headway-academic-skills-reading-writing-and-skills-level-2-2pdf

R ESEA R C H Crediting sources S T U D Y S K IL L A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts
1 Look carefully at the book references.
W ritin g an essay o ften involves using inform ation taken from
Are the statements true (T ) or false (F )? o th er sources, e.g. books o r w eb sites. It is im p o rtan t to
acknow ledge these sources in a bibliography a t th e end o f your
Curnick, L. (2005). Biology Made Easy. Crawford Press. essay.
Marsden, P. (2004). Life in Rural Egypt. Axminster
Styles vary in d iffe re n t departm ents. C heck you r d ep artm en t’s
University Press. style and use th e same.
For books:
1 There is a comma after th e author’s fam ily name.
2 The author’s first name is w ritten in full. ■ list th e sources by au th o r’s surnam e in alp h ab etical order.
3 There is a full stop after th e author’s initial. ■ give th e au th o r’s nam e, th e title , th e publisher, th e year o f

4 The year o f publication is in brackets. p u b lic a tio n .
■ use th e sam e order and p unctuation fo r each reference.
5 There is a comma after th e year o f publication. For websites:
6 The title o f the book can be underlined or w ritten in italics.
7 There is a full stop after th e title o f the book. ■ give th e auth o r’s nam e if known.
8 There is a comma at the end o f th e reference. ■ give th e title o f an a rticle in in verted com m as and underline

2 Write out the references as entries in a bibliography. o r italicize th e source o f th e work.
■ give th e fu ll address.
■ give th e d ate you accessed th e w eb page in brackets.

The Greatest Inventions o fAll Time Jo h n R e ad in g A x m in s te r U n i. P ress 2001
I is for Information H e le n C a m p b e ll U n i. o f A s h fo rd P ress 2005
A History o f the PeriodicTable F e rn D a n ie ll C ra w fo rd Press 2004
A Student’s Guide to Study Skills C h ris tin e D ix Ed in b u rg h B o o k P re ss 2001
W hat is Information Technology? S im o n N a y lo r Rogers and Sons 2005

3 Look carefully at the website acknowledgement. Notice the style.

"Avicenna" Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia http://en.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina (15 June 2006)

Find and correct one style mistake in each of the web references 1-3.

1

"H istory Trail: Archaeology” BBC
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/archaeologylj/preview/shtm l (1 M ay 2006)

"Periodic Table” W ebelem ents
http://www.webelem ents.com / (6 Novem ber 2006)

“ United Arab Emirates” W orldAtlas.com http://worldatlas.com /webim age/
countries/asia/ae.htm 22 O ctober 2006

50 U n it 8 • Th e w o rld o f IT

R EV IEW

1 Read the three paragraphs. Draw arrows from the pronouns in bold to the
noun or noun phrase they refer to.

A Digital television UK

Although th e UK governm ent only plans to have switched com pletely to
digital television by 2012, it recommends th at people switch to it now, if
th ey can. The best way to get digital TV is to buy a stand-alone receiver.
This connects to m ost m odern televisions via an aerial on th e roof.

B Laser dentistry

Very few people enjoy going to th e dentist. However, the latest laser
drills are extrem ely accurate. They are also nearly painless. Dentists
find them very easy and efficien t to use, and they say th at patients
are much m ore relaxed during treatm ent.

C The Death of Guide Books

In the past, most people would take guide books w ith them when they
were travelling on holiday. But now, a com bination o f location apps on
phones, inform ation via Tw itter and travel blogs has made them
unnecessary. Inform ation via these sources is more up to date and is
often more useful because it is based on people’s personal experience.

2 Link the pairs of sentences using a cause or result word or phrase.

1 Children are learning to use computers at school.
Many young people are better at computers than their parents.

2 Many people have a password to open programs on their computers.
They don’t want other people to see their data.

3 Receiving spam can cause problems.
People install anti-spam programs.

4 Most businesses want their employees to be able to use computers.
There has been an increase in the num ber of computer courses available.

5 Computer chips are smaller and more powerful than ever before.
Computers can be smaller but faster.

3 Match note-making symbols 1-12 with meanings a -l.

1□ a and
2□ b greater than
3□ = c falling/decreasing/dropping
d therefore/so
4□ ≠ e about/circa/c.
f uncertain/not sure
5□→ g does not equal/is not the same as
6□ > h equals/isth e same as
7□ < i less than
8□ = j leads to/im plies
9□ ↑ k because/as/since
10 □ ↓ l rising/increasing/growing
11 □ &
12 □ ?

U n it 8 • Th e w o rld o f IT 51

9 Inventions, discoveries, and processes

R E A D IN G S K IL L S Intensive reading • Linking ideas (4j
W R IT IN G S K IL L S The passive voice • Clarifying a sequence • W riting a description o f a process
R E S E A R C H Using indexes

R E A D IN G How things work
1 Work with a partner. Read the sentences describing the benefits of five

inventions. W hat inventions do they refer to?

1 The sound quality is good and you can m ove freely as you speak.
2 Connect to the Internet w ithout plugging it into a phone line.
3 You don’t have to get out o f the car - just press a button and drive in.
4 You can listen fo r the baby crying from a different room.
5 Use this to download music and take it w ith you wherever you go.

2 What makes the inventions work? Skim the title and
paragraph 1 of the text on page 53 to check. Were you right?

3 Read STUDY SKILL Read paragraph 2 of the text.
Answer the questions.

S T U D Y S K IL L In te n s iv e re a d in g

Stu d en ts o ften read intensively in ord er to m ake notes, o r fu lly understand w h a t th e y
are reading.
To focus on th e d e ta il o f w h at you are reading:

■ ask yo u rself why you are reading and what you need from your reading. Skim th e tex t

including th e title and any diagram s or tables, to get an overview .
■ read th e m aterial from beginning to end. Circle w ords and phrases you don’t know, but

don’t stop reading to look them up.
■ read th e m aterial m ore slow ly and underline/highlight th e main ideas. Then m ake notes

(see Stu d y Skill p34) - if th e te x t is very d ifficu lt, read it tw o or th ree m ore tim es before
m aking notes.

■ go back to th e new vocabulary you circled. If necessary, look up th e w ords in a

dictionary. Record them appropriately (see Stu d y Skill p8).

1 W h at makes the ‘voice waves’ stronger?

2 W h at sends out t h e ‘radio waves’?

3 W h at picks up the ‘radio waves’?
4 W h at are th e ‘radio waves’ turned back into at first?

4 Find the words in the box in paragraph 2 and underline them. If necessary,
check the meanings in a dictionary.

am plifier (x2) headphones large aerials
radio waves (x2) receiving aerials voice waves (x2)

5 Look at the diagram in the text. W hat does it show?
6 Read the text again. Label the diagram using the words from exercise 4.

Compare your labelled diagram with a partner’s.

52 U n it 9 • In ven tio n s, d iscoveries, and processes

The old-fashioned secret behind modern technology

1 Have you heard o f Guglielm o M arconi? He is said to have invented radio a t th e end o f th e nineteenth
century. U ntil television becam e widespread, radio was one o f th e basic means o f com m unication and
entertainm ent. The sim ple transistor radio may seem a little old-fashioned in these days o f m obile phones,
laptop com puters, and iPods. However, radio waves, which are invisible and undetectable to humans, have
changed th e w orld com pletely. W hen you use a m obile or cordless phone, a wireless netw ork fo r your
laptop, or switch TV channels by rem ote control, you are using radio waves.

2 So, how does it w ork? Let’s take a radio programme as an example. Firstly, in the studio the voices and
music are turned into electronic signals, called ‘voice waves’. Next, they are made stronger by passing them
through an am plifier. These stronger waves are called ‘carrier waves’ and they are passed to large aerials.
Then the aerials send out these waves, which are now called ‘radio waves'. These are subsequently picked
up by a receiving aerial, in this case, the one on your radio. A fte r this, the radio waves go through a reverse
process. They are first turned back into voice waves, then passed through another am plifier, and finally
sent out through speakers or headphones. The result is your favourite music or th e latest news!

7 Look again at STUDY SKILL Linking ideas (4)
paragraph 2 of the text and
underline eight sequencing words Sequencing w ords are used to link steps in a descrip tion o f a process.
or expressions.
Som e exam ples are:

■ Firstly,... Secondly, ... etc.
m Then ... N ext,... After that,... Subsequently,... etc.
■ Finally,... Lastly,...

Unit 9 • Inventions, discoveries, and processes 53

W R IT IN G How things are made

1 Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets in the
correct form of the passive.

S T U D Y S K IL L T h e p a s s iv e v o ic e

W h e n describing a process o r a scien tific experim ent, it is im p ortan t to w rite in a neutral style, as an observer.

To do this, you can use th e passive voice.

The Present Sim ple Passive is o fte n used in The Past Sim ple Passive is o ften used to ta lk about
descriptions o f processes: inventions and discoveries:

is/are + past participle was/were +past participle
Voices are turned into voice waves. Radio was invented by Guglielmo Marconi.

1 The telep h o n e__________________ (invent) by Alexander Graham Bell.
2 A m an __________________ (send) into space fo r the first tim e in 1961.
3 X-rays__________________ (discover) by W illiam Roentgen,
4 Penicillin__________________ firs t___________________(m anufacture) in th e 1940s.
5 Pap er__________________ (make) from trees.
6 A lot o f p ap er__________________ (recycle) these days.
7 W ater and fa ts __________________ (use) to make soap.
8 G lass__________________ (make) from silica and limestone.

2 Read about the glass-making process. Complete the text with
the verbs in brackets in the passive.

G lass w a s p ro b a b ly firs t m a d e b y th e E g y p tia n s a b o u t 5,000 y e a rs
ag o . I t 1_______________ (m a k e ) fro m s ilic a , w h ic h c o m e s fro m s a n d ,

lim e s to n e , a n d s o d a ash. F irs tly , o ld g la s s 2_______________ (a d d ) t o

t h e s ilic a . T h e n , t h e s ilic a a n d t h e o ld g la s s 3_______________ (m ix ) in

a m a c h in e . N e x t, th is m ix tu r e 4__________________ (m e lt) in a

fu rn a c e . F in a lly , t h e m ix t u r e 5_______________ (p re ss ) in to s h a p e s

su ch as lig h t b u lb s.

Read the notes about the soap-making process. Expand them into full
sentences using the verbs in brackets in the passive.

1 hot water & oil/fat (mix together) Hot w ater and oil and fa t are mixed together.
2 mixture (distil)
3 alkali & perfum e (add, mix well)
4 mixture (roll, dry, compress)
5 soap (cut, wrap, pack)

W riting a description o f a process ST U D Y S K IL L Clarifying a sequence

4 Write your sentences about the To describe a process clearly:
soap-making process into a paragraph. Use linking words ■ d ivid e th e process in to steps.
from the box. ■ m ake notes on each step.
■ expand you r n otes in to fu ll sentences using th e passive form .
Firstly, Next. Then A fte r th at, Finally, ■ m ark each step by using sequencing words.

54 Unit 9 • Inventions, discoveries, and processes

RESEA RC H Reference books

1 __Re_a_d_S_T_U_D_Y_S_K_IL_L_ You want to find information from a STUDY SKILL U sin g Indexes

reference book on subjects 1-12. Highlight or underline To use an index in a reference book;
the word or category word. Compare answers with a partner.
■ decide w hich is th e keyword and look fo r th at, e.g. the
1 Daniel Defoe River Danube (Danube), o r w hat ca teg o ry th e w ord m ight
2 the Eiffel Tower be in, e.g. Gobi Desert (D esert) and search fo r that,
3 the South Am erican country, Ecuador
4 deoxyribose nucleic acid ■ scan alphabetically.
5 the Earth’s atm osphere
6 the Sahara Desert If you can 't find th e reference, search again using ano th er
7 the Dead Sea w ord in th e phrase o r title .
8 total eclipses o f th e sun
9 extinct animals, such as dinosaurs and dodos
10 how the diesel engine works
11 how long th e river Danube is
12 Durban, South Africa

2 Look at the encyclopaedia index on page 56. Quickly find the page num ber
for the information in exercise 1. Time yourself. Check your list and compare
your time with a partner.

3 Where in the index would you add words 1-8?

1 Ecology betw een Eclip se and Econom ics 5 D iet
2 D ynam ite 6 Egg
3 Drum 7 Dragon
4 D om inica 8 Elephant

4 Look at the inventions a-h. Where necessary, underline the key word. When
were they invented? Use a reference book or search engine to find out (see
Study Skill p42).

5 Which two inventions are the most
important and why?
Discuss with a partner.

b the telephone

g th e com puter

Unit 9 • Inventions, discoveries, and processes 55

Index 37

Dd Double bass 238
Dragonfly 241
Damascus, Syria 190, 321 Dream 241
Dance 191 Drilling 242
Dromedary camel 243
ballet Drug 243
cerem onial Dubai 245
Danube, river 192 Dublin, Republic of Ireland 245
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 193 Duck 246
Dead Sea 195 Duck-billed platypus 247
Deafness 195 Dumas, Alexandre (writer) 248
Decimal system 197
Deer 198 The Three Musketeers
Defoe, Daniel (writer) 198 Dundee, Scotland 249
Degas, Edgar (painter) 199 Dung beetle 249
De Gaulle, Charles D urban, South Africa 250
(politician) 200 Dye 250
Denmark 203 Dynamo 250
Dentistry 204
Deoxyribose N ucleic Acid Ee
(see DNA)
Deserts 205 Eagle 252
Detergents 207 Ear 253
D etroit, USA Earth 255
Diabetes 207
Diamonds 208 atm osphere
Dickens, Charles (writer) 209 clim ate
David Copperfield continental shelf
Great Expectations longitude and latitude
Oliver Twist ozone layer
The Pickwick Papers Earthquake 258
D ictionary 215 Echo 260
Digestion 219 Eclipse 260
Dinka 220 Economics 261
D inosaur 221 Ecuador 262
D iscrim ination 223 Edison, Thom as (scientist) 263
Disease 224 Egypt 264
antibiotics Egypt, ancient 265
com m on cold architecture
drugs art
influenza engineering
vaccines hieroglyphics
D ishw asher228 Nile, river
Disneyland 228 Pharaoh
Distillation 228 pyram id
Diving 229 Tutankham en
Dizziness 229 Eiffel Tower 272
DNA 230 Einstein, Albert (scientist) 272
Dodo 231 Engines 291
Dog 232 diesel
Dolphin 234 internal com bustion
Dome 235 petrol
D om inican Republic 236
Donkey 237
Doric capital 237

56 U n it 9 • In ven tio n s, d iscoveries, and processes

R E V IE W Word-building (3)

1R e a d S T U D Y S K ILL Review the text on page 53 to complete the STU D Y SK ILL Com pound nouns

compound nouns. A com pound noun can be form ed by p u tting tw o nouns

1 _________ radio together. Som etim es these are w ritten ;

2 _________ computer ■ as tw o words, e.g.. radio waves
■ as one w ord, e g . microwave
3 _________ waves ■ w ith a hyphen, e g . data-processing

4 voice__________ Use a d iction ary to check how to w rite them .

5 __________ programme ST U D Y S K IL L Com pound adjectives

2 Match the nouns to form compound nouns. There may A com pound a d je ctive can be m ade w ith:
■ a noun +ad jective, e.g. com puter literate
be more than one possible combination. Use a dictionary to ■ an ad jective + present/past p articiple, e g . easy-going
■ an adverb +present/past p articiple, e g . well-known
find out how to write them. ■ an ad jective + noun, e.g. blue-eyed

1☐ inform ation a dish Use a d iction ary to check how to w rite them .
2☐ DVD b laboratory
3☐ answer c machine
4☐ fax d phone
5☐ word e player
6☐ com puter f processor
7☐ satellite g technology
8☐ physics h virus

3R e a d S T U D Y S K IL L Complete the sentences. Use a compound

adjective from the box.

hard-working p o o rly- w ritten
long-term small-scale
self-m otivated high-speed
w ell- w ritte n rem ote-controlled
highly-qualified vo ice- p o w ered

1 The new professor is a __________ biochemist.
2 Many devices around the house, such as televisions and CD players,

a re __________ .
3 Soon many home devices will u se __________ technology, so you can tell

them what to do!
4 Most science students do som e__________ research at university.
5 __________ essays often get a few more marks th a n ___________ ones.
6 Many countries are developing__________ trains as part of their public

transport infrastructure.
7 Although m ost medicines do a lot of good, some have__________

side-effects.
8 Interviewers often look for students who a re __________ as well as

4 Use your dictionary. Find other compound adjectives which begin self- ,

highly- , well- .

U n it 9 • In ven tio n s, d iscoveries, and processes 57

R E A D IN G International tourism Turkey
1 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. China

1 W hen do most visitors com e to your country?
2 W here do m ost visitors to your country com e from ?
3 W h at is the m ost popular destination fo r visitors?

4 W here do you go for your holidays?
2 Skim the graph, bar chart, and text on page 59. Are the sentences true (T)

or false (F)? Correct the false sentences.
1 Paragraph 1 of the text describes the bar chart.
2 Paragraph 2 of the text talks about tourist destinations.
3 The graph shows the num ber of international tourists in 2009.
4 The bar chart shows the top twelve tourist destinations in the world.
5 Both diagrams show numbers in millions.

Complete the text International Tourism using information from the graph
and chart. Read STUDY SKILL

S T U D Y S K IL L In te rp re tin g d a ta

M an y scien tific and academ ic tex ts contain statistics. These are o ften
illustrated in graphs or charts.

Referring to graphs and charts w h ile you are reading w ill help you to
understand th e text, and in terp ret th e statistical data better.
■ Skim th e title s o f th e te x t and graphs and charts to get a general idea.
■ Read th e descrip tion o f th e h orizontal and ve rtica l data.
■ Look a t th e graph o r bar chart. Ask yo u rse lf questions:

What is the general picture or trend?
Are there any unexpected points?

■ As you read th e tex t, refer to th e appropriate p art o f th e diagram.
Com pare th e inform ation in th e te x t w ith th e inform ation in th e graphs
and charts.

Discuss the questions with a partner.
1 Have you been to any of these ten places?
2 W hich country or countries would you like to visit?

58 U n it 10 • Travel and tou rism

International tourism

N u m b er o f In te rn atio n al Tourists 2009

France USA Spain China Italy UK Turkey Germany Malaysia Mexico
Country

1 This graph shows the number o f international1________________, in millions, from January to December 2009.

At the start o f the year, there were approximately2________________international tourists. This number rose by 50% in
3________________to about 30 million. The number remained stable until March. Then it grew steadily to 40 million by April and

this increase continued to the beginning o f May. Between the beginning o f May and the beginning o f June, there was only a very
slight increase, and then a dramatic rise in July and 4________________, reaching a peak o f 5_________________ tourists around the
world. Then in September it dropped suddenly to about 100 million, followed by a steady fall to the lowest point in
6________________. At the end o f the year the number o f tourists rose steadily to around 40 million.

Overall, the graph shows that the most popular period for international holidays is July and 7_________________ . The least popular
time is 8_________________ and the beginning o f the year, but there is a slight increase in 9_________________ .

2 The bar chart shows the top ten most popular international tourist destinations in 2009. The favourite holiday

destination w as10_______________ , which about 74 million people visited in 2009. There was a drop o f about 20 million to the
second most liked holiday spot, the USA, with about 55 million visitors. In 11_________________ place was Spain, with around 52

million tourists a year. This was followed b y 12______________ , Italy, and the UK. There were fewer visitors to Turkey and
13________________, in seventh and eighth place respectively; only about14________________ million to each country. The ninth
and tenth places were taken by Malaysia and Mexico. They received hetw een15______________ and 24 million tourists each.

Unit 10 • Travel and tourism 59

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Varying vocabulary (2)
1 Write the words from the box in the table.

fall drop rise remain steady increase decrease
fluctuate remain stable grow

tgo up go down ↓ go up and down stay the same --- ►

2 Answer the questions. Use a dictionary to check the answers.

1 Which words are both verbs and nouns? S T U D Y S K IL L A vo id in g re p e titio n (3)
2 Which verbs are regular?

3 Look back at the text on page 59 to complete the table with phrases. The language used to describ e graphs can be
rep etitive. To avoid this, use:
adjectives +nouns verbs +adverbs
a steady growth increased slightly ■ synonym s, e.g. increase =rise
m adjectives +nouns, e.g. slight increase
m verbs +adverbs, e g. increased slightly

rose dramatically

a sudden drop

fell steadily

4 Match an expression from exercise 3 with the graphs.

5 Complete the expressions with adjectives from exercise 3.
1 A _______________ rise (or fall) is both large and fast.
2 A _______________ growth (or drop) is small, slow, and regular.
3 A _______________ increase (or decrease) is small.
4 A _______________ drop (or rise) is fast and unexpected.

60 Unit 10 • Travel and tourism

W R IT IN G Graphs and bar charts STUDY SKILL Illu s tra tin g d ata Number

Read STUDY SKILL W ork with a partner. Graphs and bar ch arts are used to show 2005 2006 2007
Decide which way of illustrating data d iffe re n t w ays o f illu stra tin g data. Year
would be best for:
Graphs are o ften used to show change
show ing th e n u m b er o f u n ive rsity stu d en ts o ve r a p erio d o f tim e .
in a c o u n try fro m 2000 to 2010. ■ use p rep o sitio n s o f tim e:

sh o w in g th e d iffe re n c e in th e n u m b er o f in 2005, a t the beginning,
m en a t u n ive rsity and th e num ber o f between M ay and June
w o m e n a t u n iv e rs ity in 2 0 0 6 ,2008, an d 2010.
Bar charts are o ften used to m ake
2 Look at the bar chart. Complete the text com p ariso n s. Number

using the words in the box. ■ use co m p aratives: few e r
visito rs, and su p erlatives, e.g.
the m ost popular 2005 2006 2007
Year
few er la rg e s t m ore sam e U se a d je ctive + noun and ve rb + adverb
to d e scrib e graphs and bar charts.

sm allest than

This bar ch art show s th e percentage o f French, Russian, N a tio n a lity o f Tourists
and Jap anese to u rists visiting m y country.
Percentage of tourists
In 1995 t h e 1________________ percentage, 15%, o f foreign
visitors cam e from Russia. There w ere 5 % 2________________ Year 1995 2000 2005
visito rs from France and t h e 3________________ group (5%)
w ere from Jap an. This changed significantly in 2000, French Russian Japanese
w hen th e re w e re 4________________ French visitors (12%)
5________________ Russians. Then, in 2005 th e re w as a huge
increase in th e num ber o f Jap anese tou rists, w h o form ed
th e largest group (14%). Th e percentage o f Russian and
French visitors w as t h e 6________________ , a t 12%.

O verall, th e percentage o f French and Jap anese visitors
increased b etw een 1995 and 2005, w hereas th e percentage
o f Russian tou rists fell.

3 Look at the graph and complete the text with a suitable noun, adjective, verb,
adverb, or preposition.

This graph shows th e num ber o f students at university N um ber o f Stu d en ts a t U n iversity
1_______________ 2000 and 2005.

In 2000 there were about 10,000 people studying at
university. There was a slig h t2_______________ in 2001 to
about 8,000. This was follow ed by a dram atic
3_______________ to 22,0004________________ 2002. A fter this,
the n um b er5_______________ 6________________a t around
23,000 people fo r tw o years. Then, the number
7_______________ 8________________ to approxim ately 32,000
by 2005.

Overall, th e num ber o f students continued to rise betw een
2000 and 2005, apart from a slight fall in 2001.

Unit 10 • Travel and tourism 61

4 Draw a graph or a bar chart to illustrate the data in a and b. Write a
description for each set of data and give the descriptions titles. Write about
120 words for each. Read STUDY SKILL

S T U D Y S K IL L D e s c rib in g a g rap h o r c h a rt (7 .9%) (6 .6%)
(7 .5%) (3 5 .2%)
Stu d en ts are o fte n required to transform data from a graph
o r ch art in to text. (2 6 . 1%)
A lw a ys;
■ say w hat th e graph o r ch art shows.
■ describ e th e m ain changes.
■ sum m arize th e m ajor trends and/or high and low points.
Vary th e vocabu lary you use.

a The amount of time needed for an average worker to earn the money
to buy 1 kilo of rice.

1900 75 m inutes
1920 60 m inutes
1940 35 m inutes
1960 20 m inutes
1980 12 m inutes
2000 15 m inutes

b The number of speakers of the major languages of the world.

1 M an d arin C hinese 845,000,000
2 Hindi 366,000,000
3 Spanish 329,000,000
4 English 328,000,000
5 A rabic 221,000,000
6 Bengali 181,000,000
7 Portuguese 178,000,000
8 Russian 144,000,000

Writing about data
5 Use the Internet or reference books to research one of the topics:

• the num ber o f tourists to your country in th e last three to five years.
• the num ber o f men and wom en in your country in three different years.

Draw a graph or chart to show the data, and write a description.

62 U n it 10 • Travel and tou rism

R EV IEW
1 Read the description of a graph. Replace the words in bold with synonyms

from the unit.

The graph shows the average cost o f a one-week holiday for a family o f four people from 199S until 2005.
In 1995 the average cost o f a holiday was $500. This increased dramatically in 1996 to $700 and then
remained stable fo r the next year. However, in 1998 there was a slight drop to about $650. This was followed
by a steady rise over the next tw o years to $800 by 2000. Between 2000 and 2003, the price rose
dramatically again to $1,500. It remained steady at this level in 2004 and then there was an
increase to a peak of $1,750 in 2005.
Overall, the graph shows that there has been a continual increase in the price o f family holidays
except for a slight fa ll in 1998.

2 Write a paragraph describing the graph.

H o tels on Rock Island

3 Use the Internet or reference books to find out in which country/countries
the languages are spoken.

Languages C ountry/Countries
China
Mandarin Chinese
Hindi
Spanish
English
Arabic
Bengali
Portuguese
Russian

Unit 10 • Travel and tourism 63

WORD LIST

Here is a list o f m ost o f th e dictionary entry n /ˈdɪkʃnri Miss /mɪs/ study n, v /ˈstʌdi/
new words in the units of ˌentri/ sum m arize v /ˈsʌm əraɪz/
Headway Academic Skills mobile telephone n /ˌməʊbaɪl sw im m ing pool n /ˈsw ɪm ɪŋ ˌpuːl/
Level 2 S tudent’s Book. docum ent n /ˈdɒkjəm ənt/ ˈtelɪfəʊn/
driving licence n /ˈdraɪvɪŋ take your tim e v /ˌteɪk jɔː ˈtaɪm /
a d j = adjective M r /ˈm ɪstə(r)/ technology n /tekˈnɒləʤ i/
a d v = adverb ˌlaɪsəns/ M rs /ˈmɪsɪz/ telephone num ber n /ˈtelɪfəʊn
conj = conjunction duration n /djʊˈreɪʃn/ Ms /məz/
n = noun MSc n /ˌem es ˈsɪː/ ˌnʌm bə(r)/
p l = plural effective a d j /ɪˈfektɪv/ textbooks n p i /ˈtekstbʊks/
p rep = preposition efficient a d j /ɪˈfɪʃnt/ nationality n /ˌnæʃəˈnæləti/ tim etable n /ˈtaɪm teɪbl/
U S = A m erican English enjoym ent n /ɪnˈʤ ɔɪm ənt/ note v /nəʊt/ tim e yourself v /ˈtaɪm jəˌself/
v = verb essential a d j /ɪˈsenʃl/ notebook n /ˈnəʊtbʊk/ title (person) n /ˈtaɪtl/
expiry date n /ɪkˈspaɪəri ˌdeɪt/ novels n p i /ˈnɒvlz/ tourism n /ˈtʊərɪzm /
Unit1 extensive reading n /ɪkˌstensɪv translation n /træ nsˈleɪʃn/
offer n /ˈɒfə(r)/ transport n /ˈtræ nspɔːt/
abroad a d v /əˈbrɔːd/ ˈri ːd ɪŋ / official a d j /əˈfɪʃl/ type n /taɪp/
academic year n /ˌækədem ɪk o f in te r e s ta d j /ə v ˈ ɪn tr ə s t/
female a d j /ˈflːm eɪl/ university n /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/
'jɪə ( r ) / fɪle (on a com puter) n /faɪl/ particular adj /pəˈtɪkjələ(r)/
accept v /ɔkˈsept/ final exams n p i /ˌfaɪnl ɪgˈzæm z/ particularly a d v /pəˈtɪkjələli/ vegetarian a d j /ˌveʤ ɪˈteəriən/
access n /ˈækses/ for future reference /fə ˌfju ːʧ ə passport n /ˈpɑːspɔːt/ vocabulary n /vəʊˈkæbjələri/
accom m odation n /əˌkɒm əˈdeɪʃn/ plays n p l /pleɪz/
account num ber n /əˈkaʊnt ˈrefrəns/ pleasure n /ˈpleʒə(r)/ wherever a d v /w eərˈevə(r)/
form n /fɔːm / poetry n /ˈpəʊətrɪ/ wireless connections n p l /
ˌnʌm bə(r)/ postcode n /ˈpəʊstkəʊd/
advice n /ədˈvaɪs/ grades n /greɪdz/ prepare (for) v /prɪˈpeə ˌfɔː(r), ˌwaɪələs kəˈnekʃnz/
application n /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn/ wish v /w ɪʃ/
application form n /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn hall of residence n /ˌhɔːl əv fə(r)/ w ord card n /ˈw ɜːd ,kɑːd/
ˈrezɪdəns/ print v /prɪnt/
ˌfɔːm / process n /ˈprəʊses/ Unit 2
applied biochem istry n /əˌpiaɪd handout n /ˈhændaʊt/ pronunciation n /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
helpful a d j /ˈhelpfl/ punctuation n /ˌpʌŋkʧʊˈeɪʃn/ aeroplane n /ˈeərəpleɪn/
ˌb aɪəʊ ˈkem ɪstri/ highlight v /ˈhaɪlaɪt/ purely a d v /ˈpjʊəlɪ/ Africa n /ˈæfrɪkə/
apply for v /əˈplaɪ ˌfɔː(r), fə(r)/ hom ework n /ˈbəʊm wɜːk/ A lgerian /æ l'ʤ ɪəriə/
arrival n /əˈraɪvl/ host family n /ˌbəʊst ˈfæməll/ reading m aterials n p l /ˈrlːdɪŋ although conj /ɔːl ðəʊ/
article (In a new spaper etc.) n m əˌtɪəriəlz/ amazing a d j /əˈm eɪzɪŋ/
ID n /ˌaɪ ˈdiː/ Amazon n /ˈæm əzən/
/ˈɑːtɪkl/ identify v /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ reason n /ˈrlːzn/ ancient a d j /ˈeɪnʃnt/
associated words n p l im portant a d j /ɪm ˈpɔːtənt/ record (vocabulary) v /rɪˈkɔːd/ antonyms n p l /ˈæntɔnɪm z/
improve v /ɪm ˈpruːv/ relevant a d j /ˈreləvənt/ apartm ent block n /əˈpɑːtm ənt
/əˈsəʊsieɪtɪd ˌwɜːdz/ indexes n p i /ˈɪndeksɪz, ˈɪndɪsiːz/ rented a d j /ˈrentɪd/
attitude n /ˈæ tɪtJuːd/ inform al letter n /ɪnˌfɔːml reports n p i /rɪˈpɔːts/ ˌblɒk/
available a d j /əˈveɪləbl/ required a d j /rɪˈkwaɪəd/ Arab a d j /ˈærəb/
ˈletə(r)/ research n /rɪˈsɜːʧ, ˈriːsɜːʧ/ Arabic n /ˈærəbɪk/
bank statem ent n /ˈbæŋk inform ation n /ˌɪnfəˈm eɪʃn / results n p i /rɪˈzʌlts/ Asia n /ˈeɪʒə/
ˌsteɪtm ənt/ ink n /ɪŋk/ ring v /rɪŋ/ Atlantic Ocean n /ətˌlæ ntɪk
instead a d v /ɪnˈsted/
basketball n /ˈbɑːskɪtbɔːl/ instruction m anuals n p i scan v /skæn/ ˈəʊʃn/
biography n /baɪˈɒgrəfi/ scanning n /ˈskænɪŋ/ attractions n p i /əˈtræ kʃnz/
birth certificate n /ˈbɜːθ /ɪnˈstrʌkʃn ˌmænjʊəlz/ scientihc a d j /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/ A ustralian /ɒˈstreɪliə/
intensive reading n /ɪnˌtensɪv search engine fɪnds n p i /ˈsɜːʧ
səˌtɪfɪkət/ beaches n p l /ˈbiːʧɪz/
block capitals n p l /ˌblɒk ˈkæpɪtlz/ ˈriːdɪŋ/ ˌenʤɪn ˌfaɪndz/ border n, v /ˈbɔːdə(r)/
boxes (on a form ) n p l /ˈbɒksɪz/ issue date n /ˈɪʃuː ˌdeɪt/ set text n /ˌset ˈtekst/ business n /ˈbɪznəs/
brainstorm v /ˈbreɪnstɔːm / shared house n /ˌʃeəd ˈhaʊs/
business n /ˈbɪznəs/ journal n /ˈʤ ɜːnl/ single a d j /ˈsɪŋgl/ capital n /ˈkæpɪtl/
skim v /skɪm / castle n /ˈkɑːsl/
certificate n /səˈtɪfɪkət/ keep a record of v /ˌkɪːp ə ˈrekɔːd skim reading n /ˈskɪm ˌriːdɪŋ/ century n /ˈsenʧəri/
commence v /kəˈmens/ əv/ soon a d v /suːn/ city-state n /ˈsɪti ˌsteɪt/
complete v /kəm ˈpllːt/ special diet n /ˌspeʃl ˈdaɪət/ climb v /klaɪm /
concentrate v /ˈkɒnsəntreɪt/ keyboard n /ˈkiːbɔːd/ specify v /ˈspesɪfaɪ/ coal n /kəʊl/
credit card n /ˈkredɪt ˌkɑːd/ speed n /splːd/ coastline n /ˈkəʊstlaɪn/
literature n /ˈlɪtrəʧə(r)/ spellchecker n /ˈspelʧekə(r)/ continents n p l /ˈkɒntɪnənts/
date of birth n /ˌdeɪt əv ˈbɜːθ/ looking forward to v /ˈlʊkɪŋ spelling n /ˈspehŋ/ cottage n /ˈkɒtɪʤ /
definition n /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/ sports centre n /ˈspɔːts ˌsentə(r)/ create v /kriˈeɪt/
delete as appropriate v /dɪˌliːt əz ˌfɔːwəd tə/ statistic n /stəˈtɪstɪk/ creation n /kriˈeɪʃn/
stress n /stres/
əˈprəʊpriət/ m ain points n p i /ˈm eɪn ˌpɔɪnts/ stressed syllab les n p l /ˌstrest depend on v /dɪˈpend ˌɒn/
departure n /dɪˈpɑːʧə(r)/ make the best of v /ˌmeɪk ðə desert n /ˈdezət/
details n p l /ˈdɪːteɪlz/ ˈsɪləblz/ destination n /ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn/
ˈbest əv/ stress m ark n /ˈstres ˌmɑːk/ develop v /dɪˈveləp/
make notes v /ˌm eɪk, ˈnəʊts/ stress pattern n /ˈstres ˌpætn/
ɪnale a d j /m eɪl/
m arital status n /ˈm ærɪtl ˌsteɪtəs/
M aster’s D egree n /ˈm ɑ ːstə z

dɪˌgriː/
m ention v /ˈm enʃn/
m ethod n /ˈmeθəd/
m iddle naɪne n /ˈmɪdl ˌneɪɪn/
m ixture n /ˈm ɪksʧə(r)/

64 Word list

diagram n /ˈdaɪəgræm / relax v /rɪˈlæks/ content n /ˈkɒ n te nt/ linkin g words n p l /ˈlɪŋkɪŋ
differences n p l /ˈdɪfrən stz/ republic n /rɪ ˈpʌblɪk / corridor n /ˈkɒ rɪdɔː(r)/ ˌw ɜːdz /
discard v /d ɪsˈk ɑːd/ revolution n /re vəˈluːʃn / cowboy boots n p l /ˈkaʊbɔɪ
rule v /ruːl/ load v /ləʊd/
east n , a d y a d v /iːst/ ˌbuːts/ logical a d j /ˈlrɪʤɪk l/
econom y n /ɪˈkɒ n əmi/ S aharan /səˈhɑːrə/ customs n p l /ˈkʌstəm z/ look up v /ˈlʊk ˌʌp/
Eiffel Tower n /ˈɑɪfl ˈtaʊə(r) scale n /s k e ɪl/ luckily a d v /ˈlʌk əlɪ/
Equator n /ɪˈkw eɪtə(r)/ seashore n /ˈslːʃɔ(r)/ die v /daɪ/ lucky a d j /ˈlʌkɪ/
E uro D isn ey n /ˈjʊ ə rə ˈdɪz n i/ similarities n p l /ˌsɪm ɔˈlærətiz/ direct a d j /dəˈrek t , dɪ-, daɪ-/
Europe n /ˈjʊərəp/ Singapore n /ˌsɪŋəˈpɔː(r)/ discover v /dɪˈsk ʌvə(r)/ make sense v /ˌme ɪ k ˈsen s/
skiing n /skɪːɪŋ m anaging director n /ˌmæn əʤ ɪŋ
fa h u lo u s a d j /ˈf æ bJələs/ skyscraper n /ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/ en courage v /ɪ n ˈk ʌrtʤ /
famous a d j /ˈfe ɪm əs/ south n, a d y a d v /sauθ/ events n p l /ɪˈve n ts/ dəˈre ktə(r), dɪ-, daɪ-/
farm ing n /ˈfoːm ɪŋ/ South A m erica n /ˌsaʊθ examine v /ɪgˈzæm ɪn/ m ature a dj /m əˈʧʊə(r)/
Erance n /f rɑ ːn s/ exhausting a d j /ɪgˈzɔːstɪŋ/ m axim um a d j /ˈmæk stm əm /
fresh w ater n /ˌf r e ʃ ˈw ɔ ːtə (r)/ əˈme rɪk ə/ expect v /ɪ k ˈspek t/ M D n /ˌe m ˈdiː/
frontier n /ˈfrʌn tɪə(r)/ south-east a d j /ˌsaʊθ ˈiːst/ expected a d j /ɪ k ˈspe k t ɪ d/ m eeting n /ˈm iːtɪŋ/
South Pole n /ˌsaʊθ ˈpəʊl/ experienced a d j /ɪkˈspɪəriən st/ M iddle East n /ˌmɪdl ˈiːst/
gas n /gæs/ space rocket n /ˈspe ɪs ˌrɒ k ɪt/ explain v /ɪkˈsple ɪn / m inim um a d j /ˈm ɪn ɪməm/
synonyms n p l /ˈsɪ n ən ɪm z / m istake v /m ɪˈste ɪk/
geography n /ʤiˈɒ grəfi/ fall asleep v /ˌf ɔ ːl əˈsliːp/ m istaken identity n /m ɪˌste ɪk n
govern v /ˈgʌvn/ Tamil n /ˈtæm l/ first-class a d j /ˈf ɜ ːs t ˌklɑːs/
topic areas n p l /ˈtɒ p ɪ k ˌe əriəz/ filght n /flatt/ aɪˈde n təti/
historic a d j /hɪˈstɒrɪk/ tourism n /ˈtʊərɪzm / filght attendant n /ˈf laɪt m obile a d j /ˈm əʊ b aɪl/
history n /ˈhtstri/ tourist n /ˈtʊərɪst/ m om ent n /ˈm əʊm ən t/
however conj /hauˈe və(r)/ tra d itio n a l a d j /trə ˈd ɪʃə n l/ əˌte n dən t/ m oon n /m uːn /
focus on v /ˈfəʊkəs ˌɒn/
include v /ɪ n ˈkluːd/ United Kingdom n /jəˌn aɪtɪd fortunately a d v /ˈf ɔːʧ ə n ətli/ n e gative a d j /ˈne gətɪv/
includin g p rep /ɪn ˈkluːdɪŋ/ ˈk ɪŋ d əm / freezing a d j /ˈfrɪːz ɪŋ/ new spaper article n /ˈn ju ːsp e ɪ pɔr
independent a d j /ˌɪndɪˈpe ndən t/ French a d j /f re n ʧ/
industries n p l /ˈɪndəstriz/ un polluted a d j /ˌʌn pəˈluːtɪd/ frighteɪred a d j /ˈf r a ɪ t n d/ ˌɑ ːtɪk l/
Irish S e a n /ˌa ɪrɪʃ ˈsiː/ fru itful a d j /ˈf r u ːtf l/ n o d (your head) v /ˌn ɒd (jɔː
island n /ˈaɪlən d/ w ales n /w e ɪ lz /
w elsh n /w e lʃ/ go through (his notes) v /ˈgəʊ ˈhed)/
kingdom n /ˈkɪŋdəm / west n , a d y a d v /w est/ ˌθruː/ notice v /ˈn əʊtɪs/
k m n /ˌkeɪ ˈe m / western a d j /ˈwe stə n/
wild a d j /w aɪld/ greet v /griːt/ o n the Job a d v /ˌɒ n ðə ˈʤɒ b/
lake n /le ɪk/ w orld-fam ous a d j /ˌw ɜːld guess n /ge s/ on tim e a d v /ˌɒn ˈtaɪɪn/
logically a d v /ˈlɒ ʤ ɪkli/ organizer n /ˈɔːgənaɪzə(r)/
loud a d v /laʊd/ ˈf e ɪm əs/ hall n /hɔːl/ overjoyed a d j /ˌəʊvəˈʤ ɔɪd/
Eouvre n /lʊːvrə/ zoo n /zuː/ headline n /ˈhe d la ɪn/
hold n /həʊld/ panic v /ˈpæ nɪk /
Malay n /məˈle ɪ / Unit 3 horrified a d j /ˈhɒ rɪfaɪd/ part-tim e a d j /ˈpɑːt ˌtatm/
M andarin n /ˈmæn d ərɪn/ horror n /ˈhɒrə(r)/ passenger n /ˈpæsɪnʤ ə(r)/
m an -m ade a d j /ˌm æ n ˈme ɪd/ airline n /ˈe ə la ɪn / hugely a d v /ˈhjuːʤ li/
m annfacturing n apologize v /əˈpɒ ləʤ aɪz / hurt adj /hɜːt/ patient adj /ˈpeɪʃnt/
appropriate a d j /əˈprəʊpriət/
/ˌm ænjəˈf æ kʧərɪŋ/ at the top of his voice /ət ðə ˌtɒp identify v /aɪˈde n tɪf aɪ/ petrified a d j /ˈpe trɪf aɪd/
M editerranean Sea n illegal a d j /ɪˈlɪːgl/ pick (bim ) up v /ˌpɪk ... ˈʌp/
əv hɪz ˈvɔɪs/ illegihlea d j /ɪˈle ʤ əbl/ pilot n /ˈpaɪlət/
/ˌme d ɪtəˌre ɪn iən ˈsiː/ Australian a d j /ɒ ˈstreɪliən/ illogical a d j /ɪˈlɒ ʤ ɪ k l/ place v /pleɪs/
m inin g n /ˈmaɪn ɪ ŋ/ im m ature adj /ˌɪm əˈʧʊə(r)/ plan v /plærɪ/
m odern a d j /ˈmɒdn/ Baggage n /ˈhægɪʤ / im m ediately a d v /ɪˈm iːd iətli/ positive a d j /ˈpɒ z ətɪv/
M orocco n /m əˈrɒ kəʊ/ baggage handler n /ˈbægɪʤ im m igration control n / possibilities n p l /ˌpɒ səˈbɪlətiz/
m ountain n /ˈmaʊn tən/ possible a d j /ˈpɒsəbl/
m ountain ranges n p l /ˈmaʊn tə n ˌhæn dlə(r)/ ˌɪmɪˌgre ɪʃn kənˈtrəʊl/ predict v /prəˈdɪkt/
bː^gage truck n /ˈbægɪʤ ˌtrʌk / im m obile adj /ɪˈm əʊbaɪl/ preftx n /ˈprɪːf ɪks/
ˌre ɪnʤ ɪz/ balloon n /bəˈluːn/ im patient adj /ɪmˈpe ɪʃn t/ prepared to a dj /prɪˈpe ə d tə /
M ount Everest n /ˌmaʊnt bang v /bæŋ/ im personal a d j /ɪm ˈpɜːsənl/ presentations n p l /ˌpre zənˈte ɪʃn z/
boss n /b ɒ s/ impossible a d j /ɪm ˈpɒsəbl/ private a d j /ˈpraɪvət/
ˈevərɪ st/ briefcase n /ˈbriːf k e ɪ s/ inappropriate a d j /ɪn əˈprəʊpriət/ prom ise v /ˈprɒm ɪs/
m useum n /m juːˈz iːəm / businessm an n /ˈbɪzn əsm ən/ increased a d j /ˈɪŋk riːst/ public a d j /ˈpʌblɪk/
busin ess people n p l /ˈbtz n əs indirect adj /ˌɪndəˈre k t, ˌɪndɪ-, pump v /pʌmp/
national assembly n /ˌn æ ʃn əl punctuate v /ˈpʌŋkʧʊeɪt/
əˈse mbll/ ˌpɪːpl/ ˌɪn daɪ-/ put rigbt v /ˌpʊt ˈraɪt/
businesswoman n inexperien ced adj
natural resources n p l /ˌnæ ʧrəl regular a d j /ˈre gjələ(r)/
rɪˈz ɔːsɪz / /ˈbɪz n əsw ʊm ən/ /ˌɪn ɪkˈspɪəriən st/ relations n p l /r ɪ ˈleɪʃ n z/
in fact /ˌɪn ˈfækt/ relatives n p l /ˈrelətɪvz/
Nile n /naɪl/ cap tain n /ˈk æ p tɪn / in fo rm v / ɪ n ˈf ɔːm / relevan t a d j /ˈre ləvən t/
noisy a d j /ˈn ɔ tz i/ case n /k e ts/ irrelevant a d j /ɪˈreləvən t/ relief n /rɪˈliːf/
north n, a d y a d v /n ɔːθ/ catch v /k æ ʧ/ irrespon sible a d j /ˌɪrɪˈspɒ n səbl/ reply v /rɪˈplaɪ/
n o rthern a d j /ˈn ɔːð ən/ ceiling n /ˈsiːlɪŋ/ reporters n p l /rɪˈpɔːtəz/
N orth Pole n /ˌnɔːθ ˈpəʊl/ com m erce n /ˈk ɒ m ɜːs/ Jeans n p l /ʤ iːnz/ respon sible a d j /rɪ ˈspɒ n səbl/
com prehen sion n Joke v /ʤ əʊk / rest n /re st/
ocean n /ˈəʊʃn/ return ticket n /rɪˈtɜːn ˌtɪk ɪt/
official language n /əˌf ɪʃ l /ˌk ɒm prɪˈhe n ʃ n/ kangaroo n /ˌkæŋgəˈruː/ rush v /rʌʃ/
conference n /ˈk ɒ n fərəns/ large a d j /lɑːʤ /
ˈlæ ŋgw ɪʤ / conference cen tre n /ˈk ɒ n fə rə n s legal a d j /ˈlɪːgl/ Scottish a d j /ˈsk ɒ tiʃ /
oil n /ɔɪl/ legible a d j /ˈleʤ əbl/ sem inar n /ˈse m ɪn ɑː(r)/
ˌse n tə (r)/ Libyan ad j /ˈlɪbiən/
pollute d a d j /pəˈlu ːtɪd /
pond n /pɒnd/
popular a d j /ˈpɒpjələ(r)/

rainforests n p l /ˈreɪnfɒ rɪsts/

Word list 65

shift n /ʃ ɪf t/ convenience n /k ənˈviːniəns/ lighting n /ˈlaɪtɪŋ/ sm art cards n p l /ˈsm ɑːt ˌkɑːdz /
c o p y n /ˈkɒ pi/ spe cial a d j /ˈspe ʃl/
sign n /saɪn/ correspon den t n /ˌkɒ rɪˈspɒ ndənt/ m agnetic a d j /m ægˈn e tɪk/ speed up v /ˌsplːd ˈʌp/
crasb v /k ræ ʃ/ m anage v /ˈm æn ɪʤ/ steal v /stɪːl/
situation n /ˌsɪʧʊˈe ɪʃ n/ credit cards n p l /ˈkre dɪt ˌkɑːdz/ m anufacture v /ˌmæn jəˈf æ k ʧə(r)/ steer v /stɪə(r)/
smartly-dressed adj /ˌsmɑːtli cultu res n p l /ˈk ʌ lʧ ə z / m anufacturer n steering wheel n /ˈstɪə r ɪŋ ˌwɪːl/
store v /stɔː(r)/
ˈdre st/ damage v /ˈdæm ɪʤ/ /ˌm ænjəˈfækʧərə(r)/ straight away a d v /ˌstre ɪt əˈw eɪ/
sm artly-suited a d j /ˈsm ɑːtli data n /ˈdeɪtə/ m aterial n /m əˈtɪəriəl/ street crim e n /ˈstriːt ˌkraɪm/
dependen t a dj /dɪˈpen dənt/ m em ory sticks n p l /ˈme məri stro n g ly a d v /ˈs trɒ ŋli/
ˌsuːtɪd/ design v /dɪˈzaɪn / suggest v /səˈʤ est/
solve v /sɒ lv/ despite p rep /dɪˈspaɪt/ ˌstɪks/ suggestion n /səˈʤ e sʧən/
speech n /spiːʧ/ development n /d ɪ ˈveləpm ən t/ support v /səˈpɔːt/
speed v /spiːd/ device n /d ɪ ˈvaɪ s/ message n /ˈme sɪʤ / system n /ˈsɪstəm /
spread v /spred/ digital cam era n /ˌdɪʤ ɪtl m icroprocessor n
stare v /ste ə(r)/ take off v /ˌte ɪk ˈɒf/
stay n /s te ɪ/ ˈkæ m ərə/ /ˌm aɪk rəʊˈprəʊse sə(r)/ topic sentences n p l /ˈtɒpɪk
stow aw ay n /ˈstə ʊ ə w e ɪ/ directly a d v /dəˈrektlɪ, dɪ-, daɪ-/ m ohile p h o n e n /ˌm əʊ baɪl ˈf əʊ n /
successful a d j /sə k ˈse sfl/ disadvantages n p l m odels n p l /ˈmɒ dlz / ˌsen tə n sɪz/
suitcases n p l /ˈsuːtk e ɪ sɪ z/ m otorways n p l /ˈm əʊtəw e ɪz / to conclude /tə kənˈkluːd/
survive v /səˈvaɪ v/ /ˌdɪsədˈvɑːn t ɪʤ ɪ z/ movie n /ˈmuːvɪ/ to sum up /tə ˌsʌm ˈʌp/
systems n p l /ˈsɪ stəm z / disagree v /ˌdɪsəˈgriː/ m ulti-hilhon adj /ˈm ʌlti ˌhɪljən/ typewriter n /ˈtaɪpraɪtə(r)/
disaster n /dɪˈz ɑːstə(r)/ tyres n p l /ˈtaɪəz/
talk n /tɔ ːk / d o c u m e n ta ry n / ,d ɒ k jə ˈm e n tri/ needs n p l /n ɪːdz /
terrible a d j /ˈte rə b l/ d o w n lo ad v /ˌdaʊ n ˈləʊd/ unreliable a d j /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/
therefore conj /ˈðe əfɔː(r)/ drawbacks n p l /ˈdrɔːbæ k s/ old-fashion ed a d j /ˌəʊld ˈfæʃnd/ unsuitable a d j /ˌʌn ˈsuːtəbl/
top a d j /tɒp/ driverless a d j /ˈdraɪvələs/ o n the other han d /ˌɒn ð ɪ ˈʌðə use n /juːs/
trade n /tre ɪd/
travel v /ˈtrævl/ edit v /ˈe d ɪt/ ˌhæn d/ value n /ˈvæljuː/
electronic a d j /ɪ ˌle k ˈtrɒ n ɪk / opinio n n /əˈpɪnjən/ vehicles n p l /ˈviːək lz/
uncom fortahle a d j /ˌʌn ˈkʌmf təbl/ em ergency exit n /ɪˈm ɜːʤ ənsi opportunity n /ˌɒpəˈtJuːn əti/ voice-controlled a d j /ˈvɔɪs
unexpected a d j /ˌʌn ɪkˈspe ktɪd/ opposite n /ˈɒ pəzɪt/
u n fo rtu n ately a d v /ˌʌn ˈf ɔ ːʧ ə n ə th / ˌeksɪt/ order v /ˈɔːdə(r)/ kən ˌtrəʊld/
un h u rt a d j /ˌʌn ˈhɜːt/ origin s n p l /ˈɒ r ɪʤ ɪ n z /
u n k n o w n a d j /ˌʌn ˈn ə ʊ n / engines n p l /ˈe n ʤ ɪn z/ outlaw v /ˈaʊtlɔː/ waste v /w eɪst/
essential a d j /ɪ ˈsen ʃl/ outline v /ˈaʊtlaɪɪt/ w h at’s m o re a d v /ˌw ɒ ts ˈm ɔː(r)/
variety n /vəˈraɪəti/ everyday a d j /ˈe v rid e ɪ/ ovens n p l /ˈʌvn z / w hite lin es n p l /ˌw aɪt ˈlaɪ n z /
violin n /ˌvaɪəˈlɪn/ overhead a d v /ˌəʊʌəˈhe d/ wing n /w ɪŋ/
fed up a d j /ˌfe d ˈʌp/ own v /əʊn/ w ithin p r e p /w ɪˈðɪn/
Unit 4 finally a d v /ˈfaɪ nəli/ ownership n /ˈəʊnəʃɪp/ wonderful a d j /ˈwʌn dəfl/
firstly a d v /ˈf ɜ ːstll/
accelerate v /əkˈse ləre ɪ t/ for example /f ər ɪgˈzɑːmpl/ pass v /puːs/ yours /jɔːz/
accelerator n /əkˈse ləreɪtə(r)/ for In stan ce /f ə r ˈɪ n s tə n s/ p h o n e call n /ˈf ə ʊ n ˌk ɔ ːl/ yours faithfully /ˌjɔːz ˈfeɪθf əli/
according to p re p /əˈk ɔːdɪŋ tə/ free tim e n /ˌf riː ˈtaɪm/ photographer n /f əˈtɒ grəf ə(r)/
achieve v /əˈʧiːv/ furtberm ore a d v /ˌfɜːðəˈm ɔː(r)/ pilot n /ˈpaɪlət/ Unit 5
acoustic a d j /əˈk u ːstɪk / future n /ˈfjuːʧə(r)/ plans n p l /plæ n z /
advan tages n p l /ədˈvɑːn t ɪʤ ɪz/ preview v /ˈpriːvjuː/ academ ic a d j /ˌæk əˈdem ɪ k /
aim n /eɪm / go w rong v /ˌgəʊ ˈrɒ ŋ/ previous a d j /ˈpriːviəs/ acre n /ˈeɪk ə(r)/
aircraft n /ˈe ək rɑ ːft/ grow v /grəʊ/ professional a d j /p rə ˈfe ʃə n l/ agriculture n /ˈægrɪk ʌlʧə(r)/
am ount n /əˈmaʊn t/ guide n /gaɪd/ project n /ˈprɒ ʤ e k t/ antiseptic n /ˌæn tɪˈse ptɪk/
an n ounce v /əˈn aʊn s/ protect v /prəˈte kt/ appear v /əˈpɪə(r)/
anytim e a d v /ˈe n ita ɪm / harm n /hɑːm / applicants n p l /ˈæplɪkən ts/
at all tim es /ə t ˌɔːl ˈtaɪm z/ heating n /ˈhɪːtɪ ŋ/ quality n /ˈkwɒləti/ argum en ts n p l /ˈɑːgJəm ən ts/
automohile n U S /ˈɔːtəm əˌhiːl/ hohhies n p l /ˈhɒ h ɪz/ arran ge v /əˈre ɪn ʤ/
huge adj /hJuːʤ / radar n /ˈre ɪdɑː(r)/ as requ ested /əz rɪˈkw e stɪd/
ban v /bæn / rear-view m irror n /ˌrɪə ˌvjuː attach v /əˈtæ ʧ/
basic a d j /ˈbe ɪsɪ k / ideal a d j /aɪˈdɪːəl/ attachm ent n /əˈtæ ʧm ən t/
b e nefit v /ˈbe n əf ɪt/ id en tify v /a ɪ ˈde n t ɪ f a ɪ/ ˈm ɪrə(r)/ atten d v /əˈte n d/
brakes n p l /bre ɪk s/ in addition /ˌɪn əˈdɪʃn / receive v /rɪˈsiːv/ audience n /ˈɔːdiən s/
brilliant a d j /ˈbrɪliən t/ in conclusion /ˌɪn kənˈkluːʒn/ reduce v /rɪˈdjuːs/ autobiography n /ˌɔːtəb aɪˈɒ g rəf i/
in co n trast /ˌɪn ˈk ɒ n tr ɑ ːs t/ reduction n /rɪˈdʌkʃn /
cause v /k ɔ ːz / increase n /ˈɪŋkriːs/ related to a d j /rɪˈleɪtɪd ˌtu ː,tə / beauty n /ˈbjuːti/
cbannel n /ˈʧænl/ in dustry n /ˈɪn dəstri/ repetitive a d j /rɪˈpe tə tɪ v/ Best w ishes /ˌbe s t ˈw ɪʃ ɪz/
cboice n /ʧɔɪs/ insist v /ɪ n ˈsɪst/ require v /rɪˈkw aɪə(r)/ biannual a d j /b a ɪ ˈæn jʊ ə l/
circuit n /ˈsɜːk ɪt/ install v /ɪ n ˈstɔ ːl/ rise v /raɪz / bilingual a d j /ˌbaɪ ˈlɪŋgwəl/
city-dwellers n p l /ˈsɪti ˌdwe ləz / instead of p re p /ɪn ˈste d əv/ rude a dj /ruːd/ b io cb eɪn is try n /ˌbaɪəʊ ˈke m ɪstri/
clutcb n /k lʌʧ/ in th e first place /ˌɪn ðə ˈf ɜ ːs t biography n /baɪˈɒ grəfi/
cockpit n /ˈkɒ kpɪt/ satellite T v n /ˌsæ təlaɪt ˌtiː ˈviː/ hiological sciences n p l /
com pute r gam es n p l /k əm ˈpjuːtə ˌpl e ɪs/ save v /s e ɪv/
in troduction n /ˌɪn trəˈdʌk ʃ n / scan v /skæn/ ˌbaɪəˌlɒ ʤ tk l ˈsaɪə n sɪz/
ˌge ɪmz/ irritating adj /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ/ scanners n p l /ˈskænəz/ book v /bʊk /
secondly a d v /ˈse k ə n dli/ bower n /ˈbaʊə(r)/
con clusion n /k ə n ˈk lu ːʒ n / keep in touch v /ˌk iːp ɪn ˈtʌʧ/ security n /sɪˈk jʊərəti/ brief a dj /briːf/
conditions n p l /k ən ˈdɪʃnz/ select v /sɪˈlekt/ bursary n /ˈbɜːsəri/
constantly a d v /ˈkɒ n stə n th/ laptop n /ˈlæ p tɒ p/ sensor n /ˈse n sə(r)/
content n /ˈkɒn t e n t/ lastly a d v /ˈlɑːstli/ set up v /ˌset ˈʌp/ candidates n p l /ˈkæ ndɪde ɪts/
co n trol v /k ə n ˈtrəʊ l/ latest a d j /ˈle ɪtɪs t/ significant a d j /s ɪgˈn ɪf ɪkɔn t/
leisure n /ˈle ʒə(r)/ silent a d j /ˈsaɪlə n t/
let (sh) know v /ˌlet ...ˈn əʊ / S tM cards n p l /ˈsɪm ˌk o ːd z /
slow dow n v /,sləʊ ˈdaʊn /

66 Word list

carhon n /ˈkɑːhən/ latter a d j /ˈlætə(r)/ specify v /ˈspesɪf aɪ/ decline n /dɪˈklaɪn/
chair n, v /ʧeə(r)/ layout n /ˈleɪaʊt/ subm arin e n /ˌsʌbm əˈriːn / decrease v /dɪˈkriːs/
characteristic n /ˌkæ rək təˈrɪstɪk / lesions n p l /ˈlɪːʒn z / suffixes n p l /ˈsʌf ɪ k sɪz / dem and n /dɪˈm ɑːn d/
check in v /ˌʧe k ˈɪn / liquid n /ˈlɪkw ɪd/ swallow v /ˈsw ɒ l əʊ/ depend v /d ɪ ˈpe nd/
Cheers /ʧɪəz / literary a d j /ˈlɪtərəri/ sym ptom n /ˈsɪm ptəm / develop v /dɪˈve ləp/
ch em istry n /ˈk e m ɪ stri/ loveliness n /ˈlʌvlin əs/ diam eter n /daɪˈæm ɪtə(r)/
chicken n /ˈʧɪk ɪn/ tem porary adj /ˈtem pərəri/ diet n /ˈdaɪət/
clear a d j /k lɪə(r)/ m alaria n /məˈleəriə/ term (= word) n /tɜːm / diseases n p l /dɪˈz ɪːz ɪz /
coach n /k əʊʧ/ m edical a d j /ˈm e d ɪk l/ textbook n /ˈtek stbʊk/ distrnst n /dɪsˈtrʌst/
coffee h re a k n /ˈkɒfi ˌhre ɪk/ m icrophone n /ˈm aɪk rəf əʊn/ tone n /təʊ n/ drop n /drop/
colleagues n p l /ˈk ɒ lɪːg z / m inistry n /ˈm ɪnəstri/ to p o g rap h y n /tə ˈp ɒ g r ə f i/
collection n /kəˈle k ʃ n / m isprint n iˈm ɪsprɪnt/ tour n /tʊə(r)/ effect n /ɪˈf ek t/
con ference n /ˈkɒn f ərən s/ m osque n /m ɒ sk/ tra n sfo rm v /tr æ n sˈf ɔːm / elements n p l /ˈeləm ən ts/
contact details n p l /ˈkɒ ntæ kt m u ltim ed ian /ˌm ʌltɪ ˈmiːdiə/ translation n /træ nsˈleɪʃn / ensure v /ɪn ˈʃʊə(r)/
Turkey n /ˈtɜ ːki/ equals v /ˈiːkw əlz/
ˌdiːteɪlz/ n ation al a d j /ˈn æ ʃn ə l/ tutor n /ˈtjuːtə(r)/ evidence n /ˈevɪdəns/
co n ten ts n p l /ˈk ɒ n te n ts / note n /nəʊt/ typical a d j /ˈtɪpɪkl/ exist v /ɪgˈz ɪst/
cream n /ˈk riːm / noted a d j /ˈnəʊtɪd/ typing n /ta ɪ pɪŋ/
criticism n /ˈkrɪtɪstz m/ nothin gness n /ˈnʌθɪŋnəs/ face m asks n p l /ˈf e ɪs ˌm ɑːsks/
c u rre n tly a d v /ˈk ʌ r ə n t lɪ/ novel n /ˈn ɒ vl/ use n /juːsi fact n /f æ kt/
cut n /ˈitʌt/ n ovelist n /ˈn ɒ vəlɪ st/ factories n p l /ˈf æ k tə r iz /
n uclear pow er statiorɪs n p l venue n /ˈve n ju ː/
depart v /dɪˈpɑːt/ fight v, n /faɪt/
development n /d ɪ ˈveləpm ən t/ /ˌnjuːkliə ˈpaʊə ˌsteɪʃnz / w edding n /ˈw ediŋ/
difficulty n /ˈdɪf ɪk əltɪ/ wish v /w ɪʃ / final n /ˈf a ɪn l/
dysphagia n /dɪsˈfeɪʤ ɪə/ ob struction n /əhˈstrʌkʃ n/ forest fires n p l /ˈf ɒ rɪst ˌfaɪəz /
ohvious a d j /ˈɒbviəs/ y o u rs sincerely /ˌjɔ ːz s ɪ n ˈsɪəlɪ/ fossil fuels n p l /ˈf ɒ s lˌ f jʊ əlz /
energetic a d j /ˌe n əˈʤe tɪk / open air n /ˌəʊpən ˈeə(r)/
essay n /ˈeseɪ/ overall a d j /ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/ Unit 6 generations n p l /ˌʤ en əˈre ɪʃnz/
exhib ition n /ˌe ksɪˈbɪʃ n / gigab yte n /ˈgɪgəbaɪt/
expert n /ˈek spɜːt/ paper (at a con feren ce) n actually a d v /ˈæ kʧʊəlɪ/
ex-president n /ˌek s ˈprez ɪdən t/ /ˈpeɪ p ə(r)/ ancestors n p l /ˈæn se stə z / hahits n p l /ˈhæ bɪts/
ancient a d j /ˈe ɪn ʃn t/ half n /hɑːf /
familiar a d j /f əˈmɪliə(r)/ particularly a d v /pəˈtɪk jələli/ applied science n /əˌplaɪ d ˈsaɪəns/ heart attacks n p l /ˈbuːt əˌtæks/
farewell n /f e əˈw e l/ patien t n /ˈpeɪJn t/ apply v /əˈplaɪ/ height n /haɪt/
farm n /f aːm / Please find attached ... /ˈpliːz arthritis n /ɑːˈθraɪtəs/
fax n /f æks/ asthm a n /ˈæsmə/ ill health n /ˌɪl ˈhe lθ/
features n p l /ˈf ɪːʧəz/ f aɪn d əˌtæ ʧt/ author n /ˈɔːθə(r)/ increase n /ˈɪŋkriːs/
fields (academ ic) n p l /f iːldz/ Please find enclosed... /ˈplɪːz average a d j /ˈævərɪʤ / in creased a dj /ˈɪŋkriːst/
final a d j /ˈf a ɪn l/ in creasing a d j /ɪ n ˈkriːsɪŋ/
fiuen t l y a d v /ˈf lu ːə n tli/ faɪnd ɪnˌk ləʊz d/ hestseller n /ˌbestˈselə(r)/ increasin gly a d v /ɪn ˈk riːsɪŋ ll/
form er adj /ˈfɔːm ə(r)/ plenary n /ˈpliːnərɪ/ billion n /ˈbɪljən/ industrial a dj /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/
poem n /ˈpəʊɪm/ bones n p l /bəʊn z/ in fact a d v /ˌɪn ˈf æ k t/
gases n p l /ˈgæsɪz/ poet n /ˈpəʊɪt/ breaktbrougb n /ˈbre ɪk θruː/ interpret v /ɪn ˈtɜːprɪt/
graduate v /ˈgræ djʊe ɪt/ poin t v /p ɔɪn t/ bullet points n p l /ˈbʊlɪt ˌpɔɪnts/ in turn a d v /ˌɪn ˈtɜːn/
great a d j /gre ɪt/ postgradnate n /ˌpəʊst
busy adj /ˈbɪzi/ key a d j /k iː/
gust n /gʌst/ ˈg ræ d jʊ ət/ bytes np l /baɪts/
prefix n /ˈpriːtik s/ latest ad j /ˈle ɪtɪ st/
head n /he d/ prin tiɪtg n /ˈprɪn t ɪ ŋ/ C anada n /ˈkæn ədə/ lead to v /ˈliːd ˌtu ː, tə/
hedge n /he ʤ/ pro f (professor) n /prɒ f/ Canadian a d j /k əˈn e ɪdiən / less than /ˈles ðən/
hold (a con feren ce) v /həʊld/ program m e of events n cause n /kɔːz/ level n /ˈl e vI/
Celsius n /ˈse lsiəs/ likely a d j /ˈlaɪ kli/
Ld love to . . . /ˌaɪd ˈlʌv tə / /ˌprəʊgræm əv ɪˈve n ts/ centigrade n /ˈsen tɪg reɪd/ link n /lɪŋk/
prom inent a d j /ˈprɒ m ɪnənt/ central a d j /ˈsen trəl/ long-term a d j /ˌlɒŋ ˈtɜːm /
1 have g reat pleasure In ... /ˌaɪ purpose n /ˈpɜːpəs/ cbildhood n /ˈʧaɪldhʊd/ lu n g can cer n /ˈlʌŋ ˌk æ n sə (r)/
cbips n p l /ʧ ɪ ps/
hæ v ˈgre ɪt ˌple ʒ ə r ɪn / qualification s n p l claim v /kle ɪm/ m ajor adj /ˈm eɪʤ ə(r)/
/ˌk w ɒ l ɪ f ɪˈke ɪʃ n z / claims n p l /kle ɪmz/ m ake notes v /ˌm e ɪk ˈn əʊ ts/
1lo o k for w ard to ... /ˌaɪ ˈlʊk colleagues n p l /ˈkɒlɪ ːgz / m an-m ade a d j /ˌm æn ˈme ɪd/
reasonab le a d j /ˈriːzn əhl/ con centrate v /ˈk ɒn sən tre ɪt/ mathem atical symhol n
ˌfɔːw əd tə/ reduce v /rɪˈdjuːs/ con clude v /k ə n ˈk luːd/
im prove v /ɪm ˈpruːv/ reference n /ˈref rən s/ connection n /kəˈn e kʃn/ /ˌm æθəˌm ætɪkl ˈsɪmbl/
in charge /ˌɪn ˈʧɑːʤ/ rem ind v /rɪˈm aɪn d/ consist v /kən ˈsɪst/ m etres n p l /ˈm ɪːtəz /
in favour o f p r e p /ˌɪn ˈf e ɪv ə r ə v / re ɪn in d e r n /rɪˈm a ɪ n d ə (r)/ contribute v /k ənˈtrɪb ju ːt, m icrons n p l /ˈm aɪk rɒ nz/
infected a d j /ɪnˈʃe k tɪd/ renew ahle a d j / r ɪ ˈn ju ːə h l/ m in in g n /ˈm aɪn ɪŋ/
infiam m atory adj /ɪnˈf læm ətri/ review v /rɪˈvjuː/ ˈkɒ n trɪb ju ːt/ m in us p rep /ˈm aɪn əs/
inform v / ɪnˈf ɔːm / contributor n /kən ˈtrɪbjətə(r)/ m otor vehicle n /ˈm əʊtə ˌviːəkl/
in fo rm ally a d v /ɪn ˈf ɔ ːm ə lɪ/ screen n /skriːn/ cures n p l /k jʊəz/
in herent a d j /ɪn ˈherən t/ senior lecturer n /ˌsiːn iə natural a d j /ˈnæ ʧrəl/
in support of /ˌɪn səˈpɔːt əv/ daily a d j /ˈde ɪli/ nought n /nɔːt/
interm ediate a d j /ˌɪntəˈm iːdiət/ ˈlekʧərə(r)/ damage n /ˈdæmɪʤ /
international a d j /ˌɪntəˈnæʃnəl/ session n /ˈseʃn / dan ger n /ˈdeɪn ʤ ə(r)/ oil n /ɔ ɪl/
invitation n /ˌɪn v ɪˈteɪʃn / s e to f f v /ˌse t ˈɒf / data n /ˈde ɪtə/ ordinal num bers n p l /ˈɔːdɪnl
itin erary n /aɪˈtɪn ərəri/ shelter n /ˈʃ e l tə (r)/ decades n p l /ˈde k e ɪdz/
It w ould he greatly appreciated decimals n p l /ˈdesɪm lz / ˌn ʌ m b ə z /
sightseeing n /ˈsaɪtsiːɪŋ/ origin al a d j /əˈrɪʤ ən l/
if... /ˌɪt w ʊd hɪ ˈgre ɪtli site n /saɪt/ origins n p l /ˈɒ rɪʤ ɪnz /
əˌpriːʃieɪ tɪd ɪf/
skills n p l /skɪlz/ paraphrase v /ˈpæ rəfre ɪz/
joy n /ʤ ɔɪ/ social life n /ˈsəʊ ʃl ˌlaɪ f / particles n p l /ˈpɑːtɪklz /
sources n p l /ˈsɔːsɪz /
speaker n /ˈspiːk ə(r)/

Word list 67

percentages n p l /pəˈsentəʤ ɪz / uncertainty n /ˌʌnˈsɜːtnti/ decade n /ˈde k eɪd/ movie n /ˈmuːvi/
undervalue v /ˌʌn dəˈvælju ː/ degree n /dɪˈgriː/ ɪnystery n /ˈm ɪ stri/
pi n /paɪ/ unsurprisin gly a d v democratically a dv mysterious adj /m ɪsˈtɪəriəs/

plagiarize v /ˈpleɪʤ əraɪz / /ˌʌn səˈpraɪzɪ ŋli/ /ˌdem əˈkrætɪkli/ nam e v /ne ɪm/
pollutants n p l /pəˈlu ːtə n ts/ design v /dɪˈzaɪn / Nohel Prize n /ˌn əʊbe l ˈpraɪz/
polluted a d j /pəˈluːtɪd/ value n /ˈvæ lju ː/ detection n /dɪˈtek ʃ n/ n o n -d e fining relative clause n /
pollution n /pəˈluːʃ n / vehicle n /ˈvlːəkl/ detective n /d ɪ ˈtektɪv/
poorly a d v /ˈp ɔːh , ˈpʊəlɪ/ v itam in C n /v ɪ tə m ɪ n ˈsɪ ː/ direct a d y v /dəˈre kt, d ɪ-, daɪ-/ ˌ n ɒ n d ɪ ˌf a ɪn ɪ ŋ ˌre lə tɪ v ˈk lɔːz/
possib ility n /ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/ volcanoes n p l /v ɒ lˈkeɪn əʊz / director n /dəˈre ktə(r), d ɪ-, daɪ-/ n oted a d j /ˈn əʊtɪd/
pow er stations n p l /ˈpaʊə disadvantaged adj novel n /ˈn ɒvl/
zero n /ˈz ɪ ərəʊ/ novelist n /ˈnɒ vəlɪ st/
ˌsteɪʃnz/ /,d ɪ sədˈvɒ ːn tiʤ d/
previously a d v /ˈpriːvɪəslɪ/ Unit 7 discovery n /dɪˈsk ʌvəri/ ohtain v /əbˈte ɪn/
prim ary school n /ˈpraɪmərl distinctive a d j /dɪˈstɪŋk t ɪv/ om it v /əˈm ɪt/
ab stract n /ˈæ bstræ kt/ dram atist n /ˈdræ m ətɪst/ o n line a d j /ˈɒn laɪn /
ˌskuːl/ accompany v /əˈkʌm pənl/ edition n /ɪˈdɪʃn / o f all tim e a d v /əv ˌɔːl ˈtaɪm/
prohahlya d v /ˈprɒ bəhli/ actor n /ˈæktə(r)/ educate v /ˈe ʤ ɪɪk eɪt/ opera n /ˈɒpərə/
prom inent a d j /ˈprɒm ɪn ən t/ additional a d j /əˈdɪʃ ə n l/ efficient a d j /ɪˈfɪ ʃ n t/ orchestra n /ˈɔːkɪstrə/
properly a d v /ˈprɒpəlɪ/ adm ire v /ədˈm aɪə(r)/
protect v /prəˈte kt/ age (= period of time) n /e ɪʤ/ Egypt n /ˈiːʤɪpt/ palace n /ˈpæləs/
prove v /pruːv/ An g o la n /æŋˈgəʊlə/ peace n /piːs/
pupils n p l /ˈpJuːplz / annual a d j /ˈæn jʊəl/ Egyptian a d j /ɪ ˈʤɪ pʃɪɪ/ percentage n /pəˈsen tɪʤ /
pure science n /ˌpjʊə ˈsaɪəns/ apartbeid n /əˈp o ːtaɪ t/ elect v /ɪˈle kt/ philosopher n /f ɪ ˈlɒsəf ə(r)/
approximately a d v e m p ty v /ˈe m p tɪ/ playwright n /ˈple ɪra ɪt/
quarter n /ˈkw ɔːtə(r)/ encyclopaedia n / ɪ n ˌsaɪk ləˈplːdɪə/ poetic a dj /pəʊˈetɪk /
quote v /k wəʊt/ /əˈprɒ ksɪm ɔtlɪ/ en din g n /ˈe n d ɪŋ/ Poet Laureate n /ˌp əʊ ɪt ˈlɒ riə t/
Arabic a d j /ˈærəbɪk/ especially a d v /ɪˈs p e ʃli/ poetry n /ˈpəʊətri/
ratio n /ˈreɪʃiəʊ/ Arabism n /ˈærəbɪzm / export n /ˈe k sp ɔːt/ p o litician n /ˌp ɒ ləˈtɪʃ ɪV
reaction n /riˈækʃ n / archae ologist n /ˌɑːkiˈɒləʤ ɪst/ extracts n p l /ˈe k stræ kts/ portrait n /ˈpɔːtre ɪt/
reassuring a d j /ˌriːəˈʃʊərɪŋ/ A rgentina n /ˌɑːʤ ɔn ˈtiːn ə/ president n /ˈpre zɪ d ənt/
record v /rɪˈk ɔːd/ art gallery n /ˈɑːt ˌgælərɪ/ fight against v /ˈf a ɪt əˌgen st/ prison n /ˈprɪzn/
reduce v /rɪˈdjuːs/ attend v /əˈte n d/ final n /ˈf a ɪn l/ produce v /prəˈdjuːs/
relevan t a d j /ˈreləvən t/ author n /ˈɔːθə(r)/ folio n /ˈf əʊlɪ əʊ/ prolific a d j /prəˈlɪ f ɪ k /
report v /rɪˈpɔːt/ average a d j /ˈævərɪʤ / foothallers n p l /ˈfʊthɔːləz / prom inent adj /ˈprɒm ɪnən t/
researchers n p l /rɪˈsɜːʧəz / foreign a d j /ˈfɒ rən/ prophet n /ˈprɒf ɪt/
residents n p l /ˈre z ɪdənts/ best-selling a d j /ˈbest ˌselɪŋ/ funeral n /ˈf ju ːn ərəl/ prose n /prəʊz/
resu lt in v /r ɪ ˈz ʌ lt ɪ n/ boilin g poin t n /ˈbɔɪlɪŋ pɔɪn t/ p u h lic ly a d v /ˈpʌhlɪ k l i/
results n p l /rɪˈzʌlts/ bridge n /brɪʤ/ goals n p l /gəʊlz/ puhlish v /ˈpʌhlɪʃ/
reveal v /rɪˈvɪːl/ b utte rfiy n /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ gram m ar school n /ˈgræm ə
revision n /rɪˈvɪ ʒn / radium n /ˈreɪdiəm/
rew rite v /ˌriːˈraɪt/ care er n /kəˈrɪə(r)/ ,sk uːl/ rainfall n /ˈre ɪ n f ɔːl/
rise n /raɪz/ categories n p l /ˈk æ təgəriz / raise v /re ɪz/
risk n /rɪsk/ centnry n /ˈsenʧərɪ/ hero n /ˈhɪərəʊ/ related to a d j /rɪˈleɪt ɪd ˌtuː, tə/
chant v /ʧɑːn t/ relative clause n /ˌrelətɪ v ˈklɔːz/
sake n /seɪk/ chart n /ʧɑːt/ ill-d o cu ɪn e n te d a d j /ˈɪl relative p ron o u n s n p l /ˌre lətɪv
scan dal n /ˈsk æ n dl/ chem istry n /ˈke m ɪ stri/ ˌdɒkjəm e ntɪd/
scientists n p l /ˈsaɪən t ɪ sts/ chronological a d j /ˌkrɒ n əˈlɒ ʤ ɪkl/ ˈprəʊn aʊn z /
search v /sɜːʧ/ classic a d j, n /ˈk læ s ɪ k / Im am n /ɪˈmɑːm/ release v / r ɪ ˈl ɪːs/
shock v /ʃɒ k/ club n /k lʌb/ im portance n /ɪm ˈpɔːtən s/ relevant a d j /ˈre ləvən t/
shockingly a d v /ˈʃɒ k ɪ ŋli/ colle cted a d j /k əˈle k t ɪd/ im prison v /ɪmˈprɪz n / reliahle a d j /rɪˈlaɪəbt/
shortag e n /ˈʃ ɔ ːtɪʤ / comedy n /ˈkɒ mədi/ in correct a d j /ˌɪ n k əˈre k t/ re m ain v /rɪˈm e ɪn /
sim ilar adj /ˈsɪm ələ(r)/ com m as n p l /ˈkɒ m əz / initially a d v /ɪˈn ɪʃəli/ reputation n /ˌrepjʊˈte ɪʃ n/
sin gle a d j /ˈsɪŋgl/ complete v /kəm ˈpliːt/ international a d j /ˌɪn təˈn æ ʃn əl/ retired a d j /rɪˈtaɪəd/
sit (an exam) v /ˌsɪt (ən ɪgˈz æm)/ compose v /k əmˈpəʊz / Internet n /ˈɪ n tə n e t/ role n /rəʊl/
skeletons n p l /ˈskel ɪtn z / composer n /k əmˈpəʊzə(r)/ Iraq n /ɪ ˈræk/ royal a d j /ˈrɔɪəl/
society n /səˈsaɪəti/ conditions n p l /k ə n ˈdɪʃ n z/ Islam n /ˈɪ z lɑːm/ rush v /rʌʃ/
solution n /səˈluːʃn / conduct v /k ən ˈdʌkt/ Islamic a d j /ɪz ˈlæmɪk/
source n /sɔːs/ conductor n /kən ˈdʌktə(r)/ sadly a d v /ˈsæ d lɪ/
speculate v /ˈspe k jəleɪt/ connection n /k əˈn ek ʃɪɪ/ jazz n /ʤ æz/ score v /sk ɔː(r)/
speculation n /ˌspek jəˈleɪʃn / con sider v /k ən ˈsɪdə(r)/ sculpture n /ˈskʌlpʧə(r)/
strictly a d v /ˈstrɪ k th/ con tinue v /k ən ˈtɪn ju ː/ keywords n p l /ˈkiːw ɜːdz/ search n /sɜːʧ/
suburh n /ˈsʌhɜːh/ county n /ˈkaʊnti/ Khedive n dtəˈdiːv/ search engine n /ˈsɜ ːʧ ˌen ʤ ɪ n /
suffer v /ˈsʌf ə(r)/ couple n /ˈk ʌpl/ selected a d j /sɪ ˈlektɪd/
sum m arize v /ˈsʌm əraɪz/ court n /k ɔːt/ landscape n /ˈlæn dske ɪ p/ separation n /ˌse pəˈre ɪʃ n /
sum m ary n /ˈsʌməri/ creato r n / k rɪ ˈe ɪ tə (r)/ law n /lɔː/ share v /ʃeə(r)/
law school n /ˈlɔː ˌsk uːl/ short story n /ˌʃɔːt ˈstɔːri/
take tim e v /ˌte ɪ k ˈtaɪm / D am e C om m an der of tbe O rder lead actor n /ˌliːd ˈæk tə (r)/ sites n p l /saɪts/
TB n /ˌtiː ˈhiː/ o f the British Em pire n /ˌde ɪ m life-cy clen /ˈla ɪf ˌsaɪ k l/ songwriter n /ˈsɒŋraɪtə(r)/
tem perature n /ˈte m prəʧə(r)/ kəˌm uːndər əv ði ˌɔːdər əv ðə h fe-sto ry n /ˈlaɪ f ˌstɔːrɪ/ source n /sɔːs/
third n /θɜːd/ ˌbrɪ t ɪ ʃ ˈe m p a ɪə (r)/ literary a d j /ˈlɪtərəri/ South A fric a n /ˌsaʊθ ˈæf rɪkə/
three quarters n p l /ˌθriː literature n /ˈlɪtrɔʧ ə(r)/ special effects n p l /ˌspej t ɪ ˈfekts/
D aɪne of the British Empire n luxurious a d j /ˈlʌgʒʊəriəs/ stages n p l /ˈsteɪʤ ɪz/
ˈk w ɔ ːtə z / /ˌde ɪ m əv ðə ˌbrɪt ɪʃ star n , v /stɑː(r)/
tin y a d j /ˈ ta ɪn i/ ˈem paɪə(r)/ m axim um a d v /ˈm æksɪm əm /
toe n /təʊ/ m ercury n /ˈm ɜːkjəri/
tuherculosis n /tjuːˌbɜːkjʊləʊsis/ m iddle class a d j /ˈmidl ˈklaːs/
m o n th ly a d j /ˈm ʌ n θ lɪ/
m ourners n p l /ˈm ɔːn əz /
movement n /ˈm uːvm ən t/

68 Word list

statesman n /ˈste ɪ tsm ən / codes n p l /kəʊdz/ laptop (com puter) n /ˈlæ ptɒ p/ system n /ˈsɪstəm /
subject n /ˈsʌbʤ ɪk t/ coheren t adj /k əʊˈhɪərən t/ laser n /ˈleɪz ə(r)/
surprisin g a d j /səˈp raɪz ɪŋ/ cohesive a d j /kəʊˈbɪ ːsɪv/ linking w ords n p l /ˈlɪŋkɪŋ ˌw ɜ ːd z/ technical a d j /ˈteknɪ kl/
Switzerlan d n /ˈsw ɪts ə la n d/ commercial a d j /kəˈm ɜːʃl/ load v /ləʊd/ text message n /ˈtekst ˌmesɪʤ/
Syria n /ˈsɪ riə/ com panies n p l /ˈkʌm pən iz/ th a t is /ˈðæ t ɪz /
connect v /k əˈn ekt/ m acbln e r y n /məˈʃ ɪːn əri/ th a t is to say /ˈðæ t ɪz t ə ˌse ɪ/
te en s n p l /tɪ ːnz / consequently a d v /ˈk ɒ n s ɪ k w ən tlɪ/ m ail n /m e ɪl/ threat n /θre t/
topic n /ˈtɒpɪk / CPU n /ˌsɪ ː pɪː ˈJuː/ mailboxes n p l /ˈm eɪlbɒ k stz/ training n /ˈtreɪn ɪŋ/
tournam en t n /ˈtɔːn ɔm ən t/ crash v /kræʃ/ m anufacturers n p l / treatm ent n /ˈtriːtm ɔn t/
tragedy n /ˈtræʤ ədi/ credit v /ˈkre dɪt/ tric k v, n / t r ɪ k /
tragico ɪn ed y n /ˌtræ ʤ ɪ ˈk ɒ m ədi/ credit card n /ˈkredɪt ˌkɑːd/ ˌm ænjəˈfæk ʧ ərəz / Trojan H orse n /ˌtrəʊʤ ən ˈhɔːs/
tribute n p trɪb ju ːt/ crim e n /ˈk raɪm / m em ory n /ˈme m əri/
trip n /trɪp/ m em ory key n /ˈm em əri ˌkiː/ U K n /ˌjuː ˈk e ɪ/
den tist n /ˈde n tɪ st/ m onitor n /ˈm ɒ n ɪtə(r)/ unit n /ˈjuːn ɪt/
unhappy a d j /ˌʌn ˈhæpi/ dentistry n /ˈden tɪstrɪ/ m ouse n /m aos/ uncertain adj /ˌʌnˈsɜːtn /
U n ic e fn /ˈju ːn ɪ se f / departm ent n /dɪˈpɑːtm ən t/ unw an ted a d j /ˌʌn ˈwɒn t ɪd/
unique a d j /juːˈn iːk / design n /dɪˈzaɪrɪ/ N.B. /ˌen ˈbiː/ up-to-date a dj /ˌʌ p tə ˈd e ɪt/
u n k n o w n a d j /ˌʌ n ˈn əʊn/ designers n p l /dɪˈz aɪn əz/ USB p o rt n /ˌJuː e s ˈbiː ˌp ɔːt/
destroy v /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ n etworks n p l /ˈn etw ɜːk s/ user ID n /ˌjuːz ər ˌaɪ ˈdiː/
volumes n p l /ˈvɒljuːm z / details n p l /ˈdiːte ɪlz/
detect v /dɪˈte kt/ o n lin e a d v /ˌɒ n ˈla ɪ n / V D U n /ˌviːdiːˈJuː/
wehsite n /ˈw e h sa ɪt/ developing world n /dɪˌveləpɪŋ OPEC n /ˈəʊpek / v ia p rep /ˈvaɪə/
w ell-connected a d j /ˌw e l opportunity n /ˌɒ p ə ˈtju ːn əti/ vihrate v /v aɪ ˈhre ɪt/
ˈw ɜːld/ options n p l /ˈɒpʃ n z/ virus n /ˈvaɪ rəs/
k əˈn ektɪd/ device n /d ɪ ˈvaɪs/ ordinary a d j /ˈɔːdn ri/
w ide ly-re ad a d j /ˌw aɪ dli ˈre d/ devise v /d ɪ ˈvaɪ z / out of control a d j /ˌaʊt əv wehcam n /ˈwe hkæm /
works n p l /w ɜːk s/ digital a d j /ˈdɪʤ ɪtl/ wehpage n /ˈw e b p eɪʤ/
w o rld C up n /ˌw ɜ ːld ˈkʌp/ dow nload v /ˌdaʊnˈləʊd/ k ə n ˈtrəʊl/ w iE i n /ˈw a ɪ f aɪ/
drills n p l /drɪlz/ wind up a d j /ˈwaɪn d ʌp/
Zimhabwe n /zɪmˈhɑːbw ɪ/ D v D b u rn e r n /ˌdɪː viː ˈdiː p. / pp. /p ɪː, ˈpiː piː/ wireless n /ˈw aɪələs/
painless a d j /ˈpe ɪnləs/ www /ˌdʌhl Juː ˌdʌhl ju ː ˈdʌbl
Unit 8 ˌbɜːn ə(r)/ password n /ˈpɑːsw ɜːd/
periodic table n /ˈpɪərɪɒdɪk ˌte ɪbl/ ju d
ahhreviations n p l /əˌbɪiːviˈe ɪʃn z / effectively a d v /ɪˈf e k tɪv li/ personaliz e v /ˈpɜːsən əlaɪz/
access v /ˈækse s/ e.g. /ˈiː ʤ iː/ personal stereo n /ˌpɜːsən l Unit 9
accurate a d j /ˈæ kjərət/ electricity n /ɪˌle kˈtrɪsəti/
ackn ow ledge v /ə k ˈn ɒlɪʤ / employees n p l /ˌɪm plɔɪˈlːz / ˈsterləʊ/ add v /æd/
ackn owledgem en ts n p l en o rm o u sly a d v /ɪˈn ɔ ːm ə s lɪ/ pharm aceutical adj aerial n /ˈe ərial/
equal v /ˈɪːk w əl/ after that a d v /ˌɑːf tə ˈðæt/
/əkˈn ɒlɪʤ m ən ts/ etc. /e tˈse tərə/ /ˌf ɑ ːm ə ˈs ju ːtɪk l/ alkali n /ˈælkəlaɪ/
acronyms n p l /ˈækrənɪm z / p h ish in g n /ˈf ɪʃ ɪŋ/ amplifier n /ˈæmplɪfaɪə(r)/
advertising n /ˈæ dvətaɪzɪŋ/ for instance /f ər ˈɪnstəns/ plug in v /ˌplʌg ˈɪn / answerphone n /ˈɑːn səfəʊn/
aerial n /ˈeərɪəl/ fu n ctio n n /ˈf ʌ ŋ k ʃ n / podcasts n p l /ˈpɒ dkɑːsts/ appropriately a d v /əˈprəʊpriətli/
afford v /əˈf ɔːd/ power v /ˈpaʊə(r)/ atmosphere n /ˈæ tm əsf ɪə(r)/
alphabetical a d j /ˌæ l f əˈbe t ɪ k l/ gangs n pl /gæŋz/ powerful a d j /ˈpaʊəfl/
anti-spam a d j /ˌænti ˈspæm/ prin ter n /ˈprɪn tə(r)/ benefits n p l /ˈben əfɪts/
anti-virus a d j /ˌæn ti ˈvaɪrəs/ GB (gigabyte) n /g ɪg , ˈgɪ g əb aɪt/ processing n /ˈprəʊsesɪŋ/ biocbem lst n /ˌbaɪəʊˈk em ɪst/
as conj /əz / gen eration n /ˌʤe n əˈre ɪʃ n / program n /ˈprəʊgræm / blue-eyed a d j /ˌbluː ˈaɪd/
as a result a d v /ˌəz ə rɪˈz ʌlt/ graduates n p l /ˈgræ djʊəts/ program m ing n /ˈprəʊgræm ɪ ŋ/
attack m v /əˈtæk/ publication n /ˌpʌblɪˈk e ɪ ʃ n / ca rrie r w aves n p l /ˈk æ rɪə ˌw e ɪ vz/
attractive a d j /əˈtræ ktɪv/ han dle n /ˈhæn dl/ publisbe r n /ˈpʌblɪʃə(r)/ category n /ˈk æ tə g ə rɪ/
hardware n /ˈhuːdw eə(r)/ com m unication n
backup v /ˈbækʌp, ˌbæk ˈʌp/ hire v /haɪə(r)/ RAM n /ræm /
basic a d j /ˈbeɪsɪ k / house v /haʊz/ receiver n /rɪˈsɪːvə(r)/ /k əˌm juːn ɪˈkeɪʃ n/
batteries n p l /ˈbæ təriz / recom m end v /ˌre k əˈme nd/ com pound noun n /ˌkɒmpaʊn d
BBC n /ˌbiː biː ˈsiː/ ibid. /ˈɪ bɪd/ reference n /ˈref rən s/
b e m ad e up o f v /ˌbɪ ˈme ɪd ʌp research n /rɪˈsɜːʧ, ˈriːsɜːʧ/ ˈn a ʊ n /
Le. /ˈaɪ iː/ R /w /ˌriːˈrattə(r), ˌriːˈraɪtəbl/ compress v /kəm ˈpre s/
əv/ repetition n /ˌrepəˈtɪʃn/ com puter literate a d j /k əm ˌpjuːtə
b ibliography n /ˌb ɪ b lɪ ˈɒ g rə fi/ imply v /ɪm ˈplaɪ/ rephrase v /ˌriːˈfre ɪz /
biochem istry n /ˌhaɪəʊˈk e m ɪstrɪ/ in co m in g call n /ˌɪn k ʌ m ɪŋ ˈk ɔːl/ ˈlɪtərət/
hracketsn p l /ˈhrækɪts/ individual adj /ɪn dɪˈvɪʤ ʊəl/ scanner n /ˈskæn ə(r)/ co rd less p h o n e n /ˌk ɔ ːd lə s ˈf əʊ n /
hrain n /b re ɪn / inform ation technology n screen n /skriːn /
b re a k in to v /ˈbre ɪk ˌɪ n tə / sin ce conj /s ɪn s/ data-processing n /ˌde ɪ tə
breaktbrough n /ˈbreɪk θruː/ /ˌɪn f əˌm e ɪ ʃ n t e k ˈn ɒ l ə ʤ ɪ/ sockets n p l /ˈsɒkɪts/ ˈprəʊsesɪŋ/
in full a d v / ˌ ɪ n ˈf ʊ l/ software n /ˈsɒf tw e ə(r)/
c. / ca. /ˈsɜːkə/ initial n /ɪˈn ɪʃl/ solar energ y n /ˌsəʊlə r ˈe nəʤ i/ deoxyrɪbose nucleic acid n
C D b u rn er n /ˌsɪː ˈdɪː ˌbɜːn ə(r)/ in o th e r w ords /ˌɪn ˈʌðə ˌw ɜ ːd z/ sophisticated a d j /səˈfɪstɪ k eɪtɪd / /d ɪˌɒksiˌraɪb ə ʊ z ˌn j u ː k l iːɪk
C D -R O M n /ˌsiːd iː ˈrɒ m / install v / ɪ n ˈstɔːl/ spam n /spæm / ˈæsɪd/
central processin g unit n /ˌse n trə l Internet n /ˈɪn tə n et/ speakers n p l /ˈspɪːk əz /
in th eo ry /ˌɪn ˈθɪəri/ spyware n /ˈspaɪ w e ə(r)/ detailed a d j /ˈdiːteɪld/
ˈprəʊse sɪŋ ˌjuːn ɪt/ inven tio n s n p l /ɪn ˈve n ʃ n z/ stand-alone a d j /ˈstæ nd əˌləʊn/ diesel en g in e n /ˈd iːzl ˌe n ʤ ɪ n /
certainly a d v /ˈsɜːtn lɪ/ inverted com m as n p l /ɪn ˌvɜːtɪd sta n d for v /ˈstæ n d ˌf ɔ ː(r), f ə (r)/ dinosaurs n p l /ˈdaɪn əsɔːz /
c f /ˈsiː ef/ storage n /ˈstɔːrɪʤ / discovery n /dɪˈskʌvəri/
cbips (com puter cbips) n p l ˈk ɒ m əz/ strength n /stre ŋθ/ distil v /d ɪˈstɪl/
iPod n /ˈaɪpɒd/ supply n /səˈplaɪ/ dodos n p l /ˈdəʊdəʊz /
/ʧɪps/ IT n /ˌaɪ ˈtiː/ surnam e n /ˈsɜːn e ɪm/ D o m in i c a n /d o m ɪ ˈn ɪːk ə /
switch v /sw ɪ ʧ/ dove n /dʌv/
circap rep /ˈsɜːkə/ ju n k mail n /ˈʤ ʌŋk ˌmeɪl/ dragon n /ˈdrægən/

keyboard n /ˈkiːbɔːd/

Word list 69

drum n /drʌm / recycle v /ˌrɪːˈsaɪk l/ drop n, v /dm p/
dry v /d raɪ/ reference book n /ˈrefrən s ˌbʊk/
dyn am ite n /ˈdaɪn əm aɪt/ rem ote control n /riˌməʊt fall n, v /f ɔːl/
fiuctuate v /ˈf lʌ k ʧ ʊ e ɪ t/
easy-goin g a d j /ˌiːz i ˈgəʊɪŋ/ kən ˈtrəʊl/ foreign a d j /ˈf ɒ rə n /
eclipses n p l /ɪˈklɪpsiz / rem ote-controlled a d j /rɪˈm əʊt Prance n /f rɑːns/
ecology n /ɪˈkɔləʤ i/ French a d j /f re n ʧ/
Ecuador n /ˈek w ədɔː(r)/ kən ˌtrəʊld/
electron ic a d j / ɪ ˌle k ˈtrɒ n ɪk / reverse process n /rɪˈvɜːs graph n /grɑːf/
en g in e n /ˈe n ʤ ɪn / grow v /grəʊ/
en te rta in m en t n /ˌe n tə ˈte ɪn m ə n t/ ˌprəʊse s/ grow th n /grəʊθ/
expan d v /ɪkˈspænd/ roll v /rəʊl/
experim ents n p l /ɪkˈspe rɪm ən ts/ H indi n /ˈhɪn di/
extinct a dj /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ sand n /sæ n d/ horizontal a d j /ˌhɒrɪ ˈzɒ n tl/
satellite disb n /ˈsæ təlaɪt ˌdɪʃ/ H nngary n /ˈhʌŋgəri/
fax m achine n /ˈf æk s m əˌʃiːn / secondly a d v /ˈse k ə n d li/
firstly a d v /ˈf ɜ ː s t li/ self-m otivated a d j /ˌse l f illustrate v /ɪlə stre ɪt/
lf ig h t n /f la ɪt/ increase n, v /ˈɪŋkriːs, ɪn ˈkriːs/
fɒ cnsed a d j /ˈf əʊ k ə st/ ˈm əʊtɪveɪtɪd/ interpret v /ɪn ˈtɜːprɪt/
freely a d v /ˈfriːli/ send out v /ˌse nd ˈaʊt/
fu rn ace n /ˈf ɜ ːn ɪs/ sequencing words n p l / Japan n /ʤ əˈpæn/
Japanese ad j /ˌʤ æpəˈn iːz /
hard-w orking adj /ˌhɑːd ˈsiːkw ə n sɪŋ ˌw ɜːd z/
ˈwɜːk ɪ ŋ/ side-effects n p l /ˈsaɪd ɪˌfek ts/ lowest point n /ˈləʊɪst ˌpɔɪn t/
signals n p l /ˈsɪgn əl z /
headphones n p l /ˈhedf əʊnz/ silica n /ˈsɪlɪkə/ M andarin Chinese n /ˌm æn d ərɪn
hlghly-quallfied adj /ˌhaɪlɪ simple a d j /ˈsɪmpl/ ʧaɪˈn iːz/
sɪntdl-scale a d j /ˈsm ɔːl ˌsk e ɪ l/
ˈkw ɒ lɪfaɪd/ so d a a sb n /ˈsəʊdərˌæʃ/ Mexico n /ˈm ek sɪkəʊ/
high-speed a d j /ˈhaɪ ˌsplːd/ speakers n p l /ˈspiːk əz /
steam engine n /ˈstiːm ˌenʤɪn/ overall a d j /əʊvərˈɔːl/
in dex n /ˈɪn de k s/ step n /ste p/
in frastructure n studio n /ˈstjuːdiəʊ/ peak n /piːk/
subsequently a d v /ˈsʌbsɪkw ən tlɪ/
/ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌk ʧə(r)/ percentage n /pəˈse ntɪʤ /
internal com hustion engine n / tables n p l /ˈtetblz/ period n /ˈpɪəriəd/
total a d j /ˈtəʊ tl/ Poland n /ˈpəʊlən d/
ɪn ˌtɜ ːn l k ə m ˈh ʌ sʧ ə n ˌe n ʤ ɪn / transistor radio n /træ nˌzɪstə Portuguese n /ˌpɔːʧʊˈgɪːz /
in terviewers n p l /ˈɪn təv Ju ːəz /
invent v /ɪnˈve nt/ ˈre ɪ diəʊ/ refer to v / r ɪ ˈf ɜː ˌ t u ː ,t ə /
invention n /ɪnˈvenʃn/ tu rn b ack in to v /ˈtɜ ːn ˌbæk ˌɪ n tə / rem ain v /rɪ ˈme ɪ n/
invisihle a d j /ɪn ˈvɪzəbl/ require v /rɪˈkw aɪə(r)/
undetectable a d j /ˌʌn d ɪ ˈtektəbl/ respectively a d v /rɪ ˈspektɪvlɪ/
lastly a d v /ˈlɑːstli/ rise n , v /raɪ z/
light hulhs n p l /ˈlaɪt ˌhʌlhz/ voice-powered a d j /ˈvɔɪ s ˌpaʊəd/ Russia n /ˈrʌʃə/
lim estone n /ˈlaɪm stəʊ n / voice waves n p l /ˈvɔɪs ˌwe ɪv z / Russian ad j, n /ˈrʌʃn/
lon g-term a d j /ˌlɒŋ ˈtɜːm /
waves n p l /w eɪvz / scientific a d j /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/
means n /m iːn z/ w ell-kn ow n a d j /ˌwe l ˈn ə ʊ n/ significantly a d v /s ɪgˈn ɪf ɪk ə n tli/
m elt v /m e lt/ well-written a d j /ˌwe l ˈrɪt n/ slight a d j /slaɪt/
microwave oven n /ˌm aɪkrəw eɪv widespread a d j /ˈwaɪ dspre d/ slightly a d v /ˈslaɪ tl ɪ/
wireless a d j /ˈw aɪ ələs/ Spain n /spe ɪn /
ˈʌvn/ word processor n /ˌwɜːd Spanish n /ˈspæ nɪʃ/
spot n /spot/
m ix v /m ɪks/ ˈprəʊse sə(r)/ stab le a d j /ˈs te ɪbV
m ixture n /ˈm ɪksʧə(r)/ wrap v /ræp/ statistical a d j /s tə ˈtɪs tɪ k l/
statistics n p l /stəˈtɪ stɪks/
netw ork n /ˈne tw ɜːk / X -rays n p l /ˈek s ˌre ɪz/ steadily a d v /ˈste d ə li/
neutral a d j /ˈnjuːtrəl/ steady a d j /ˈste di/
Unit 10 sudden a d j /ˈsʌdn /
ohserver n /əbˈz ɜːvə(r)/ suddenly a d v /ˈsʌdn lɪ/
overview n /ˈəʊvəvjuː/ academic a d j /ˌækəˈde m ɪ k/ superlatives n p l /suːˈpɜːlə tɪvz /
apart from prep /əˈpɑːt frəm /
pack v /pæk/ appropriate a d j /əˈprəʊprɪət/ trend n /tre n d/
passive n /ˈpæsɪv/ approxim ately a d v
pass through v /ˌpɑːs ˈθruː/ unexpected a d j /ˌʌnɪkˈspe ktɪd/
pen icillin n /ˌpe nɪˈsɪlɪn/ /əˈprɒk sɪm ətll/ USA n /ˌju ː e s ˈe ɪ/
perfum e n /ˈpɜːf juːm / Arabic n /ˈærəbɪk/
p h o n e lin e n /ˈf əʊn ˌlaɪn / v a ry v /ˈveəri/
physics laboratory n /ˈf ɪz ɪks b a r ch a r t n /ˈbɑː ˌʧuːt/ vertical a d j /ˈvɜːtɪkl/
B engali n /b e ŋ ˈg ɔ ːli/ whereas conj /ˌweərˈæz /
ləˌbɒ rətrɪ/
pick up v /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ charts n p l /ʧɑːts/
plug Into v /ˈplʌg ˌɪntə/ C h in a n /ˈʧaɪn ə/
poorly-written a d j /ˌpɔːlɪ ˈrɪtn / comparatives n p l /k əm ˈpæ rətɪvz /
press v /p r e s/ com parison n /k əm ˈpærɪsn /
process n /ˈprəʊse s/ continual a d j /kənˈtɪn jʊ ə l/
professor n /prəˈf e sə(r)/
decrease n, v /ˈdiːkriːs, d ɪ ˈkrɪ ːs/
quality n /ˈkwɒləti/ destinations n p l /ˌde stɪˈn eɪJn z/
diagram n /ˈdaɪəgræm /
radio waves n p l /ˈre ɪdiəʊ ˌwe ɪvz/ dram atic a dj /drəˈm æ tɪk /
receiving aerial n /rɪˈsɪːvɪŋ dram atically a d v /drəˈm æ tɪkli/

, e ərɪəl/

70 Word list

C onsonants pen /pen/ V o w els see /siː/
his /hɪz/
1 /p/ as in big /bɪg/ 25 /iː/ as in twenty /ˈtw enti/
2 /b/ as in tea /tiː/ 26 /ɪ/ as in ten /ten/
3 /t/ as in do /duː/ 27 /i/ as in stamp /stæm p/
4 /d/ as in cat /kæt/ 28 /e/ as in father /ˈfɑːðə/
5 /k / as in 29 /æ/ as in hot /hɒt/
6 /g/ as in go /gəʊ/ 30 /ɑː/ as in morning /ˈmɔːnɪŋ/
7 /f/ as in four /fɔː/ 31 /ɒ/ as in football /ˈfʊtbɔːl/
8 /v/ as in very /ˈveri/ 32 /ɔː/ as in you /juː/
9 /s/ as in son /sʌn/ 33 /ʊ/ as in sun /sʌn/
10 /z/ as in zoo /zuː/ 34 /uː/ as in learn /lɜːn/
11 /l/ as in live /lɪv/ 35 /ʌ/ as in letter /ˈletə/
12 /m/ as in my /maɪ/ 36 /ɜː/ as in
13 /n/ as in near /nɪə/ 37 /ə/ as in
14 /h/ as in
15 /r/ as in happy /ˈhæpi/ Diphthongs (two vowels together)
16 /j/ as in red /red/
17 /w/ as in yes /jes/ 38 /eɪ/ as in nam e /neɪm /
18 /θ/ as in want /wɒnt/ 39 /əʊ/ as in no /nəʊ/
19 /ð/ as in thanks /θæŋks/ 40 /aɪ/ as in m y /m aɪ/
20 /ʃ/ as in the /ðə/ 41 /aʊ/ as in how /haʊ/
21 /ʒ/ as in she /ʃiː/ 42 /ɔɪ/ as in boy /bɔɪ/
22 /ʧ/ as in television /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/ 43 /ɪə/ as in hear /hɪə/
23 /ʤ / as in child /ʧaɪld/ 44 /eə/ as in where /w eə/
24 /ŋ/ as in German /ˈʤɜːmən/ 45 /ʊə/ as in tou r /tʊ ə/
English /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/

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