MK PEMANFAATAN EKSUDAT

PEMANFAATAN EKSUDAT

HARLINDA KUSPRADINI, PH.D ([email protected])

Harlinda Kuspradini, Ph.D

Pendidikan terakhir
United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan (S3)

Afiliasi
Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman

Pusat Unggulan Iptek Obat dan Kosmetik dari Hutan Tropika Lembap

dan Lingkungannya

Dosen Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Mulawarman Organisasi

1. Asosiasi Peneliti Atsiri Indonesia (Bendahara)
2. Dewan Atsiri Indonesia (Anggota)
3. The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy
4. Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World
5. Indonesian Young Scientist (IYSF) for COVID-19
6. Etam Kawa Enterprise
7. A-TREO owner

Karya-karya ilmiah :

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Harlinda_Kuspradini;

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5716-5955

Rencana Mahasiswa mampu
Pembelajaran menyebutkan jenis (pohon)
penghasil eksudat utama /
Semester mayor dan menjelaskan
pemanfaatannya

Pertemuan ke – 4 & 5

Jenis –jenis tumbuhan penghasil eksudat mayor.

Major Plant Exudate of the World

Pengantar

Gum arabic atau acacia gum adalah getah eksudat utamanya diproduksi (80%) dari Acacia senegal;
namun, bisa juga diproduksi dari spesies pohon akasia lainnya dalam jumlah kecil.
Gum arabic merupakan industri getah tertua di antara getah eksudat.
Sejak 5000 tahun SM , bahan tersebut digunakan sebagai perekat pada cat, dan sekitar 2650 tahun
SM, gum Arabic digunakan sebagai perekat untuk pembungkus mumi Mesir.
Pohon akasia umumnya ditanam untuk pencegahan erosi tanah dan juga untuk mendapatkan gum
Arabic yang memiliki berbagai aplikasi.
Pohon akasia bisa tumbuh dalam kondisi kering dan memiliki akar yang sangat luas.
Sekitar 900 spesies pohon akasia berada tersebar luas di India, Australia, Amerika dan sub-Sahara
Afrika daerah.
Pemasok utama gum arabic di pasar dunia adalah Sudan, Senegal, Nigeria, Mauritania, Mali dan Cad.
Spesies utama Pohon akasia adalah Acacia senegal, Acacia laetia, Acacia seyal, dll.

Gum Arabic and
Other Acacia Gums

Acacia, FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
• Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd , Acacia seyal, Acacia abyssinica Hochst. ex Benth. subsp. calophylla Brenan,

Acacia bakeri Maiden, Acacia benthamii Meisn, Acacia binervata DC, Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd , Acacia
dealbata Link, Acacia decurrens Willd, Acacia drepanolobium Harms ex Y. Sjostedt, Acacia elata A. Cunn.
ex Benth, Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd, Acacia ferruginea DC 47, Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. Ex, Acacia
jacquemontii Benth, Acacia karroo Hayne, Acacia kirkii Oliv, Acacia laeta R. Br. ex Benth, Acacia
leiophylla Benth, Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd, Acacia maidenii F. Muell, Acacia mellifera (Vahl)
Benth, Acacia modesta Wall, Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf., Acacia oswaldii F. Muell, Acacia pendula
A. Cunn. ex G. Don, Acacia penninervis Sieber ex DC, Acacia pycnantha Benth, Acacia retinodes Schltdl,
Acacia salicina Lindl, Acacia sieberiana DC, Acacia stuhlmanii Taub, Acacia vernicifiua A. Cunn, Acacia
xanthophloea Benth
Faidherbia, FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
• Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev.

Gum Tragacanth dan gum yang
serupa

Astragalus FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE) Brachychiton MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY:
STERCULIOIDEAE)
Astragalus gummifer Labill, Astragalus
brachycalyx Fisch, Astragalus heratensis Bunge, Brachychiton acerifolius (A. Cunn. ex G. Don)
Astragalus kurdicus Boiss, Astragalus Macarthur,
microcephalus Willd, Astragalus verus Olivier,
Firmiana MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY:
Sterculia MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: STERCULIOIDEAE)
STERCULIOIDEAE)
Firmiana simplex (L.) W. Wight
Sterculia urens Roxb, Sterculia foetida L, Sterculia
guttata Roxb, Sterculia quadrifida R. Br, Sterculia Hildegardia MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY:
scaphigera Wall, Sterculia setigera Delile, STERCULIOIDEAE)
Sterculia tragacantha Lindl, Sterculia villosa
Roxb, Hildegardia barteri (Mast.) Kosterm

Cochlospermum BIXACEAE

Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston

Important Indian or Asiatic Gums

Aegle RUTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: AURANTIOIDEAE) Elaeodendron CELASTRACEAE (SUBFAMILY:
CELASTROIDEAE
Albizia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
Limonia RUTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: AURANTIOIDEAE)
Aleurites EUPHORBIACEAE (SUBFAMILY:
CROTONOIDEAE) Mangifera ANACARDIACEAE

Anogeissus COMBRETACEAE Azadirachta MELIACEAE

Bauhinia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Prosopis FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)

Toona MELIACEAE Sesbania FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE)

Chloroxylon RUTACEAE Spondias ANACARDIACEAE

Delonix FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Terminalia COMBRETACEAE

Important Indian or Asiatic Gums

Aegle RUTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: AURANTIOIDEAE) Bauhinia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY:
CAESALPINIOIDEAE)
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa
Bauhinia purpurea L, Bauhinia roxburghiana Voigt,
Albizia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Bauhinia variegata L,

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Buchanania ANACARDIACEAE
Benth, Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth, Albizia chinensis
(Osbeck) Merr, Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin, Buchanania lanzan Spreng, Buchanania latifolia
Roxb,
Aleurites EUPHORBIACEAE (SUBFAMILY:
CROTONOIDEAE) Toona MELIACEAE

Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd, Toona ciliata M. Roem,

Anogeissus COMBRETACEAE Chloroxylon RUTACEAE

Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall, ex Guill. & Perr Chloroxylon swietenia DC

Important Indian or Asiatic Gums

Delonix FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Prosopis FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC,
Elaeodendron CELASTRACEAE (SUBFAMILY: Sesbania FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE)
CELASTROIDEAE Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers
Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.), Spondias ANACARDIACEAE
Limonia RUTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: AURANTIOIDEAE) Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson, Spondiaspinnata (J.
Limonia acidissima Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz,
Mangifera ANACARDIACEAE Terminalia COMBRETACEAE
Mangifera indica L Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb
Azadirachta MELIACEAE
Azadirachta indica A. Juss

Gums of The New World

Anacardium ANACARDIACEAE Enterolobium FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)

Anadenanthera FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE), Chloroleucon FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)

Caesalpinia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Leucaena FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)

Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd Inga FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)

Parkinsonia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Rhizophora RHIZOPHORACEAE

Parapiptadenia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Melicoccus SAPINDACEAE (SUBFAMILY: SAPINDOIDEAE)

Puya BROMELIACEAE Ceiba MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: BOMBACOIDEAE)

Jheobroma MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: BYTTNERIOIDEAE) Thespesia MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MALVOIDEAE)

Laguncularia COMBRETACEAE Cylindropuntia CACTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: OPUNTIOIDEAE)

Pithecellobium FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Manilkara SAPOTACEAE

Samanea FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE Larix PINACEAE

Gums of The New World

Anacardium ANACARDIACEAE Parapiptadenia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan
Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil, Anacardium nanumk. St.-Hil, Puya BROMELIACEAE
Anacardium occidentakh, Puya chilensis Molina,
Theobroma MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: BYTTNERIOIDEAE)
Anadenanthera FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE), Theobroma caca,
Laguncularia COMBRETACEAE
Anadenanthera colubrina (Veil.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.) Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C. F. Gaertn,
Altschul, Anadenanthera colubrina (Veil.) Brenan var. Pithecellobium FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
colubrina, Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth
Samanea FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
Caesalpinia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Samaneasaman (Jacq.) Merr

Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd

Parkinsonia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE)

Parkinsonia praecox (Ruiz & Pav.) J. A. Hawkins subsp.
Praecox,

Gums of The New World

Enterolobium FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Melicoccus SAPINDACEAE (SUBFAMILY: SAPINDOIDEAE)
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq
Chloroleucon FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Ceiba MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: BOMBACOIDEAE)
Chloroleucon mangense (Jacq.) Britton & Rose Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna
Leucaena FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Thespesia MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MALVOIDEAE)
Leucaena collinsii Britton & Rose Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa
Lysiloma FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Cylindropuntia CACTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: OPUNTIOIDEAE)
Lysiloma acapulcense (Kunth) Benth Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelm.) F. M. Knuth
Inga FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Manilkara SAPOTACEAE
lnga stipularis Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen
Rhizophora RHIZOPHORACEAE Larix PINACEAE
Rhizophora mangle Larix occidentals Nutt

Miscellaneous Asiatic, African,
and Australian Gums …

Actinidia ACTINIDIACEAE Millettia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE)
Araucaria ARAUCARIACEAE Mystroxylon CELASTRACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CELASTROIDEAE)
Balanites ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (SUBFAMILY: TRIBULOIDEAE), Parkia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
Brabejum PROTEACEAE, Pereskia CACTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: PERESKIOIDEAE)
Butea FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE) Phormium HEMEROCALLIDACEAE
Cercis FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Piptadeniastrum FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
Cissus VITACEAE Pittosporum PITTOSPORACEAE
Commiphora BURSERACEAE Polyscias ARALIACEAE (SUBFAMILY: ARALIOIDEAE)
Diospyros EBENACEAE Prunus ROSACEAE (SUBFAMILY: SPIRAEOIDEAE)
Dicorynia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Pterocarpus FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE)
Entandrophragma MELIACEAE Sapindus SAPINDACEAE (SUBFAMILY: SAPINDOIDEAE)
Fagarta RUTACEAE Stangeria ZAMIACEAE
Ferula APIACEAE Symphonia CLUSIACEAE
Grevillea PROTEACEAE Talisia SAPINDACEAE (SUBFAMILY: SAPINDOIDEAE)
Lophira OCHNACEAE Welwitschia WELWITSCHIACEAE
Madhuca SAPOTACEAE Ziziphus RHAMNACEAE

Miscellaneous Asiatic, African,
and Australian Gums ….

Actinidia ACTINIDIACEAE Cissus VITACEAE
Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang &A. R. Ferguson, Cissus populnea Guill. & Perr
Araucaria ARAUCARIACEAE Commiphora BURSERACEAE
Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco, Commiphora mollis (Oliv) Engl
Balanites ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (SUBFAMILY: TRIBULOIDEAE) Diospyros EBENACEAE
Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile, Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC 130
Brabejum PROTEACEAE Dicorynia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE)
Brabejum stellatifolium L, Dicorynia paraensis Benth
Butea FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE) Entandrophragma MELIACEAE
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C. DC
Cercis FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Fagarta RUTACEAE
Cercis siliquastrum L Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. &Timler 131

Miscellaneous Asiatic, African,
and Australian Gums …

Ferula APIACEAE Parkia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel Parkia bicolor A. Chev.
Grevillea PROTEACEAE Pereskia CACTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: PERESKIOIDEAE)
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br Pereskia guamacho F.A.C. Weber
Lophira OCHNACEAE Phormium HEMEROCALLIDACEAE
Lophira alata Banks ex C. F. Gaertn Phormium tenax. R. Forst. & G. Forst
Madhuca SAPOTACEAE Piptadeniastrum FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE)
Madhuca longifolia (L.) J. F. Macbr Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook, f.) Brenan
Millettia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE) Pittosporum PITTOSPORACEAE
Millettiapinnata (L.) Panigrahi Pittosporum phillyreoides
Mystroxylon CELASTRACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CELASTROIDEAE)
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes

Miscellaneous Asiatic, African,
and Australian Gums

Polyscias ARALIACEAE (SUBFAMILY: ARALIOIDEAE) Stangeria ZAMIACEAE
Polyscias sambucifolia (Sieber ex DC.) Harms Stangeria eriopus (Kunze) Baill
Prunus avium (L.) L Symphonia CLUSIACEAE
Prunus ROSACEAE (SUBFAMILY: SPIRAEOIDEAE) Symphonia globuliferah. f.
Prunus armeniaca L Talisia SAPINDACEAE (SUBFAMILY: SAPINDOIDEAE)
Prunus domestica L. subsp. domestica Talisia oliviformis (Kunth) Radlk Watsonia versfeldii). W.
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica Mathews & L. Bolus
Prunus spinosa L Welwitschia WELWITSCHIACEAE
Pterocarpus FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE) Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. f.
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb Ziziphus RHAMNACEAE
Sapindus SAPINDACEAE (SUBFAMILY: SAPINDOIDEAE) Ziziphus jujuba Mill
Sapindus trifoliatus L

Plants producing exudates as a secondary use
(PROSEA)

https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/PROSEA,_Introduction_to_Exudates#Resin_4

Acacia

• Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (essential-oil plants)
• Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile (dye and tannin-producing plants)

Aganosma, Agathis, Agrostistachys

Aganosma marginata (Roxb.) G.Don (medicinal and poisonous plants)
Agathis robusta (Moore) Bailey (timber trees)
Agrostistachys borneensis Becc. (timber trees)

Ailanthus

• Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston (timber trees, medicinal and poisonous

plants)

Albizia

• Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (forages, timber trees)
• Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. (timber trees, auxiliary plants)

Alstonia

• Alstonia angustiloba Miq. (timber trees, medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Alstonia iwahigensis Elmer (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. (timber trees, medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Alstonia spatulata Blume (timber trees, medicinal and poisonous plants)

Altingia, Anacardium

Altingia excelsa Noronha (timber trees)
Anacardium occidentale L. (edible fruits and nuts)

Anodendron

• Anodendron candolleanum Wight (fibre plants)
• Anodendron paniculatum A.DC. (fibre plants)

Anisoptera, Anogeissus, Antiaris,
Ardisia

Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume (timber trees)

Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. & Perr. (timber trees)
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. (timber trees, medicinal and poisonous plants)
Ardisia fuliginosa Blume (medicinal and poisonous plants)

Artocarpus

• Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (edible fruits and nuts)
• Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume (timber trees, fibre plants)
• Artocarpus fretessii Teijsm. & Binnend. (timber trees)
• Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (edible fruits and nuts)
• Artocarpus horridus Jarrett (timber trees)
• Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. (edible fruits and nuts)
• Artocarpus kemando Miq. (timber trees)
• Artocarpus ovatus Blanco (timber trees)
• Artocarpus rigidus Blume (edible fruits and nuts)
• Artocarpus scortechinii King (timber trees)
• Artocarpus sericicarpus Jarrett (edible fruits and nuts, timber trees)
• Artocarpus teysmannii Miq. (timber trees)
• Artocarpus treculianus Elmer (timber trees)

Asclepias, Avicennia, Azadirachta

• Asclepias curassavica L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Avicennia officinalis L. (timber trees)
• Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (timber trees, auxiliary plants)

Baeckea, Bambusa, Bauhinia,
Benincasa, Buchanania, Butea

• Baeckea frutescens L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss (bamboos)
• Bauhinia purpurea L. (ornamental plants)
• Benincasa hispida (Thunb. ex Murray) Cogn. (vegetables)
• Buchanania latifolia Roxb. (edible fruits and nuts)
• Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (dye and tannin-producing plants)

Calamus, Calotropis

• Calamus paspalanthus Becc. (rattans)
• Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Aiton (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton (medicinal and poisonous plants)

Canarium

• Canarium acutifolium (A.DC.) Merr. (timber trees)
• Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. (edible fruits and nuts)
• Canarium australianum F.Muell. (timber trees)
• Canarium balsamiferum Willd. (timber trees)
• Canarium decumanum Gaertn. (timber trees)
• Canarium littorale Blume (timber trees)
• Canarium megalanthum Merr. (timber trees)
• Canarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl. (timber trees)
• Canarium pimela Leenh. (edible fruits and nuts)
• Canarium pilosum Benn. (edible fruits and nuts, timber trees)
• Canarium pseudodecumanum Hochr. (timber trees)
• Canarium sumatranum Boerl. & Koord. (timber trees)
• Canarium sylvestre Gaertn. (timber trees)
• Canarium vrieseanum Engl. (edible fruits and nuts, timber trees)

Carica, Ceiba, Cerbera, Chonemorpha

• Carica papaya L. (edible fruit and nuts)
• Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (fibre plants)
• Cerbera manghas L. (timber trees, medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Cerbera odollam Gaertn. (timber trees, medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston (fibre plants)

Chrysophyllum, Cinnamomum,
Combretum, Cryptostegia, Dacryodes

• Chrysophyllum cainito L. (edible fruits and nuts)
• Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume (timber trees)
• Combretum sundaicum Miq. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. (fibre plants)
• Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) H.J.Lam (edible fruits and nuts, timber

trees)

Daemonorops

• Daemonorops didymophylla Becc. (rattans)
• Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume (rattans)
• Daemonorops micracantha (Griff.) Becc. (rattans)
• Daemonorops propinqua Becc. (rattans)
• Daemonorops rubra (Reinw. ex Blume) Blume (rattans)

Delonix, Dictyosperma

• Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. (ornamental plants)
• Dictyosperma album (Bory) H.Wendl. & Drude ex Scheff. (ornamental plants)

Dyospiros

• Diospyros hasseltii Zoll. (edible fruits and nuts, timber trees)
• Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. (dye and tannin-producing plants, timber

trees)
• Diospyros toposia Buch.-Ham. (timber trees)

Dipterocarpus

• Dipterocarpus baudii Korth. (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw. (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus chartaceus Symington (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus confertus Slooten (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertn.f. (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus crinitus Dyer (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus kunstleri King (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus lowii Hook.f. (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus palembanicus Slooten (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Foxw. (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus validus Blume (timber trees)
• Dipterocarpus verrucosus Foxw. ex Slooten (timber trees)

Dipteryx , Dischidia

• Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. (spices)
• Dischidia imbricata (Blume) Steudn. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Dischidia nummularia R.Br. (medicinal and poisonous plants)

Dryobalanops

• Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer (timber trees)
• Dryobalanops lanceolata Burck (timber trees)
• Dryobalanops sumatrensis (J.F.Gmel.) Kosterm. (timber trees)

Eucommia

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (medicinal and poisonous plants)

Euphorbia

• Euphorbia antiquorum L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Euphorbia barnhartii Croizat (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Euphorbia cyathophora Murray (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Euphorbia hirta L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Euphorbia neriifolia L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Euphorbia plumerioides Teijsm. ex Hassk. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Euphorbia prostrata Aiton (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Euphorbia thymifolia L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Euphorbia tirucalli L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)

Fragraea

Fagraea berteriana A.Gray ex Benth. (timber trees)

Ficus

Ficus adenosperma Miq. (timber trees, medicinal and Ficus microcarpa L.f. (timber trees, medicinal and
poisonous plants) poisonous plants)
Ficus altissima Blume (fibre plants) Ficus nasuta Summerh. (medicinal and poisonous
Ficus ampelas Burm.f. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
plants) Ficus pachyrrachis Lauterb. & K.Schum. (medicinal
Ficus bauerleni King (medicinal and poisonous plants) and poisonous plants)
Ficus benghalensis L. (timber trees, medicinal and Ficus pumila L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
poisonous plants) Ficus pungens Reinw. ex Blume (vegetables,
Ficus botryocarpa Miq. (vegetables, medicinal and medicinal and poisonous plants)
poisonous plants) Ficus racemosa L. (edible fruits and nuts, timber trees)
Ficus calopilina Diels (medicinal and poisonous plants) Ficus religiosa L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
Ficus dammaropsis Diels (vegetables, medicinal and Ficus rumphii Blume (medicinal and poisonous plants)
poisonous plants) Ficus septica Burm.f. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
Ficus edelfeltii King (fibre plants) Ficus subcuneata Miq. (timber trees, medicinal and
Ficus fulva Reinw. ex Blume (fibre plants) poisonous plants)
Ficus hispida L.f. (medicinal and poisonous plants) Ficus sublimbata Corner (medicinal and poisonous
plants)
Ficus variegata Blume (timber trees)
Ficus virens Aiton (timber trees)

Garcinia, Gluta

• Garcinia cowa Roxb. (timber trees, vegetables)
• Garcinia hanburyi Hook.f. (dye and tannin-producing plants)
• Gluta renghas L. (timber trees)
• Gluta velutina Blume (timber trees)

Hopea • Hopea johorensis Symington (timber trees)
• Hopea mengarawan Miq. (timber trees)
• Hopea beccariana Burck (timber trees) • Hopea myrtifolia Miq. (timber trees)
• Hopea bracteata Burck (timber trees) • Hopea nutans Ridl. (timber trees)
• Hopea dasyrrhachis Slooten (timber trees) • Hopea odorata Roxb. (timber trees)
• Hopea dryobalanoides Miq. (timber trees) • Hopea pedicellata (Brandis) Symington (timber trees)
• Hopea dyeri Heim (timber trees) • Hopea pierrei Hance (timber trees)
• Hopea ferrea Laness. (timber trees) • Hopea sangal Korth. (timber trees)
• Hopea ferruginea Parijs (timber trees)
• Hopea gregaria Slooten (timber trees)
• Hopea helferi (Dyer) Brandis (timber trees)

Hoya

• Hoya alba Kostel. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Hoya coronaria Blume (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Hoya elegans Kostel. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Hoya latifolia G.Don (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Hoya rumphii Blume (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Hoya sussuela Merr. (medicinal and poisonous plants)

Hunteria, Jatropha

• Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Gardner ex Thwaites (medicinal and poisonous
plants)

• Jatropha curcas L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)
• Jatropha multifida L. (medicinal and poisonous plants)

Kibatalia, Lactarius, Lannea,
Laurentia

• Kibatalia arborea (Blume) G. Don (timber trees, medicinal and poisonous
plants)

• Lactarius spp. (cryptogams)
• Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. (ornamental plants)
• Laurentia longiflora (L.) Peterm. (ornamental plants)

Lepidozamia

• Lepidozamia hopei Regel (ornamental plants)
• Lepidozamia peroffskyana Regel (ornamental plants)