tabora Steppe Tanga between Britain and Zanzibar
Kigoma
Dha T A N Z A N I A7 59 in 1896, lasted just 38 minutes.

Lake DODOMA Zanzibar 122 7
Tanganyika Dar es Salaam 8
Lake Morogoro
Sumbawanga
b I N D I A NMbeyaRukwa

Great Iringa
a O C E A NThe Great Rift Valley is one
.of the most extensive rifts on
Rift Valley Lake Nyasa Lindi SEYCHELLES

Cthe Earth's surface, extending Mtwara

Songea
from Jordan southward through
MALAWI COMOROS AFRICA 55
oeastern Africa to Mozambique.
m8 The system is some 4,000 miles MOZAMBIQUE

(6,400 km) long and averages 0 km 400

30–40 miles (48–64 km) wide. 0 miles 400 MADAGASCAR

ZAMBIA 60 61

AB CDE

56 AFRICA

West Africa

A B CD

0 km 400 52

0 miles 400StudyDhaba.Com WESTERN Bîr
guîdi
Tropic of Cancer Bagoé kSAHARAMogreïnI

(disputed territory
under Moroccan occupation)
1 ' Erg e œ Ìan
Kâg E
M A U R I T A N I AS2
Mauritania and Madagascar are the h l Erg
only countries in the world not to use

a decimal-based currency.The basic unit Fdérik Zouérat
of currency, the ouguiyal, is divided
into five khoums. Ouarâne
El Mreyyé
CAPE Nouâdhibou Akchâr Choûm
VERDE Aωr
NOUAKCHOTT
48 Akjoujt

Ilhas de Barlav e n t
Santo São Vicente
Antão

o Rkîz
Seneg Aleg
São Nicolau Sal Aoukâr
Boa Vista
Santiago Kiffa
I Fogo Maio Saint Louis BafingKaédiKayes
al
l h a s de PRAIA SENEGAL
Sotavento
DAKAR Mbaké Nioro

3 ATLANTIC Diourbel
Kaolack
S Niger
BANJUL GAMBIA Gam
Ségou Bani
OCEAN Bignona bia

BISSAU BAMAKO
Gaoual
Gambia is only around 20 miles (32 km)

wide and 200 miles (320 km) long; GUINEA- Boké Labé Niger Bougouni Bobo-
its unusual shape and size are down BISSAU Dioulasso
to territorial compromises arising from GU INE A Siguiri

19th-century Anglo-French rivalry Kindia Kankan
4 in western Africa.
CONAKRY SIERRA Odienné
48
FREETOWN L E O N E CÔTE

D’IVOIRE

Bo (IVORY COAST)
Lac de
Tubmanburg L I B E R I A Kossou

A Rüppell’s Vulture collided with a commercial MONROVIA YAMOUSSOUKRO
airliner at 37,000 ft (11,277 m) above Buchanan S
Côte d’Ivoire to earn the posthumous distinction
of the highest flying bird ever recorded. Zwedru Gagnoa

Abidjan
assandra

5 Harper

49

A B CD

AFRICA 57

E F GH

ALGERIA 53

ech LIBYA
d
The Niger River begins in Guinea just 150 miles 1
Tropic of Cancer
Ch (240 km) from the Atlantic coast but then heads
inland on a 3000-mile (4100-km) journey

before finally reaching the Gulf of Guinea some

1200 miles (2000 km) to the east.

Taoudenni

a h‘Erg -n- Sâ kâne a r aT é n é r é
Tessalit
I du 58 2
3
Tafassâsset 58 4
5
Adrar des Assamakka n é r é Grand Erg de Bilma C.A.R.
Massif
Araouane o u â Ifôghas de l'Aïr ER

M A LA z a I AgadezTé
C
Lac NIG
Faguibine HAD

Tombouctou Gao
Lac
Niangay Ansongo

Hombori Tahoua

aMopti h NIAMEY e lMaradi Zinder Nguigmi

Gouré
oStudyDhaba.Cokm
BURKINA oto dejG ia

OUAGADOUGOU N iger S Sokoto Katsina H a Maiduguri
Fada- Gusau Kano
Koudougou Ngourma
Black Volta ongola
White VoWa Kandi Kainji Zaria
Reservoir Kaduna Kumo
Otilta B E N I N

TOGO Natitingou NIGERIA

Komoé Parakou Jos

ASKusnuaymmLlaaaknaakeiensGsiNkVinHoesalsttVwhLaeATGeaoaaiklsAmuwNtmeaoColnaCArVflelRdoelA,otocf oftLhvBOSeeoGirMgiklnaAhuoÉgrtbdgioPN3éeonOOm2sfOt8eyReIBVml3oTyaoeOLOansranqIii-bgnn-mSmaoOaEadislpdgNedaseeebinghloeseroCBmf eiAttohEnyAbeQsiNhanBUOiogUAPenrToEJiOArnttRsuhPIHAglaCLaauBaterenlcaauo5ueb9uarGrtoutneCtlainAsaMo

Mout M
EROON

(8502 sq km), or 3.6% of Ghana’s area. GUINEA

E F GH

AB CDE

53 53 58 AFRICA

1 Tropic of Cancer L I B YA EGYPT Central Africa

ALGERIA Tropic of Cancer 1

NIGER Tibesti The eye of an ostrich is bigger than it’s
brain. They are the largest bird on Earth.
An adult male can stand 8 ft (2.5 m) tall,
weigh up to 300 lbs (135 kg), and run at
around 30 mph (48 km/h).

S S a h a r a2 57 54 2
tThe vast sand flats surrounding Lake 3
4
Chad were once covered by water.

uChanging climatic patterns caused
dthe lake to shrink and desert now
y C H A Dcovers much of its previous area.
Faya

Ennedi

D S U D A NMao
ha3
Bol Biltine Pygmies who inhabit the Congo
Lake Chad Ati Basin grow to be only 3 to 4 feet
Abéché (0.9 to 1.2 m) tall at adulthood.
bKousséri NDJAMENA Mongo
a word “pygmê,” which referred to a
The name is derived from the Greek

.Maroua Chari Am Timan unit of measurement equivalent to
CGuider Bongor the length of a forearm.

N I G E R I A om4 Laï Massif des Bongo
Garoua Ndélé
Moundou Sarh

Ngaoundéré Goré

Bossangoa CENTRAL AFRICAN

Banyo Bria
Bamenda
Bouar Sibut REPUBLIC Obo
Nkongsamba Bafoussam
Bambari

Douala Bertoua Berbérati BANGUI Bomu
YAOUNDÉ
MALABO Uele

SAO TOME Ebolowa CAMEROON Ubangi Gemena Isiro
Lake Albert
5 & PRINCIPE Bata Bumba Bunia 5
C o n g oPríncipe ongo
EQUATORIAL Oyem Ouésso
GUINEA Impfondo
B a s i nSÃO TOMÉ C
Kwango
Equator

São Tomé
LIBREVILLE CONGO Mbandaka Kisangani Butembo Equator
Owando Lake Edward GANDA
Lambaréné
Goma
D E M . R E P .Port-Gentil G A B O N o
Cong U

Massoukou Lake Kivu RWANDA
Bukavu
Djambala CONGO

6 Mossendjo Bandundu Kindu 6
BRAZZAVILLE Mitumba
Kasai Lodja BURUNDI
S Dolisie
Pointe-Noire
tu Cabinda Boma KINSHASA Ilebo Kasongo

dyThe only major river that Kikwit Kananga Kabinda Kalemie TA N Z A N I A
Dflows both north and south
h7 49 of the equator is the Congo.(Angola) Matadi Lake Tanganyika

It crosses the equator twice, Tshikapa Mbuji-Mayi

awhich means that at least Mwene- Manono Monts
Ditu
part of its catchment area
Kamina 55 7
bis always experiencing
aa rainy season. L. Mweru

.AC N G O L AA T L A N T I C Dilolo Kolwezi Likasi

om8 Lubumbashi

OCEAN 0 km 400 AFRICA 59

0 miles 400 Z A M B I A 8

60 60

AB CDE

60 AFRICA

Southern Africa

AB C D

59 go DEM. REP.
Cabinda CONGO

(Angola) Cabinda Lake
400 Tanganyika
1 StudyDhaba.Com Con
0 km Li Zam
g
0 miles 400 Uíge
Ambriz
Lucapa

LUANDA N’Dalatando Saurimo Ndola
Cuanza Malanje Mufulira

Sumbe A N G O L A Chingola

Lobito
2 49 A T L A N T I C Benguela
Kuito Zambezi Kitwe
Luanshya
Huambo

OCEAN Lubango Menongue ZAMBIA

Namibe Cubango Zambe LUSAKA

The Okavango River pours Tombua N’Giva zi Choma bLezai ke
Rundu Kariba
some 14.4 billion cubic yards Cunene Okava Livingstone
(11 billion cu m) of water into Victoria
ngo
the Okavango Delta each year. Falls
Tsumeb Okavango Delta

Grootfontein Maun Bulawayo
3 It drains away through a maze of amibEtosha
lagoons, channels, and islands N
N A M I B I A ZIMBAPan
covering around 5800 sq miles Ghanzi Francistown

(15,000 sq km), before eventually

BOTSWANAdisappearing into the sands of the
Swakopmund WINDHOEK mpopo
Walvis Bay
Kalahari Desert to the south. Desert K a l a h a r i Mahalapye

Tropic of Capricorn Rehoboth GABORONE TSHWANE/
PRETORIA
Desert Lobatse
Mmabatho
The Kalahari Desert is the largest
Keetmanshoop Soweto
4 continuous sand surface in the world. Lüderitz Karasburg Johannesburg Vaal

49 Iron oxide gives a distinctive red Oran Kroonstad
color to the sand, which is over
ge R. Kimberley MASERU
200 ft (60 m) deep in places.
BLOEMFONTEIN

SOUTH AFRICA'S THREE CAPITALS SOUTH MiddLeElbSuDOrrgTakHeOnsber
AFRICA
Tshwane / Pretoria - administrative capital
Cape Town - legislative capital Beaufort West
Bloemfontein - financial capital
Bellville
5 CAPE TOWN East
George Port London
136 Cape of Good Hope
Elizabeth

A B CD

AFRICA 61

E F GH

122

TA N Z A N I A Coco de Mer, or the double coconut Inner Islands 1
palm, produces some of the largest 2
Mbala 3
seeds in the plant kingdom. Weighing VICTORIA Mahé 4

up to 60 lbs (27 kg), they take Amirante SEYCHELLES
around 10 years to ripen. Islands

Aldabra
Group
Kasama MALAWI RovumaM O Z AM
MzuzuB COMOROS Farquhar Outer I
I Group
Grande Comore
Mpika Mozambique ChannelLake MocímboaMORONI
da Praia 123
LILONGWE NyasaStudyDhaba.Com slands Mwali Anjouan
Salima sAntsiraùana
Mamoudzou
E Nacala
Mayotte

Blantyre Q UZomba (French territorial Ambanja
Moçambique collectivity)
Tete Nampula Antsohihy Antalaha

Nsanje Mocuba Mahajanga

HARARE Quelimane MADAGASCAR
Chitungwiza
Fenoarivo Atsinanana
BWE
Chimoio Beira
ANTANANARIVO Toamasina

Morondava Ambositra MAURITIUS

Fianarantsoa Mananjary PORT LOUIS

Inhambane Ihosy Farafangana Saint-Denis Mascarene Island
Toliara Vangaindrano
Xai-Xai Réunion
(French 123
MAPUTO overseas
MBABANE department)

SWAZILAND Amboasary Tropic of Capricorn
Thought 70 million
to have been extinct for

Pietermaritzburg years, a living coelacanth was netted in the

Durban IN DIAN Indian Ocean in 1938. They are powerful
predators, averaging 5 feet (1.5 m) in

length and weighing about 100 lbs (45 kg).

OCEAN

5

136

E F GH

62 EUROPE B CD
137
Europe
800
A

tic Circle ITALimit of winter pack ice

1 800 ICELAND eine
0 km Garonne
Faeroe Islands Lofoten
0 miles (Denmark)Arc Ebro
Norwegian
Sea
R
W

2 48 Outer O
Hebrides
N SW
E
British
Isles
North Vänern

I r e l a n d Isle of Man Sea Vättern
IRELAND
(to UK)

Britain DENMARK

A TOLCAENATNI C3 Celtic UNITED
Sea KINGDOM
Elbe
NETHERLANDS h
Nor t
English Ch an nelSBELGIUM GERMANY
Channel Is.
RhôneStudyDhaba.Com
Rhine(UK) LUX.

Loire CZECH
REPUBLIC
Bay of Biscay F R A N C E
LIECH.
Massif SWITZ.
Central Alp s AUSTRIA

4 48 Duero P y r e Mont Blanc Po SLOVENIA
15,771ft (4807m) CROATIA
Madeira PORTUGAL berian N nees MONACO BOSNIA
(to Portugal) TagusI SPAI SAN & HERZ.

5 ANDORRA MARINO
Canary Islands
(to Spain) Peninsula Corsica
A F R I C AStrait of Gibraltar
Gibraltar Balearic IslandSsardinia LVATICAN
(UK) YCITY
Medite
Tyrrhenian

r Sea

Atlas Mountains r a Sicily

50 nea n
MALTA

A B CD

EUROPE 63

EF G H
1
Barents Sea cle
Arctic Cir
North Cape 137
Ostrov Kolguyev

A Kola Ural Mountains
Y Peninsula No

N FINLAND White
Sea

D rthern Dvina
Gulf of Bothnia E
Lake Onega RUSSIAN 94 2

Åland Lake FEDERAT ION
Gotland ESTONIA Ladoga
Aral Sea
ealtic LATVIA ain s
LITHUANIA Central Sea
a d Ural
S IA
B n

P l a Upla
Volga
RUSS. o pean Russian 3
FED. BELARUS g 94 4

Eur l 5

Upland o

POLAND Pripet VStudyDhaba.ComDon
istula
Marshes EDniepDenriLepoewr lands
Caspian
V UKRAIN
SLOVCAaKrIpAathia Bug n Mts.
Dn iester

MOLDOVA Sea of
Azov
HUNGARY

ROMANIA Crimea Caucasus

SERBIA Danube Black Sea El’brus
18,510ft
MON. BULGARIA (5642m)

KOS. Balkan
(disputed) Mts.
MACED. TURKEY

ALBANIAAegean Anatolia A S
Sea

GREECE

Peloponnese Cyprus 94

S e a Crete

E F GH

64 EUROPE

The North Atlantic

A BC D

Arctic Circle 19 Devon Ellesmere Island
Island
1 Nares Strait
NUNAVUT
Hudson Qaanaaq nud Rasmussen Land
At 836,100 sq miles (2,166,600 sq km), Greenland
is the largest island in the world. However, Innaanganeq
677,700 sq miles (1,756,000 sq km) of this is a Savissivik
Cumberland Sound
Bay massive ice sheet so heavy that the central land Qimusseriarsuaq
area has sunk to form to a basin more than Limit of summe d
1000 ft (300 m) below sea level. Baffin Kullorsuaq
KG r e e n l a n d
2 19 Bay
(Danish external territory)
CANADA Islan r pack ice

Hudson Strait Baffin Strait

v i s Qeqertarsuaq
Qeqertarsuaq
QUÉBEC Frobisher Bay a
D Qasigiannguit

3 Sisimiut Kong FLraendderik IX
KongStudyDhaFrederiba.Com
Ungava
Bay

The Jakobshavn Glacier is among Maniitsoq Kong Christian IX Land
the world´s fastest glaciers, often Gunnbjørn Fjeld
moving 100 feet (30 m) a day, NUUK 12,139ft (3700m)
and calves around 20 billion tons
(tonnes) of icebergs every year. k VI Kyst
Limit of winter
4 21 Paamiut Ammassalik r k

N E&WLFAOBURNADDLOARN D Ivittuut ice D e n m a

Labrador Qaqortoq pack
Sea Nanortalik
Faxaflói

Nunap Isua

0 km 800 (Kap Farvel) A T L A N T I C

5 800 O C E A N
0 miles

48

A B CD

EUROPE 65

E F GH

Lincoln 137 1
2
Sea Kap Morris Jesup A R C T I C Zemlya 3
Frantsa-Iosifa 4
Wandel O C E A N Kvitøya 5

Sea Nordaustlandet Novaya
Kong Karls Land Zemlya
Land Nord Svalbard

VIII (Norwegian
dependency)

Frederik Spitsbergen Barentsøya

Longyearbyen Edgeøya

Barentsberg Stor 62
fjorden With temperatures ranging from 59º F
Kong Greenland (15º C) in the summer to -40º F
an X Sea Bjørnøya (-40º C) in the winter, vegetation on
(Norway) Svalbard consists mostly of lichens
ti Daneborg and mosses; the only trees are the
tiny polar willow and the dwarf birch.
s
Barents Sea
n gL aC nh rd i

o

K

Kong Oscar Fjord Greenland's deeply indented coastline FREUDSESRIAATNIArctic Circle
is 24,430 miles (39,330 km) long, 66
a distance roughly equivalent to the
Earth's circumference at the equator.

Jan Mayen
(Norway)
K a Ittoqqortoormiit St NudOyRDWhaAbYa.Com ON
ngertittivaq
FI

Kangikajik N
N o r Sweeag i a nS
ice L
pack
t r a it winter A

Limit of N

Even though only one-twentieth D

ICELAND of Iceland’s potential geothermal SWEDEN
power has been harnessed, around
Siglufjördhur 89% of houses are heated geothermally.

Húsavík

Akureyri Seydhisfjördhur

REYKJAVÍK

Selfoss
Surtsey

Faeroe Islands 70
(Denmark)

Tórshavn

Shetland
Islands

E F GH

AB CDE

137 137 66 EUROPE

1 ARCTIC OCEAN 1 Scandinavia & Finland
0 km
200 The North Cape Current warms the northern coasts of Norway,
0 miles
200 Finland, and Russia’s Kola Peninsula with water temperatures
of 39–54º F (4–12º C), allowing this area of the Barents Sea

to remain free of pack ice throughout the winter.

The sun is continuously visible from late Nordkapp Barents

May to late July in Tromsø because of its (North Cape) Sea
position well north of the Arctic Circle. Hammerfest
S2 65 Vardø
tudyDNhoarSweeagian aY n d3 92 2
ba.Com p l N4 Kirkenes

Tromsø Deatnu

Vesterålen aA Muonioälv RUSSIAN
Harstad

Scandinavia is still recovering Narvik O

Funasjoki
from the last ice age, when the Lofoten Kiruna Tornionjok Sodankylä
land was depressed 2000 ft Gällivare Kemijärvi
3
(600 m) by the weight of the ice. Bodø I Arctic Circle

Today, the Earth’s crust is i 4

“rebounding” at the rate of W Rovaniemi FEDERATION
oki
0.3 inches (9 mm) a year K emj N
Tornio Kemi
in the Gulf of Bothnia. Mo i Rana Kuusamo

L L

Ångermanä E Luleå

Piteå Oulu Ouluj
A
R lven Skellefteå
oki

Oulujärvi Kajaani

Trondheimsfjorden Steinkjer D Kokkola Iisalmi N

Trondheim Umeå Jakobstad Pielinen

Molde Östersund
Ålesund Örnsköldsvik
Ljusna EUROPE 67VaasaJoensuu
Varkaus
Setesdal DSeinäjoki

N n Sundsvall Jyväskylä
O
5 Gulf Tampere Saimaa 5
HermansverkSW of Imatra 6
E Lappeenranta 7
8
Sognefjorden ARUSLillehammerBothnia Pori Hämeenlinna
Gjøvik Hamar
Bergen Rauma Kouvola
Mjøsa
Falun Gävle Turku Riihimäki Vantaa Kotka

Hønefoss Borlänge Åland Espoo HELSINKI

Stu6 HauSgStekaKsauvringasdtneiargnresaaDrknradPAmorrGmesgnöerdnTutarenlobnllohHMärFOagtrotelSdasdsnLernOiksBtVaodärnåeVrsKnSäaktrtölesvtrdanedÖULrpeinpbNksröaooVlpraäriNsnktyögekpörSåpinTsingOgCKMHaOriLeMhamTsanohpmeoespau2ulanmtaiGoiElilnsuioSoalnffTFsjouianOsfuntniFs5NahimfnIianilAclslaiitloiinttniuedtspioetnoo,pswleeirt.vhe
dyJylland Hjørring Jönköping Visby
Gotland
Frederikshavn

Aalborg
DSilkeborg Randers L ATVI A
DENMARK Halmstad Växjö Öland
ha7
Kalmar

70 Herning Århus Helsingborg Karlskrona 88
Esbjerg Vejle COPENHAGEN
Kristianstad
b B a l t i cOdense LITHUANIA
Malmö
a S e aAabenrå Sjælland
Rønne Bornholm
.Nykøbing KALININGRAD
(part of Russian
CThe 10 mile (16 km) bridge and tunnel link Federation)

oinfrastructure projects in European history.
across the Oresund Sound is one of the largest BEL
m8
It connects the Danish capital Copenhagen POLAND

to the Swedish port of Malmö.

G E R M A N Y 76 80

AB CDE

AB CDE

67 67 68 EUROPE

The Netherlands is the lowest country in the The Low Countries

1 world. It is estimated that 30% of the land i l a n d e n Schiermonnikoog 1
is below sea level, with the lowest point 2
some 23 ft (6.7 m) below sea level. adde n e Ameland 3
W 4
THE NETHERLAND'S TWO CAPITALS Terschelling d e nz ee Delfzijl
Vlieland
Wad
Amsterdam - Capital
Leeuwarden

The Hague - Seat of government Groningen

St2 71 Texel

Den Helder Heerenveen Assen 76
The inner city of Amsterdam is divided by
u N E T H E R L A N D Slinked together by approximately 1300
dbridges and viaducts.
its network of canals into some 90 “islands”

y Alkmaar selmeer Emmen

Meppel

N o r t hDhS e aThe port of Rotterdam, combined with Hoorn

IJs Lelystad IJssel

a3 Purmerend Zwolle

Europoort (which handles vessels too Haarlem
large to reach Rotterdam), is one of
bthe largest in the world in terms of AMSTERDAM Almelo

acapacity, handling around 375 million Hilversum Deventer Hengelo

tons (tonnes) of cargo every year. Apeldoorn Enschede
.THE HAGUE Leiden Amersfoort
Zoetermeer Utrecht Ede
CoDelft
mRotterdam Lek Arnhem

Gouda

Waal

4 Dordrecht Oss Nijmegen

’s-Hertogenbosch G E R M A N Y
BMeragasse
Roosendaal Breda Tilburg

Zeebrugge Vlissingen Westerschelde Eindhoven Helmond
Terneuzen Venlo
Turnhout

Oostende t Antwerpen EUROPE 69Belgium and the
Netherlands have an
5 Brugge Sint- GERMANY underground boundary 5
Niklaas that differs from the
Flanders Scheld Genk surface boundary
Mechelen shown on maps. In
Roeselare
Gent

Aalst Hasselt Heerlen 1950, the two countries
Leuven
Ieper BRUSSELS Maastricht agreed to move the
Mouscron Kortrijk Tienen underground boundary

B E L G I U M Liège so as not to divide
coal mines between

6 Tournai Seraing the two countries. 6
La Louvière 7
NamurMeuse Verviers 8
S Mons
tud e sOn August 23, 1914, three weeks Ourthe
Sambre Charleroi

Dinant
y e n70,000 strong British Expeditionary
nafter Britain entered World War I, the
D r dForce encountered the advancing
h A7 72 German army for the first time at Bastogne 77
athe battle of Mons.
Sûre Our
Diekirch
F R A N CbaE LUXEMBOURG
.Echternach is the home of the only religious dancing
Cprocession remaining in the Western world. Every year Arlon LUXEMBOURG

osince the 15th century, thousands of pilgrims have marched Moselle
m8 Esch-
sur-Alzette
down the streets of the town performing a ritual dance

involving specific movements, music, and prayers.

0 km 50

72 72 0 miles 50

AB CDE

AB CD E
1
65 Faeroe 70 EUROPE65
Islands
The British Isles
1 ATLANTIC Shetland
OCEAN PenIslands

F Lerwick

Midges have the fastest wing-beat

Stud2 48 of any insect, and are able to flap Orkney After the surrender of the German 67 2
their wings at around 20,000 beats Islands fleet in 1918 and its internment in 3
per minute. Kirkwall Scapa Flow, over 50 ships were 4
scuttled by the German crews on
Isle of Lewis Thurso June 21, 1919, to prevent them
Stornoway falling into British hands.
yDOuter Hebrides The Little Minch
hNorth Uist The Minch Ullapool Firth
Elgin
ab3 Moray With a depth of 788 ft (240 m)

South Uist Isle of Inverness and a length of about 23 miles
Skye Loch Ness Aberdeen (36 km), Loch Ness contains

aBarra SCOTLAND the largest volume of fresh
water in Great Britain.
Fort William Grampian Mts.
. Ben Nevis
The Giant’s Causeway comprises

Capproximately 37,000 interlocking

dark basalt polygonal columns;

o N o r t hthey were formed by volcanic
Isle of 4406ft (1343m)

Mull Oban orth Dundee
Loch Lomond
Perth
Jura Stirling Firth of Forth
mactivity some 55 million

S e ayears ago.
Greenock EDINBURGH

Islay Glasgow

4 Isle of Southern
Arran Ayr Uplands

UNITED KINGDOM Newcastle upon Tyne
NORTHERN Stranraer Dumfries Sunderland
Londonderry IRELAND Carlisle

Donegal BELFAST ninesBangor Isle of Man LakeMiddlesbrough
Bay (UK crown District
Barrow
Sligo dependency))
Newry Douglas
Lancaster York
Dundalk I r i s h Blackpool Bradford Leeds Kingston upon Hull
5 IRELAND 5

BanBtTarThyyreKaliRLCelGliooveauaEerrrnglnrwihenSbBayeisylvasEc(ec0tovorkeu.nA5wurnt6tyhathLtra1ayeiilerCsemorelnsiLDanottoehrcroaneeerroeuorriskoncggL)vskuseheoounrucfmdo1gGnh.etD8uhddRieUnbhWieninwilBegleaioofohLesWtyrvneseIleNd®MsMWriprct.fkioit1tneIlslirrfd0otx.idosswaf0hFroldirsradhHngHaguoveaAleyrnAbhBdSCeneaaregarByrnBlSdaesadsawstnitewygaygaapyonnEtlSrehLxsnCBiSBeeoWvAehEwrataeerRxPecdecNrAmDorroowpneBennoILosFsoosiwibEFartorWnGumopSSlr-lonotyToTironuarCrcckSeuetgheBasnenehstlotiS-stBetasotewrlbermnrtBDMiurosiarEntentySaohdreNnbvloecSuyGrnhtnpCrSeLoaLoShORentsTAofvetNe-hixoAeceuafPafrNoemfrvndtoodiotshe-etrDtsritnLrandLliteOydnismgnrmgNcGPpoFhCToDreeltiaohnBnumCotOlemesacrtnsCNhnihrbWgabetTyehsmaohtrsteebrhborSoouNronrnuiyduIo-gpSgtrhDseCThwewouhaenaivicnnnechnedrhlel-Shan
Lif

Study6 6

Dha7 Bournemouth Channel
in the world, as much as 50 ft (15 m), often giving Dartmoor
Isle of Wight
rise to a tidal bore. In September 1996, one such
Plymouth 68 7
wave carried a surfer for 5.7 miles (9 km). English
Penzance
b48
Land's
End
Isles ofaScilly Channel Islands

(UK crown dependency)
St. Peter Port
Guernsey

. St. Helier

A T L A N T I C Jersey
O C E A N Com8 8
FRANCE EUROPE 71
0 km 100

0 miles 100 74 72

AB CDE

AB CDE

71 65 72 EUROPE

1 North Sea 1 France, Andorra & Monaco

UNITED

KINGDOM NETHERLANDS

Work began on the 31-mile (50-km) Channel Tunnel in 1987.

On July 1, 1916, the British suffered 58,000 Earth was removed at the rate of 2400 tons (tonnes) a day
casualties on the opening day of the Somme until completion, seven years later. Around 10.5 million
Offensive. Five months later, after advancing cu yards (8 million cu m) had been excavated.
S2 71 only a few miles, there had been 420,000 British,
tu200,000 French, and 500,000 German casualties. Channel 76 2
3
d English Channel Tunnel GERMANY 4
Dunkerque
Calais Lille BELGIUM Champagne bottles are placed
yChannel Islands neck down into a freezing brine
D(UK crown dependency) Boulogne- bath (bac à glace), freezing
sur-Mer only the bottle’s neck to form
a plug that keeps the wine –
hGuernsey Cherbourg Som Arras Douai and the bubbles – in the bottle
while sediments are removed.
Dieppe

a3 Île d’Ouessant Amiens
Rouen

Beauvais Laon
meLe Havre
ne

L
Fba.RCoAm N C E4Jersey St.-Lô

Brest St.-Brieuc St.-Malo Caen Sei Reims M use LUXEMBOURG
Normandie
Quimper Mantes-la-Jolie PARIS ChMâalronne s- e Thionville
RennesAlençon
Bretagne Versailles en-Champagne Metz

Lorient Chartres Nancy
Strasbourg
Laval Bar- Moselle
le-Duc
Belle Le Mans Troyes
gne
Île Angers Blois Orléans Bo urgo
St.-Nazaire
Tours Auxerre Saô Épinal Colmar
Nantes oire
r Vesoul
la Roche- ne Mulhouse
sur-Yon Vosges
Bourges Nevers Dijon Belfort

ala Rochelle
Poitiers Châteauroux Moulins Besançon SWITZERLAND

TbBBhicBeyiaacTlyMeosoyuornarcnncdteee-aodBisFeoyrf-taMyrnpdaciceeSrasaaalliyuAnnthxnAePegsalNoduGuoDalrTêvAADaemOgLrrNoAeberRDndeVoOsRAgECRLnCuLAaeRoLachtAAhrocParéssrsTMiogonouAunnLeuletiuormaNCxiMuulRaFlAloabsoereoPlcbeagdbrrennoCmeeirMrntzaTsppnoeanCierenagdnnlétVnlBv-sitieaéceNsrhSrznnMîtiynaiem.R-reeCfosdlesnhauGMsdanlemeonLalAeoMLPrifnsuroyeâledyonecSisonTltAln.oev-ViÉugatAPlVnloieroeiinAnolxnnlcn-evdenen’ePuGHneenÎrrCrycl-beoceyaèCsreavnnhensneaoenmnbsCcebleeôétreNydLGi1McM'M5aeAeo,kn7nOeO7zetN1uIvLBfNAtralCTia(CAgn4oSOc8uArC0es7rOaemiLBa) anYstiaRhône

Ju

Alp
5 5
6
Stud P y r e n e e s s6 7
ysome 20 day-long stages covering EUROPE 73 8

around 2200 miles (3600 km) for onne
(Corsica)
Dthe coveted yellow jersey. The word denim comes from “de Nîmes,”
h7 this being the town where the fabric was Ajaccio

S P A I Naba.75 originally produced. 78
Co0 km
m8 0 miles One of history’s great leaders,
The lowest point in Andorra is Riu Runer, Napoleon Bonaparte, was born
at 2756 ft (840m) above sea level. on August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio
in Corsica.
Balearic
Islands Sardinia

100 Mediterranean Sea
100

84 84

AB CDE

74 EUROPE C D

Spain & Portugal

AB

71 Gijon
Ferrol
Avilés (Xixón)

1 0 km 100 A Coruña (La Coruña)
0 miles 100
Galicia Oviedo

Santiago de Compostela Miño CLourgdoillera Cantábrica
Pontevedra
León

A OT LC AE NA NT I C2 48 Vigo Ourense

oMinh (Orense) Emb. de Palencia

Viana do Castelo Chaves Ricobayo
Braga Bragança Valladolid
Póvoa de Varzim
Guimarães Zamora Duero
Matosinhos
Vila Real
S PPorto
Vila Nova de Gaia Douro

Port has been produced in the Duoro Aveiro Viseu Salamanca Ávila
Valley under strict regulation since
Sistema Central
the 1750s. Brandy is added to the Coimbra Covilhã
Plasencia
grape juice to fortify and

PORTUGALstrengthen the wine.
Figueira da Foz

3 Castelo Branco Tagus Tagus
Caldas da Rainha Cáceres

Santarém Portalegre
Mérida
StudyDhaba.ComSintra iana
Cascais Guad
Badajoz
LISBON

Setúbal

Alcácer do Sal Sierra Morena

Portugal is one of the world’s largest Sines Beja Córdoba
producers of cork and has regulations
4 48 protecting cork trees dating back to 1320. G u adiana G ua d a lquivir

Lagos Algarve Sevilla n d alucía
Cabo de Huelva
São Vicente Faro Olhão Antequera
A
Málaga
El Puerto de Santa María

Gibraltar was seized by a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet Cádiz Marbella

under Admiral Rooke in 1704. British sovereignty was Algeciras Gibraltar

5 then formalized in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, and (UK)

Gibraltar eventually became a British colony in 1830. Ceuta

(Spain)
52 MOROCCO

A B CD

EUROPE 75

E F GH

Bay of Biscay FRANCE 73

Santander
Bilbao Donostia-San Sebastián
P y rVitoria-Gasteiz 1
eMiranda Golfe du 2
n ede Ebro Lion 3
Pamplona ANDORRA 4
(Iruña) Figueres 5
e sBurgos Logroño Girona (Gerona)
Huesca

Ebr o Cataluña Costa Brava
Júcar
Soria Lleida Terrassa Mataró

Sis t Zaragoza Sabadell Barcelona 78
ico L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
A I NSegovia e m Reus
Work continues on the Sagrada Família,
I b é r a Tarragona Gaudi’s unfinished cathedral. Begun in

Tortosa

MADRID Teruel 1882, the masterpiece is still
without a roof.

Getafe Se Cuenca

PStudyDhaba.CoaísmValenciano Menorca

Toledo Castellón Palma
de la Plana
Mallorca

Valencia

Albacete Gandía Ibiza I s l a s B a l e a r e s

Ciudad Real Elda (Balearic Islands)
gura Cieza
Benidorm Formentera

Alicante (Alacant)

Linares Murcia Elche (Elx) Seat of many great civilizations
Costa Blanca throughout history, the name
79
Jaén Lorca Mediterranean translates as

Cartagena “sea between the lands.”

Granada Sea
Sierra Nevada
a n
Almería e
Motril n
del Sol r r a
M e d i tCosta e
ALGERIA

52

E F GH

AB CDE

North 67 67 0 km 100 76 EUROPE
100
Sea Jylland 0 miles Germany & The Alpine States
1 1
SWEDEN 2
The Kiel Canal is 61 miles (98 km) long and 3
4
one of the busiest canals in the world, with around

45,000 ships a year passing between the

Baltic and the North Sea. DENMARK

Sjælland Baltic Sea

StudyDh2 71 North Frisian Islands Fyn

Bornholm
(Denmark)

FlensburFgehmFaerhnFmaarlns ter Stralsund Early in the morning of 80
Sunday, August 13, 1961,
Belt work began on the Berlin
Wall, which would eventually
Kiel Mecklenburger Rügen

Neumünster Bucht Greifswald run for 66 miles (107 km)
between east and west Berlin,
Cuxhaven Lübeck Rostock cutting through 192 streets.

Bremerhaven Wismar
Schwerin Neubrandenburg
Emden During what became known
ab3 Hamburg
Müritz as “The Berlin Airlift” a total

S Oldenburg Lüneburg of 2,326,406 tons (tonnes)
Bremen Elbe of supplies were flown into
NETHERLAND Berlin over an 18-month
a period to break a Soviet
Ems
Weser
G E .R M A N YOsnabrück BERLIN blockade of the city.
CHannover
oBielefeld Wolfsburg Potsdam Frankfurt an der Oder
Braunschweig
Münster Hildesheim
mRecklinghausen Salzgitter Magdeburg
S p ree Cottbus
S a ale
Hamm Paderborn Dessau

4 Essen Dortmund Göttingen Halle POLAND
Duisburg Bochum

Düsseldorf Wuppertal Kassel Leipzig
Leverkusen Dresden
Erfurt Jena Gera Chemnitz
Aachen Köln Bonn Siegen

BELGIUM Koblenz Fulda Suhl Zwickau Erzgebirge

selWiesbaden Frankfurt am Main
Offenbach CZECH REPUBLIC
Mainz F
Mo Würzburg Bohemian
5 LUX. NeckarDarmstadt Erlangen 5
Rhine
Kaiserslautern Mannheim At 528 ft (161 m) high and

containing 768 steps, the

Saarbrücken Heidelberg Nürnberg spire of Ulm Cathedral is the
SFtR A N C E6 Freiburg im BBraesKiseaglPrafluosrRrRuzhehihSnueteeutilmtintldSggcaheharnwtfDfähbaainHsuucehLseeailnkAbelrCbUoonnlmFsntMraänüncekniBcsAahcvhueaergniAasIlnbnAuglropRgslesLtgaaendndItnssnhbourueBatsrmtrSgaHauIenlnDzlnlaeabuntjuanublrleegWst eiLnldsiWKnethrrizeeeDmnPwSoöesanorlatnarNenlkudKnet.BaHupasotrfladeVladneIbtnEbreNuENrniNgesnueASsneiseetdaledrt 6
S c hwarzwa b Enn s
Sc In n
be

ud s A U S T R I ALac de
y pNeuchâtel
Delémont Zürich Bregenz Innsbruck HUNGARY
r o l Hohe
Jura Biel Zug Zürichsee LIECHTENSTEIN Tauern Judenburg Graz Mur

BERN Luzern VADUZ Ti

Chur
Dh A7
lYverdon S W I T Z E R L A N D Lienz Klagenfurt
Lausanne Thuner See Villach
BernSeiroAnlpenBrig Maribor
Lake 81 7
Geneva Celje

aGenève Locarno Kranj Sava
b73 14,692ft (4478m) Lugano
Monthey Born in Salzburg on January 27, LJUBLJANA
Lake Maggiore 1756, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Matterhorn was already writing music by the
a age of five, and at eleven he Koper
SLOVENIA

. produced his first opera. Gulf
CWhen it is completed in 2017, the of
Ve n i c e C R O AT I A
I T A L YGotthard Base Tunnel will run for
om8 EUROPE 77
35.5 miles (57 km) beneath the The acrylic glass roof over the Olympic stadium in München 8
Lepontine Alps to become the (Munich) measures 914,940 sq ft (85,000 sq m), making
longest tunnel in the world. it the biggest structure of its kind in the world.

78 78

AB CDE

AB CDE

FRANCE 78 EUROPE77 G E R M A N YCZECH REPUBLIC
77
Italy
1 In May 2006 a violin called “The Hammer,” SLOVAKIA
LIECHTENSTEIN A d r iaticmade by Italian master Stradivari at 1
Cremona in 1708, sold at Christie’s in
SWITZERLAND aveLondon for US$3,540,000.

sLake Bolzano i AUSTRIA
n n Tevere
l pAosta e
StudAy2 Maggiore p Alpi HUNGARY
Lago p Dolomitiche
A
di Como Trento
AlessTNaonGordveirnaniroaoMavMailoaPnniozaacCerPenBBmazerroaremgnsacaaimaVoerVFoeniMcraeraLdaPnniartazgGoadaovaoardTvAarMaedPivgeoiessotrePVi eVnGeeonTuzfirlcifiaeesUtedinSSeaLnOMVarEinoNfIoArmedCinRADO3A01
73 82 2

DSavona T IA
hdi Genova
is the oldest,

Reggio nell’ Modena Po Delta and, at 24 sq mi (61 sq km), one of the
Emilia smallest, republics in the world.
Golfo Ravenna
aba.3 Bologna
BOSNIA
San Remo La Spezia Forlì Rimini & 3

Viareggio Prato SAN MARINO HERZEGOVINA
Firenze Ancona
Pisa Arno

L i g u r i a n Livorno Toscana Arezzo
Lago
Siena
Sea Isola Trasimeno

Cd’Elba Perugia
oGrosseto
Foligno
I Tm A L Y4
Corsica Arcipelago Terni Ascoli Piceno Sea
Toscano Pescara
(part of
France) Viterbo 4

VATICAN CITY ROME n L’Aquila
o

Sassari Olbia Golfo di Gaeta Foggia Bari OStrtarnati t of
o
Alghero Nuoro Napoli Benevento Altamura
Torre del Greco Ofanto
Sardegna
Salerno

5 Oristano (Sardinia) Isola di Capri Taranto Brindisi 5
Golfo Potenza 6
7
Iglesias The medical school at Salerno is the di Lecce 8
oldest in Europe, established during Salerno
Cagliari the 11th and 12th centuries. Golfo
di Gallipoli

Taranto

Tyrrhenian Cosenza

Sea Isola i a Crotone

Isola d'Ustica
M e d i t e r r a n e a n6 Salso
Isole Eolie Stromboli Catanzaro
Calabr
StudyDh S e a7 T U N I S I A Trapani PalerIsmolaoLipaMri essVIsiunollacaano Ionian Sea
ab53 Isole
Egadi Cefalù

Marsala Sicilia Reggio di
t of Sicily Calabria
EUROPE 79(Sicily)
i Messina
Stretto dCaltanissetta
Strai
Agrigento Catania

Siracusa

Isola di Ragusa 83
Pantelleria Mt. Etna began some 300,000
Malta Channel years ago as a submarine volcano
Isole Pelagie and has since grown to a cone with
a.Co0 km Gozo VALLETTA a base 30 miles (48 km) wide and
m8 10,922 ft (3329 m) high.

MALTA

100 The George cross that appears on the
Maltese flag was awarded to the islanders
by King George VI of Britain for their heroism

0 miles 100 during World War II.

53 53

AB CDE

AB CDE

67 88 80 EUROPE

1 SWEDEN Baltic LATVIA Central Europe 1
Sea LITHUANIA 2
0 km 100 BELARUS 3
4
0 miles 100 Bu

Founded in Gdansk shipyard in 1980, the Built between 1747 and

DENMARK 1795, the Zaluski Library

Solidarity trade union, and its leader Lech in Warsaw was one of the

Walesa, played a key role in the world’s first public libraries.

Stud2 76 Bornholm downfall of communism across Courland

(part of Denmark) much of eastern Europe. Lagoon

Gulf KALININGRAD 89
of
Sîupsk Gdynia (part of Russian
Gdaúsk Danzig
Pomeranian Koszalin Federation)
Bay
yZalew Elblàg

Szczeciúskider Czîuchów Olsztyn
Wisîa
DSzczecin Grudziàdz M azur y Narew
hGERMANY
a3 O Piîa Bydgoszcz Ostroîèka Biaîystok
ba P O L A N DGorzów
Noteá Toruú
Wielkopolski

.In November 1989,
Warta Wîocîawek Pîock g

Poznaú WARSAW
Cthe so-called
om4
“Velvet Revolution” Zielona Kalisz Îódz´
saw Czechoslovakia Góra
split into the W
Czech Republic Radom isîa
and Slovakia. Lublin
Legnica Warta

WaîbrzWycrOhodecrîawOpole Ostrowiec

Kielce ⁄wiètokrzyski
Czèstochowa
Teplice Dçâín Liberec
Most
Ústí nad Labem

O h üKe arlovy Hradec Králové S u d e t e n Gliwice Katowice Tarnów
Vary Elbe Rybnik
Kladno Pardubice Wodzisîaw ⁄làski
Kraków
Plzeõ PRAGUE Sa n
Laborec
Rzeszów
D anube
5 CZECH REPU B L I C Ostrava Vá h Bielsko-Biaîa isza 5
Tábor 6
Stratonice Jihlava Olomouc Carpathi UKRAINEan 7
Âeské Æilina 8
Prostêjov Pre#ov
Budçjovice
Brno orova Martin Poprad M t

M SLOVAKIA Ko#ice s .

Pie#t'any Trenâin
Banská
Bystrica Roªõava

Built in 1357, Charles Bridge was the MorovaTrnava Nitra Luâenec
only crossing point of the Vltava in
Ózd

Prague until the 19th century. BRATISLAVA Miskolc Nyíregyháza

6 S AUSTRIA Sopron Györ Danube T

t Szombathely Tatabánya BUDAPEST Debrecen

Székesfehérvár
udyDha H U N G A R Y7 Rába Szolnok

Veszprém Balaton Kecskemét

Zalaegerszeg Szekszárd n g a r i an Plai n A N I A
Nagykanizsa Kaposvár G r e Szeged Békéscsaba
at H u
Baja ROM

ITALY SLOVENIA 90

b77 D r a v Pécs

With a surface area of around a

231 sq mi (598 sq km), Lake
Balaton has an average depth
aof only 11 ft (3.25 m).. and Serbia and east to Ukraine and Romania.
The Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld) stretches

south from Budapest to the borders of Croatia
C It covers an area of 20,000 sq miles (51,800 sq km)
EUROPE 81

C ROATIA
oA d r i a t i c and is almost completely flat.
m8 S e a
BOSNIA & SERBIA

HERZEGOVINA

77 82

AB CDE

AB CDE

77 81 1 82 EUROPE
2
SLOVAKIA 3 Southeast Europe
4
1 At 11:15 am, on June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand
and his wife were shot dead by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.
This single act precipitated World War I, which eventually
lead to the death of almost 10 million troops.

AUSTRIA HUNGARY

Born in Zagreb in 1892, Marshall Tito was The Danube forms all or part of the 90
the president of the former Yugoslavia border between nine different
European nations: Germany, Austria,
S2 78 from 1953 until his death in 1980. Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia,
t Âakovec Romania, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.
udS L O V E N I A Danube
Varaªdin
Koprivnica
y Bjelovar Subotica
Kanjiªa R O M A N I A
DhaCbR aO .AT I A3Samobor ZAGREB Virovitica Baâka

Karlovac D ra v a Sombor Topola
Ogulin
Sava Sisak Osijek VOJVODINA
Nova
Rijeka Sava Gradi#ka Ãakovo Vukovar Zrenjanin

Krk Prijedor Novi Sad Vr#ac

PulaCres Una Slavonski Bosanski ‹amac
Bosna
Sava
Brod Modriâa BELGRADE Panâevo Danube
Bihaá Banja Luka Doboj
Pag REP. SRPSKA ‹abac Smederevo
Tuzla Loznica
Gospiá
CBOSNIA &Kljuâ
om S E R B I A4
Dugi OZtoakdar‹ibenikDKnSaipnlilMtDBamirnkaaaâarrsiHkccaAEiLlRJpivjasnjHZFcoEeEKERDoC.GnEBjGiOOcMOSZVNeoVIAnNstIAiIacNarSZASAvroeRFrbnoAriâekJanEiVcaODrina Kragujevac Morava
Âaâak
Zajeâar
Kraljevo
Kopaonik Aleksinac
Kru#evac

Ni#

Korâula Hvar a Metkoviá Bijelo Polje Leskovac

Mitrovicë

A Palagruza MljeDt ubrTorevbniiPnkjOe DLGakMOe RSOcICuNtAaTriENNorEtShhGAklRobdaOnëiraKn (OPdeiSsjpëTOuettPeVodrv)iOzoreFPneRriIz‹SaTjKIKNOuAmPJaEnovKooâaniBULGARIA
d r i a5
t Gostivar Alps BlDacrkin 5

i c SI T A L Y Lezhë Veles ‹tip

e aMacedonia's capital, Skopje, was hit by a MACEDONIA
Kiâevo V
devastating earthquake in 1963. Around Strumica
80% of the city's buildings were damaged DuLrurFKësihuesnrçEojlëbvaësanBTeIrRavAtomNl lKiiAtoi rçëLOOahhkrLrPeiiadrdikleepPBreisKtpoaalvaadarci ardarGevgelija
or destroyed and over 1000 people killed.
LuDe

6 Strait of Otranto Vlorë ALBANIA 6
Lumi Tepelenë 7
StudyDh7 i Vjosë
ab79 Gjirokastër
s
a.Com8 0 km
Sarandë

Under an extreme communist regime between Konispol
1944 and 1991, Albania was for many years the
only officially atheist state in the world where Historically, European eels migrated 86
all forms of religion were banned by law. thousands of miles from the
Sargasso Sea to live most of their
In February 2008, Kosovo (a UN Protectorate within lives in Lake Ohrid, before returning
Serbia since 1999) declared independence. Although to the Atlantic to spawn and die.
recognized by several countries, Kosovo’s decision has Modern hydroelectric projects have
proved controversial with other states wary of setting a prevented this epic journey, but efforts
precedent for separatist groups within their own are underway to restore access
borders. It is therefore likely to be some time before to the lake.
Kosovo becomes universally recognized.
GREECE EUROPE 83

100 8

0 miles 100 Ionian Sea

79 87

AB CDE

84 EUROPE

The Mediterranean

A BC D

UNITED Thames NETHERLANDS

GERMANY
E U62 BELGIUM
KINGDOM nines
English C h a n n e l
Rhine
1 0 km 400 Seine LUX.
0 miles 400
Danube

ATLANTIC Loire LIECH.

FRANCE p sSWITZ.
L. Geneva

lBay Massif
Dordogne A Po
OCEAN StudyDhaba.ComG Rhôneof Central A SAN
Biscay Garonne p
2 48 Genoa e MARINO
Pyren
Marseille MONACO n
ANDORRA
ees Golfe Livorno
du
Lion Corsica
I b e r i a n Ebro VATICAN
CITY

Barcelona

PORTUGAL SPAIN Balearic Is. Sardinia
Tagus

Peninsula Valencia M Tyrrhenian
Algiers Sea
3 uadalquivir e d i
te
4 48 Madeira Gibraltar Tunis
(Portugal) Oran
(UK)
Canary Is.
(Spain) sStrait of Gibraltar
Gibraltar

A t l a s M o u n t a i nMOROCCO TUNISIA

Sfax

Chott el Jerid Tripoli

ALGERIA

GOracnciddeEnrgtal Grand Erg
Oriental

AFRI

5 Saha

52

A B CD

EUROPE 85

E F GH

POLAND 63

CZECH REP. P EMCoaurnpa UKRAINE Don 1
Tigris 2
RO t htiaainn s MOLDOVA per ates 3
SLOVAKIA NilStudyeDhaba.Com 4
D nie 5
AUSTRIA HUNGARY Anti-Leban

Hungarian Sea RUSSIAN
of Azov FEDERATION
SLOVENIA P l a i n Danube
Delta Crimea 94
CROATIA
Caucasus
DinaricBAHOlEpSRs. Z&. ROMANIA
A atic S ea MON. GEORGIA
SERBIA Danube

iI T A L Ydr BULGARIA Black Sea
(KdiOspSuOtedV) OB a l k a n M t s .
Bosporus
Rhodope Mts.
Pindus Mts.
MACEDONIA

Naples ALBANIA Aegean

Sea TURKEY
Lesbos
Ionian G R E E C E
Izmir A n atoli a Lake
S e a Piraeus Van
Taurus Mts.
Sicily Peloponnese

Kos

r r a n e a n S e aMALTA Rhodes Cyprus Euphr

SYRIA

Crete on IRAQ

LEBANON

Gulf of Sirte Haifa Syrian Desert 94
ISRAEL

Port Said
JORDAN
A S I ANile

Delta
Suez Canal

LIBYA SAUDI

CA EGYPT ARABIA

ra Libyan Red Sea Arabian
Desert Peninsula

54

E F GH

AB CDE

90 90 86 EUROPE

ROMANIA Bulgaria & Greece

1 Danube 1

SERBIA Vidin Danube Ruse

Sofia's skyline is dominated by the r Razgrad Dobrich
gold domes of the Alexander Nevski
Pleven
Iskû
Memorial Church, which took craftsmen Vratsa daLovech Shumen Varna
and artists some thirty years to build
between 1882 and 1912. lkan Kamichiya
Stu B U L G A R I A2 B Black
a SOFIA Gabrovo
Yazovir Mo u Sliven
n t ains 2
83 Pernik Iskûr 93
Yambol
KOSOVO Kazanlûk Burgas Sea
Stara Zagora
(disputed) Plovdiv
dy Blagoevgrad
DhMACEDONIA Pazardzhik Maritsa undzha

Rhodo Velingrad Khaskovo T
Ar
a3 Petrich pe Mo s Orestiáda
bLake Prespa untain
a.ALBANIA TURKEY
Dráma Xánthi Komotiní
Sérres Maritsa 3
Kilkís S trymonas
Flórina Vardar Kavála Thracian Alexandroúpoli Marmara
Véroia Thessaloníki Thásos Sea Samothráki Denizi

Kalamariá
ComKérkyra Ioánnina

G R E E C E4 Kérkyra
eiós Kozáni Kateríni Akrotírio Built between 447 and 438 BCE, the
Thermaïkós Pínes Parthenon survived almost unscathed
Píndos Kólpos Akrotírio for over 2000 years until, in 1687,
a gunpowder magazine beneath
Pin Tríkala Akrotírio Drépano Límnos the building exploded, causing
Palioúri considerable damage.
Lárisa
4
Vóreies
Vólos Sporádes
Kardítsa
Préveza Lésvos Mitilíni

Lamía (Lesbos)

( Lefkáda Agrínio Évvoia

I A e g e a nChalkída

I

ón Chíos Chíos

oni
S e a T U R K E Y5
i Kefalloniá Pátra KoKróinlpthosiakós
Kórinthos Peiraías
a

a ATHENS 5
6
n 7
8
N Pelopó Ándros Sámos

Is

liasnidás Zákynthos Trípoli Tínos Ikaría

i a n Kalámata n nisos Tziá Mÿkonos

) Kykládes

I o n D

(

(Cyclades) Náxos o
Mirtóo Pelagos Páros
D

Spárti d

o

Sea e Kos

d

Íos Amorgós ekcáa

6 The first Olympic athletics Mílos n Ródos
festival was held at Olympia Santoríni
n Ródos
Stin around 776 BCE.
Astypálaia i (Rhodes)

e

s

s

Kÿthira a

e)

Only about 100 of the 2000
or so Greek Islands are
u permanently inhabited.
The Corinth Canal was completed in 1893 after Kárpathos
Kritikó Pélagos
d11 years of work. The canal is 4 miles (6.3 km) Chaniá Irákleio (Sea of Crete)
ylong, 80 ft (25 m) wide, and 26 ft (8 m) deep.
The central section runs along a 260 ft- (79 m-)
Kríti 98
Ddeep cutting through solid rock. (Crete)
h7
M e a79
d i t eSbreara.a nCe a n0 km The Minoans developed the first Hellenic
om8 0 miles civilization 4000 years ago, based at the EUROPE 87
100 luxurious palace of Knossos. Unfortunately,
100 in 1400 BCE, this civilization came to an
abrupt end, destroyed by a catastrophic
event, probably a tidal wave.

53 54

AB CDE

AB CDE

67 G u l f o f 67 88 EUROPE

Bothnia FINLAND The Baltic States & Belarus

1 SWEDEN Rich oil shale deposits in northern Estonia RUSSIAN 1
2
are quarried, crushed, and heated to produce 3
4
almost 7000 barrels of oil a day.

Low salinity and the shallow coastal waters cause pack ice to

accumulate at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia and off Finland

during most winters; occasionally the ice becomes banked Gulf of
TALLINN
up in pressure ridges that are almost 50 ft (15 m) high. Finland

S a2 67 Paldiski Loksa Narva
tuGotland Hiiumaa Vormsi
Rakvere Bay 92
Haapsalu Kohtla-Järve
va Narva
Baltic Saaremaa Tapa
Se Kuressaare Paide

Nar
dyD E S T O N I AVentspils Virtsu

Kolka Pärnu

h Talsi Gulf of Viljandi Lake
Peipus
Tartu

a3 Liepája Kuldíga Venta Riga

Burtnieku
Ezers
ba Saldus Valmiera Valga Võru Lake
Pskov

RIGA Césis

.Maªeikiai Dobele Ogre
C L A T V I AKlaipëda
oKALININGRADKretinga Jelgava
m(part of Russian
Tel#iai ‹iauliai W Madona
Plunge Birªai Jékabpils
Radvili#kis estern Dvina
Kelmë ris Rézekne
‹ilutë
Panevëªys
Federation) Courland Tauragë

4 Lagoon
L I T H U A N I AKaliningrad Neman Jurbarkas
Daugavpils
Chernyakhovsk Gusev Kaunas
Utena
Ne Ukmergë

Marijampolë Navapolatsk

Alytus Polatsk
Druskininkai estern Dvina
POLAND VILNIUS Hlybokaye FEDERATION
Lyepyel’
W
5 Vitsyebsk 5
6
Hrodna Maladzyechna 7
8
Neman Barysaw Orsha

MINSK Zhodzina Horki

Vawkavysk B E L A R U S Byerazin o

Slonim Baranavichy Mahilyow

Slutsk

Brest Babruysk Krychaw

6 Kobryn Salihorsk
St Pripet
uFormed in 1945 from the northern half of Pinsk Ptsich Zhlobin
dGerman East Prussia, and ceded to Russia Svyetlahorsk
Luninyets
under the Potsdam agreement, Kaliningrad Pripet

Marshes

yoblast became a true enclave, completely Rechytsa Homyel’
Dseparated from the rest of Russia, when Mazyr Kalinkavichy

h7 Dniepe r

Lithuania and Belarus achieved their 90
independence in 1991.
a Kyyivs’ke
b80 Vdskh
a34,000 sq miles (88,000 sq km),
Covering an area of approximately Following the breakup of the Soviet Union,
.Pripet Marshes are the largest area
the Commonwealth of Independent States

was established on December 8, 1991,
C of coordinating the foreign policies of the
of marshland in Europe. by a treaty signed at Minsk, with the intent
o newly independent former Soviet republics.
m8 0 km EUROPE 89
100 UKRAINE

0 miles 100

90 91

AB CDE

90 EUROPE

Ukraine, Moldova & Romania

A B CD

POLAND 81 Pripet B E L A R U S

Pripet

1 Kovel’ M a r s h e s
On April 25, 1986, engineers accidentally initiated

an uncontrolled chain reaction in the number 4

reactor of the Chornobyl' nuclear power plant. Luts’k Korosten’
The resulting explosion released 8 tons (tonnes)

of radioactive material in the world’s worst-ever
nuclear accident.
rRivne
Siret
L’viv Zhytomyr
Bug arpathian Mountains
2 81 C U K RTernopil’

SLOVAKIA Khmel’-
nyts’kyy
Vlad Dracula or Vlad the Impaler Ivano- Vinnytsya
was the real-life prince upon Uzhhorod Frankivs’k
whom Bram Stoker based his
famous Count Dracula. Dracula Chernivtsi Kam’’ya n e t s ’-Podil’s ’kyy
was born in Transylvania in 1431 Satu Mare Dnieste

in the town of Sighisoara. Baia Mare Rîbniπa
3
Suceava Boto∞ani Bâlπi

HUNGARY Oradea Dej MOLDOVA

StudyDhaba.ComT r a n s y l v a n i a Piatra-NeamπIa∞i Dubâsari
Cluj-Napoca CHIfiINÂU

Arad Târgu Mure∞ Tiraspol
Bacâu Tighina
Timi∞oara Alba Iulia Sighisoara
(Bendery)

R O M A N I ADeva Basarabeasca

4 82 Re∞iπa Sibiu Foc∞ani

SERBIA Carpaπii Meridionali Bra∞ov Galaπi Reni
Râmnicu Vâlcea
Buzâu
Târgovi∞te Brâila Tulcea

Drobeta-Turnu Severin Pite∞ti Ploie∞ti

Craiova BUCHAREST

Corabia Olt Danube Constanπa

5 Giurgui Eforie Sud

BULGARIA Mangalia

86

A B CD

EUROPE 91

E F GH

R U S S I A N 93

Chernihiv Shostka F E D E R A T I O N 1
2
Chornobyl’ Sumy A monument in central Kiev stands as testament to 3
the 7–12 million Ukrainian peasants who died during 4
Kyyivs’ke Vdskh. the Great Famine, or Holodomor, of 1932–33. 5

KIEV

Kanivs’ke Vdskh.

Bila Tserkva Lubny Kharkiv

AI NE Donets Syeverodonets’k 93
93
Cherkasy Poltava Slov’’yans’k

Kremenchuts’ke Kremenchuk
Vdskh.

Oleksandriya Pavlohrad Luhans’k

Kirovohrad Horlivka Kostyantynivka
Dnipropetrovs’k Yenakiyeve
Makiyivka
Krasnyy Luch
Donets’k
PivdennKryvyy Rih Nikop’ol Zaporizhzhya

yy StudyDhaba.Com Mariupol'

Buh Kakhovs’ka Vdskh.
Mykolayiv
Melitopol’ Berdyans’k

Kherson Dnieper Kakhovka In 1872, an iron foundry was
Odesa established at Donets’k by British
Sea industrialist John Hughes

Karkinits’ka of (from whom the town's pre-
Azov Revolutionary name Yuzovka
Zatoka Kryms'kyy was derived) to produce rails
Pivostriv Kerch for the growing Russian
transportation network.

Yevpatoriya Yalta Black RUSSIAN
Simferopol’ Sea FEDERATION

Sevastopol’

Odesa was one of the major flashpoints in the Russian Revolution 0 km 100
0 miles 100
of 1905, and was the scene of the mutiny on the warship Potemkin,

when sailors protesting against the serving of rotten

meat eventually killed several of the ship’s officers. 98

E F GH

AB CDE

137 137 92 EUROPE

0 km 400 ARCTIC OCEAN 1 European Russia
1 0 miles 400

Norwegian Arctic Circle The port of Murmansk remains ice-free throughout the
Sea winter thanks to the Gulf Stream, whereas St. Petersburg,
600 miles (965 km) to the south on the Baltic Sea, is

NORWAY ice-bound between December and May.

S2 66 SWEDEN Novaya Zemlya

t Murmansk 96 2

u Barents Sea
dGulf of Karskoye
yDBothnia
Dnieper N Kol’skiy Ostrov More
FINLA Poluostrov Kolguyev
D Ostrov
hBaltic Vaygach
Oneg
ab3S e a Beloye More
Gulf of
ESTONIA Finla Arkhangel’sk 3

aSankt Petersburg Pechora
Ladozhskoye Vorkuta
zen’
Pinega

Severnaya Dvina

nd

LITHUANIA
.LATVIA
Ozero Petrozavodsk Me ins)

CPskov Onezhskoye Usa a Arctic
Ozero
oNovgorod n t Circle
Velikiy a u

m4 Ukhta (Ural M o

Velikiye Luki Cherepovets Kotlas

Rybinskoye Syktyvkar

BELARUS Vdkhr Vologda 4

Smolensk Tver’R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N

Yaroslavl’ Kirov Kama

MOSCOW Ivanovo

Bryansk Tula Vladimir Nizhniy Novgorod Ural'skiye Gory

Ryazan’ Cheboksary Perm’

Orël
EUROPE 93Izhevsk
5 Kazan’ Volga 5
VyatkaSaranskNaberezhnyye 6
VolgaBelgorodTambov Chelny 7
AZERBAIJAN 8
Voronezh Penza Ul’yanovsk
onets C ARMENIA
UKRAINE Tol’yatti The Ural Mountains form the
traditional boundary between
D Saratov Samara Ufa Europe and Asia, extending
Balakovo some 1550 miles (2500 km).
Do n Mikhaylovka

Sea of Azov They were formed over 280
6
Rostov- Volgograd Orenburg million years ago as the
na-Donu Orsk East European and Siberian
S Krasnodar plates moved together.

t Stavropol’ Elista
uSochi From August 1942 to February 1943, German armies
dyBlack Cherkessk laid siege to Volgograd, formerly known as Stalingrad.
The Germans themselves were eventually surrounded
Sea 1E8l',b5r1u0sftN(5a64l2’cmh) ikKuma Astrakhan’ and lost almost 250,000 men.
Dha7
auc Vladikavkaz KAZAKHSTAN
Groznyy
99 G E O RGIA a Caviar is the processed eggs, or roe, of sturgeon that 96
s u s Makhachkala live in the Caspian Sea and Volga River. Overfishing
ba.Com8 and poaching in recent years have seen the price of
the finest caviar rise to around US$5000 for 2.2 lbs (1 kg).

T U R KEY Caspian U Z B Ar a l S ea
Running Sea
AZ. Caucasus E K I S T
to the Caspian
from the Black Sea Sea, the Mountains A N

include Mt El’brus, which at 18,510 ft (5642 m) is the highest point in Europe,

and still uplifting at the rate of 0.4 inches (1 cm) every year.

IRAQ IRAN 99 TURKMENISTAN 104

AB CDE

94 NORTH & WEST ASIA D

1 North & West Asia

A BC

137 A R C T I C

Franz Josef Land Severnaya
Zemlya
Novaya Zemlya Sea
Kara North
Norwegian Barents Kheta
S e a North Cape Sea

Arctic Circle V Central
2 63
a Ural MountainsRUSSIAN
Gulf of Bothni
Lake DNvorinthaern IshimOb’ West SiberianS i
Onega

Yenisey
h
North tic Sea Lake Ladoga Plain Ob’
Sea Bal Irtys
Vol
3 KALININGRAD Central Russian AS
(Russ. Fed.)
Upland olga
ga Eu R e d S e a
E U R O P E4 Don Ural Caspian Sea KAZAKHSTAN Ozero
Stu MdANNilyDhaba.Com
Aral Sea Lake Zaysan

Danube Black Sea Cauca s u s TURUKZMBEENKISDTaArNyaBalkhasThKAYJIlIRiKGISYTTZiASeNTnANS h a n
GEORGIA

Mediterra ARMENIA AZERB. Amu .
50 T U R K E Y Lake

Tropic of Cancer Van

n e a n S e a LEISBRAANEOLNSJYORRIDAAIpNRhrAaTteQigs Tibetan
KUWAIT
BAHRAIN IRAN AFGHANISTAN

QATAR ris Persian Gulf H i Plateau
mGaangles a y
a s

e SAUDI U.A.E.

ARABIA

O Arabian Bay of
Bengal
5 AFRICA Y EME N AdenSocotra Sea
Gulf of
(Yemen)

50

A B CD

NORTH & WEST ASIA 95

EF G H
137
OCEAN

New Siberian Islands 1
2
Laptev Sea East Siberian Wrangel Island 3
Siberian Lowland 4
ka S e a
Anab enëk
Kotuy ar Indigir Kolyma Long C hukc h i
Ol Strait Sea
Lena Yana

Siberian Plateau Arctic Circle Bering Strait 16
16
FEDERA T ION Velikaya

be r iLena Amga a Bering
Sea
Vitim A Zeya Kamchatka
Lake mur Sea of Aleutian Islands
Baikal Argun A Okhotsk
Sakhalin
I
Kurile I

(administered by
Russian Federation,
claimed by Japan.)
G obi Sea of slandsStudyDhaba.Com
Japan
Yellow Rive (East Sea)
angtze
Y East PACIFIC
r China OCEAN

Sea

Tropic of Cancer

Mekong South 0 km 800 5
China 0 miles 800

Sea 125

E F GH

96 NORTH & WEST ASIA D

Russia & Kazakhstan

A BC

Arctic Circle
GERMANY
N OR WAY 66 ARCTIC
DENMARK

1 SWEDEN Zemlya
Frantsa-
Barents Sea

KALININGRAD FINLAND Iosifa
(part of Russian
Murmansk

Federation) NovaKyaaZr esmkloyay e M o r e

POLAND LITH. LAT. EST. Sankt-Petersburg

Pskov

2 91 UKRAINE BELARUS Velikiy Arkhangel’sk
Novgorod

Cherepovets

MOLDOVA MOSCOW Vologda Vorkuta
Bryansk
Yaroslavl’ Nori’lsk
Tula Syktyvkar r y b’ Salekhard
Ryazan’ Zapadno-
Nizhniy Kirov
Voronezh Novgorod
Caspian Sea
Rostov- Kazan’ Perm’ Sibirskaya
na-Donu UStudyDhaba.Cralom Izhevsk
al'skiye
GVolgograd
o
O
Yenisey
R U S3
Serov R a v n i n a

Sochi Samara Ufa Yekaterinburg Nizhnevartovsk
Volga r
GEORGIA Ural’sk U Chelyabinsk
Stavropol’
F E D E4
Nal’chik Orenburg Kostanay Petropavlovsk Krasnoyarsk
Astrakhan’
Orsk Rudnyy Omsk
Groznyy Kokshetau
ARM. Makhachkala Novosibirsk Tomsk

102 AZ. Aktau K A ZAKHS ASTANA Pavlodar Kemerovo

Aral Zhezkazgan T A N Barnaul
Sea Karaganda Novokuznetsk

U Semipalatinsk

TURK Z

B Kyzylorda Balkhash Ust’-Kamenogorsk

E

M K

I Ozero
Balkhash
STANShymkent Taraz
ENISTAN
5 IRAN Taldykorgan

104 KYRGYZSTANAlmaty C H I N A

A B CD

NORTH & WEST ASIA 97

E F GH

OCEAN Ostrov 18 Arctic Circle
Vrangelya

Severnaya Vostochno- Anadyr’ 1
Zemlya 2
Sibirskoye Bering 3
PolTuaoysmtrOyozrvero More Pevek Sea 4
5
Taymyr Novosibirskiye Ambarchik
Ostrova

More
Laptevykh

134

Tiksi Ossora

Verkhoya Ust’-Kamchatsks
Lena
Poluostov

Olenëk nskiy Khrebet Magadan Kamchatka
Petropavlovsk
Srednesibirskoye
Ploskogor'ye -Kamchatskiy

SIAN Okhotsk

Sibir Yakutsk Sea of
Okhotsk
(Siberia) Suntar
Le
RATIO N
Kuril'skiyeStudyDhaba.COstrovaom
Sakhalin

na Komsomol’sk-

Kansk Skovorodno na-Amure
Bratsk
Ozero Yuzhhno- 134
Irkutsk Baykal Sakhalinsk
Blagoveshchensk
Khabarovsk
Chita Amur

Ulan-Ude CHINA JAPAN

The Trans-Siberian Railroad, completed in 1916, runs Vladivostok 500
5578 miles (9297 km) between Moscow and Vladivostok.
Crossing eight time zones, the journey takes six days. 0 km
0 miles
MONGOLIA 500

110

E F GH

98 NORTH & WEST ASIA

Turkey & the Caucasus

A BC D

ROMANIA 91

1 Black Sea

BULGARIA An average of 50,000 commercial ships pass through the
Bosporus a year, along with thousands of ferries and smaller
passenger boats. The strait is three times busier than the
Suez Canal and four times as busy as the Panama Canal.

Edirne Kırklareli Sinop

2 86 Bosporus Zonguldak Küre Daêlari

G R E E C E Tekirdaê Kastamonu Samsun
Canik
Marmara ƒstanbul Karabük
Denizi
Çanakkale StudyDhaba.Com akƒzmit Adapazarı Çankırı Kizil Irm D a ê Ordu
Boêazi Bursa lari

(Dardanelles)

Çanakkale ANKARA Çorum

Eski∞ehir Tokat

Balıkesir Kırıkkale

Ayvalik Kütahya Sivas
A T U R K3 Lésvos
n aManisa
t o l i aAfyon
Chíos Tuz Nev∞ehir
ƒzmir U∞ak Gölü Kayseri

Sámos Aydin Denizli ƒsparta oKsonEyDrMaeêaelirêNsiilênadAerdianTaarsOussKmGaaamhnzraiiayarmean∞taenp-

Bodrum Muêla Antalya

4 87 Dalaman T o r

Ródos Antalya ƒskenderun
Megísti Körfezi Antakya

Kríti Kárpathos TURKISH REPUBLIC OF

Girne NORTHERN CYPRUS
(Kyrenia) (recognized only by Turkey)

NICOSIA Gazimaêusa
(Famagusta)
Mediterranean
5 Sea Paphos Larnaca

54 Limassol

CYPRUS LEBANON

A B CD