CLO1 :
Perform fitting,
machining and
welding works
DGM 20042 MECHANICAL WORKSHOP PRACTICE 1 according to
NONE
Standard Operating
MECHANICAL WORKSHOP Procedure (SOP).
PRACTICE 1 exposes the (P4, PLO4)
students to welding,
machining and fitting CLO2 :
which involve the use of Demonstrate the
arc and gas welding awareness of social
machine, lathe machine, responsibility and
2 2 drilling machine, grinding, safety in practical
hand tools, marking out work procedures and
tools, measuring and practices. (A3, PLO5)
testing tools. Students are
also taught to emphasize CLO3 :
on safety procedures and Demonstrate an
understanding of
cleanliness in the
professional ethics,
workshop. responsibilities and
norms of engineering
practices according
to the workshop
safety regulation.
(A3, PLO8)
98
MPU23052 SAINS TEKNOLOGI & KEJURUTERAAN DALAM ISLAM CLO1 :
Melaksanakan
dengan yakin amalan
SAINS,TEKNOLOGI DAN Islam dalam
KEJURUTERAAN DALAM kehidupan seharian.
ISLAM memberi (A2)
pengetahuan tentang CLO2: Menerangkan
konsep Islam sebagai al- etika dan
Din dan seterusnya profesionalisme
membincangkan konsep berkaitan sains
NONE sains, teknologi dan teknologi dan
2 2 kejuruteraan dalam Islam kejuruteraan dalam
serta impaknya, Islam (A3)
pencapaiannya dalam
tamadun Islam, prinsip CLO3 :
Menghubungkaitkan
serta peranan syariah
dan etika Islam, peranan minda ingin tahu
dengan prinsip
kaedah fiqh serta syariah dan kaedah
aplikasinya. fiqh dalam sains,
teknologi dan
kejuruteraan menurut
perspektif Islam. (A4)
MPU23042 NILAI MASYARAKAT NILAI MASYARAKAT CLO1 :
MALAYSIA MALAYSIA Membincangkan
membincangkan aspek sejarah dan nilai
sejarah pembentukan dalam pembentukan
masyarakat Malaysia, masyarakat di
NONE nilai-nilai agama serta Malaysia. (A2)
2 2 adat resam dan budaya
masyarakat di Malaysia. CLO2 :
Selain itu, pelajar dapat Menerangkan etika
memepelajari dan profesionalisme
tanggungjawab sebagai terhadap konsep
individu dan nilai perpaduan bagi
perpaduan dalam meningkatkan
kehidupan di samping semangat patriotisme
99
cabaran-cabaran dalam masyarakat Malaysia.
membentuk masyarakat (A3)
Malaysia.
CLO3 :
Menghubungkait
minda ingin tahu
dengan cabaran-
cabaran dalam
membentuk
masyarakat Malaysia.
(A4)
CLO1 :
DBM 20023 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2 ENGINEERING Use algebra and
DBM10013 MATHEMATICS 2 exposes calculus knowledge
students to the basic laws to describe
of indices and logarithms. relationship between
This course introduces the various physical
basic rules of phenomena.
differentiation concepts (C3 , CLS 1)
to solve problems that CLO2 :
relates maximum, Solve the
minimum and calculate mathematical
the rates of changes. This problems by using
3 course discusses
2 integration concepts in appropriate and
order to strengthen relevant fundamental
calculus techniques.
student’s knowledge for (C3 , CLS 3c)
solving area and volume
bounded region CLO3 :
problems. In addition, Use mathematical
students will learn language to express
application of both mathematical ideas
techniques of and arguments
differentiation and precisely, concisely
integration. and logically in
calculus.
( A3 , CLS 3b )
100
CLO1 :
Perform fitting,
machining and
welding works
DGM 20042 MECHANICAL WORKSHOP PRACTICE 1 according to
NONE
Standard Operating
MECHANICAL WORKSHOP Procedure (SOP).
PRACTICE 1 exposes the (P4, PLO4)
students to welding,
machining and fitting CLO2:
which involve the use of Demonstrate the
arc and gas welding awareness of social
machine, lathe machine, responsibility and
2 2 drilling machine, grinding, safety in practical
hand tools, marking out work procedures and
tools, measuring and practices. (A3, PLO5)
testing tools. Students are
also taught to emphasize CLO3 :
on safety procedures and Demonstrate an
understanding of
cleanliness in the
professional ethics,
workshop. responsibilities and
norms of engineering
practices according
to the workshop
safety regulation. (A3,
PLO8)
PETROCHEMICAL CLO1:
TECHNOLOGY Explain the properties
DGM 20053 of petroleum and
PETROCHEMICAL provides exposure to the basic operations of
TECHNOLOGY basic processes involved petroleum
NONE
2 3 in oil and gas processing productions
plant and also (C2, PLO1)
petrochemical plant. This
course provides basic CLO2:
knowledge of basic Classify the common
petroleum chemistry and process flow diagram
101
basic plant operation. of gas processing
The students will be able plant, refinery and
to learn the separation petrochemical plant
processes involved in oil (C3,PLO2)
and gas processing and
the various processing CLO3:
technology carried out in Perform Main
functions and process
petrochemical plants.
flow of every plants
involved in petroleum
production
(A2, PLO5)
THERMODYNAMICS
gives exposure in
DJJ 20063 THERMODYNAMICS fundamental of CLO1 :
NONE engineering such as in Apply knowledge of
unit and dimension. This mathematics, science
course emphasizes and engineering
basic thermodynamics fundamentals to well
concepts such as non defined theory of
flow process, flow thermodynamics.
process, first law of (C3, PLO1)
thermodynamics,
second law of CLO2:
2 3 thermodynamics, Perform experiments
steam power cycles related to
and chemical thermodynamics field
equilibrium. Students (P4, PLO4).
will be exposed with CLO3:
plant process. Student Discuss the
will also provide application concept
knowledge and of thermodynamics in
understanding of the plant process.(A2,
theory, concept and PLO5)
application of
principles to solve
problems related to
102
processes in
thermodynamics.
FLUID MECHANICS CLO1 :
introduce and provide apply knowledge of
knowledge of the basic the basic principle
principles and concept and concepts related
to fluid mechanics in
DJJ 20073 FLUID MECHANICS of fluids mechanics with process engineering
NONE
the application to (C3, PLO1).
practical engineering
situations. This course CLO2:
will enable the students perform experiments
2 3 to learn about fluid related to fluid
properties, fluid static mechanics according
and fluid dynamics. This to standard operating
course also exposes the procedures
students to solve fluid (P4, PLO4).
mechanics problems in CLO3 :
flow system, pipe demonstrate team
system and dimensional work skill in assigned
analysis. task (A3, PLO7).
CLO1 :
DUE30022 COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATIVE Describe a product or
ENGLISH 2
DUE10012 ENGLISH 2 emphasises sevice effectively by
the skills required at the highlighting its
workplace to describe features and
products or services as characteristics that
3 2 well as processes or appeal to specific
procedures. This course audience. (A3)
will also enable students CLO2 :
to make and reply to Describe prosseses,
enquiries and procedures and
complaints. instructions clearly by
highlighting
103
information of
concern. (A3)
CLO3:
Demonstrate
effective
communication and
social skills in handling
enquiries and
complaints amicably
and professionally.
(A2)
CLO1:
Perform welding,
milling and lathe
DGM 230062 MECHANICAL WORKSHOP PRACTICE 2 machining according
DGM 20042
to Standard
Operating Procedure
MECHANICAL (SOP). (P4, PLO4)
WORKSHOP PRACTICE 2 CLO2 :
Demonstrate the
exposes the students to ability to work in team
Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG)
welding and Metal Inert to complete assigned
Gas (MIG) welding
tasks during practical
3 2 machine and machining work sessions.
process using lathe and (A3, PLO7)
milling machine. Safety
procedure practice is CLO3 :
heavily emphasized in Demonstrate an
the workshop. understanding of
professional ethics,
responsibilities and
norms of engineering
practices according
to the workshop
safety regulation.
(A3, PLO8)
104
ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS 3 exposes
students to the statistical
and probability concepts
and their applications in
interpreting data. The
course also introduces
numerical methods CLO1 :
concept to solve Demonstrate an
simultaneous equations understanding of the
DBM 30033 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 3 by using Gaussian common body of
DBM20023 Elimination method, LU knowledge in
Decomposition using mathematics.
Doolittle and Crout ( C3 , CLS 1 )
methods, polynomial
problems using Simple CLO2 :
Fixed Point Iteration and Demonstrate
problems solving skills
3 3 Newton-Raphson in engineering
methods. In order to problems.
strengthen the students ( C3 , CLS 3c )
in solving engineering
problems, Ordinary CLO3:
Differential Equation Use mathematical
(ODE) is also included. In expression in
additional, the course describing real
also discusses engineering problems
optimization problems by precisely, concisely
using Linear and logically.
Programming. It is ( A3 , CLS 3b )
designed to build
students’ teamwork and
problems solving skill.
105
CLO1:
DJJ 30113 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Relate the
MATERIALS SCIENCE fundamental of
provides students with an materials science
understanding of knowledge in
material science and engineering field.
engineering which (C3, PLO1)
emphasizes on atomic CLO2 :
and crystal structure,
NONE Perform experiments
3 3 material properties and related to materials
behaviour including
science and
material classification
engineering.
and application. (P4, PLO4)
Students also apply basic
principles of material CLO3 :
testing and processing Demonstrate ability to
through practical. work in team to
complete assigned
tasks. (A3, PLO7)
ENGINEERING CLO1:
DJJ 30093 ENGINEERING MECHANICS MECHANICS focuses on analyze problems
theoretical knowledge in related to statics and
NONE statics and dynamics. dynamics based on
This course provides the concept and
students with principles of
fundamental engineering
understanding of forces mechanics. (C4,PLO2)
3 3 and equilibrium, CLO2 :
resultants, equilibrium of organize
a particles and structural appropriately
analysis. This course also experiments in groups
covers kinematics and
according to the
kinetics of particles. This instruction given.
course also exposes
(P4, PLO4)
students to the
demonstration of
106
experiments in CLO3:
Engineering Mechanics. demonstrate ability to
work in team to
complete assigned
tasks.
(A3, PLO7)
DGM 30073 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION CLO1 :
DIAGRAM
Describe the symbol
PIPING AND and process of flow
INSTRUMENTATION diagram. (C2,PLO1)
DIAGRAM (P&ID) CLO2 :
provides knowledge on Sketch the symbols
identify and sketch of and plant operation
3 3 NONE common symbols used in of piping and
process diagram. This
instrumentation
course also provides
diagram.(C3, PLO1)
knowledge and skill
practice in interpreting CLO3:
the piping and Read the plant
instrumentation diagram. operation of piping
and instrumentation
diagram.(A3, PLO6)
DJJ 40132 ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING AND CLO1 :
SOCIETY SOCIETY focuses on the Implement the roles
introduction to of engineering
professional ethics, profession towards
the developing of
NONE theory and philosophy of society and its
4 2 ethics, values in challenges in
professional ethics, globalization
engineering bylaws and (C3,PLO6)
standards, issues in
professional ethics and CLO2:
sustainability. It also Determine the
relates towards IR 4.0 important of work
ethics, bylaws and
107
introduction and green professionalism in
engineering. engineering
profession. (C4,PLO8)
CLO3:
Determine the needs
for sustainable and
green engineering
towards providing the
solutions in
engineering field.
(C4,PLO7)
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS CLO1 :
provides knowledge on apply the
fundamentals of
DJJ 30103 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS concepts and
calculation of forces on strength of materials
to solve related
materials, thermal problems. (C3, PLO1)
stresses and composite
bars, shear forces and CLO2 :
NONE bending moments,
4 3 bending stresses, beam perform experiments
related to strength of
deflection and torsion in materials. (P4, PLO4)
shafts. It also deals with
the experiments CLO3:
conducted on tensile demonstrate ability to
test, bending moment, work in team to
shearing force, complete assigned
deflection and torsion. tasks. (A3, PLO7)
DGM 40102 PLANT NONE PLANT MAINTENANCE CLO1 :
MAINTENANCE provides an Apply the
understanding about fundamentals of plant
4 2 the basic principles of maintenance
the methods of knowledge in related
maintaining process industry.
that will be conducted (C3, PLO1)
to facilities equipment
108
in certain plants. Study CLO2 :
component covers Perform the plant
maintenance maintenance working
principles and flow, schedule and
procedures, system correctly for
lubrication, Water the plant
Treatment Plant, maintenance issues.
Cooling Water Plant (P4, PLO5)
,Steam Generated
Plant, Compressed Air CLO3:
Plant and Internal Organize skill of
Combustion Engine as individual and
well as testing teamwork effectively
equipment. on well-defined
engineering activities
based on related
plant maintenance.
(A3, PLO9)
PROCESS CLO1 :
DGC 50093 PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION AND INSTRUMENTATION AND Explain the
CONTROL CONTROL provides fundamental of
NONE knowledge about process control
measurement system, measurement
equipment used in the and working principle
industry, understanding of plant equipments
basic principle and the used in the process
job lists of instruments. plant. (C4, PLO1)
4 3 Exposure will include CLO2:
the basic theory, Perform the
construction, operation measurement and
and the usage of
basic process control
pneumatic equipment, system applied in
control valve,
process plant.
transmitter, converter (P4, PLO4)
and controller. Students
will understand the
basic principle for
109
control system and its CLO3:
usage according to Relate the relationship
petrochemical plant between safety
situation. interlock system,
process controller and
plant equipments
using on the process
plant. (A4, PLO11)
CLO1:
PROJECT 1 introduces Document an
students with the ability effective technical
and skills in planning project proposal to
and managing an solve well-defined
innovative solutions problems in the
based on their related engineering
engineering research field. (C4, PLO3)
DGM40092 PROJECT 1 areas. It also provides CLO2:
NONE students with writing
Organize an
technical proposal and investigation of well-
presentation skills.
4 2 defined problems to
Under the supervision,
provide an innovative
this course exposes the and creative solutions
students with the ability for selected
to show a professional engineering research
attitude regarding time project. (P4, PLO4)
planning,
collaboration, CLO3:
integrate between Relate knowledge
theoretical and and developed skills
practical knowledge. to manage the
project. (A4, PLO11)
110
HEAT TRANSFER
emphasize on the
principles of the Heat CLO1:
Transfer in steady state Analyze the
by conduction, engineering principles
convection and and mechanism of
radiation. Principles of heat transfer in
DGM 40083 HEAT TRANSFER steady-state and different practical
NONE
transient heat applications
conduction in solid are (C4, PLO3)
investigated. Laminar
and turbulent CLO2:
4 3 boundary layer flows Perform experiment
are treated, as well as related to different
condensation and concept of heat
boiling phenomena, transfer (P4, PLO5)
thermal radiation, and CLO3:
radiation heat transfer Build teamwork with
between surfaces. knowledge and
Students will be experience to
exposed to the accomplish ongoing
procedure for general task.
problem solving and its (A4, PLO9)
application on heat
exchanger.
DGM 50123 PROJECT 2 PROJECT 2 introduces CLO1:
DGM40092 the students to the Design creative
concepts of solution to solve the
conducting a design or problems in the
case study. The project or case study
5 2 students select a (C5, PLO2)
project, list the
project’s needs, the CLO2:
processes involved, Construct the
cost estimation, project selected design or
schedule by applying case study based on
appropriate the project or case
111
methodology in the study planning and
project planning. It also design. (P5, PLO4)
involves project
implementation, CLO3:
project report and Demonstrate
presentation. awareness of
management,
business practices
and entrepreneurship
related to product of
project. (A3, PLO9)
CLO4:
Demonstrate
awareness of social
and environment
responsibility in
practical work
procedure and
practices.
(A3, PLO10)
PENGHAYATAN ETIKA CLO1 :
MPU21032 PENGHAYATAN ETIKA DAN DAN PERADABAN ini Membentangkan
PERADABAN menjelaskan tentang konsep etika dan
NONE konsep etika daripada peradaban dalam
perspektif peradaban kepelbagaian
yang berbeza. Ia tamadun. (A2)
bertujuan bagi
mengenal pasti sistem, CLO2:
5 2 tahap perkembangan, Menerangkan sistem,
kemajuan dan tahap
kebudayaan merentas perkembangan,
bangsa dalam kesepaduan sosial
mengukuhkan dan kebudayaan
merentas bangsa di
kesepaduan sosial.
Malaysia. (A2)
Selain itu,
perbincangan dan
112
perbahasan berkaitan CLO3:
isu-isu kontemporari Mencadangkan sikap
dalam aspek ekonomi, yang positif terhadap
politik, sosial, budaya isu dan cabaran
dan alam sekitar kontemporari dari
daripada perspektif perspektif etika dan
etiks fsn peradaban peradaban. (A3)
dapat melahirkan
pelajar yang bermoral
dan profesional.
Penerapan amalan
pendidikan berimpak
tinggi (HIEPs) yang
bersesuaian digunakan
dalam penyampaian
kursus ini.
COMMUNICATIVE CLO1:
ENGLISH 3 aims to Describe and analyze
DUE50032 COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH 3 develop the necessary information
DUE30022 skills in students to contained in graphs
analyse and interpret and charts clearly
graphs and charts from and accurately
data collected as well based on a mini
as job hunting project.
mechanics. Students (A3)
5 2 will learn the process of CLO2:
job hunting which Write an effective
includes job search resume and a
strategies and making supporting cover
enquiries. They will also letter for a relevant
learn to write resumes job opening.
and cover letters. The (C3)
students will develop
skills to introduce CLO3:
themselves, highlight Handle a job
their strengths and interview effectively
abilities, present ideas, and confidently. (C3)
113
express opinions and
respond appropriately
during job interviews.
MPU22012 ENTREPRENEUSHIP ENTREPRENEUSHIP CLO1 :
focuses on the Propose the value
fundamentala and proposition of
concept of entrepreneurial idea
entrepreneuship in using Business model
order to inculcate the Canvas. (A3)
value and interest in CLO2:
students to choose Develop a viable
entrepreneuship as a business plan by
5 career. This course can organizing business
help students to initiate objectives according
creative and
to priorities. (A4)
innovative
entrepreneurial ideas. It CLO3:
also emphasizes a Organise the online
preparation of business presence business in
plan framework social media
through business model marketing platform.
canvas. (A3)
CLO1 :
DJJ 40153 PNEUMATIC AND PNEUMATICS AND analyze the basic
HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS provides concept and function
NONE knowledge and of pneumatics and
understanding to the hydraulics system.
importance of (C4,PLO2)
5 3 pneumatics and CLO2:
hydraulics circuits, construct pneumatic,
equipment and design electro-pneumatic
along with its usage in and hydraulic circuit
the industry. according to
assigned tasks. (C5,
PLO3 & P4, PLO4)
114
CLO3:
demonstrate
understanding of
engineering norm
and practices in
pneumatics and
hydraulics during
CLO4:
practical work
sessions. (A3, PLO8)
CLO1:
Design creative
solution to solve the
problems in the
project or case study
PROJECT 2 introduces the (C5, PLO2)
students to the concepts
of conducting a design CLO2:
DGM 50123 PROJECT 2 or case study. The Construct the
students select a project, selected design or
list the project’s needs, case study based on
the processes involved, the project or case
5 cost estimation, project study planning and
schedule by applying design. (P5, PLO4)
appropriate
methodology in the CLO3:
project planning. It also Demonstrate
awareness of
involves project
management,
implementation, project business practices
report and presentation. and entrepreneurship
related to product of
project. (A3, PLO9)
115
CLO4:
Demonstrate
awareness of social
and environment
responsibility in
practical work
procedure and
practices.
(A3, PLO10)
CLO1:
DGM 50133 STATIC AND ROTATING EQUIPMENT STATIC AND ROTATING Recognize static &
NONE EQUIPMENT exposes rotating equipment
students to seeking an in- commonly used in
depth understanding of petrochemical plant.
static and rotating (C1, PLO1)
equipment which CLO2:
frequently used in Explain static &
5 3 Petrochemical Plant. This rotating equipment
course provides basic according to its
knowledge of valve, classification, types
piping, furnace, boiler, and application.
heat exchanger, pump,
(C2,PLO1)
compressor, turbine,
turbo expander and CLO3:
internal combustion Demonstrate course
engine. It also provides
knowledge into an
knowledge on the
classifications, types and effective course
specific functions of their assignment and
components systems. present technical
finding (A3, PLO3)
116
ELECTIVE CLO1:
DGM 50142 STATIC AND ROTATING EQUIPMENT WORKSHOP
Practise safety
NONE
measures at the
workshop according
STATIC AND ROTATING to standard operating
EQUIPMENT WORKSHOP is procedure. (P1, PLO4)
a practice and exposure
the students to dismantle CLO2:
and reassemble the Apply proper
static equipment which procedures in
using in oil and gas operating and
2 processing plant and maintaining static
also petrochemical equipment according
plant. This course also to standard operating
exposes the students to procedure. (P4, PLO4)
inspect and making
maintenance for static CLO3:
equipment which used in Identify various types
petrochemical plant. of static equipment in
terms of component
and operating
principles. (A2, PLO8)
117
ELECTIVE MECHANICS OF CLO1 :
DJJ 40163 MECHANICS OF MACHINES MACHINES exposes the Apply the
students with fundamentals of
DGM3053 knowledge on mechanics of
techniques and machines to solve
concepts of mechanics related problems.
of machines and (C3, PLO1)
analyzing problems
related to hoists, friction, CLO2:
3 simple harmonic Perform experiments
motion, velocity and related to mechanics
acceleration diagram, of machines.
friction and belt drives. (P4, PLO4)
This course also exposes
the students to the CLO3;
demonstration of Demonstrate ability to
experiments in work in team to
Mechanics of Machines complete assigned
by using the real tasks. (A3, PLO7)
equipment.
118
CLO1:
ELECTIVE COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN Apply the function of
DGM50152 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) exposes the CAD commands in
students to the producing
DGM10022 fundamental principles engineering drawing
of 3D parametric part and analysis
simulation. (C3, PLO3)
design and production-
ready part drawings CLO2:
using 3D CAD software. Construct drawing
Students will learn the and analysis
various method of simulation of
creating a solid model mechanical
2 using extrude, revolve, component in 3D
swept, assembly, according to drawing
simulation and standard. (P4, PLO5)
animation. Hands-on
exercises representing CLO3:
Demonstrate good
real-world, industry-
presentation while
specific design of engaging in
mechanical engineering engineering drawing
will also be covered in knowledge, standard
this course. and skill to solve
assigned task in group
project (A3, PLO9)
119
CLO1:
Derive the concept of
ELECTIVE SUSTAINABLE sustainability as
DGM40112 SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING DESIGN ENGINEERING DESIGN applied in abroad
course offers a engineering
NONE comprehensive disciplines. (C3,PLO3)
coverage of process- CLO2:
design activities based Determine an
on principle objectives of engineering design
sustainability. Student will process on a project
learn the fundamental design, taking into the
3 concepts of sustainability design consideration
and its application in ergonomic factors,
designing process, life cycle-based, and
designing consideration, material selection.
ergonomic and materials (C4 ,PLO7)
selection, emphasizing
on sustainability of simple CLO3:
Develop roles in
components, materials or engineering design
process system in regarding to the
engineering. environment and
sustainability
(A4,PLO12)
120
121
INTRODUCTIONS
In line with the 3rd Industrial Malaysia Plan (IMP3) aiming for the
innovative and creative human capital development, via
matching talent to expertise with market demand, Diploma in
Chemical Engineering for polytechnic is developed to give
balance emphasis on theoretical and practical aspects. The
Eleventh Malaysia Plan was drawn to produce 60% out of 1.5
million workers in TVET sector. Until now a total of 69,475 (51%) of
the 136,062 technical education and vocational training (TVET)
graduates in Malaysia are working as professionals and skilled
workers. Thus, to keep abreast with rapid demand in TVET sector,
Department of Polytechnic and Community College Education
(DPCCE) progressively collaborates with major industry players in
the country in developing the curriculum. The programme takes
six semesters to complete, five academic semesters at the
polytechnics and one semester of industrial training at relevant
industries during the final semester. The programme will take six
semesters to complete, with a semester of industrial training at
relevant industries.
SYNOPSIS
The Diploma in Chemical Engineering programme is designed to
produce holistic graduates that have knowledge and
competent skills in the field of process engineering to fulfill the
demand of workers in engineering sector. The programme
structure focusses on the area of Inorganic and Physical
Chemistry, Electrical Technology, Organic Chemistry,
Thermodynamics, Material Science, Computer Aided Design,
122
Mass and Energy Balance, Environment Quality and Pollution
Control, Fluid Mechanics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Plant Utilities,
Unit Operation, Chemical Reaction Engineering, Process
Instrumentation and Control and Transport Phenomena.
JOB PROSPECT
This programme provides knowledge and skills in Chemical
Engineering field that can be applied to a broad range of
careers in Chemical Engineering. The knowledge and skills that
the students acquire from the programme will enable them to
participate in the job market as:
a. Assistant Engineer
b. Technical Assistant
c. Assistant Service Manager
d. Service Advisor
e. Supervisor
f. Technician
g. Technical Instructor or Lecturer
h. Technical Sales Executive / Engineer
i. Draughter / Designer
j. Entrepreneur
PROGRAMME AIMS
The program believes that every individual has potential and the
program aims to develop adaptable and responsible Senior
Assistant Chemical Engineers to support government aspiration
to increase workforce in engineering related field.
123
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO)
Diploma in Chemical Engineering programme shall produce
balanced and competent TVET workers who are:
PEO1: equipped with industry-relevant knowledge and skills
in process engineering field
PEO2: engaging on lifelong and continuous learning to
enhance knowledge and skills
PEO3: instilled with entrepreneurial skills and mind set in the
real working environment
PEO4: established strong linkage with society and players in
the industry
PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLO)
Upon completion of the programme, students should be able to:
PLO1: Apply knowledge of applied mathematics, applied
PLO2: science, engineering fundamentals and an
PLO3: engineering specialization as specified in DK1 to DK4
respectively to wide practical procedures and
practices.
Identify and analyse well-defined engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
codified methods of analysis specific to their field of
activity (DK1 to DK4).
Design solutions for well-defined technical problems
and assist with the design of systems, components or
processes to meet specified needs with appropriate
124
consideration for public health and safety, cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations (DK5).
PLO4: Conduct investigations of well-defined problems;
locate and search relevant codes and catalogues,
conduct standard tests and measurements.
PLO5: Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools to well-defined
engineering problems, with an awareness of the
limitations (DK6).
PLO6: Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to engineering technician
practice and solutions to well-defined engineering
problems (DK7).
PLO7: Understand and evaluate the sustainability and
impact of engineering technician work in the solution
of well-defined engineering problems in societal and
environmental contexts (DK7).
PLO8: Understand and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of technician practice.
PLO9: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member in diverse technical teams.
PLO10: Communicate effectively on well-defined
engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, by being able
to comprehend the work of others, document their
own work, and give and receive clear instructions.
PLO11: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
engineering management principles and apply
these to one’s own work, as a member or leader in a
125
technical team and to manage projects in
multidisciplinary environments.
PLO12: Recognise the need for, and have the ability to
engage in independent updating in the context of
specialised technical knowledge.
126
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE (SEM 1- SEM 6)
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE FOR DIPLOMA IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CONTACT HOURS CREDIT
COMPONENTS COURSE CODE LPT HOURS
Semester 1
2
DUE10 0 12 COM M UNICATIVE ENGLISH 1 10 2
1
Compulsary M PU2 4 XX1 SUKAN
M PU2 4 XX1 UNIT BERUNIFORM 1 2
02 0 2
3
DUW10 0 2 2 OCCUPATIONAL, SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR ENGINEERING 2 0 0 3
3
Common Core DBS10 0 12 ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2 10 16
DBM 10 0 13 ENGINEERING M ATHEM ATICS 1 202 2
Disipline Core DGC10 0 13 INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEM ISTRY 220 1
DGP10 0 13 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY 220
3
TOTAL 22 3
3
Semester 2 3
2
M PU2 3 0 52 SAINS, TEKNOLOGI DAN KEJ URUTERAAN DALAM ISLAM * 17
10 2 2
3
M PU2 3 0 4 2 NILAI M ASYARAKAT M ALAYSIA** 3
3
Compulsary 3
2
M PU2 4 XX1 KELAB / P ER S ATUAN 020 16
M PU2 4 XX1 UNIT BERUNIFORM 2
Common Core DB M 2 0 0 2 3 ENGINEERING M ATHEM ATICS 2 202
DGC 2 0 0 2 3 ORGANIC CHEM ISTRY 220
Disipline Core DJ J 2 0 0 6 3 THERM ODYNAM ICS 220
DJ J 3 0 113 M ATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
DGM 10 0 2 2 ENGINEERING DRAWING 220
13 0
TOTAL 25
Semester 3
Compulsary DUE3 0 0 2 2 COM M UNICATIVE ENGLISH 2 10 2
Common Core DB M 3 0 0 3 3 ENGINEERING M ATHEM ATICS 3 202
DGC 3 0 0 3 3 HEAT AND M ASS TRANSFER 220
DGC 3 0 0 4 3 M ASS AND ENERGY BALANCE 30 1
DJ J 2 0 0 73 FLUID M ECHANICS
Disipline Core
220
DGP2 0 0 6 2 PROCESS PLANT EQUIPM ENT 200
TOTAL 21
127
Semester 4
Common Core DJ J 4 0 13 2 ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY 200 2
DGC4 0 0 53 220 3
Disipline Core DGC 4 0 0 6 3 PLANT UTILITIES 220 3
DGC4 0 0 73 220 3
Elect ive DGC 4 0 0 8 3 UNIT OPERATION 220 3
DGM 4 0 0 9 2 12 0 2
Compulsary CHEM ICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
M PU2 10 12 21 16
Disipline Core DUE50 0 3 2 ENVIRONM ENTAL QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
Elect ive M PU2 2 0 12 10 2 2
DGC50 0 9 3 PROJECT 1 10 2 2
Ind us trial Training DGC50 10 3 10 2 2
DGM 50 12 3 ELEC TIVE*** 220 3
1 300 3
2 DUT6 0 0 6 10 TOTA L 050 3
3
4 DGC4 2 0 12 Semester 5 21 15
5 DGC 4 2 0 2 2
DGP52 0 3 2 PENGAJ IAN M ALAYSIA 000 10
DGP52 0 4 2 10
COM M UNICATIVE ENGLISH 3 200
DJ J 52 0 12 2
ENTR EP R ENEUR S HIP
92
PROCESS INSTRUM ENTATION AND CONTROL
TRANSPORT PHENOM ENA
PROJECT 2
ELEC TIVE***
TOTA L
Semester 6
ENGINEERING INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
TOTAL
Elective Courses
POLYM ER ENGINEERING
OIL AND FAT PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL M ANAGEM ENT
WASTE WATER ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING PLANT TECHNOLOGY
TOTAL CREDITS
128
SYNOPSIS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO) (SEM 1- SEM 6)
SEMESTER SYNOPSIS CLO
COURSE
CREDIT
PRE REQUISITE
CLO1:
Participate in a
discussion using
DUE10012 COMMUNICATION ENGLISH 1 COMMUNICATIVE effective
NONE ENGLISH 1 focuses on communication
developing students’ and social skills to
speaking skills to reach an
enable them to amicable
communicate conclusion by
effectively and accommodating
confidently in group differing views and
discussions and in a opinions.(A3)
variety of social
interactions. It is CLO2:
1 2 designed to provide Demonstrate
students with awareness of
appropriate reading values and
skills to comprehend opinions
a variety of texts. The embedded in
students are texts on current
equipped with issues.(A3)
effective
presentation skills as CLO3:
a preparation for Present a topic of
academic and interest that carries
purposes. identifiable values
coherently using
effective verbal
and non-verbal
129
communication
skills. (A2)
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH
DUW10022 OCCUPATIONAL, SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR ENGINEERING FOR ENGINEERING CLO1 :
NONE course is designed to Explain briefly
impart understanding Occupational
of the self-regulatory Safety and Health
concepts and (OSH) procedures,
provisions under the regulation and its
Occupational Safety compliance in
& Health Act (OSHA). Malaysia
This course presents (C2 , PLO 1)
the responsibilities of
workers in CLO2 :
implementing and Initiates incident
complying with the hazards, risks and
safety procedures at safe work
work. Understanding practices in order
1 2 of notifications of to maintain health
accidents, dangerous and safe work
occurrence, poisoning environment.
and diseases and (A3 , PLO 8)
liability for offences CLO3 :
will be imparted upon Demonstrate
students. This course communication
will also provide an skill in group to
understanding of the explain the factor
key issues in OSH that can lead to
Management, accident in
Incident Prevention, workplace.
Fire Safety, Hazard (A3,PLO 10)
Identification Risk
Control and Risk
Assessment (HIRARC),
Workplace
Environment and
130
Ergonomics and guide
the students gradually
into this multi-
disciplinary science.
CLO1 :
Use basic physics
DBS 10012 ENGINEERING SCINECE ENGINEERING concept to solve
NONE SCIENCE course engineering
introduces the physics problems
physical concepts ( C3, CLS 1 )
required in CLO2 :
engineering Apply knowledge
disciplines. Students of fundamental
1 2 will learn the physics in activities
knowledge of to mastery physics
fundamental physics concept
in order to identify ( C3, CLS 1 )
and solve engineering
physics problems. CLO3 :
Students will be able Perform
to perform appropriate
experiments and activities related
activities to mastery to physics
physics concepts. concept
( P3, CLS 3a )
ENGINEERING CLO1 :
DBM 10013 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1 Use mathematical
MATHEMATICS 1
NONE exposes students to statement to
1 3 the basic algebra describe
including resolve relationship
partial fractions. This between various
course also covers the physical
concept of
phenomena.
trigonometry and the
( C3 , CLS 1 )
method to solve
trigonometry problems
by using basic
131
identities, compound CLO2 :
angle and double Show
angle formulae. mathematical
Students will be solutions using the
introduced to the appropriate
theory of complex techniques in
number and concept mathematics.
of vector and scalar. ( C3 , CLS 3c )
Students will explore
advanced matrices CLO3 :
involving 3x3 matrix. Use mathematical
expression in
describing real
engineering
problems
precisely,
concisely and
logically.
( A3 , CLS 3b )
INORGANIC AND CLO1 :
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Apply the basic
DGC 10013 INORGANIC AND PHISICAL is to introduce concepts of
CHEMISTRY
NONE students to the physical chemistry
fundamentals of of solving
Physical Chemistry. problems related
The individual to chemical
analysis process in
modules are
industry .
concerned with the
3 (C3,PO1 )
1 nature of molecular
interactions as well as CLO2 :
the description of Perform laboratory
chemical systems experiments
using quantum related to
mechanics and inorganic and
classical physical chemistry.
thermodynamics. (P3,PO5 )
132
CLO3 :
Discuss
engineering
problems of
societal, health,
safety, legal and
cultural issues in
chemical industry.
(A2 ,PO6 )
DGP10013 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY13ELECTRICAL CLO1 :
NONE TECHNOLOGY exposes Apply the basic
students to concepts principles and
of basic electrical, fundamentals of
electromagnetism Electrical
and transformers. The Technology to
course focuses on the solve electrical
different types of circuit problems
electrical circuits, the (C3 , PLO1)
relationship between
current and voltage CLO2 :
including the Measure electrical
resistance. It also quantities using
provides the skills on multimeter in
the measuring the series, parallel and
electrical quantities, series parallel
constructing basic circuit
circuits and operation ( P4 , PLO5 )
of transformer
CLO3 :
Cooperate
effectively to
perform practical
task
( A2 , PLO9)
133
SAINS,TEKNOLOGI CLO1:
DAN KEJURUTERAAN Melaksanakan
DALAM ISLAM dengan yakin
MPU23052 SAINS TEKNOLOGI & KEJURUTERAAN DALAM ISLAM memberi amalan Islam
TIADA pengetahuan tentang dalam kehidupan
konsep Islam sebagai seharian.
al-Din dan seterusnya (A2)
membincangkan
konsep sains, CLO2:
teknologi dan Menerangkan
kejuruteraan dalam etika dan
Islam serta impaknya, profesionalisme
pencapaiannya berkaitan sains
2 2 dalam tamadun teknologi dan
Islam, prinsip serta kejuruteraan
peranan syariah dan dalam Islam (A3)
etika Islam, peranan
kaedah fiqh serta CLO3:
aplikasinya. Menghubungkaitk
an minda ingin
tahu dengan
prinsip syariah dan
kaedah fiqh
dalam sains,
teknologi dan
kejuruteraan
menurut perspektif
Islam. (A4)
134
CLO1:
Membincangkan
sejarah dan nilai
dalam
pembentukan
MPU23042 NILAI MASYARAKAT MALAYSIA NILAI MASYARAKAT masyarakat di
TIADA MALAYSIA Malaysia.
membincangkan (A2)
aspek sejarah CLO2:
pembentukan Menerangkan
masyarakat Malaysia, etika dan
nilai-nilai agama serta
adat resam dan profesionalisme
budaya masyarakat terhadap konsep
2 2 di Malaysia. Selain itu, perpaduan bagi
pelajar dapat meningkatkan
memepelajari semangat
tanggungjawab patriotisme
sebagai individu dan masyarakat
nilai perpaduan Malaysia. (A3)
dalam kehidupan di
samping cabaran- CLO3:
cabaran dalam Menghubungkait
membentuk minda ingin tahu
masyarakat Malaysia. dengan cabaran-
cabaran dalam
membentuk
masyarakat
Malaysia. (A4)
135
CLO1 :
Use algebra and
calculus
knowledge to
DBM 20023 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2 ENGINEERING describe
DBM10013 MATHEMATICS 2 relationship
exposes students to between various
the basic laws of physical
indices and phenomena.
logarithms. This course ( C3 , CLS 1 )
introduces the basic CLO2 :
rules of differentiation Solve the
concepts to solve mathematical
problems that relates problems by using
maximum, minimum
and calculate the appropriate and
rates of changes. This relevant
2 3 course discusses fundamental
integration concepts calculus
in order to strengthen techniques.
student’s knowledge ( C3 , CLS 3c )
for solving area and
volume bounded CLO3 :
region problems. In Use mathematical
addition, students will language to
learn application of express
both techniques of mathematical
differentiation and ideas and
integration. arguments
precisely,
concisely and
logically in
calculus.
( A3 , CLS 3b )
136
CLO1 :
Apply the
classification of
organic
compounds by
functional groups,
IUPAC
nomenclature, the
DGC20023 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY properties and the
NONE discusses the study of preparation and
organic compounds, reactions of
beginning with organic
classification by compounds.
functional groups, the ( C3 , PLO1)
IUPAC system of
nomenclature, CLO2 :
2 3 properties and Perform practical
preparation of skill in organic
organic compounds. chemistry
Subsequently laboratory
students study the experiment.
common types of ( P4, PLO5)
chemical reactions
encountered in CLO3 :
organic chemistry Display ability to
work in a group
with proper
techniques to
create a secured
environment in
practical works.
( A3, PLO9 )
137
CLO1 :
Explain
DJJ20063 THERMODYNAMICS THERMODYNAMICS fundamentals
NONE provides knowledge concept and
of theory, concept properties of pure
and application of substances in
principles to solve thermodynamics
problems related to (C2, PLO1)
thermodynamics. It CLO2 :
emphasizes on
concept of non-flow Apply Laws of
process and flow thermodynamics
2 3 process, properties of and it processes
steam, Carnot cycle (C3, PLO1)
and Rankine cycle.
This course also CLO3 :
exposes the students Organize
to the demonstration appropriately
of experiments in experiments
Thermodynamics by according to the
using the real Standard
equipment. Operating
Procedures
(P4, PLO5)
138
CLO1 :
Apply the
fundamental of
DJJ30113 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING MATERIALS SCIENCE material science
NONE AND ENGINEERING to identify the
course introduces materials,
students a properties,
comprehensive behavior,
coverage of basic processes and
fundamentals of treatment.
materials science and (C3 ,PLO1)
engineering. The
course focuses on CLO2 :
2 3 material structures, Performed
properties, fabrication appropriate
methods, corrosion, material testing
thermal processing according to the
and material testing Standard
mostly of metals and
Operating
alloys. New
Procedures.
fabrication method of
(P4 , PLO5)
powder metallurgy
are introduces to CLO3 :
student to cater the Demonstrate the
fabrications of ability to work
devices, sensors for individually and
Industry 4.0 in groups to
technology. complete
assigned tasks
during the
practical work
session.
(A3 ,PLO9)
139
THE ENGINEERING
DRAWING course
provides the students
with the fundamentals CLO1 :
of engineering Apply the basic
drawings. It fundamentals of
DGM10022 ENGINEERING DRAWING emphasizes on the engineering
NONE practical knowledge drawings and
of drawing instruments features of CAD
and drawing software in
techniques that will be producing
applied in workshop engineering
practical activities drawing.
and in Computer (C3, PLO1 )
Aided Design courses.
Computer Aided CLO2 :
2 2 Design introduces and Construct the
provides knowledge engineering
to Computer Aided drawings and 2D
Design (CAD) CAD drawings
software application
according to the
in developing
engineering
engineering drawing
standards.
particularly in
(P4, PLO5 )
engineering drawing.
This course will enable CLO3 :
students to explore Demonstrate the
the software from its understanding of
graphical user engineering norms
interface to and practices in
command features
including data entry, engineering
draw, modify, display drawing standard.
control, drawing aids, (A3, PLO10)
layer, block, insert,
dimensioning,
hatching and plotting.
140
CLO1:
Describe a
product or sevice
effectively by
highlighting its
features and
characteristics
that appeal to
DUE30022 COMMUNICATION ENGLISH 2 specific audience.
DUE10012
COMMUNICATIVE (A3)
ENGLISH 2 CLO2:
emphasises the skills
required at the Describe
workplace to prosseses,
describe products or procedures and
3 2 services as well as instructions clearly
processes or by highlighting
procedures. This information of
course will also concern.
enable students to (A3)
make and reply to
enquiries and CLO3:
complaints. Demonstrate
effective
communication
and social skills in
handling enquiries
and complaints
amicably and
professionally.
(A2)
141
ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS 3
exposes students to
the statistical and
probability concepts
and their
applications in CLO1 :
DBM 30033 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 3 interpreting data. The Demonstrate an
DBM20023 course also understanding of
introduces numerical the common body
methods concept to of knowledge in
solve simultaneous mathematics.
equations by using ( C3 , CLS 1 )
Gaussian Elimination
method, LU CLO2 :
Decomposition using Demonstrate
3 3 Doolittle and Crout problems solving
methods, polynomial skills in engineering
problems using problems.
Simple Fixed Point (C3 , CLS 3c)
Iteration and
Newton-Raphson CLO3 :
methods. In order to Use mathematical
strengthen the expression in
students in solving describing real
engineering engineering
problems, Ordinary problems
Differential Equation precisely,
(ODE) is also concisely and
included. In logically.
additional, the ( A3 , CLS 3b )
course also discusses
optimization
problems by using
Linear Programming.
It is designed to build
students’ teamwork
and problems solving
skill.
142
HEAT AND MASS CLO1:
TRANSFER emphasize Apply the
on the principles of engineering
the Heat Transfer in principles to solve
steady state by engineering
DGC30033 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER conduction, calculation for
NONE convection and problems involving
radiation. Principles of heat and mass
steady-state and transfer in steady
transient heat state condition.
conduction in solid (C3,PLO1)
are investigated.
Laminar and turbulent CLO2:
boundary layer flows
3 3 are treated, as well as Perform
condensation and experiments
boiling phenomena, related to heat
thermal radiation, and and mass transfer
radiation heat transfer systems according
between surfaces. to standard
Students will be operating
exposed to the procedures.
procedure for general (P4, PLO5)
problem solving and CLO3:
its application on heat Present ability to
exchanger. Student work in team to
will be also exposed
to the mass transfer complete
mechanisms and assigned tasks
develop relations for using knowledge
mass transfer rate for of heat and mass
situations commonly transfer through its
encountered in application.
practice. (A2,PLO9)
143
CLO1:
Discuss the basic
principle
engineering
calculation
involving material
and energy
balances in
DGC30043 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE MASS AND ENERGY engineering
DGC10013 BALANCES is process systems.
designed as an (C2, PLO1)
introduction to CLO2:
fundamentals of Solve material and
materials and energy energy balances
balances. The
emphasis is on problems for
understanding the processes with or
3 principles of material without chemical
3 and energy balances reaction in
in chemical process chemical process
systems. This course systems.
will develop the (C3, PLO2)
student’s ability to
formulate and solve CLO3:
material and energy Practice the
balances problems principles and
for chemical process techniques of
systems. solving problems
involving material
and energy
balances in
chemical process
industry.
(A2, PLO9)
144
CLO1:
Explain the
fundamentals of
fluid.
FLUID MECHANICS (C2, PLO1)
provides students with
DJJ20073 FLUID MECHANICS a strong CLO2:
NONE
understanding of the Solve problems
fundamentals of fluid related to fluid
mechanics principles properties, fluid
related to the fluid statics and fluid
3 3 properties and dynamics.
behavior in static and (C3, PLO1)
dynamic situations.
This course also CLO3:
exposes the students Organize
to the demonstration appropriate
at the real equipment experiments in
of fluid mechanics. groups according
. to the standard
operating
procedures.
(P4, PLO5)
PROCESS PLANT CLO1:
EQUIPMENT provides Discriminate
DGP20062 PROCESS PLANT knowledge on process plant
EQUIPMENT
NONE concepts and basic equipment
principles of plant according to its
static and rotary classification,
3 2 equipment. The types and
course emphasis on function.
general uses and (C2, PLO1)
basic operating
principles of static and CLO2:
rotary equipment Transcribe process
such as valve, pipe, plant equipment
heat exchanger, according to its
pump, compressor, principles of
internal combustion
145
engine and turbine. operation and
Students will be application.
introduced to the (C3, PLO2)
classifications, types
and specific functions CLO3:
of the stated Describe specific
components above. process plant
equipment
according to their
functions and
operating
principle in a
process plant.
(A3, PLO12)
CLO1:
Implement the
roles of
engineering
DJJ40132 ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY ENGINEERING AND profession towards
NONE SOCIETY focuses on the developing of
the introduction to society and its
professional ethics, challenges in
theory and philosophy globalization.
of ethics, values in (C3,PLO6)
4 2 professional ethics, CLO2:
engineering bylaws Determine the
and standards, issues important of work
in professional ethics ethics, bylaws and
and sustainability. It professionalism in
also relates towards IR engineering
4.0 introduction and profession.
green engineering. (C4,PLO8)
CLO3:
Determine the
needs for
sustainable and
146
green engineering
towards providing
the solutions in
engineering field.
(C4,PLO7)
PLANT UTILITIES CLO1:
introduces and Apply the
provides knowledge function, process
on different types of flow and basic
DGC40053 PLANT UTILITIES plant and its calculation
NONE importance including involved in utility
various utility flow plant system.
diagrams. It also (C3 , PLO1)
exposes students to
utility system and its CLO2:
function, calculations, Perform practical
the basic design, the tasks relating to
4 3 main equipment utility plant
involved, functions, operation
mechanical ( P4, PLO5)
characteristics and its
operating procedures. CLO3:
During this course, the Demonstrate
student will also be societal
exposed into practical awareness
skills regarding utility towards
plant operations and sustainable
maintenance through environment
practical works. ( A3, PLO7)
UNIT OPERATION CLO1:
DGC40063 UNIT provides knowledge Apply the
OPERATION
NONE regarding the principles and
4 3 equipment or process methods of
unit as well as its separation process
function use in the in unit operation
industry. The unit to solve related
operations are largely problem based on
147