headway-academic-skills-reading-writing-and-skills-level-2-2pdf

Headway

Academic Skills

Reading, Writing, and Study Skills

LEVEL 2 Student’s Book

O XFORD Sarah Philpot

Series Editors: Liz and Jo h n Soars

Headway

Academic Skills

Reading, Writing, and Study Skills

LEVEL 2 Student’s Book

Sarah Philpot

Series Editors: Liz and Jo h n Soars

OXFORD

CONTENTS WRITING A host family p7
Checking your writing: erro r correction - p u n c tu a tio n a n d spelling
1 International student W riting an inform al em ail
READING Going abroad to study p 4 -6
Follow ing i n s t r u c t i o n s : ilgnfin f o r m s WRITING My country p 12-13
Reading m ethods: skim ; scan; in te n siv e reading; e x te n siv e rea d in g Brainstorm ing ideas: topic a reas a n d exa m p les;

2 Where in the world...? com pleting a paragraph
READING Three countries p 10-11
Skim m ing and scanning: rea d in g f o r th e g e n e ra l idea, a n d Linking ideas (1): b u t, how ever, a lth o u g h
W riting a description of my country
fo r p a rticu la r inform ation
WRITING Mistaken identity p 1 8 -1 9
3 Newspaper articles Sentences/Paragraphs; h elp in g y o u r w ritin g flo w
READING An unexpected journey p 1 6 -1 7 Varying the structure: m a k in g w r itin g in terestin g
Predicting content: u sin g th e title a n d th e p ictu res W riting an article p21
M eaning from context: g u e ssin g th e m e a n in g o f n e w w o rd s
WRITING Technology - good or bad? p 24-25
4 Modern technology O rganizing ideas (1): p la n n in g th e a rg u m e n ts f o r a n d a g a in st
Linking ideas (2): fir s t, f o r in sta n c e , in co n c lu sio n ...
READING Innovations p 22-23 W riting a discursive essay
Identifying the m ain message: u sin g to p ic sentences to id e n tify
WRITING Invitations p31
paragraph content Using formal expressions: w r itin g a c a d e m ic e m a ils a n d letters
W riting a form al email
5 Conferences and visits
READING A conference in Istanbul p 28-30 WRITING Trends p 36-37
P u rp o se a n d au d ien ce (1 a n d 2): u s in g v is u a l a n d w r i t t e n clu es Paraphrasing and sum m arizing: u sin g o th er sources
W riting a sum m ary
6 Science and our world
READING A irpollution p34-35 RESEARCH Information on the Net p42-43
M aking notes: o r g a n iz in g recording, a n d r e m e m b e r in g im p o r ta n t Using the Internet; search engines; o n lin e encyclopaedias;

inform ation su b ject directories

Interpreting meaning; reco g n izin g fa c t a n d specu la tio n Developing a search plan: m a k in g a search effic ie n t a n d reliable

7 People: past and present WRITING IT - benefits and drawbacks p48
READING Three famous writers p 40-41 Linking ideas (3): c a u se a n d resu lt
Using original sources: d e a lin g w ith d iffic u lt la n g u a g e a n d C oherent writing; w r itin g u p notes
W riting from notes
u n k n o w n vocabulary
WRITING How things are made p 54
8 The world o f IT The passive voice; w r itin g in a n e u tr a l style
READING Computers p 4 6 - 4 7 Clarifying a sequence: d escrib in g a process
Rephrasing and explaining; d e a lin g w ith d iffic u lt sc ie n tific a n d W riting a description o f a process

technological w ords VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Varying vocabulary (2) p60
A voiding repetition (3): d e sc rib in g g ra p h s u s in g sy n o n y m s,
Avoiding repetition (2): p r o n o u n s a n d w h a t th e y refer to
adjectives + nouns, verbs + adverbs
9 Inventions, discoveries, and processes

READING How things work p52-53
Intensive reading: stra teg ies fo r fo c u s in g y o u r rea d in g
Linking ideas (4); s e q u e n c in g w o rd s to d escrib e a p rocess

10 Travel and tourism
READING International tourism p 58-59
Interpreting data: sta tistic a l in fo rm a tio n in g raphs, charts, a n d te x ts

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Dictionary work p 8 REVIEW p 9
A dictionary entry; u n d ersta n d in g in fo rm a tio n a b o u t a w ord REVIEW p l5
Recording vocabulary (1): w o rd cards The definite article - the
REVIEW p21
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Organizing vocabulary (1) p 14 REVIEW p2 7
Synonyms and antonyms: reco g n izin g s y n o n y m s a n d a n to n y m s REVIEW p33
Recording vocabulary (2): d ia g ra m s; a scale; s y n o n y m s a n d a n to n y m s; REVIEW p3 9

labelling a p ictu re

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Word-building (1) p 2 0
A ntonym s from prefixes: m a k in g a n o p p o site w o rd u s in g u n -, in -, il-,

im -, ir-

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Varying vocabulary (1) p 2 6
Avoiding repetition (1): u sin g s y n o n y m s to v a r y y o u r w r itin g

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Word-building (2) p32

Suffixes: id e n tify in g p a r t s o f sp eech
Prefixes: c h a n g in g th e m e a n in g o f w o rd s

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Words that go together p 38

Noun/Verb + preposition: associated w ords
Using num bers: n u m b e rs in w ritin g

WRITING Biographies p 4 3 - 4 4 REVIEW Organizing vocabulary (2) p45
A dding extra inform ation: n o n -d e fin in g relative clauses Topic vocabulary
O rganizing ideas (2): s tr u c tu r in g y o u r ideas logically, e.g. ch ro n o lo g ica lly
W riting from research REVIEW p51

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT eg., etc. p 4 9 REVIEW Word-building(3) p57
A bbreviations (1 a n d 2): h o w to w r i t e a n d s a y c o m m o n a b b r e v ia tio n s
Compound nouns
RESEARCH Crediting sources p 50 C om pound adjectives
Acknowledgements: a c k n o w le d g in g b o o k a n d w eb site sources
REVIEW p6 3
RESEARCH Reference books p 5 5 -5 6
Using indexes: id e n tify in g k e y w o r d s a n d ca teg o ries f o r a search, a n d fin d in g

th em in a reference book

WRITING Graphs and bar charts p 6 1 -6 2
Illustrating data: u sin g a g ra p h o r b a r c h a rt
D escribing a graph or chart: tra n sfo rm in g d a ta in to te x t
W riting about data

WORD LIST p 6 4 -7 0
PHONETIC SYMBOLS p71

1 International student

REA D IN G SKILLS Following instructions • Reading methods
W R IT IN G SKILLS Checking your w riting • W riting an inform al email
V O C A B U L A R Y D EV EL O PM EN T A dictionary entry • Recording vocabulary (1)

R E A D IN G Going abroad to study

Personal information often appears on documents, especially official
documents. Use the ideas in the box to say what personal information
is on ... ?

• a birth ce rtifica te • a bank statem ent
• a driving licence • an exam certificate

name date o f birth address parents’ names WEUSnTiveLrOsitNy DofON
grades driver num ber account number
name o f school or university place o f birth

Simon Elliot lives in Geneva, Switzerland. He is returning to the Apartment 25,
UK to study. Answer the questions. Lac de Leman Building,
Geneva,
1 Label the documents. Which is ... ? Switzerland

a passport • a form al le tte r Dear M r Elliot,
an inform al le tte r • an application form
W e have pleasure in offering you a place a t the
2 Where is Simon going? University o f W e st London to study fo r a
3 W hat is he going to study? M aster’s degree (M Sc) in Applied Biochem istry.
4 W ho is John? The academ ic year com m ences on 10 O ctober
and classes s ta rt...
Apartm ent 2 5 ,
Lac de Leman Building, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Geneva,
Sw itzerland Passport Passport No
012234556
email sim on.elliot@ gen.com
Surname
Dear John, ELLIOT

Ju s t writing to let you know that I've got a place a t W e st London Given names
(University to do my M Sc! So, I'm finally coming back to London. SIMON
I ’m really looking forw ard to seeing you again. I ’m not sure where
I ’ll be living. I ’m applying fo r accommodation with a host fam ily - Nationality
that way I won’t have to cook! I Ju s t hope that th e re ’s a vegetarian BRITISH CITIZEN
fam ily available. As soon as I know my new address, I ’ll email or
ring you, and we can m eet! Do you like the photos I've sent? Do Date of birth
you rem em ber... 22 OCTOBER 1989

Date of issue
0 6 JUNE 2010

Date of expiry
05 JU N E 2020

4 Unit 1 • International student

3 Look at the application form. W hat is it for? S T U D Y S K IL L Follow ing instructions

4 Read the documents on page 4. Use the information W h en fillin g in o ffic ia l docum ents, it is im p o rtan t to read and
to complete the application form for Simon. fo llo w th e instructions carefully, fo r exam ple:
■ U se black ink only.
Read STUDY SKILL ■ Please p r i n t / W rite in BLO C K CAPITALS.
■ Tick
■ Please sp ecify (give m ore details).
■ D e le te (cross o u t) as appropriate.
■ C ircle th e correct answer.

WEUSnTiveLrOsitNy DofON Please print.
Use black or blue ink only.
Tick ( y ) the relevant boxes.

A pp lication fo r A ccom m odation

Family name E llio t

First nam e(s)____________ Type of accommodation

Male/Female (D elete as appropriate) Single Married I I Host fam ily
I I University hall o f residence
Children Y e s N o Num ber I I Shared house
Date of birth / / N a tio n a lity
Special diet Y e s No
Please specify:

Passport/ID number ___

Home address ______

Postcode Country
Course title
Course start date / /

How and w hy do you read?

5 W hat d o yo u read? Tick (√ ) the different reading

materials a-j that you read.

a I I textbooks f [ ] reports

b []novels g [ ] timetables
h [ ] indexes
c 1 I emails

d [ ] search engine finds i [ ] dictionary

e [ ] journals j [ ] instruction manuals

6 W hich reading materials from exercise 5 do you read for pleasure; for work;
for your studies? Make three lists.

U n it 1 • International student 5

7 Read the handout for new students about reading. Answer the questions.

1 Which two ways of reading are the quickest?
2 Which way would you read for enjoyment?
3 W hich way of reading is the slowest?

Effective Reading

During your course, you w ill do a lot o f reading. It is essential that you learn how to be
an effective and efficien t reader in order to make th e best o f your study tim e.
Learning to be a good reader takes practice. You need to develop different strategies
o r m ethods o f reading.

Skimming

Som etim es you w ill read just to get a general idea o f a text. This is skim reading. First,
identify your reason for reading, fo r exam ple, to decide w hether an article m eets your
needs, or perhaps to understand a w riter’s attitude. To do this, read th e text very
quickly. Don't w orry about reading and understanding everything. Instead, look
particularly at the first and last paragraphs, and the first and last sentences o f
paragraphs. These often summarize the main points.

Scanning

Som etim es you w ill read quickly to find particular pieces o f inform ation, fo r example,
a statistic, a date, a person’s name, or th e name o f a place. Again, you do not need to
read every word to find this inform ation. Instead, scan the text using a finger or a
pencil to m ove quickly through the words. You could tim e yourself to see how long it
takes you to find the inform ation. Always try to im prove your speed.

Intensive reading

Som etim es you read fo r every detail, fo r example, a description o f a process, the
results o f a scientific study, or a set literature text. To do this, take your tim e. Stop and
think about w hat you are reading. Have you understood th e tex t? You may need to
read th e tex t more than once, in order to make notes or highlight im portant points
fo r future reference. This is called intensive reading or study reading.

Extensive reading

Som etim es you w ill read fo r pleasure - perhaps as extra research, or purely fo r
interest. You may concentrate, but you don’t have to w orry about detail. This is
extensive reading.

W e do not always read th e same kinds o f texts in th e same way, and w e often use
more than one m ethod o f reading fo r a single text. Your reason fo r reading w ill help
you decide how to read.

University of

WEST LONDON

CJ Study Skills ER07

8 Choose five examples of reading materials from S T U D Y S K IL L Reading m ethods

exercise 5 on page 5. W hy and how do you read? You usually have a reason fo r reading som ething. That reason changes
th e w ay you read, and th e tim e you spend on a text.
text book W hy? to find a relevant chapter
How? to take notes Think ab o u t w h at you w an t from th e text, and d ecid e th e b est w ay to
scan contents page g et it. For exam ple:
read intensively ■ Skim a jou rn al to find an a rticle o f interest.
■ Scan an a rticle fo r specific inform ation.
9 Look back at exercises 2 and 4 on pages ■ Read relevant parts o f an a rticle intensively to m ake notes.
4 and 5. In which exercise did you ‘skim’
and in which did you ‘scan’? Read STUDY SKILL

6 Unit 1 • International student

W R IT IN G A host family
1 Imagine you are going abroad to do a short course and are going to live with a

host family. W hat information would you give them and what information
would you want? Think about:

dates food personal inform ation transport com puter access hobbies

2 Burcu Sancak, a Turkish student, is writing to her host family. Read her email.
Tick (√ ) the items from exercise 1 that she mentions.

Accom m odation message S e n t: 16 July 2011

From : Burcu Sancak [[email protected]]
To: M r and Mrs Baker
Subject: Accom m odation

D e a r M r and M rs Baker,

I'm v e r y h a p p y t o a c c e p t y o u r o f f e r o f a c c o m o d a tio n . I’m re a lly e x c ite d a b o u t c o m in g t o L o n d o n
f o r th e fir s t tim e t o d o an En g lish c o u rse .

I am in m y la s t y e a r o f s c h o o l a n d n e x t y e a r I w a n t t o g o t o u n iv e rs ity t o s tu d y e n g lis h L a n g u a g e
a n d L ite r a tu re . a t t h e m o m e n t i a m p re p a rin g f o r m y fin a l e x a m s, s o I'm w o rk in g v e r y h a rd . W h e n
I'm n o t s o b isy, I s p e n d a lo t o f tim e re a d in g , b u t I a ls o e n jo y s p o rts I p la y b a s k e tb a ll f o r m y s c h o o l
te a m o n c e a w e e k . I a ls o e n jo y s w im in g . Is t h e r e a s p o r ts c lu b w ith a s w im m in g p o o l n e a r y o u r
house.

A s I m e n tio n e d in m y la s t e m a il, m y c o u rs e s ta r ts o n 2 4 th Ju ly b u t I’m c o m in g t w o d a y s e a r lie r a n d
m y p la in a rriv e s a t h e a th r o w o n t h e 2 2 n d a t 14.25 C o u ld y o u t e ll m e t h e b e s t w a y o f g e ttin g fro m
th e a irp o rt to y o u r h o u se?

I h o p e t o h e re fro m y o u s o o n a n d I’m re a lly lo o k in g fo rw a rd t o s e e in g y o u in L o n d o n .

B e s t w ish e s,

Burcu Sancak

3 Read STUDY SKILL Read Burcu’s email again. There are 12 STUDY SKILL C h e c k in g y o u r w ritin g
mistakes (capital letters, full stops, question marks, and spelling).
Find and correct them. Every tim e you w rite, rem em ber to check yo u r w ork for;
■ cap ital le tte rs a t th e beginning o f sentences and fo r
Writing an informal email
proper nouns (nam es o f peop le, cities, and cou n tries)
4 Imagine you are going to stay with a family for a short ■ fu ll stops at th e end o f sentences
course. Write them an email. Write about 100 words. ■ q uestion m arks a t th e end o f questions
■ spelling m istakes. Use a d ictio n ary o r com puter
• Say you accep t th eir o ffe r o f a room ,
• Tell them ab o u t yo u r studies and yo u r hobbies. spellchecker to check you r spelling. Keep a record o f
• G ive them inform ation ab o u t you r arrival. any w ords you m isspell. Learn th e co rrect spelling.
• Ask fo r inform ation you w ould like.

Check your work carefully. Give it to another student to check again.

Unit 1 • International student 7

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Dictionary work STUDY SKILL A d ic tio n a r y e n try
1 Put the following words into alphabetical order as quickly as you can.
Choose an English-English d ictio n ary and
Compare your order with a partner. m ake sure it is a recen t ed ition .

brainstorm skim question accom m odation dictionary D ictionaries include a lo t o f useful
biography student vocabulary w riting punctuation scan inform ation.
pronunciation com puter technology study voice keyboard
For exam ple:
2 Here is an entry from the Oxford Students Dictionary.
Label the parts of the entry 1-5 using the words in the box. ■ parts o f speech
■ stress
p art o f speech definition pronunciation ■ pronunciation
exam ple sentence stress mark ■ definitions
■ exam ple sentences
(1) stress mark
Be careful! Som e w ords have m ore than one
-(2)----------------------------- m eaning and use. M ake sure you look at th e
co rrect p art o f a d efin ition .
accom m odation /əˌkɒm əˈdeɪʃn/ noun [U] (3 )----------
a place for sb to live or stay: We lived in rented
accommodation before buying this house. The \
price of the holiday includes flights and
accommodation.

3 Look at the word card. W hat five pieces of information does it give you
about the word study?

4 Make word cards for the underlined words in 1-6. STUDY SKILL R e co rd in g v o c a b u la ry (1)
Use your dictionary. Read STUDY SKILL
It is im p ortan t to keep a record o f n ew vocabulary. You may
1 I am studying Chemical Engineering. wish to keep th e se records in a vocab u lary n oteb o ok or in a
2 We scan a timetable to get the information we want. special vocabulary file on th e com puter.
3 Correct punctuation is very important in good writing.
4 Always check in a dictionary if you are not sure about W h e re ve r you record new vocabulary, it is h elp ful to n o te m ore
than th e translation. A lso note, fo r exam ple:
how a word is spelt. ■ th e pronunciation
5 A biography is the story of someone’s life. ■ th e stressed syllables
6 Novels, plays, and poetry are examples of literature. ■ part o f speech

■ associated w ords and grammar, e g . a biography o f someone

8 Unit 1 • International student

R EV IEW
1 Complete the visa application form about you.

V ISA A PPLIC A TIO N

Please print. Use black or blue ink only. Tick (√ ) relevant boxes.

Family name _________________________________ First name
Middle name(s)

Date of birth
Place of birth

Nationality Passport/ID number
Place of issue __

Sex M ale [ ] Female []

M arital status ______

Title D r [ ] M r [ ] M rs [ ] M s [ ] M iss [ ] O ther (specify)

Home address Email address
Home or mobile telephone number

Reasons for visit Duration of visit

Business □ 1-7 days □

Study □ 8-15 days □
Tourism □
Up to one m onth □

Family visit □ M ore than one m onth (specify length)

O ther (specify)

Date of arrival (if known) Date of departure (if known)
Address in country (if known)

Use your dictionary to correct the spelling of the underlined words.

1 She paved for her books with a credit card.
2 He bougth a new car last month.
3 What subject are you studing?
4 My parents always give me good advise.
5 Have you applyed to university yet?
6 Please put the books back on the correct shelfs.

Review the texts and vocabulary in Unit 1. Choose at least five words that are
new for you. Make word cards for them.

U n it 1 • International student 9

2 Where in the w orld ...?

READ IN G SKILLS Skimming and scanning
W R IT IN G SKILLS Brainstorming ideas • Linking ideas (1) • Writing a description o f my country
VO C A BU LA RY D EVELO PM ENT Synonyms and antonyms • Recording vocabulary (2)

R E A D IN G Three countries STUDY SKILL Sk im m in g and scanning
1 Look at photos a-c and skim texts 1-3 on page 11. Match them
Rem em ber th ere are tw o ways o f reading quickly:
with the titles below. Read STUDY SKILL ■ skim m ing fo r th e general idea
■ scanning fo r p articu lar inform ation
■j I I I Cities, Deserts. Seas

[ ] [ ] A W o rld on an Island

I I I I Your Dream Castle?

2 Scan the texts. Find information to complete the table.

lo c a tio n im p ortan t date econom y attractio ns language(s)

S in g a p o re strong economy, M alay, English,
to u ris m M andarin, Tamil

M orocco N orth A frica Fez, beaches,

Sahara D esert

W ales

Scan the texts again to answer the questions.
Which country ...

• has a border w ith England? is ruled by a king?
• has a desert? has a w ild coastline?
• has a lo t o f ancien t castles? is in South-East Asia?
• is an island? has an ocean to th e w est,
• has m an-made beaches? and a sea to th e north?

4 Scan the texts to match a word in A with a word in B, and a definition in C.

A B beaches a [ ] beaches made by people, not by nature
city b [ ] coal, gas, oil. and fresh water are all examples of these
historic 1 destination c [ ] a popular place to go on holiday
natural 2 language d [ ] a place with a long and important history
tourist 3 resources e [ ] the main language used in a country
national 4 assembly f [ ] the group of people chosen to govern a country
man-made 5
official 6

5 Read the texts again more slowly. In pairs, discuss similarities and differences
between the three countries and your own country.

10 U n it 2 • Where in the w o rld ...?

T h e Republic o f Singapore is an island in South-East Asia, just 137km north o f th e Eq u a to r. It
becam e an independent city-state in 1965. Singapore has few natural resources. H ow ever, it
developed a strong econom y and is a popular to u rist destination. People com e here fo r its
fabulous shopping, th e fam ous Singapore Z o o , and its beautiful man-made beaches. Singapore
has a rich m ixture o f people and many languages are spoken here, including Malay, English,
M andarin, and Tamil.

T h e Kingdom o f M o ro cco is a co u n try in N o rth A frica. It has the A tlan tic O cean to the w est,
the M editerranean Sea to the north, A lgeria to th e east, and W e s te rn Sahara to the south. It
becam e an independent kingdom in 1956. Its econom y depends on mining and tourism .
M o ro cco ’s attraction s include th e historic city o f Fez, the w onderful beaches on th e A tlan tic
and M editerranean, and th e Sahara D esert. A rab ic is the official language, although French is
often used fo r business.

W a le s is in n o rth ern Europe. It is part o f th e U n ited Kingdom . It borders England to the east,
and has th e Irish Sea on th e w est.W a le s w as ruled by England fo r many centuries, but in 1999
its ow n N ational Assem bly w as created. Farm ing and tourism are im portant parts o f its
econom y.Tourists com e to W a le s to see its many ancient castles, to w alk and clim b in its
beautiful m ountains, o r to w alk along its w ild coastline. A lthough m ost people speak English,
both W e lsh and English are th e official languages.

Unit 2 • Where in the world...? 11

W R IT IN G M y country STUDY SKILL B ra in s to rm in g ideas

1 Complete the diagram about France Befo re you w rite , thin k ab ou t th e to p ic. W o rk w ith a p artn er o r in a group.
using the topic areas and examples
in the box. Read STUDY SKILL

■ U se a diagram to help you organize yo u r thoughts.

skiing in the Alps econom y coal ■ D ecide on to p ic areas, and thin k o f exam ples.
the Atlantic Ocean Spain 1789
tourism French Euro Disney ■ W rite notes and single w ords on th e diagram.

■ Don’t discard any ideas o r thoughts a t th is stage.

■ D on’t w o rry ab ou t w h at is m ore o r less topic area
im p o rtan t a t this stage.

W h e n you finish brainstorm ing ideas, choose w hich
ideas you w an t to use in you r w ritin g, and d ecid e on

2 Complete the paragraph about France. Use information from the
diagram in exercise 1.

FRANCE - SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE!

France is a large country in 1___________ . It has w ith

many countries, including Germ any, Italy, and Spain. It was ruled by a king.

However, a fte r th e revolution in 3_______________ , it becam e a republic.

France has good natural resources, such as w ater a n d 4_______________ .

Farming, car m anufacturing, and 5_______________ are oth er im portant parts

o f its economy. The capital o f France is Paris, which lies on th e River Seine.

M any tourists stay in th e city to see th e 6_______________ Tower, or

to visit the world-fam ous Louvre Museum and th e many other attractions.

There are also lots o f oth er things to do outside Paris. You

can go skiing in the7 , v is it8 , or go swimming

in th e M editerranean. Although th e official language is French, many

people speak a little English. So, w hatever your interests and w herever you

com e from , France has som ething fo r you.

12 Unit 2 • Where in the world ...?

3 Look back at the text on page 12. Write the topic areas from the box next to
num bers 1-5 in the order they appear in the text.

languages attractions geography im portant date(s) econom y

1
4 With a partner, quickly brainstorm ideas about your country. Write your

ideas on a diagram. Use the topic areas from exercise 3.
5 Underline other examples of but, however, and although in

the three texts on page 11.

STUDY SKILL Lin kin g id eas (1)

Linking ideas in a clear and logical w ay is p art o f good w riting.

Use but, however, and although to contrast tw o ideas.
Look at sentences a and b. Com pare th e w ay but, however, and although are

used to link them . W h a t d ifferen ces are there?

a The official language is French.
b Many people speak a little English.
The official language is French, but many people speak a little English.
The official language is French. However, many people speak a little English.
Although the official language is French, many people speak a little English.
The official language is French, although many people speak a little English.

6 Link the pairs of sentences using the word in brackets.

1 Many people think that Sydney is the capital of Australia. Canberra is
really the capital. (but)

2 The Amazon is the longest river in South America. The Nile is the longest
river in the world. (however)

3 M ount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. It is not the most
difficult to climb. (although)

4 It is very hot in the Sahara during the day. It can be very cold at night.
(although)

Writing a description o f my country
7 Write a paragraph of about 150 words describing your country.

Use your ideas from exercise 4. Link them using but, however,
and although.

Unit 2 • Where in the w o rld ...? 13

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Organizing vocabulary (1)

1 Put the words in the box into two groups. Then organize them in order of
size (sm a lle st ◄-----► b iggest) or speed (slo w e st ◄-----► fa s te s t).

bicycle sea ocean aeroplane space rocket lake car pond

2 Match 1-5 with synonyms (=) and STUDY SKILL S y n o n ym s and a n to n ym s
antonyms(=) from the box.
A synonym is a w ord o r phrase th a t has th e same
frontier big new noisy old quiet small seashore m eaning as ano th er w ord o r phrase.
An antonym is a w ord o r a phrase th a t m eans th e
1 border = op p o site o f ano th er w ord o r phrase.
2 coastline =
3 modern
=

4 large =

5 loud =

3 Use the words in the box to label the compass.

north south east w est north-west south-west north-east south-east

4 Look at the words in the box. Organize them into four STUDY SKILL R eco rd in g v o c a b u la ry (2)
groups of four words each. Record them using different
methods. Read STUDY SKILL Recording w ords in groups can m ake them easier to rem em ber.
You can use:
a cottage clean th e N orth Pole deserts dirty ■ diagram s like th e ones in this unit
th e Earth lakes mountains a house unpolluted ■ a scale as in exercise 1
an apartm ent block polluted a skyscraper ■ synonym s and antonym s as in exercise 2
rainforests th e South Pole the Equator ■ a p icture w ith labels as in exercise 3
C ontinue to add new w ords to each group as you learn them .

14 Unit 2 • Where in the w o rld ...?

R EV IEW

1 Go back through Unit 2. Add examples to the table. Write the definite article
the where necessary.

c o u n trie s c o n tin e n ts rivers deserts c itie s seas and oceans m ountains/
m ountain ranges
Fez
W ales, A s ia the R iver Sein e the Sah ara th e A tlantic Ocean M ount E v e re s t
th e Republic

o f Singapore

2 W hen is the definite article the used? Complete the rules.

RULES____________________________ and oceans.
, mountains, and
Use the with rivers, deserts, mountain ranges,
Do not use the with most countries,_________

3 Add some examples from your own country or region to the table.

4 Make sentences 1-8 true by replacing the word in italics with another word
from Unit 2.

1 Asia is a large country.
2 M orocco has beaches on the Atlantic Sea.
3 Spain is north o f France.
4 A castle is where you can go to see lots o f different animals.
5 A lake is bigger than a sea.

6 Sydney is a very old city.

7 Russia is a small country.
8 A village is bigger than a town.

5 Make your own records of any new words. Use the methods from this unit.

Unit 2 • Where in the w o rld ...? 15

R E A D IN G An unexpected journey

1 Look at the headline and pictures in the newspaper article. What do
you think the story is about? Discuss your ideas with a partner.

A free flight to Dubai

A twenty-three-year-old Dutch student has enjoyed a short but unexpected
holiday in Dubai. Mr Frank Vreede, a business student, had taken a part-time
job at Schiphol Airport to help pay for his studies. He worked as a baggage
handler and was responsible for loading the suitcases into the hold of
passenger planes.

Last Friday night, after an exhausting day in the university library preparing for
his final exams. Frank was loading a plane at the airport. He was waiting for the
next baggage truck to arrive and he felt tired. He decided to have a quick rest,
so he sat down in the hold of the plane and shut his eyes - just for a moment.

However, while he was sleeping, the plane took off. An hour later, Frank
woke up and was horrified to discover that the plane was in the air. There was
a terrible noise from the engines, and he tried not to panic. It was dark,
uncomfortable and very, very cold. Frank knew the flight would be long
because it was an airline from the Middle East. He also knew he could not
survive the freezing temperatures. It was an impossible situation.

He decided to make as much noise as possible. He banged on the ceiling of
the baggage hold and shouted at the top of his voice. Luckily, a passenger
heard the noise and called a flight attendant, who immediately informed the
pilot. Once the captain understood what was happening, he ordered hot air to
be pumped into the hold.

When the plane arrived at Dubai International Airport, an ambulance was
waiting to take a very cold and frightened Mr Vreede to hospital. Doctors
examined him, but he was unhurt and was allowed to leave after a few hours.
News spread quickly about this ‘stowaway’. The Managing Director of one of
Dubai’s top hotels offered him a free room for the weekend, ‘He must have
wanted to come to Dubai very much if he was prepared to travel in the hold!’
joked the MD.

‘Everyone’s been so kind,’ said Mr Vreede. ‘I’m really enjoying my stay in
Dubai and I’m getting a lot of rest, so I won’t fall asleep on the job again!’

When Frank returned to Schiphol Airport on Monday, his friends and
relatives were overjoyed to see him. ‘When he didn’t come home after his
evening shift on Friday, I called the airport - but nobody had seen him for
hours,’ his mother said to reporters. Frank explained that he was very lucky
because it is possible to die of cold in the hold of an aircraft. He apologized
to his boss for sleeping at work instead of working, and promised it would
not happen again. ‘During the flight I was petrified. 1thought I was going to
die!’ said Mr Vreede. ‘I wouldn’t want to do it again. Next time, I’ll catch a
regular flight!’

16 Unit 3 • Newspaper articles

Read STUDY SKILL Make questions about the article. Use the question words Why...?
in the box. Where...?

W h y ...? W h ere… ? W h o ...? W h e n ...? W h a t...? H ow ...? Who...? When..

W hy was It a free flig ht? What...? How...?

STUDY SKILL P re d ictin g c o n te n t

Predicting th e co n ten t o f a te x t prepares you fo r w h a t you are ab ou t to read. Being
well-prepared helps com prehension.

Before you read a text:

■ look at th e title ■ look at any pictures

Use these to get an idea o f w hat th e text is about. Ask some questions (Who? Where?
Why? etc.) to help you predict the content and to focus on th e inform ation you need.

3 Skim the text to get a general idea of the story. Were your ideas right?
Does the text answer your questions?

4 Read the article more slowly and answer the questions.
1 Who is the article about?
2 What other people are mentioned in the article?
3 Where did the events happen?
4 When did the events happen?
5 What was the problem?
6 How was the problem solved?
Compare your answers with a partner.

5 Copy the table. Guess the meaning of the words
in bold in the article A Free Flight to Dubai. Use the part of speech and
the context to help.

STUDY SKILL M e an in g fro m c o n te x t

Texts o fte n contain w ords w e don’t know. Looking up every w ord takes tim e and
slows dow n you r reading.

To help you guess th e m eaning from th e context;
■ look at th e w ords and sentences around th e unknown word.
■ id en tify th e p art o f speech.
■ use you r know ledge o f th e w orld (w h at you alread y know ab ou t th e situation).
■ thin k ab o u t w h e th e r th e w ord has a generally negative or p o sitive m eaning.
■ replace th e unknown w ord w ith ano th er w ord w ith a sim ilar m eaning and check

th a t it m akes sense in th e sentence.

word part o f speech context guess
baggage handler noun person who p u ts bags on a plane
job o r duty / airp o rt
responsible fo r loading s u itc a s e s /
p assen g er planes

6 Compare your guesses with a partner. Check meanings in a dictionary.

7 Underline other new words in the article. Make guesses about them.
Check your guesses in a dictionary.

Unit 3 • Newspaper articles 17

W R IT IN G Mistaken identity
1 Look at paragraph 1 of the newspaper article A Case o f M istaken Identity on

page 19. Separate it into six sentences. Punctuate the sentences correctly.

Read STUDY SKILL

STUDY SKILL Se n ten ces

w rite s h o rt clear sentences.

join ideas and sentences using linking words, fo r exam ple, however, after, etc.

(see Stu d y Skill pl3).
p u n ctu ate co rrectly using cap ital letters, fu ll stops, q uestion marks, and
exclam ation marks.

2 Complete paragraph 2 of the article using the words in the box.

after and unfortunately but because so

3 Read the beginnings of paragraphs 3 and 4 of the article. Choose which
sentences, a or b, from 1-5 belong to each paragraph. Write the paragraphs.

Then the car stopped in front of a large conference centre. Paragraph 3
He told John that everything was ready for him. Paragraph 4
Mr Taylor jumped out of the car with his briefcase and rushed into the centre.
‘Follow me, please,’ he said.
John Taylor got up, checked his tie was straight, and picked up his briefcase.
There, to his relief, he was greeted in English by the conference organizer.
He followed the organizer out of the room.
‘Welcome to Paris, Mr Taylor,’ said the smartly-dressed organizer and he led John Taylor down
a long corridor and into a small room.
After giving Mr Taylor a coffee, the organizer went off to make sure everything was ready.
The organizer opened a door and led John Taylor into a large hall full o f ... schoolchildren!

4 Look at the next two paragraphs. Which is paragraph 5? W hich is
paragraph 6? Read STUDY SKILL

STUDY SKILL Paragraphs

To help you r w ritin g flow :
■ group ideas on th e sam e to p ic to g eth er in a paragraph.
■ m ake sure there is a clear link betw een th e content o f one paragraph and th e next.

5 Read paragraph 1 of the article again. Find an example of the Present Perfect,
Past Simple, Past Continuous, and Past Perfect. Read STUDY SKILL

STUDY SKILL V a ryin g th e stru ctu re

Interesting w ritin g o ften contains a va riety o f tenses.
For exam ple;

■ Past Sim ple - It was a comfortable flight.
m Past Continuous - He was loading a plane at the airport.
m Present Pe rfect - He has been to France before.
m Past Perfect - He hod taken a part-time job at the airport.

18 Unit 3 • Newspaper articles

A case of mistaken identity Paragraph

[1 ] have you ever been m istaken for som eone else last w eek Mr John This case of mistaken identity
Taylor, an Australian businessm an, w ent to Paris for an im portant was quickly noticed and put
m eeting he was sent by the Australian governm ent to give a speech to right. Both Mr Taylors, Paul
French businessm en and w om en it was to encourage more trade it was, and John, were put into taxis
therefore, a very im portant speech and Mr Taylor had prepared it and driven at great speed to
carefully at the same tim e a Mr Paul Taylor was also travelling on the their correct meetings.
same flight to Paris Fortunately, both
presentations were hugely
[2 ] It was a com fortable flight his plane arrived on time. successful, as they discovered
when they were seated next
John Taylor was expecting a driver to pick him up from the airport. to each other on the flight
back to Australia!
2________going through custom s and im m igration control, he w en t to
Paragraph □
find th e driver. He saw a m an w ho was holding a sign saying ‘Mr Taylor’,
John Taylor looked around in
3__________ he introduced him self. The driver replied in French. horror at the children. Then
he heard the organizer asking
4_________ , Mr Taylor did not speak French, 5_______ he did understand them to welcome Mr Paul
Taylor. He was going to tell
th e words ‘h o tel’ and ‘sem inar’. 6____________ the m eeting was early th a t them about kangaroo fanning
in Australia! Meanwhile, on
m orning, John Taylor decided to go straight to the seminar. He nodded the other side of the city, Mr
Paul Taylor was also in a large
his head at th e driver and repeated ‘sem inar’. hall full of people. Paul,
dressed in blue jeans and
[3 ] While the car was speeding through Paris, Mr Taylor went through his cowboy boots, was staring in
notes one more time. horror at 200 smartly-suited
businessmen and women.
The organizer returned a few minutes later,

U n it 3 • N ew sp ap er a rticle s 19

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Word-building (1) S T U D Y S K IL L A ntonym s from prefixes
1 Put the adjectives from this unit with the correct prefix in The antonym s o f som e words can be m ade by

the table. Use a dictionary to help you. Read STUDY SKILL adding a prefix such as un-, in-, im-, fo r exam ple,
successful/unsuccessful.
expected regular com fortable possible hurt im portant
In o th e r cases, th e antonym is a com p letely
un- unexpected d iffe re n t w ord, fo r exam ple, g o o d /b a d .
in- W h e n you lo o k up a new w ord in th e dictionary,
m ake a n o te o f its antonym .
il-
m-
im- i l - im - ir -

ir-

1 Use a dictionary to identify the correct prefixes for the adjectives in the box.

Add them to the table in exercise 1.

appropriate direct experienced patient relevant mature

legal responsible logical legible mobile personal

3 Look back at the table in exercise 1. Can you see any general rules about
when to use il-, im-, and ir-? Complete the rules.

RULES il-,im-.ir- and

il- is used w ith words beginning with
im- is often used w ith w ords beginning w ith
ir- is used w ith w ords beginning w ith

4 Match words 1-7 with antonyms a-g.

1 □ different a low
2 □ easy b maximum
3 □ high c small
4 □ large d public
5 □ late e early
6 □ minimum f difficult / hard
7 □ private g the same

20 Unit 3 • Newspaper articles

R EV IEW

1 Look at the titles of these newspaper articles. W hat do you think each article
is about? Work with a partner and write five questions about each article.

Scottish balloon found in Libyan desert The first-class violin Fly me to the moon - return ticket, please

W ho found it ?
W h y has it g o t a label on it ?
W h a t...?

1

2 Read the beginning of John Taylor’s talk. The words in bold are different parts
of speech of the nonsense word nam an. What part of speech are they?
Choose from the box.

verb x (2) noun x (3) adjective x (2)

G ood naman, e ve ryo n e . I am sorry fo r 2namaning late, b u t thank you fo r being so p atien t. As you know,

I am here to 3naman ab ou t th e possibilities fo r increased com m erce b etw een our tw o 4namanies and
I hope th a t this ta lk w ill lead to a fru itfu l discussion. O u r tw o cou n tries have had ve ry good relations fo r m any

namanies. in fa c t since 18721 Last year, m any o f our 6namanical students cam e here to study your farm ing
system s. It was a very 7namaning visit and th e y learn t a lo t. In th e fu tu re ,. . .

3 Guess their meaning from the context and replace them with an appropriate
real word.
G o o d 1naman, everyone. = Good morning/afternoon, everyone.

4 Make notes about each of the pictures. Write a paragraph of 20-40 words for
each one in the past tense. Give your complete article a title.

BUSES

Unit 3 • Newspaper articles 21

4 Modern technology

R E A D I N G S K I L L S Identifying the main m essage-topic sentences
W R I T I N G S K I L L S Organizing ideas (1) • Linking ideas (2) • W riting a discursive essay
V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Avoiding repetition (1)

R E A D IN G Innovations

1 Skim the articles and letters on page 23. Answer the questions.

1 Where would you expect to find a page like this?
2 How many articles are there?
3 W hat is the topic of each article?
4 How many letters are there?
5 W hat piece of technology is each letter about?

2 Scan the text The Silent Plane and the STUDY SKILL
readers’ letters opposite. Pay attention to topic sentences only. Identifying the main message - topic sentences
Are the statements true (T ) or false (F )?
Stu d en ts are aften required to do a large am ou nt o f reading.
1 M aybe one day planes w on’t make a noise. T To save tim e and to select th e b est tex t(s) fo r yo u r needs, it
is im p ortan t to id e n tify th e m ain m essage as q uickly as
2 Noise is being reduced in tw o ways, p o s s ib le .

3 The project to build the plane hasn’t begun yet. To do this;
■ look a t th e title .
4 M r Campbell is happy w ith his computer. ■ q uickly skim th e te x t to find th e to p ic sentences. They are

5 The w riter o f the third letter wants help. usually th e firs t sentence in each paragraph. They
sum m arize w h at th e paragraph is about.
6 Paula Adams’ opinion is th e same as an earlier letter writers.

3 Read the summaries a-d of the paragraphs in the article The Car that Drives
Itself. Match them with topic sentences 1-4. Do not read the article.

Summaries Topic sentences

a describing how th e car works 1 □ A car m anufacturer has designed and built a car th at drives itself.
b predicting future developm ents
c outlining som e problems 2 □ Despite these disadvantages, car m anufacturers see driverless cars as th e future.
d introducing th e subject
EH3 However, there are still tw o main drawbacks.
EH4 The car works using tw o main devices.

4 Skim the article to match topic sentences from exercise 3 to paragraphs A-D.
Use the summaries to help.

22 Unit 4 • Modern Technology

Technology Today Issue 27

IN N O V A T IO N S

THE SILENT PLANE

Annoyance from aeroplane noise could be a thing o f the past as plans are announced to
design a silent aircraft. The aim is to reduce the noise from a plane so th at city-dwellers
w ill no longer hear it passing overhead once it has le ft the airport.

This noise reduction w ill be achieved in three main ways. Firstly, the plane is being
designed as a single, w ide wing. Secondly, the engines w ill be placed above th e wing,
inside th e plane, rather than under th e wings and outside, and thirdly the airplane w ill
be flow n differently, fo r exam ple at a reduced speed when it is near the a irp o rt

The aircraft is just a design concept a t the m om ent and m any technological challenges
w ill have to be m et before w e have silent planes overhead.

THE CAR THAT DRIVES ITSELF Google self-driving car.

A It can steer itself and control its speed. This is the

latest developm ent in the tong history o f the autom obile industry.

B ____________________________________ The first is a radar sensor in the front o f the car. It

scans the road in front o f the car, looking fo r other vehicles. It then speeds the car up or
slows it down according to the traffic conditions. The second device is a camera below
the rear-view mirror which watches the w hite lines in the road. It uses these lines as a
guide to steering the car

C ____________________________________ Firstly, the system can only work on motorways,

and secondly, cars still need a driver. If the driver doesn’t touch the steering wheel
every 10 seconds, the devices can stop working.

D They are already working on new models that will

be able to drive on city roads. So, perhaps one day soon, we will be able to jum p into
our cars and sleep or read a book as we are driven to work!

Opinions and Questions: the Readers Write!

S ir, Dear Sir, S ir,

Is anyone else fed up with tlieir computer? I strongly disagree with the previous I am writing to ask fo r some advice about
I bought one to make my life easier and it correspondent about CD players being memory sticks. I use mine to keep a copy of
has done exactly the opposite! Everyone told better than M P3 players. For most o f us, my data, in case something goes wrong with
me that it would be easy to se t up. 'A child who are busy and on-the-move, an M P3 my computer. However, I was told that
could do it!' they said. So, I tried and it has player is ideal. It is light, portable and memory sticks are unreliable and are easily
been a disaster. It crashes constantly and convenient. You can store thousands of damaged by anything magnetic, or by going
instead of saving me time, I seem to spend songs on it to listen to wherever you are. through scanners, a t airports, fo r example.
all my fre e time trying to make it work. If W hat's more, most M P3 players nowallow Could you please clarify for me whether this
this is an example of modern technology, you to watch videos, look at photographs and is true? I have a new Job that requires me to
give me an old-fashioned typewriter connect to the Internet. Brilliant! travel regularly, and I have to take my
anytim e! memory stick on trips.
Yours faithfully,
Yours Yours,
Paula Adams
W .F. Campbell (M r) A. Jefcoate

Unit 4 • Modern Technology 23

W R IT IN G Technology - good or bad? STUDY SKILL O rg an izin g id eas (1)

1 Brainstorm arguments for and against mobile phones. W h e n w ritin g an essay w h ere you have to give tw o sides o f
an argum ent:
Read STUDY SKILL
■ organize you r ideas in to argum ents for and argum ents
fo r a g a in s t against, and give som e exam ples.

Can m ake a ca ll a t any tim e, Annoying In a public place, ■ w rite a paragraph for, and a paragraph against, giving
an yw h ere. e.g. in a re sta u ra n t.
you r ideas in a logical order.
■ w rite an introd u ction and a conclusion. G ive you r

personal opinion in th e conclusion.

2 Read the essay. Did you have the same ideas?

Mobile phones

A Mobile phones are now part o f our everyday lives. Most people find them essential and could not

manage without them. However, there are also some drawbacks to owning and using a mobile phone.

B There are three main advantages to having mobile phones. Firstly, there is the convenience o f being able

to make or receive a phone call at any time and in any place. Secondly, they are essential for keeping in
touch with family and friends. Parents worried about their children can always ring them to check they
are safe, and children can let their family know if they are going to be late home. Finally, mobile phones
can save lives. For example, if there is an accident, help can be called immediately, wherever the
accident takes place.

C On the other hand, there are significant problems with the use o f mobile phones. In the first

place, using mobile phones can cause accidents, for instance, when people are driving and using
their phone at the same time. In addition, the loud use o f mobile phones in public places such
as restaurants and cinemas is rude and can be very irritating for other people. Lastly, there
has been an increase in street crime directly related to mobile phones. People have been
attacked and their phones stolen from them.

D In conclusion, I believe that, despite the disadvantages, mobile phones are essential to
modern life and that the advantages o f owning one are far greater than the disadvantages.

Consider the purpose of each paragraph. W hich paragraph A, B, C, or D ... ?

• says w h y m obile phone use can be a good thing
• introduces th e subject
• concludes and gives th e w rite r’s opinion
• says w h y m obile phone use can be a bad thing

Read STUDY SKILL Go back through the essay. Underline 12 STUDY SKILL Linking ideas (2)
more linking words and phrases. Write them in the table.
To help th e reader understand yo u r w ritin g and fo llo w your
sequence firs tly ideas, link short, sim ple ideas. Use:

contrast in sp ite of ■ firstly, secondly,...

fo r m ore than one argum ent o r idea

■ however (see Study Skill p13), on the other hand, despite.

fo r a con trast b etw een tw o ideas

■ for instance, for example,...

fo r an exam ple to illu strate an idea

■ in conclusion, to sum u p ,...

fo r th e final com m ent

exam ples e.q.

endings to conclude

24 Unit 4 • Modern Technology

5 Read the essay title. Do you agree or disagree with it?
Discuss with a partner.

Access to satellite and Internet television does more harm than good.

6 Divide arguments 1-6 into those that support the essay title (against

satellite /Internet TV), and those that disagree with it (for satellite/Internet
TV). Add one more argument to each list.

People (especially children) have access to programmes w ith unsuitable content.
It gives people access to programmes around the world - the opportunity to learn about other cultures.
A huge choice o f programmes is available - something fo r every interest, fo r example sport, music, film,
docum entary channels.
M ore access to TV encourages people (especially children) to watch m ore TV, so there is less tim e for hobbies or family.
Programmes in other languages, fo r example English, can support language learning.
The programmes available may not be culturally appropriate.

for satellite TV against satellite TV

The program m es available may not be

cu ltu rally appropriate.

W riting a discursive essay
7 Complete the essay using the arguments from exercise 6. Link ideas with

words and phrases from exercise 4. Follow the organization in the box. Write
about 200 words.

T itle Access to satellite and Internet television does more harm than good.
Introduction
Many people have strong feelings about the value of television, especially now that
programmes are available through satellite and over the Internet. There are those
who suggest that increased access to these programmes does more harm than good.
However, there are those who insist that it is a good thing.
Paragraph 2 satellite and Internet TV does harm + examples
Paragraph 3 satellite and Internet TV is good + examples
Paragraph 4 conclusion and your opinion

Unit 4 • Modern Technology 25

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Varying vocabulary (1)

1 Match the linking words or phrases with their synonyms.

1 □ finally a but
2 □ firstly b fo r instance
3 □ fo r exam ple c in contrast
4 □ however d in th e first place
5 □ in conclusion e lastly
6 □ on the o ther hand f to conclude

2 Replace the word(s)in bold in each sentence with a synonym from the box.

drawbacks essential im m ediately made illegal rise

1 There are three disadvantages to your suggestion.
2 Smoking at work has been outlawed in many countries.
3 Most car owners believe their car is necessary for their work and leisure.
4 If there has been a car accident, you should call the police straight away.
5 There has been a huge increase in mobile phone ownership.

Read STUDY SKILL Use your dictionary to find synonyms for these words
from the unit.

STUDY SKILL A v o id in g r e p e titio n (1)

To avoid sounding rep e titive in yo u r w ritin g, try n o t to use th e sam e
w ords to o o ften . W h e re possible, use a synonym . A good d ictio n ary w ill

o fte n give you a synonym w ithin th e d efin itio n o f a w ord, o r th e sym bol

SY N next to a w ord w ith th e sam e m eaning. This e n try is from th e

Oxford Students Dictionary.

finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ adv. 1 after a long time or delay: It

was getting dark when the plane finally took off.
[SYN] eventually 2 used to introduce the last in a list
of things: Finally, I would like to say how much we have

all enjoyed this evening. [SYN] lastly 3 in a definite
way so that sth will not be changed: We haven't

decided finally who w illg e tthejo b yet.

ideal w onderful m anufacture autom obile
accelerate steal rude discover

4 Replace the words in bold in the paragraph with synonyms.
Use your dictionary to help.

Smart cards, that is, credit cards, mobile phone SIM cards, and so on,

which contain a very small computer microprocessor, have their
origins in the 1970s. A Frenchman, Roland Moreno, manufactured a
circuit that could store electronic data. Since then, this idea has
grown into a multi-billion-dollar business.

26 Unit 4 • Modern Technology

REV IEW
1 Look at the essay titles. Brainstorm and write down three arguments for

and three arguments against each title.
Using computers saves a lot of time.
Cars should be banned from city centres.
Young people spend too much time playing computer games.
People have become too dependent on modern technology.

2 Write a topic sentence which states the main idea for each paragraph below.

Laptop computers

M a n y p e o p le n o w tra v e l th e w o rld on business and th e y n ee d to b e a b le t o use
a co m p u te r a t a ll tim es. Firstly, it is im p o rta n t th a t th e y can w rite and answ er
im p o rta n t em ails w h e n th e y are aw ay fro m th e ir o ffice s. Seco nd ly, having a
la p to p m eans th a t p e o p le d o n ’t w a ste tim e w h e n th e y are tra ve llin g , as th e y
can w o rk w h ile th e y are on a p lan e o r train , fo r exam ple. Lastly, a la p to p can
also h elp busy businessm en and w o m e n to relax. T h e y can listen
to m usic o r w a tch th e ir fa v o u rite m o vie w h ile th e y are hundreds o f kilo m etres
from hom e!

Voice-controlled technology

A lre a d y so m e p e o p le have in stalled vo ice- co n tro lled te c h n o lo g y in th e ir hom es.
T h ey use th e ir m o b ile p h ones t o 't e ll’ th e ir lights to sw itch on,
o r to ‘o rd e r’ th e ir te le v is io n to tu rn o f f H ow ever, in th e fu tu re m ore and m ore
o f us w ill b e using th is te c h n o lo g y to c o n tro l o u r h eating, o u r ligh ting, and
s e c u rity in o u r hom es. Perhaps o n e d ay w e w ill b e a b le t o T e ll’ o u r o ven s to
co o k o u r dinners!

3 Divide the vocabulary from Unit 4 into two topics; cars and aeroplanes.

airport fly m otorways plane rear-view mirror
steering w heel traffic wing

4 Add four of the words in the box to the two topics. Use your dictionary to
help. Record these words in groups using a method from the Study Skill box
on page 14.

accelerator brakes clutch cockpit
em ergency exit pilot take o ff tyres

U n it 4 • M o d e rn T ech n o lo g y 27

5 Conferences and visits

R E A D I N G S K I L L S Purpose and audience (1) and (2j
W R I T I N G S K I L L S Using form al expressions • W riting a form al email
V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Suffixes • Prefixes

R E A D IN G A conference in Istanbul a program m e o f events
1 Label documents a -d on page 29. Which is ... ?
S T U D Y S K I L L P u rp o s e a n d a u d ie n c e (1)
• an itin erary • an inform al em ail • an in vitation
To understand th e contents o f a tex t better, p red ict w h at you can
2 Work with a partner. Read STUDY SKILL befo re you read. As w e ll as titles, pictures, and headings thin k about;
1 W hat is the purpose of each document a-d? ■ layout, size, and style o f th e p rin t
2 W ho is each document for?
■ purpose, fo r exam ple, to inform, to sell.
a passenger a friend a speaker at a conference m audience (w ho it is w ritte n for), fo r exam ple, a student, an expert.

3 Scan the documents. Answer as many questions as
you can in three minutes.

The programme The people Dr Khuffash

Where is the conference being held? W ho is the invitation to? W hat time does she leave Amman?
W ho is the conference for? W ho is the first speaker at the conference? W hat time does she arrive back home in Amman?
When does the conference start and finish? W ho is talking about the international novel? Where does Dr Khuffash teach?
W hat time does the sightseeing tour start? W ho is the email to? W hat is she looking forward to most?
W ho is the email from?
What time is the Farewell Dinner?

4 Complete the definitions using words and phrases in bold from the
documents.

1 is visiting important and historic places in a city as a tourist.

2 A. __is a meeting or talk that everyone should attend.

3 A __is the place where people meet for an organized event.

4 A n ________ ___is a collection of things, for example books or paintings
for people to look at.

5 A means someone you know, a friend.

6 ____________is saying or writing what you think is good or bad about

something, for example, a book or essay.

T o _____________________________________ is to wait with pleasure for
something to happen.

8 The ____of a meeting is the person in charge.

9 A __is someone who teaches at a university.

10 is another more formal word for ‘goodbye’.

28 Unit S ■ Conferences and visits

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TURKEY

We have pleasure in inviting Dr Laura Khuffash to the

3rd International Conference
for Teachers of English Language and Literature

5 O c to b e r - 8 O cto b e r Venue; Istanbul C ity H otel

Programme Day 1 Programme Day 4

9-10.30 Plenary Session 16.00 Final Plenary
Chair Dr John Bryan, Head o f English, University o f Leeds Chair Dr John Bryan,
Head o f English,
10.30-11.00 Coffee break and exhibition University o f Leeds
11.00-13.00 Choice between:
20.00 Farewell Dinner
• English as a World Language

Dr Laura Khuffash. Senior Lecturer, Birzeit University

• English and Tourism

Dr. Mahm oud Suhbi, M inistry o f Tourism and Developm ent, Libya

• Novels in Translation

Dr M eral Soyer, Lecturer, N ational University o f Turkey

• The International Novel

Dr Richard Dean, Lecturer, University o f W est London
13.00-14.00 Lunch

14.00 Coach leaves hotel fo r sightseeing tour. Visits w ill include:
Hagia Sophia/Blue Mosque/Topkapi Palace

17.00 Return to hotel

20.00 Dinner

04/10/10 From: [email protected]
Date: Sat 29/9/10 07:50am
09.00 Check in Queen Alia To: [email protected]
International Airport, Subject: Istanbul conference
Amman
N ancy,
11.00 Depart flight RJ401
A r e y o u g o in g to th e c o n fe r e n c e in Is ta n b u l n e x t w e e k ? I’m g ivin g
15.00 Arrive Ataturk International a p a p e r o n th e firs t day and c h a irin g th e p le n a ry o n th e seco n d
Airport, Istanbul
d a y !! It w o u ld b e g re a t t o s e e a f a m ilia r fa c e in th e a u d ie n c e . If
09/10/10
n o t , I’ll s e n d y o u a c o p y o f m y p a p e r o n ‘E n g lish as a W o r ld
07.30 Check in Ataturk
International Airport, Language’ and yo u can te ll m e w h a t yo u th in k . A n y c r itic is m
Istanbul
w e lc o m e ! T h e p ro g ra m m e lo o k s g r e a t — w e ’v e e v e n g o t s o m e
10.30 Depart flight RJ402
sig h tsee in g a rra n g e d e a ch day. I’m re a lly lo o k in g fo rw a rd to
15.40 Arrive Queen Alia
International Airport, v is itin g t h e B lu e M o s q u e - I’v e o n ly e v e r s e e n p h o to s o f it. D o n ’t
Amman fo r g e t t o le t m e k n o w if y o u ’ll b e th e r e .

B e s t w ish e s,

L a u ra

Unit 5 • Conferences and visits 29

5 Skim extracts a-f. W hat type of texts are they? Label them.

• poem • medical textbook • history textbook • novel note
• student essay

The chicken farm had been his idea, after Charles DysphagiaThis term includes both difficulty with
came back from the East with malaria. Work in the swallowing and pain on swallowing.The former symptom
open air, Rivers had advised. He was paying for it now. is more prominent in obstruction and the latter with
As he left the shelter of the hedge and set off across inflammatory lesions.The patient can sometimes point to
two-acre field, a great gust of ‘open air’ almost lifted the site of the obstruction.
him off his feet.

Some of the features of the typical (medieval) village w ere inherent in
the essential needs of agriculture and of social life, and may therefore
appear too obvious to be w orth specifying.The most obvious
characteristic of the village was its topography.

c f

A thing o f beauty is a jo y for ever In conclusion, i t is clear t h a t the
arguments in favour o f reducing carbon
A thing o f beauty is a jo y fo r ever: gases through the increased use o f
Its loveliness increases; it w ill never renewable sources are s tro n g e r than
Pass into nothingness: but still will keep those supporting th e increased building
A bower quietfo r us, and a sleep . . . o f nuclear power stations.

Paul, can’t come to the lecture today - not feeling well.
Can you explain to the prof. and can I look at your notes.?!!

Cheers,

T om

6 Choose a style or styles from the STUDY SKILL P u rp o se and a u d ie n c e (2)

box to describe texts a -f in exercise 5. Underline The choice o f vocabulary, grammatical style, and punctuation o f a
vocabulary, phrases, and any examples of tex t depends on its purpose and its expected audience.
punctuation in the extracts that helped you decide.
W h e n you are writing, think about who is going to read your w ork
informal formal literary academic medical and why you are writing. Then decide w hat th e overall style should
be, for example literary, academic, formal, informal, etc.
Extract a: a novel - literary style

30 Unit S • Conferences and visits

W R IT IN G Invitations
1 Skim emails A and B. Which is formal? Which is informal?

Dear Nancy, OOO

Thanks for the invitation to your wedding. Congratulations Dear Dr Bryan,
to you both! 1I’d love to come. How exciting! !’ve already I have great pleasure in accepting your kind invitation to the 3rd
booked flights - 2see attachment. International Conference for Teachers o f English Language and
3It’d be great if you could send me the email address of Literature to be held in Istanbul from 5th to 8th October. Please
the hotel you’re booking me into. find attached my arrival and departure details as requested.
It would be greatly appreciated if you could send me the contact
4I’m really looking forward to seeing you again. details (email and telephone/fax) fo r the Istanbul City Hotel.
I look forward to meeting you and your colleagues in October.
5Best wishes (and to Mark, too!), Yours sincerely,
Dr Laura Khuffash
Laura Birzeit University

Look at the expressions in bold in email A. Find matching STUDY SKILL U sing fo rm a l exp ressio n s
expressions in email B.
W h e n you w rite em ails fo r academ ic or
I'd love to com e. = I have g re a t p leasu re in accep tin g . . . professional purposes, it is im p o rtan t to use a m ore
form al ton e. You can do this by learning fixed
Match formal phrases 1-6 with endings a - f to make full sentences. expressions by h eart. For exam ple:
There may be more than one possible answer. Read STUDY SKILL
I have g reat p leasu re in +-ing
1 □ I am w riting a in attaching you r program m e.
b to suggest changes. I am w ritin g + in fin itive
2 □ have pleasure c to m eeting you next m on th . I w o u ld lik e + in fin itive
d you r itin erary and h o tel reservations.
I I3 Please find attached e to w elcom e you to our to w n . Ple a se fe e l fre e * in fin itive
f to inform you th a t th e conference I lo o k fo rw a rd to +-ing
4 □ I look forw ard
dates have been changed. Please fin d attach ed /e n clo se d +noun
5 □ w ould like
6 □ Please fe e l free

4 Work with a partner. Brainstorm things to do and see in your town.

5 An im portant lecturer is coming to visit to give a series Day1
o f two-hour seminars at your coUege/university.
Prepare a three-day programme to include hotel 10.00 - 12.00, 'Technology of the fu tu re ’
details, lectures (titles, venue, days and times),
cultural and other free-time activities. - Lectu re Theatre 2
12.30 Lunch
Writing a formal email 3 .0 0 V is it to th e N ational Museum

6 Write an email to your visitor (75-100 words) using some of the

words and phrases in exercise 3. Include these points:

• Address you r visitor.
• Tell him /her w hy you are w riting.
• G ive d etails o f attachm ents (itin erary - dates and tim es o f arrival and

d ep arture, lectu re tim es and locations, accom m odation).
• B rie fly sum m arize th e program m e. G ive an exam ple o f o p tio nal cultural

and free-tim e activities. Tell th e visito r th a t any suggestions fo r
changes are w elcom e.
• C lose th e em ail appropriately.

Unit 5 • Conferences and visits 31

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Word-building (2) STUDY SKILL Su ffix es

1 Look at the words from Unit 5. Use a dictionary to Id en tify the part o f speech o f a w ord
identify what part of speech each word is. (verb, noun, ad jective, or adverb) to help
you understand th e m eaning and
invitation international forget renewable d evelop you r vocabulary, fo r exam ple:
criticism really enjoy greatly
inform (v), information (n)
2 Complete the table for each word with one example of each part of speech. informal (adj), informally (adv)
Mark the stressed syllable. Use your dictionary to help. Read STUDY SKILL
Suffixes give you clues to th e p art o f
verb noun ad jective adverb speech, fo r exam ple:
th in k
• • • ■ -tion, -ism, -ment, -ity, -ness are noun
pain p le a s u re c r itic a l h o p e fu lly suffixes, fo r exam ple, invitation

m -a l,-ful, -able are adjective suffixes,
fo r exam ple, international

m -ly is an adverb suffix, fo r exam ple,
formally

Read STUDY SKILL Match meanings 1-10 with prefixes a-j. STUDY SKILL Prefix es
Use the example words in italics to help.
Adding a prefix changes th e m eaning o f a word. Each prefix
1 □ against a auto- autobiography has a d iffe re n t m eaning and can be found as a separate
2 □ wrong; not e n try in th e dictionary. For exam ple:
3 □sm all/tiny b anti- antiseptic
4 □ after mis- means wrong or not e.g. misunderstand.
5 □tw o / tw ic e c bi- bilingual bi- m eans two or twice, e.g. biannual (tw ice a year).
6 □ under
7 □ across;change d micro- microphone
8 □ again
9 □ by itself/oneself e mis- misprint
10 □ m any
f multi- multimedia

g post- postgraduate

h re- review

i sub- submarine

j trans- transform

4 Complete definitions 1-10 with an example word from exercise 3.

1 T o ________________ is to change something com pletely.

2 A ________________ is a piece o f electrical equipm ent th at is used fo r making sounds and
voices louder.

3 Som eone w ho is can speak tw o languages equally well.

4 A liquid or cream which stops a cut becoming infected is called a n ________________ .

5 A typ e o f ship which can travel underwater is a ________________ .

6 T o ________________ your work is to look at it again to make sure you understand.

7 A n ________________ is th e story o f a person’s life w ritten by th at person.

8 A ________________ is someone doing further studies at a university after his or her first
degree.

9 is using sound, pictures, and film as w ell as text on a screen.

10 is a mistake in printing or typing.

32 Unit S • Conferences and visits

REV IEW TONBRIDGE
SUMMER SCHOOLS
1 Look at documents a-c and answer the questions.
Reference: TSS07
1 W hat is each document? Label them.
2 W ho do you think wrote each one? Temporary Social Organizer
3 W ho is each one intended for?
W e are looking for an energetic, friendly,
Dear Dr Stone, and patient student who wishes to
improve their English while working.
I am writing to apply fo r the W illiam Frank Bursary in Biological Sciences at the
University o f W est London, Applicants should speak Arabic fluently,
I am currently in m y final year o f a degree in Biochem istry at Birzeit University and and English at intermediate level or
w ill graduate in Ju ly this year. Please find enclosed a reference from m y tu tor and a above. They should have reasonable
copy o f m y final year paper in support o f my academ ic qualifications.... computer skills (W ord and Excel) and ...

TO A LL CAN D ID ATES:

This is a reminder that the final Chem istry examination is on Tuesday 27th M ay at 9a.m.
Please be a t the examinations centre 15 minutes before the start o f the exam.
Late arrivals w ill not be allowed into the examination hall.
All candidates must show their university ID cards.

2 Rewrite the email to Mrs Bateman replacing the phrases in bold with more

formal expressions.

□

Dear M rs Bateman,
T h an ks fo r y o u r le tte r. I'd re a lly lik e to co m e to th e exhibition.
I t w o u ld b e g re a t if you could send me some inform ation about transport
betw een the airp ort and the exhibition hall. I have w ritten a b rief biography
as you asked m e - see attachm ent.
R e a lly lo o k in g fo rw a rd to m eeting you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Frank Baker

3 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in brackets.

Use your dictionary to help

D r Khuffash is 1________ (current) a senior 2 _______ (lecture)

at Birzeit University. She is an expert on the ______ (develop)

o f English as an international language. She is 4________ (particular )

5________ (interest) in the use of English in the fields of science and

medicine. Dr Khuffash is also a noted 6___ (novel) and poet.

Unit 5 • Conferences and visits 33

6 Science and our world

REA D IN G SK ILL S M akingnotes • Interpreting meaning
W R IT IN G SK ILL S Paraphrasing and summarizing • W riting a summary
V O C A B U LA R Y D EV ELO PM EN T Noun/Verb + preposition • U sing numbers

R E A D IN G Air pollution

1 What are the causes and effects of air pollution?

Discuss with a partner and make two lists.

Causes factory emissions...
Effects

Skim the report A ir Pollution on page 35. I
Are your ideas the same? I

2 Scan the report and answer the questions. I

1 W hat is the main cause of air pollution? I
2 W hat are two natural sources of air pollution? I
3 Which are the most polluted cities in the world? I
4 Where was the first study done? I
5 W hat health problems did the first study look at? I
6 Where was the second study done?
7 W hat health problem did the second study look at?

3 Scan the report again. W hat do the num bers in the box refer to?

20 three tim es tw o 25,000 250 second 2.5 STUDY SKILL Makingnotes

4 Read the notes and compare them to the highlighted and Take tim e to make good notes. They w ill help you to
underlined sections in paragraph 1 of the report. Read STUDY SKILL organize, record, and rem em ber im p ortan t inform ation
you have read. Use you r notes to prepare fo r essay
w ritin g, fo r doing revision, and fo r sitting exams.

A ir pollution - m ajor problem To find and mark relevant inform ation:

Man-made causes Natural causes ■ ask yo u rse lf w h at inform ation you need.

• vehicles - m ajor cause • volcanoes ■ read and underline/highlight relevan t inform ation in
th e tex t (use d iffe re n t colours to represent d iffe re n t
• power stations • forest fires
typ e s o f inform ation, fo r exam ple, blue fo r m an­
• factories made causes, yello w fo r natural causes).
m rew rite th e inform ation as notes.
• mining/building

• burning - fo ssil fuels/wood To organize your notes:
■ use b u llet points, headings, and num bering.
more ca rs = more pollution in m ajor cities

To be concise:

5 Make notes from the underlined information in paragraph 2. ■ d o n ’t w rite fu ll sentences. Leave o u t w ords th a t are

6 Read paragraph 3 carefully and highlight the key information. n o t central to understanding/m eaning:

7 Write about paragraph 3 from the prompts in the box. articles (a, an, the) th e verb ‘to be’

prepositions (in, at, on) auxiliary verbs (has sent)

■ U se som e sim ple abbreviations and sym bols;

W h e re ...? W h a t... studied? W h o ,..? e.g. (for example) (therefore)
How m any. .? W h e re ... live? W h a t results ... ?
(because) = (equals/means)

—> (leads to)

34 Unit 6 • Science and our world

Air pollution

A ir p o llu tio n is a m ajor problem a ll o ver th e w o rld today. Pro b ab ly th e
single biggest co n trib u to r to th e problem is th e m o to r vehicle. However,
th ere are m any o th er m an-m ade sources, such as industrial facto ries, p ow er
stations, m ining, building, and th e burning o f fo ssil fu e ls and w ood in hom es
around th e w orld. There are natural sources o f a ir p o llu tio n to o ; volcanoes
and fo re st fires produce a lo t o f p o llu tan ts. H ow ever, it is th e increasing
num ber and use o f m o to r veh icles th a t is doing th e m ost dam age, and
logically, w here th ere are m ore cars, th ere is m ore p o llu tio n , th a t is, in th e
m ajor citie s o f th e w o rld . Som e o f th e m ost p o llu ted citie s in clu d e Beijing,
M exico City, A thens, M oscow , and M um bai.

Health problem

T h is p ro b le m o f in cre a se d p o llu tio n in th e m a jo r c itie s o f th e w o rld has le d to
an in cre a se in th e n u m b e r o f s tu d ie s d o n e t o lo o k a t th e e ffe c ts o n o u r h e a lth .
T h e resu lts so fa r a re n o t v e ry reassu ring. In fa c t, air p o llu tio n m ay b e a m uch
g reater d anger to o u r h ealth th a n scie n tists b e lie ve d b e fo re . A 20-year s tu d y o f
re sid e n ts o f a C a iro su b u rb sh o w s th a t th e tin y p a rtic le s in p o llu te d a ir c o u ld
lead to th re e tim e s as m an y lo n g -term h e a lth p ro b le m s as w as p re vio u sly
th o u g h t. A c o n n e c tio n b e tw e e n th e n u m b e r o f p a rtic le s in th e a ir an d h e a lth is
su g g ested b y D r Razia o f C a iro U n iv e rsity . H e a n d his c o lle a g u e s c o lle c te d d a ta
o n 25.000 re s id e n ts o f C a iro o v e r tw o d e c a d e s . T h e y fo u n d th a t as th e n u m b er
o f tin y p a rtic le s , th o s e less th a n 2.5 m icro n s in d ia m e te r, in cre a se d , so d id th e
risk o f dying, fro m h e a lth p ro b le m s su ch as h e a rt a tta c k s and lu n g can cer.

Traffic and asthma

O th e r s tu d ie s s h o w a sim ila r lin k b e tw e e n tra ffic p o llu tio n a n d ill h e a lth . A
s e c o n d g ro u p o f re s e a rc h e rs in O tta w a , C a n a d a , r e p o rte d t h a t c h ild re n
livin g n e a r b u sy ro ad s w e re m o re lik e ly t o d e v e lo p a sth m a . T h e y s tu d ie d
t h e h e a lth o f 250 c h ild re n in d iffe r e n t C a n a d ia n c itie s . T h e re s u lts s u g g e s t
a stro n g c o n n e c tio n b e tw e e n h o w c lo s e a c h ild liv e s t o tra ffic a n d th e
p o s s ib ility o f th a t c h ild d e v e lo p in g a sth m a a n d o th e r sim ila r d ise ase s.

It is c le a r fro m t h e s e s tu d ie s a n d o th e r s t h a t t h e t im e h a s c o m e t o s ta r t
re d u c in g t h e le v e ls o f a ir p o llu tio n in o u r c itie s f o r t h e s a k e o f o u r c h ild re n
a n d fu tu re g e n e ra tio n s.

8 Read the report again. Are the S T U D Y S K IL L In te rp re tin g m eaning

statements expressed as fact (F ) or speculation (S ) in M o st academ ic and scie n tific articles express facts (w hat
the text? happened), and speculate (guess). It is im p o rtan t to be able to
distinguish u n certain ty and speculation from fact.
1 Growing car use is causing the m ost damage. F
2 M ore pollution in big cities has resulted in m ore studies being U n ce rta in ty and speculation can be expressed using:

done. ■ may, could, might before th e m ain verb, e.g.
3 Polluted air is more dangerous than people thought. Air pollution may be a much greater danger to our health...
4 Sm all particles in dirty air cause three tim es as m any health Polluted air could lead to three times as m any... problems.

problem s. m verbs such as believe, claim, think, hope, seem, e.g.
5 The results o f the Canadian studies prove there is a link Dr Razia... believes there is a connection between the
number o f particles in the air and health.
betw een a child living close to traffic and getting asthma.
6 All these studies show th at it is im portant to reduce air m w ords and phrases, e.g.
possibly, probably, it is possible
pollution fo r th e next generation.

Unit 6 • Science and our world 35

W R IT IN G Trends

1 Read the report School dinner scandal. Underline the main information.

Report

School dinner scandal

T h e resu lts o f a s tu d y in to w h a t 10,000 p rim a ry s c h o o l ch ild re n , th a t is,
ch ild re n aged fiv e to e le ve n , a te in a d a y sh o ck e d th e research ers. T h e y
b e lie v e it sh o w s th a t c h ild re n ’s d ie ts are g e ttin g w o rs e and th a t th is
m ig h t cau se h e a lth p ro b le m s in th e fu tu re . It sho w s th a t 49 p e r c e n t o f
th e c h ild re n had e a te n ch ip s, w h ic h had b e en c o o k e d in o il. Less th an
h a lf had e a te n a v e g e ta b le o r a p ie c e o f fru it in th e la st 24 h o u rs and,
m o st sho ckin g ly, o n ly o n e in te n c h ild re n had e a te n fish .
As D r G . B e n n e tt, th e a u th o r o f th e stu d y, c o n c lu d e d (2006, p191),
‘P o o r e a tin g h a b its in e a rly ch ild h o o d can le a d t o h e a lth p ro b le m s in
la te r life . It is th e re fo re e ss e n tia l t o en su re th a t c h ild re n e a t p ro p erly.’

2 Read the summary. Match the highlighted words and phrases with words

and phrases in the report.

Research = a study

Summary

Research into 10,000 prim ary pupils’ daily diet revealed that just under half had
eaten chips, fewer than 50% had had either vegetables or fruit, and only 10% of
the children had eaten fish.

3 Read the article Scientists on the decline on page 37. Highlight or underline

the main information.

4 Make notes from the information you have highlighted or underlined.

Organize them logically, and be concise.

Number science students ↓ about 5 % a year.

36 U n it 6 • S cien ce and o u r w o rld

Focus on Science

Scientists on the decline

As scie n ce b eco m es in creasin g ly im p o rta n t in o u r d a ily lives, so th e
sh o rtag e o f scie n tists gets greater. T h e n u m b er o f stu d en ts going to
u n iv e rs ity t o stu d y p u re and a p p lie d scie n ce s is d e cre a sin g b y a b o u t fiv e
p e r c e n t e a ch ye ar. This, in tu rn , lead s to a d ro p in th e n u m b e r o f p e o p le
a b le to b e scie n ce te a c h e rs in sch o o ls. T h is sh o rta g e o f scie n ce te a ch e rs,
u nsurp risin g ly, lead s to fe w e r sch o o l ch ild re n stu d yin g scie n ce , and even
fe w e r going o n to u n iversity. P ro m in e n t scie n tists b e lie ve th a t o n e o f th e
reason s is th a t s c ie n c e is u n d e rva lu e d in s o c ie ty ; p e o p le d o n o t d iscuss th e
la te s t s c ie n tific b reak th ro u g h in th e sam e w a y th e y w o u ld discuss th e
la te st b estseller. It co u ld also b e b ecause scien tists startin g th e ir
p ro fessio n al live s are o fte n p o o rly paid. H o w e ve r, som e s cie n tists th in k
th a t th e reason is a d is tru s t o f s c ie n tists b e ca u se o f th e claim s fo r
‘b reak th ro u g h s’ and ‘cu re s’ fo r d iseases w h ich d o n o t a c tu a lly happen.
W h a te v e r th e reason, yo u n g p e o p le m ust be en co u rag ed to stu d y science.
T h e w o rld n eed s scien tists.

5 Write sentences in your own words using your notes. Do
not look back at the text Scientists on the decline.

There is an annual fall o f around five per cent in the num ber of people s t udying s c ience in
highe r education.

S T U D Y S K IL L Paraphrasing and sum m arizing

You o fte n need to use o th er sources, fo r exam ple o th er p eo p le’s w ork, in you r own
essays and reports.
This can be done by:
■ paraphrasing inform ation, th a t is, rew riting inform ation in you r ow n words. Use

synonym s w herever possible (see Stu d y Skill p26).
■ sum m arizing th e inform ation, th a t is, linking th e m ain points in yo u r ow n words.
N O TE You m ay q u o te d irectly from th e piece o f w ork, b u t it is essential to give th e
source o f th e q u o te and its author, e.g.

... Dr G. Bennett, the author o f the study, concluded (2006, p 191) ‘Poor eating
habits in early childhood can lead to health problems in later life.'

The use o f o th e r p eo p le’s w ork ‘w ord fo r w ord ’ w ith o u t saying you have d on e so
(plagiarizing) is strictly n o t allow ed.

W riting a summary
6 Use your sentences in exercise 5 to write a paragraph (50-75 words)

summarizing the text.

U n it 6 • Scien ce and o u r w o rld 37

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT S T U D Y S K IL L Noun/Verb + preposition

Words that go together To use a w ord correctly, it is necessary to know th e words

1 _R_e_a_d_S_T_U_D_Y_S_K_IL_L_ Scan the texts in the unit to find the

prepositions that go with the nouns.

a source o f 5 a link w hich are associated w ith it, e.g.

2 th e problem 6 a level noun + preposition a connection between

verb + preposition to die from

3 an increase 7 a shortage W h e n you look up a n ew w ord in th e dictionary, rem em ber
to n o te th e preposition(s) th a t go w ith it. The exam ple
4 a connection 8 a distrust sentences w ill help you choose th e co rrect preposition.

Complete the sentences with the correct preposition. Scan
the texts or use a dictionary to help.

1 Increased pollution may le a d ______ more illness.

2 Forest fires can co n trib u te__________ an increase in air pollution.

3 Som e cyclists w ear face masks to protect them selves__________ pollution.

4 The number o f maths students has decreased__________ six per cent.

5 Scientists are looking__________ ways to encourage more people to study science.

Using numbers

3 The numbers in the box are taken from the texts in the unit. Can you

remember what they represent?

25,000 2.5 49% one in ten

Read STUDY SKILL Match num bers 1-10 to facts a-j. S T U D Y S K IL L Using numbers
Compare your answers with a partner.
Num bers are freq u en tly used in academ ic and professional
1 □ The average tem perature o f a human is ... w ritin g and speaking.
2 □ T h e coldest recorded tem perature on Earth is ...
3 □ The p opulation o f China is ... Cardinal numbers, e.g. 22, 407, 2,056, 1,345,644
4 □ T h e height o f M o u n t Everest in m etres is ...
5 □ T h e am ount o f th e Earth th a t is covered by sea is ... Use a com m a to separate m illions and thousands.
6 □ T h e average num ber o f hairs on a person’s head is ..
7 □ T h e valu e o f th e m athem atical sym bol pi (π ) is ... Five billion/m illion / fiv e m illion (n o t m illions)
8 □ T he approxim ate d istance to th e m oon is ...
9 □ T h e num ber o f Arabic speakers in th e w orld is ... thousand/hundred
10 □ The num ber o f bytes in a gigabyte is ...
407 fo u r hundred and seven.
a 8,850 m etres
b 37° 3,476 three thousand, fo u r hundred

c 110,000 and seventy-six

d 382,500 km Ordinal numbers
e 1,306,313,812
f 1 billion firs t/ 1st second/2nd third/3rd. etc.
g 3.14159265
h 70% Ratios, decimals, percentages, and temperatures
i -89.4°C
j 174,950,000 1:5 a ratio o f one to five
62%. sixty-tw o per ce n t (n o t per cents)
0.7 n o u g h t/nɔ :t / point seven

1 /4 1/324a quarter, a third, a half, th ree quarters
6.05 six p oint oh five
-5°C fiv e degrees (Celsius/centigrade) below zero
m inus fiv e degrees (Celsius/centigrade)

38 Unit 6 • Science and our world

R EV IEW
1 Read the three texts. Highlight facts in blue and speculation in pink.

Old shoes

S c ie n tis ts b e lie v e th e firs t s h o e s w e re w o rn a b o u t 3 0 ,00 0 y e a rs ago.
W h e n s h o e s a re w o rn , t h e t o e b o n e s g e t w e a k e r. T h e re is e v id e n c e
th a t h u m an s 30 ,00 0 y e a rs ag o h ad to e s w h ic h w e re w e a k e r th a n
th o s e o f t h e ir a n c e s to rs . T h is , t h e s c ie n tis ts c la im , is b e c a u s e t h e y
s ta rte d w e a rin g sh o es.

Bright veggies

B rig h tly - c o lo u re d fr u it an d v e g e ta b le s , lik e c a rro ts a n d o ran g es,
c o u ld p ro te c t a g a in st d ise ase s su ch as a rth ritis . T h e s e v e g e ta b le s an d
fr u it c o n ta in v ita m in C a n d o th e r e le m e n ts w h ic h w o rk a g a in st th e
d ise ase . S o , if y o u e n jo y e a tin g lo ts o f o ra n g e s, y o u c o u ld a ls o b e
h e lp in g y o u r b o d y t o fig h t d isease.

Theancient origins oftuberculosis

S c ie n tis ts u sed to b e lie v e tu b e rc u lo s is (T B ) w as ju s t te n s o f
th o u s a n d s o f y e a rs o ld , b u t s tu d ie s o f a n c ie n t s k e le to n s su g g est th e
d is e a s e e x is te d in E a s t A fr ic a t h r e e m illio n y e a rs a g o . S c ie n tis ts h o p e
t o u s e th is n e w in fo rm a tio n in t h e ir fig h t a g a in s t T B , as th is d is e a s e
kills th re e m illio n p e o p le a year.

Use a dictionary to find prepositions that go with the verbs and nouns.

verbs nouns

a p p ly reason
concentrate dem and
c o n s is t cause
depend s o lu tio n
search rise
suffer re a c tio n

Today is his forty birthday.
More than 6 millions people watched the final.
There was an increase of five point two nought six.
They received a pay rise of four per cents.
Today’s temperature is 7 degrees under zero.

U n it 6 • Scien ce and o u r w o rld 39

7 People: past and present

REA D IN G SK ILLS Using original sources
RESEARCH Using the Internet • Developing a search plan
W R IT IN G SK ILL S Adding extra inform ation • Organizing ideas (2) • W riting from research

R E A D IN G Three famous writers W illiam Shakespeare
Agatha Christie
1 Think of two books you have read recently. W ho wrote them? W hat were Ahmed Shawqi

they about? Why did you read them? Discuss with a partner.

2 Look quickly at extracts a-g on page 41. Which ones are a b o u t... ?

[ ] [ ] W illiam Shakespeare [ ] [ ] Agatha Christie [ ] [ ] [ ] Ahm ed Shawqi

3 Scan the extracts and complete the notes in the chart. Read STUDY SKILL

S T U D Y S K IL L Using original sources

D ecid e w h at inform ation you need from a source. Scan th e te x t to find th e
relevant part.
O riginal sources o ften have d iffic u lt language and unknow n vocabulary, so don’t

w orry abou t n o t understanding everything. You can:

■ guess th e meaning o f unknown words from context (See Study Skill pl7).
■ use a dictionary.
■ try a d ifferen t source.

Shakespeare Agatha Christie Ahmed Shawqi

country
born
early life and family
profession
famous for
death

4 Match the dictionary definitions with the words in bold from the texts.

1 A ________________ is someone who w rites poetry.

2 If a subject is ____________ -_____________ , there is very little w ritten information about it.

3A is a book th at is bought by a very large number o f people.

4 I f y o u h ave a book. ____________ , you have it prepared and printed fo r sale.

5A is a play that has a sad ending.

6 An is som eone who w rites books.

7A is someone who w rites plays.

8A is a play or film that makes you laugh.

40 Unit 7 • People: past and present

a W illiam Shakespeare (1564-1616), English playwright and poet, recognized in e Ahmed Shawqi is known as ‘the poet o f
Arabism and Islam’.
much o f the world as the greatest o f all dram atists. . . For someone who lived almost
400 years ago, a surprising amount is known about Shakespeare’s life. Indeed we know His collection o f poetry, Al Shawkiyat,
more about his life than about almost any other w riter o f his ag e...
published initially in 1890, remains a classic of
Shakespeare wrote nearly all o f his plays from 1590 to 1611. The great tragedies -
Islamic literature.
including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and M acbeth - were w ritten during the first
decade o f the 1600s. Shakespeare died on April 23,1616. His fam ily’s connection to Khedive’s palace led
him to spend his early life in luxurious
b Ahmad Shawqi was born in Cairo in 1868 to a middle class fam ily which was conditions. A fter com pleting his education in
related to the royal family. He was raised by his grandm other... law in Paris in 1893 and spending an additional six
months in France, he returned to Egypt.
Celebrating the publishing o f the second edition
o f Al Shawkiyat, in April 1927, Shawki was named
Poet Laureate o f Egypt.

c Agatha Christie (1890-1976), British author o f m ystery novels and short stories, f Shakespeare’s reputation as dramatist,
poet, and actor is unique... Sadly his life-story
is especially famous as the creator o f Hercule Poirot, the Belgian detective, and Miss
Jane Marple. remains ill-documented. W e do know that

Agatha Christie was born in Torquay, in the county o f Devon. Her father died when she Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon
was a child. Christie was educated at home, where her m other encouraged her to w rite in Warwickshire, England, and that he was
from a very early age. At sixteen she was sent to school in Paris where she studied probably educated in the tow n’s free grammar
singing and piano. school. Then in 1582 he married Anne
Hathaway.
In 56 years Christie wrote 66 detective novels, among the best o f which are The Murder
o f Roger Acroyd, Murder On The Orient Express (1934), Death On The Nile (1937)... The first collected edition o f Shakespeare’s
works was published after his death in 1623 and
In 1967 Christie became president o f the British Detection Club, and in 1971 she was is known as the First Folio. The plays fall into the
made a Dame o f the British Empire. Christie died on January 12,1976. W ith over one categories o f history, tragedy, comedy, and
hundred novels and 103 translations into foreign languages, Christie was by the tim e o f tragicomedy.
her death the best-selling English novelist o f all time.

Ahmed Shawqi (1868-1932) (Arabic; ); Egyptian poet and dramatist g Agatha Christie (1890-1976), English
novelist, who was a prolific w riter o f m ystery
... Shawqi produced distinctive poetry that is widely considered to be the most stories. She was born in Torquay. The
M ysterious A ffair at Styles (1920) began her
prominent o f the 20th century Arabic literary movement. career. Hercule Poirot is th e hero o f m any o f

... his fam ily was well-connected w ith the court o f the Khedive o f Egypt. He her works, including th e classic bestseller
attended law school, obtaining a degree in translation. Shawqi was then offered a job
in the court o f the Khedive Abbas II, which he immediately accepted. After a year The M urder o f Roger Ackroyd (1926).
working in the court o f the Khedive. Shawqi was sent to continue his studies in Law
at the Universities o f M ontpellier and Paris fo r three years. In 1930, w hile travelling in th e M iddle East,
Christie m et th e noted English archaeologist
Plays Sir Max M allowan. They were m arried that
year, and from th at tim e on Christie
Shawqi was the first in Arabic literature to w rite poetic plays. He wrote five accom panied her husband on annual trips to
Iraq and Syria.
tragedies... and two comedies.
In 1971 she was m ade a Dame Com m ander o f
Poetry the O rder o f th e British Empire.

Ash-Shawqiyyat, his selected works, in four volumes, includes Nahj al-Burda, a tribute
to the prophet Muhammed.

U n it 7 • Peo p le: p ast and p resen t 41

R ESEA R C H Information on the Net
1 Read the two extracts about Shakespeare. What do you notice?

Read STUDY SKILL

For someone who lived almost 400 years ago, a surprising amount is known about Shakespeare’s life.
Indeed we know more about his life than about almost any other writer of his age.
Sadly, his life-story remains ill-documented.

STUDY SKILL U sin g th e In te rn e t

The In te rn e t is a huge resource, so get to know d iffe re n t typ es o f sites fo r finding inform ation.

■ Search engines: www.go o gle.com . ww w .yahoo.com to find a fact, such as the boiling point

o f mercury.
Som e sites, w w w .uk.ask.com, fo r example, are designed so th at you typ e in a question, such as What
is the boiling point o f mercury?

m Online encyclopaedias; w w w .w ikipedia.org, w w w .britannica.com fo r m ore com plete factual

inform ation, such as the lifecycle o f a mosquito.

m Subject directories; w w w .bubl.ac.uk, w ww.rdn.ac.uk fo r specialist online and w ritten resources

linked to a specific subject (econom ics, history, etc.) such as World History 500-1799 +country.

Rem em ber th a t inform ation from w ebsites is n o t always reliable, so check inform ation on tw o
o r m ore sites.

Read STUDY SKILL Look at the three questions. Use a search STUDY SKILL D e v e lo p in g a s e a rc h p la n
engine to find the answers.
To m ake an In te rn e t search m ore e ffic ie n t and reliable,
W h at is Chopin famous for? d evelop a search plan.
Ask yo u rse lf questions:
(Search; Chopin] ■ W h a t is th e general search to p ic?
■ W h a t inform ation d o I need to fin d o u t?
W hen did Jane Austen w rite Persuasion? ■ W h a t keyw ords and phrases w ill help m e?
List th e keyw ords and phrases in order o f im portance.
(Search first: Jane Austen, search second: Persuasion)

W h at is Angola’s main export?

(Search phrase; Angola’s main export)

3 What type of Internet site would answers questions 1-6?
Identify and underline the keywords, and then look up the
information. Compare answers from at least two different
sites. Is the information the same?

1 W hat is the average summer temperature in Amman?
2 How far is the Sun from the Earth?
3 When was the English author Charles Dickens born?
4 W hat percentage of the hum an body is water?
5 W hat is the average rainfall in the Amazon in May and December?
6 W hat are the main stages of the life cycle of a butterfly?

42 U n it 7 • Peop le: p ast and p resent

4 Read the notes about the two famous people. Three facts about each person
are incorrect. Can you guess which ones?

5 Use the Internet to find and correct the mistakes. Underline key words or
phrases to search for.

Marie Curie - b o rn in F ra n ce - 1867.

• th e firs t w om an t o w in tw o N o b e l Prizes.
• fam ous fo r d iscovery, w ith husband Pierre, o f radium - co u p le g o t th e N o b e l Prize

fo r Peace in 1903.
• a fte r h usband’s d e a th co n tin u ed w o rkin g - 1921, w o n th e N o b e l P riz e fo r Chemistry.

Zinedine Zidane - b o rn - 1975 - Paris, France.

• o n e o f th e b e st fo o tb a lle rs o f a ll tim e - p layed fo r France m any tim es.
• scored tw o goals in 1998 W o rld C up Final v. A rg e n tin a (Fran ce w o n 3-0), and o n e g oal in

2006 W o rld C up Final.
• retired fro m profession al fo o tb a ll a fte r th e 2006 W o rld Cup.

W R IT IN G Biographies Roger Federer is p robably th e b est and m ost fam ous tennis

1 Read the biography of Roger player in th e w o rld tod ay. H e w as b orn in Basle, in Sw itzerlan d
Federer. Answer the questions. in 1981. His p a re n ts,1_________________________________ , encouraged
him to s ta rt playing ten n is w h en he was eig h t years old. H e w on
1 W hen and where was he born? his firs t W im b le d o n title , th e W im b le d o n Jun ior, a t th e age o f
2 W hen did he win his first sixteen. O v e r th e next fe w years h e played all o ver th e w orld ,
including in A u stra lia ,2_________________________________ .
‘Grand Slam’ title ?
3 W hich three com petitions did H ow ever, it was in th e y e a r 2003 th a t h e really began to show
ju st h o w good h e w as. H e started th e y e a r b y w inning tw o
he win in 2004? to u rn am en ts in a row. in D ubai and M arseilles. H e also w o n his
4 W h o has also won five firs t G rand Slam title a t th e W im b le d o n Cham pionships. In 2004
he w o n th re e o u t o f fo u r G rand Slam title s , in th e A ustralian O p en, W im b le d o n , and th e US
W im bledon finals in a row? O p en. In 2007 h e eq ualled Bjorn Borg’s record o f w inning W im b le d o n fiv e tim es in a row.
5 W h at is the name o f Federer’s Federer w e n t on to w in th e title fo r a sixth tim e in 2009. W h e n h e is n o t playing tennis,
Federer is busy w ith his sp ecial p ro ject, th e Roger Federer Foundation,
special project? 3_________________________________ . H e is also a G o o d w ill A m bassador to U nicef, w h ich also
helps p o o r ch ild ren around th e w orld.

Here is some extra information about the STUDY SKILL A d d in g e x tra in fo rm a tio n
tennis player. Write it in the correct place in
the text. O ne w ay o f adding extra inform ation is to use a non-defining relative clause.

• w h ere he represented Sw itzerland in th e ■ Roger Federer Is a very famous tennis player. He was born in Basle.
2000 O lym pics Gam es m Roger Federer, who was born in Basle, is a very famous tennis player.
m Roger Federer, who is a very famous tennis player, was born in Basle.
• w hich helps disadvantaged children Use com m as and relative pronouns who (fo r p eople), which (fo r things and
• w h o m et w hen Roger’s fath e r was in South anim als), and where (fo r places, but om it ‘th ere’).
Basle is a city In Switzerland. Roger Federer was born there.
A frica on business Basle, where Roger Federer was born, is a city in Switzerland.

U n it 7 • Peo p le: p ast and p resen t 43

3 Join the two sentences using a relative clause with who, which, or where.
1 Arthur Conan Doyle was a Scottish doctor. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes
stories.

2 The film A m a d eu s is about the life of Mozart. It won eight Oscars.

3 Stratford-upon-Avon is a beautiful little town. Shakespeare was born there.

4 Put the biographical information about Nelson Mandela
into chronological order.
STUDY SKILL O rg a n iz in g id e a s (2 )

Alw ays consider carefully th e m ost appropriate w ay to
organize th e inform ation in yo u r w riting.
W h e n w ritin g a biography, fo r exam ple, it is usual to fo llo w
a chronological order, th a t is, tim e order.

N elson M andela - m ost fam ous politician in the world

• actively involved in the African National Congress and the fight
against apartheid - the separation of black and white people

• becam e first democratically elected president of South Africa
in 1994

• M andela - born in South Africa in 1918 - becam e the m ost
famous statesm an in the world

• retired from politics in 2004, m oved back to Qunu - he was
born there

• was released from prison after 27 years in 1990, won the
Nobel Peace Prize - shared with President de Klerk

5 Use the information from exercise 4 to write a short biography of Mandela
(approximately 100 words). Use relative pronouns.

W riting from research
6 Write a biography of a famous person from your academic field or from your

country (150 words). Research five central facts: birth, early life, career, what
he/she is most famous for, what he/she is doing today, and add extra
information.

44 U n it7 • Peop le: p ast and p resent

R E V IE W Organizing vocabulary (2)

1 Use words and phrases from the website extracts on page 41 to complete the
sentences.

The life o f the philosopher Socrates is . , so there are very few facts
about him.

M oliere is a famous French____________ . One o f his most famous plays is The Miser.

Hamlet is an example o f a ____________ . It has an unhappy ending.

This book is ______________ by Oxford University Press.

5 Vikram Seth is a famous Ind ian ___ . He has w ritten many books.

6 Airport bookshops often only sell ___ , the most popular and widely-read
books.
. His most famous poem is To Autumn.
7 Joh n Keats is a famous British _____

8 I prefer to s e e ____________________________at the theatre because they make me laugh.

2 Copy the diagram The Arts. Write the topic vocabulary in the box
under the correct heading in your diagram. Read STUDY SKILL

STUDY SKILL Topic v o c a b u la ry

Keep a vocab u lary n o teb o o k o r com p u ter file and give each page a
to p ic title , e.g. th e arts, technology, etc.
Record all new words o f th e sam e to p ic tog eth er on one page.

a com poser a conductor a director a landscape a m ovie
a novel a portrait a role a sculpture a short story
a songwriter a star an abstract an actor an a rt gallery
an author jazz opera poetry prose

Complete sentences 1-8 with the verbs in the box

composed conducted designed directed
painted played starred w rote

1 Lord Norman Foster__________________ th e Millau

Viaduct, the highest bridge in the world.

2 Charles Dickens__________________ many novels.

3 Alfred H itchcock__________________ thrillers.

4 V e rd i__________________ m any famous operas.

5 Harrison Ford__________________ in adventure films.

6 Van G og h __________________ The Sunflowers and many other famous pictures.

7 Sco tt Jo p lin __________________ th e piano.

8 Sir Georg S o lti__________________ the London Philharm onic Orchestra.

4 W hat are the comments about? Use the vocabulary in exercise 2.

1 It’s about ten m etres ta ll, made o f a black m etal, and stands in C ity Square.

2 It’s just lots o f circles o f different colours. A child could have done it.

3 T he lead actor was great and the special effects were brilliant.

4 I couldn’t stop until the last page. It was so exciting.

5 It was all in Italian, so I didn’t understand th e words, but the music was beautiful.

Unit 7 • People: past and present 45

8 The world of IT

READING SKILLS Rephrasing and explaining • Avoiding repetition (2)
WRITING SKILLS Linking ideas (3) • Coherent writing • W riting from notes
VOCABULARY Abbreviations(1)a n d (2)
RESEARCH Acknowledgements

R E A D IN G Computers

1 Discuss with a partner how often you use a computer to:

• dow n load m usic/gam es/film s • d o research
• send an em ail • shop on line
• w rite an essay

2 Read the description of a computer. Label the diagrams using
the words in the box.

CPU CD/DVD burner USB port scanner
VDU (m onitor) mouse keyboard speakers
printer webcam m em ory stick

A computer is made up o f several main parts. Obviously, th e most

im portant is th e CPU, or central processing unit. This is the part
th at houses th e com puter m em ory and processing chips, in other
words, th e com puter's brain. M ost CPUs now have a CD and/or
DVD burner, th at is. a device fo r recording onto a CD or DVD,
already built into th e unit. They also have USB ports, that is to say,
sockets w here you plug in o th er devices, e g. your scanner or
m em ory stick. M ost CPUs have software, i.e. com puter programs,
already loaded when you buy the com puter, but m any people like
to add o th er programs to personalize th eir com puter. O ther
necessary parts o f any com puter system are th e m onitor or
screen, th e mouse, and th e keyboard.

3 Underline seven ways of rephrasing, explaining,
and giving examples in the description in exercise 2.

S T U D Y S K IL L R e p h ra s in g a n d e x p la in in g

In tech n o lo g ical o r scien tific texts, som e w ords are o ften rephrased or

e x p la in e d ;

... a CD burner, that is, a device for recording onto CD.
...hardware, i.e. the machinery o f a computer.
in other words,
or

Som etim es an exam ple is given instead. Look o u t for:

...so ftw a re e.g. anti-virus programs,...

for example

for instance

46 U n it 8 • Th e w o rld o f IT

Computers under attack

Every tim e yo u tu rn on yo u r co m p u te r and c o n n e ct to th e In tern et, th e re is a p ossib ility o f attack!It 10
could co m e via an em ail fro m a frien d , a so ftw are program o r m usic yo u d ow n load , o r even from a 15
C D -RO M you are using. 20

T h e m ost com m on source o f danger is a ‘virus’, th a t is, a program th a t hides its e lf in d o cu m en ts or

so ftw are, and th en attacks yo u r com puter. Som etim es, these are n o t to o serious. T h ey can even be

funny, b u t som etim es th e y are so serious th a t th e y crash th e com p uter, in o th e r w ords, th e y stop
th e co m p u ter w orking. Consequently, som e com panies and even governm ent d ep artm en ts have had

to close w h ile they try to fin d and d estro y a virus. This can co st m illions o f dollars.

O n e ty p e o f virus, know n as a T ro jan H o rse’, is designed to get yo u r cre d it card d etails o r bank

passwords. O n ce it has th is in fo rm atio n , it is sent to organizations th a t steal yo u r m o ney from yo u r

bank o r use yo u r cre d it card to buy things.

A n o th e r danger is ‘spyw are’. Like th e Trojan H orse, it hides inside yo u r co m p u te r so th a t yo u d o n 't

know it is there. It m ight n o t d o any dam age, b u t it co lle cts inform atio n ab o u t yo u , fo r exam ple, w hat

yo u buy o n lin e o r w h a t m usic you dow nload . It th en sends th is to com m ercial com panies.

A m ore com m on, b u t less dangerous, problem is ‘spam ’, o r unw anted advertising. W h e n it first
appeared, n o b o d y w o rried a b o u t it, b u t now it is o u t o f co n tro l: m ore th an 50% o f all em ail m essages
in th e w o rld are junk m ail, o r spam . U n fo rtu n ately, som e p eo p le are now using spam to trick p eo p le

and to get m o ney from th em . This is called ‘phishing’. The sim p lest phishing tric k is to send an em ail

prom ising th a t yo u w ill get rich. H ow ever, to get th is m oney, yo u m ust firs t send yo u r bank details. O f
course, th e y take th e m o n ey from yo u r bank and yo u ce rtain ly d o n ’t get rich!

T h erefo re, next tim e yo u ’re online, m ake sure yo u r anti-virus program is up-to-date and n ever give
anyone yo u r bank details!

Read the article Computers under attack. Match terms 1-5 with
definitions a-e.

1 [ ] phishing a hidden program that can destroy data
a program th at can be designed to steal personal inform ation
2 [ ] spam from your com puter
advertising emails
[ ]3 spyware a program th at steals m oney by tricking people into giving
E D4 Trojan horse away personal inform ation
E D5 virus a program th at is hidden and can be used to get inform ation
about users’ online buying habits

5 What do the pronouns refer to? Look back at STUDY SKILL A vo id in g re p e titio n (2)
the article. Complete the table. Read STUDY SKILL

pronoun refers to Pronouns are used instead o f repeating th e sam e w ords. U nderstanding
w h a t pronouns refer to helps you understand a text.
it (line 1) possibility of a n attack
these (line 5] ■ it replaces a singular noun o r noun phrase, e.g.
they (line 8)
(line 8} /bought a new computer. The new computer It was expensive.
T his (line 10) m they replaces a plural noun or noun phrase, e.g.
(line 10)
it (line 13) I bought some new computer games. The new computer games
it (line 15) They are great fun.
it (line 18) m this sum m arizes previous inform ation and adds new inform ation, e.g.
it You should install an anti-virus program. Installing an antivirus
program This will protectyo ur computer.
T his
Using pronouns also m akes a te x t m ore cohesive, o r connected.

Unit 8 • The world o f IT 47

W R IT IN G IT - benefits and drawbacks

1 Read the paragraph The benefits o f wireless technology slowly and carefully.

Use the information to complete the notes.

Thebenefits ofwirelesstechnology

A breakthrough in computer design could lead to computer technology being available in the poorest parts
o f the world. An IT company has developed a laptop computer that will only cost $100. It has all the
functions of an ordinary computer including W iFi and 1GB of storage. Since the price will be low, the
designers hope that the laptop will be available to children in poorer parts of the world. The computer is
powered by turning a handle and, as a result, it does not need an electricity supply or batteries. This should
make it even more attractive to schools in the developing world.

W ind-up______

IT company —> _________ $100
Low price good fo r children in _________ countries

AH functions e.g. W iF i / 1GB storage

Po w ered _________ no e le c tric ity _________ required

2 Write simple sentences using the completed notes from STUDY SKILL Lin kin g id eas (3)
exercise 1. Do not look back at the paragraph.
To co n n ect ideas th a t show th e cause and result, use
An IT company has produced a laptop fo r Ju s t $100. linking w ords and phrases.

3 Link the sentences using the words and ■ For cause, use because, as, since:
phrases in brackets. People in some parts o f the world can n o t afford
computers since/as/because they are too expensive.
1 M any people do not back up their com puter files.
They lose a lot o f data. (so) ■ For re su lt, use as a result, consequently, therefore, so:
He didn’t have an antivirus program, and as a result, a
2 M any users don’t em pty their mailboxes. virus attacked his computer.
They may have problems downloading th eir mail. (As a result) Computer scientists have tried hard to stop spam.
Consequently, the senders o f spam have become
3 There is a serious threat from viruses. more sophisticated.
M any people install an anti-virus program. (because) TV in the UK will be digital in 2012. Therefore, everyone
will have to buy a digital receiver.
4 M any em ployees do not know how to use basic programs effectively. Batteries are too expensive, so the computer is
M any companies offer IT training, (Consequently) powered by solar energy.

5 People use copies o f programs.
M anufacturers put in secret codes to detect copies. (since)

4 Link your sentences from exercise 2 using words and phrases
from the Study Skill box.

Writing from notes STUDY SKILL
Read STUDY SKILL Use the notes to write a paragraph about computer crime.
C o h e re n t w ritin g
The number o f com puters and com puter networks has grown
enorm ously over the past few years. Consequently,. . . To w rite up you r n otes in a natural and
coh erent style:
Computer Crime ■ m ake good notes (see Stu d y Skill p34)
■ w rite sim ple sentences, and jo in them
1 Num ber com puter networks T opportunity fo r crim e T
2 Number people buying online ↑ = ↑ crim inals steal (e.g cred it cards) using linking w ords and phrases (see Study
Skill pp13 ,24, and 48)
S IT experts make networks secure crim inal gangs hire own experts ■ use synonym s and pronouns to avoid
rep e titio n (see Stu d y Skill pp26
4 need T online secu rity + b etter system s to protect users and 47)

48 Unit 8 • The world o f IT

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T e.g. etc.

_R_e_a_d_S_T_U_D_Y_S_K_IL_L_ Match abbreviations 1-8 with their STUDY SKILL A b b re v ia tio n s (1)
meanings a-h. Check your answers in a dictionary.

1 □ e.g. a and m ore o f th e same There are m any com m on abbreviations th a t are used in
2 □ c. or ca. b for example academ ic and tech n ical texts. U nderstanding th e ir m eaning
3 □ cf. c page or pages w ill help you to understand th e tex t itse lf better.

4 □ i.e . d m akea note/rem em ber

5 □ ibid. e th at is e.g.
f about/approxim ately c. or ca.
6 □ N.B. g compare this w ith ...

7 □ p o r pp.

8 □ etc. h a reference to a source (book or w ebsite) referred to previously

2 Complete the sentences using abbreviations from exercise 1. cf. i.e.

1 People now listen to music in a wide variety of ways, such as on a ib id n.b.
personal stereo, iPod, podcasts,____ .
p. or pp.
2 The world population today is ____ six billion people.
etc.
There are several other problems involved in computer programming
(see____ 173).
There are several career options for graduates in biochemistry,____
working in the pharmaceutical industry.

____ The library closes at 23.00.

Use a dictionary or the Internet to find out what the STUDY SKILL A b b re via tio n s (2)
computer abbreviations stand for. Write how to say each
abbreviation. Read STUDY SKILL Som e abbreviations are said as individual le tte rs, e.g. BBC.
Som e are acronym s, th a t is, said as words, e g. O PEC /'ə ʊ p ek/.
1 CPU c e n tra l p rocessing u nit /s iː p iː ˈju ː / C heck in you r d ictio n ary how to say th e abbreviations.
2 CD
3 CD-ROM
4 RAM
5 W iFi
6 GB
7 WWW
8 R/W
9 USB
10 user ID
11 IP
12 VDU

4 Which abbreviations in exercises 1 and 3 are acronyms?

Unit 8 • The world o f IT 49