Class 8 book

Python provides two types of looping constructs- For loop and While loop

FOR LOOP

The for loop is used to repeat a block of statements until there is no items in Object (String,

List, Tuple or any other object ) in Python. Python's for statement iterates over the items of any

sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence. Loop continues until

we reach the last item in the sequence. The body of for loop is separated from the rest of the

code using indentation. For each item
Syntax: in sequence

for variable in Object: Test Expression Yes
Statement 1

Statement 2 No

........... Body of For loop
Statement n
Exit loop

Here, 'for' represents the keyword which indicates the for statement begins. 'variable' specifies
the name of variable that will hold a single element of sequence. 'in' indicates the sequence
comes next. 'object' is the sequence that will be stepped through and 'statement 1', 'statement
2'….so on are the statements that will be executed in each iteration.
PMP
In Python if you want to print PM Publishers five times, you could do the following:

print (“PM Publishers”)

Output: PM Publishers

print (“PM Publishers”)

Output: PM Publishers

print (“PM Publishers”)

Output: PM Publishers

print (“PM Publishers”)

Output: PM Publishers

print (“PM Publishers”)

Output: PM Publishers

But this is rather time taking and boring. So, you can use a for loop to reduce the amount of IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)
typing and repetition, like this:
151
# Python For Loop - Range Example

for x in range(0, 5):
print (“PM Publishers”)

Output:

PM Publishers
PM Publishers
PM Publishers
PM Publishers
PM Publishers

The range function can be used to create a list of numbers ranging from a starting number up
to the number just before the ending number.

Example : Output

# Python For Loop - String Example Letter is: P
Str = "PM PUBLISHERS” Letter is: M
for word in Str: Letter is:
Letter is: P
print ("Letter is: ", word) Letter is: U
In the above example, first, we declared a string variable called Letter is: B
Str and assigned value as “PM PUBLISHERS”. Then we used the Letter is: L
Python for loop to iterate through the string and display Letter is: I
individual letters. Letter is: S
Letter is: H
WHILE LOOP Letter is: E
Letter is: R
Letter is: S

The while Loop in Python is used to repeat a block of statements for given number of times,

until the given condition is False. It starts with the condition, if the condition is True then

statements inside the while loop will be executed, otherwise if the given condition is False then

PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.it will not be executed at least once. It means, while loop may execute zero or more time. The

PMPsyntax of while loop is: Start

Syntax:

while test_expression: Test Condition False
Body of while

In Python, the body of the while loop is determined through indentation. True

In while loop, test expression is checked first. The body of the loop is Body of Loop
entered only if the test_expression evaluates to True. After one iteration, Stop
the test expression is checked again. This process continues until the
test_expression evaluates to False.

Example :

# Python While Loop - To Print PM Publishers 5 times

i=0 Publishers") Output
while i<5: PM Publishers
PM Publishers
print ("PM PM Publishers
i=i+1

PM Publishers

PM Publishers

In this example, the while loop will be executed 5 times and prints PM Publishers in a vertical
line. While working with while loop, we need to increment the control variable we used in test
condition; that control variable should be incremented in the body of the loop, otherwise the
152 loop would turn into an indefinite loop.

Example : Output
(26, 51)
# While Loop - To Print value of a and b (27, 52)
a = 25 (28, 53)
b = 50
while a < 30 and b < 70:

a=a+1 (29, 54)
b=b+1 (30, 55)
print(a, b)

In the above example, we created a variable a with the value 25, and a variable b with the value

50. The loop checks for two conditions whether a is less than 30 and whether b is less than 70.

While both conditions are true, the lines that follow are executed, adding 1 to both variables

and then printing them.

Break Statement Enter Loop

Break can be used to unconditionally jump out of the loop. It Test Condition False
terminates the execution of the loop. It can be used in while
loop and for loop. Break is mostly required, when due to some True
external condition, we need to exit from a loop.

Syntax: break
PMP break Yes

Example : No Exit Loop

# Python Break Statement Output Remaining Body
for letter in 'Python': P of Loop
y
if letter == 'h': t
break

print (letter)

The example above prints all letters in string 'Python' before the letter 'h'. This is so because when

the letter becomes equal to 'h', the break statement will force the program to exit from the loop.

Continue Statement Enter Loop

Continue statement is used to tell Python to skip the rest of the Test Condition False
statements of the current loop block and to move to next iteration of
the loop. Loop does not terminate but continues on with the next True IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)
iteration. This can also be used with both while and for loop.
Yes
Syntax: continue Output continue Exit Loop
Example :
No

# Python Continue Statement P Remaining Body
for letter in 'Python': y of Loop
t
if letter == 'h': o
continue n

print (letter)

The example above prints all letters in string 'Python' except the letter 'h'. This is so because 153
when the letter becomes equal to 'h', the if statement will be executed and the continue
statement inside it will force the program to skip the print statement.

Self-Evaluation CHECKLIST

PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.After reading the chapter, I know these points:

PMP$ I know that control statements are used to control or change the flow of execution.
Agree
Disagree$ I know that in Python, conditional and looping statements are structured using
indentation rather than using curly braces ({}).

$ I know that IF statement is a powerful decision making statement.

$ I know that there are two types of loops in Python: while and for.

$ I know that the for loop is used to repeat a block of statements until there is no
items in Object (String, List, Tuple or any other object) in Python.

$ I know that the while Loop in Python is used to repeat a block of statements for
given number of times, until the given condition is False.

$ I know that continue statement skips the rest of the statements of the current loop
block and move to next iteration of the loop.

Exercises

A. Tick [ü] the correct answer.

B. 1. A ..................... control structure shows one or more actions following each other in order.
154
a. Sequential b. Procedure c. Branching

2. When a program breaks the sequential flow and jumps to another part of the code, it is
called ..................... .

a. Structure b. Branching c. Functional

3. ..................... statement is used to execute one or more statements depending on whether
a condition is True or not.

a. Loop b. IF c. Break

4. ..................... cause a section of your program to be repeated a certain number of times.

a. Break b. Loops c. Continue

5. The ..................... function can be used to create a list of numbers ranging from a starting
number up to the number just before the ending number.

a. Range b. Print c. Input

6. ..................... can be used to unconditionally jump out of the loop.

a. Continue b. Break c. While

Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False statements.

1. Python programs get structured through indentation.

2. In unconditional branching, branching takes place on any decision.

3. The if...elif...else executes only one block of code among several blocks.

4. The for loop is better choice than while loop while iterating through sequences.

5. The continue and break statement have same effect.

C. Fill in the blanks.

1. Conditional and looping statements are structured using indentation rather than using
.......................... .

2. When .......................... decisions are involved, we can put ifs together.

3. .......................... is the process of placing the if or if-else or elif statement.

4. Python's for statement .......................... over the items of any sequence, in the order that
they appear in the sequence.

5. The .......................... Loop in Python is used to repeat a block of statements for given
number of times, until the given condition is False.

6. .......................... statement is used to skip the rest of the statements of the current loop
block and to move to next iteration of the loop.

D. Define the following.

1. Conditional Branching: ...............................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

2. Unconditional Branching: ...........................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

E. Differentiate between the following.

PMP1. For Loop While Loop

................................................................ .....................................................................

................................................................ .....................................................................

................................................................ .....................................................................

................................................................ .....................................................................

2. Break statement Continue statement

................................................................ ....................................................................

................................................................ ....................................................................

................................................................ ....................................................................

................................................................ .....................................................................

F. Answer in 1-2 sentences.

1. What do you mean by control structures?

..................................................................................................................................................... IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)

.....................................................................................................................................................

2. What is branching?

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

3. Why do we use elif statement?

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

4. What is loop? How many types of loops are used in Python?

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

155

PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.G. Answer Briefly.
1. What is if-else statement? Write its syntax.
PMP .....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. What is while loop? Write its syntax.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. What is nested-if statement? Write its syntax.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
4. What is for loop? Write its syntax.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................

H. Application Based Question.
Your teacher asked you to write a program in which she wants the statement by which the
program jumps out of the loop unconditionally. By which statement you can do so?
...........................................................................................................................................................

Activity Section

Lab Activity

1. Write the output of the following programs in the given boxes.
a. i = 0
while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 1
if i == 3:
break
else:
print(0)

b. i=0
j=1
print ("i=",i)
print ("j=",j)
for x in range(1, 10):
n= i+j
i=j
j=n

156 print ("n=",n)

2. Write a program to calculate the discount for the price given by the user.
Price = int(input("Enter the price: "))
if Price > 10000:
print ("Discount is 30%")
elif Price >5000:
print ("Discount is 20%")
else:
print ("Discount is 10%”)

3. Write a program to find whether given number is odd or even.
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
mod = num % 2
if mod != 0:
print("This is an odd number.")
else:
print("This is an even number.")

4. Write a program to display multiplication table of any number g iven by the user.
num = int(input("Enter number: "))
for i in range(1, 11):
print num,'x',i,'=',num*i

5. Write the following program to add natural numbers (1+2+3+...+n).
num = int(input("Enter number: "))
sum = 0
i=1
while i <= num:
sum = sum + i
i = i+1
print("The sum is", sum)
PMP

Technology Trailblazers IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)

Guido van Rossum YEAR: 1991

? Creator: Python

Guido van Rossum, best known as the Python programming language author, 157
was born on 31 January 1956 in Netherlands. Python was first released by
him in 1991, Python has undergone continual improvement and has become a
powerful yet flexible and easy-to-learn language. Since he made Python open
source, Van Rossum has accepted the title of Benevolent Dictator For Life
(BDFL) from the Python user community, which means that he continues to

oversee Python development process, and always making decisions where
necessary. He worked at Google from 2005 till 2012, where he spent half
of his time developing Python programming language.

Worksheet-1

Chapters 1 - 5

A. Tick [ü] the correct answer.

1. .......................... is an email protocol for sending email messages across the Internet.

a. POP3 b. FTP c. HTTP

2. .......................... is the process of transferring files from your computer to a server on the
Internet.

a. Downloading b. Uploading c. Browsing

3. The LONG VARCHAR field type is also known as ..................................... .

a. Memo b. Boolen c. Numeric

4. The primary key is a key that .................. the records in a table.

a. Translator b. Differentiate c. Assemble

5. Relational database can contain ............................... related tables.

a. One b. Single c. Multiple
PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.
6. ....................... feature allows you to quickly search through tables, queries, and forms for a
PMP piece of data.

a. Find b. Replace c. Sorting

7. The shortcut key to Run a query is ................................. .

a. F6 b. F2 c. F5

8. ....................... is used to display the records that have same values for one or more
specified fields.

a. Simple query b. Unmatched query c. Duplicate query

9. In Inkscape, ....................... is the rectangular area that represents the printable section of
the document window.

a. Document Page b. Canvas c. Work area

B. Write 'T' for True and 'F' for False statements.
158 1. Web server is not an example of dedicated server.
2. A switch is a device that provides a central point for cables in a network.
3. The Bus network is also called linear network.
4. The Table Design view window contains Field Properties pane.
5. Filtering means arranging the records in ascending or descending order.
6. To select multiple cells, position the mouse pointer over the left edge of the first

cell and then drag.
7. Select Query window displays the fields for the table you selected to apply query.
8. After creating an ellipse, you can change it into an arc or pie shape.
9. To draw a straight line hold the Shift key on your keyboard while drawing a line.
10. You cannot rotate the object in Inkscape.

C. Fill in the blanks.
1. ........................ cable consists of a single copper wire surrounded by at least three layers.
2. ........................ a set of rules that defines how pages transfer on the Internet.
3. A ........................ is a computer system that relies on a server for all the resources.
4. A ……………………..…. is a collection of organized data.
5. ............................... extension is used, by default, in LibreOffice Base file.
6. .......................... value is used to fill the data in fields automatically to speed up data early.
7. The default length for text field is ............................. and for Number field is 10.
8. ....................... field is set to handle a “yes” or “No” input.
9. …………………….. styles can be assigned in Inkscape by using Fill and Stroke pane.
10. …………………….. text is better suited for editing long blocks of text.

D. Define the following. 2. TCP/IP 3. SMTP
1. FTP 5. Primary key 6. Relational window
4. Field Type 8. Swatches 9. Artistic text
7. Major key

E. Differentiate between the following.PMP
1. LAN and WAN
2. Broadcast Radio and Cellular Radio
3. Peer to peer and Client server Network
4. CHARACTER and LONG VARCHAR field Type
5. NUMERIC and REAL field type
6. Simple query and Duplicate query
7. Blur and Opacity
8. Node and Segment

F. Answer the following questions. IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)
1. What do you understand by dedicated servers? Give examples.
2. What do you understand by Wireless transmission media?
3. Explain any three field properties of a database.
4. Why do we use Design View?
5. What is the use of Description field in design view?
6. What is the benefit of using Report wizard?
7. What do you understand by Text data criteria?
8. Why do we use a Query in a database?
9. What is the purpose of Inskcape software?
10. How will you create a Rounded rectangle?

159

Worksheet-2

Chapters 6 - 10

A. Tick [ü] the correct answer.

1. ....................................... computing makes data backup easier and less expensive.

a. Cloud b. Soft c. Hard

2. ............................... is store for apps, songs, books, movies, games and other contents for
Android-powered phones and tablets.

a. Google Play b. Google Allo c. Google Translate

3. Google is mainly used as ....................................... and this probably remains one of the
most visible aspects of Google on the web.

a. Office b. Search Engine c. School

4. App Inventor is an ....................................... web application.

a. Fixed-source b. Close-source c. Open-source

5. ....................................... retains a copy of your blocks even when you exit app inventor.

PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.a. Blocks b. Backpack c. Properties

PMP6. ........................... is an interpreted and object oriented language.

a. C++ b. JAVA c. Python

7. ........................... operator gives true when both value of operands are true.

a. and b. or c not

8. ........................... statement is used to go back to the start of the loop.

a. loop b. break c. continue

B. Write 'T' for True and 'F' for False statements.

1. Google Drive allows to store your files online and can access them from anywhere
in the whole world.

2. In cloud computing, to start a new application software, you should install it in
your computer.

3. The Spreadsheet component of Google Docs allows you to basic manipulation of
spreadsheets, adding charts and using of formula.

4. Blocks Editor is used for instructing the components what to do and when to do
it.

5. In App Designer window, you can create the look and feel of your app.

6. Python uses triple quotes for multiline strings.

7. The '*=' operator is used to compare the values.

8. The break and continue statements are always used with if and if...else
statements.

160

C. Fill in the blanks.
1. ...................................... provides IT infrastructure like servers, storage, networks operating
systems over the Internet on pay as you go basis.
2. ..................................... gives you 15 GB of free Google online storage, in which you can
keep files, folders, backups and everything that is important.
3. Google apps are totally based on ............................................ .
4. A single person who maintains many blogs is known as a ........................... .
5. ........................... is an interactive mapping program that covers the vast area of the Earth.
6. ........................... apps are developed for a particular platform or device.
7. ........................... is a sequence of letter enclosed in quotes in Python.
8. Keywords are also known as ........................... words.
9. .............................. plays a very important role in structuring of program in Python.
10. The repetition of statements can be done using .............................. .

D. Define the following. 2. Google Pixel 3. Google glass
1. Resource pooling 5. App store 6. Utility apps
4. SaaS 8. Literals 9. Branching
7. Delimiter
PMP
E. Differentiate between the following.
1. Hybrid Cloud and Community Cloud
2. Google Drive and Google Docs
3. Educational apps and Communication apps
4. Arithmetic Operator and Logical Operator
5. Nested if and elif statement

F. Answer the following questions. IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)
1. Write the advantages of cloud computing.
2. Name the basic types of cloud computing. Explain them.
3. How does Google Maps work?
4. What is the use of Google Hangouts?
5. Describe the main parts of Blocks Editor.
6. What do you mean by running a app?
7. What is the role of interpreter in Python?
8. Why do we use Script mode?
9. How can you convert a string value to integer value?
10. Describe the syntax of while loop with example.

161

Project Work

Project LibreOffice Base

A. Create a database named 'Customer' and design two tables in it containing the
following fields:
Table 1 : Customer
Fields: Customer ID (Primary Key), Customer Name, Address, City, Phone, E-mail ID
Table 2 : Invoice
Fields: Customer ID (Primary Key), Invoice No., Date, Invoice Amount
a. Create two forms for the above two tables using Form Wizard, which include all the fields
of both the tables. Save them as the table names.
b. Using these two Forms, enter 5 records in both the tables.
c. Close the Forms and open both tables to view the records entered in the tables.
d. Close the tables, database, and Base.

B. You and two of your friends have started a small business. You provide help to big
companies in the field of computer expertise. You have a small clientele and now
you realize that you need to computerize your business. You have gathered some
information as shown below:
PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.
Field Field Field Primary Description
PMPName Type Size Key

Customer ID VARCHAR 4 Yes Number of Customer ID

Name VARCHAR 40 Name of the customer

Address VARCHAR 40 Address of customer
Telephone NUMERIC Phone number of customer

Balance Decimal Balance amount of customer

Amount Paid Decimal Amount paid by the customer
Amount Due Decimal Amount due from customer

Customer Name Address Telephone Balance Amount Amount
ID Sunil Paid Due
31, Dilshad Gdn 23000000 5000
0ASD 3000 2000

0QWE Kamal 34, Kirti Nagar 22220000 7000 6000 1000

0POI Akash 1/3, Noida 56560000 9000 3000 6000
0LKJ Sameer 24, Okhla 76540000 7000 6000 1000

0MNB Tony B-1, Karol Bagh 27500000 6000 6000 0
0ZXC Ashok 19, Dilshad Gdn 88880000 9000 5000 4000

0ASD Kunal 22/1, Noida 34570000 7000 6000 1000
0DFG Rajesh 23, Faridabad 44540000 8000 2000 6000

162 Design and create a database in Base to store the data related to your business. Then create a
table, enter data from the information given above and print the table.

C. Create a database 'Final Result', containing the following tables:
Table 1 : Student (Master Table)
Fields: Roll No. (Primary Key), Name, Class, Section
Table 2 : Unit Test 1 (Contains the details of marks in Unit Test 1)
Fields: Roll No., Science, Maths, English, Hindi, S.St.
Table 3 : Unit Test 2 (Contains the details of marks in Unit Test 2)
Fields: Roll No., Science, Maths, English, Hindi, S.St.
Table 4 : Final Exams (Contains the details of marks in the final exams)
Fields: Roll No., Science, Maths, English, Hindi, S.St.
a. Create the tables in Design View and assign appropriate Field Type and description for the
fields.
b. Assign the Roll No. field in the 'Student' table as the Primary key.
c. Click on the Relationship button after creating all the four tables.
d. Add all the tables selecting the table names one at a time and clicking on the Add button
each time.
e. Click and drag the 'Roll No.' field in the 'Student' table and place it on the 'Roll No.' field of
'Unit Test 1' table. In the same way, define relationship as shown below:
PMP
Unit Test 1 Student Unit Test 2 Final Exams
Roll No. Roll No. Roll No. Roll No.
Science Name Science
Maths Maths
English Class English
Hindi Section Hindi
S.St S.St

Science IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)
Maths
English

Hindi

S.St

f. Save the relationship. 163
g. Close the window.
h. Click on the 'Student' table name in the database window and enter 4 sets of

records in it.
i. Enter records in Unit Test 1, Unit Test 2 and Final Exams table.
j. Close the window.
k. Click on the Relationship button and view the Relationship defined.

D. Create a database named ‘School’ and design a table in it containing the
following fields:

Field Name Field Type Description

S. No. Numeric

Book Name VARCHAR

Author Name VARCHAR

Accession No. Numeric

Issued to VARCHAR

Date of Issuing Date

Data of Return Date

Now, follow these steps to create the table in Design View.

a. Type the appropriate description for each field and save the table as 'Library'.

b. Open the table 'Library' in Design View.

c. Position the cursor in the field S. No. and set it as the Primary key.

d. Enter the record for each field by positioning the cursor in each cell.

e. After completing the record entries, press Ctrl + S to save the table.
PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.
f. Click (x) to close the Table design window.
PMP
Project Python

Write the following program for Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division
according to your choice.

# Program to calculate addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.
num1 = int(input("Enter a number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("Enter 1 for addition, 2 for subtraction, 3 for
multiplication, 4 for division.")
choice = input("Enter a choice: ")
if choice == 1:

add=num1+num2
print ("Addition is: ", add)
elif choice == 2:
sub=num1-num2
print ("Subtraction is: ", sub)
elif choice == 3:
mul=num1*num2
print ("Multiplication is: ", mul)
elif choice == 4:
div=num1/num2
print ("Division is: ", div)
else:
164 print("Wrong choice")

Project MIT App Inventor

Create an app on Teacher’s Day. Add four components on the screen—Image, TextBox,
Button, label and TextToSpeech.

PMP
Steps to Create an App
** Creating an App** IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)

$ Open MIT App Inventor and create New App Inventor Project and name the project.
$ Change the Screen appearance using different formatting options given in the Properties palette.
$ Upload an image for the teacher’s day. Note: Your image may vary and it should be of small size.
$ From Component Palette, drag the Image, Textbox, Button, and Label option to viewer palette.
$ Rename the Button option as “Click Here”. (Here you can use different formatting options for

each from the Properties palette.)
$ Open Media Drawer from the palette and drag “Text to Speech” to viewer palette.

** Component Designing**
$ Click on “Blocks” button
$ Click on “Click Here” button component and then choose “When click here button . click do” block.
$ Click on Label 1 component and choose “Set Label 1 . text to” block.
$ Drag and snap the Label block to Click Here button block.
$ Click the Text block and then drag the Join Block and snap into Label Block.
$ Add Strings to the Join block by right clicking on the settings. (on the top left corner of Join block)
$ Click Text in Built in area, choose the string block and snap it in first and third place holders of Join

string block.
$ Type the Text “Hello ” in first string and “, Ma’am, We Wish You A Happy Teacher’s Day.” in

second string block.
$ Click on the Text box 1 component, drag and snap Text box1 . text block in middle placeholder .
$ Click on Text to Speech1, drag and snap Call to Speech1. Speak message block inside “Click Here”

button block under the Label1 block.
$ Duplicate the Join block and drag and snap the duplicate Join block in text to speech block.
$ Run the App.

165

Additional Information

IT Careers

In today’s technology-rich world, the technology industry is a major source of
career opportunities worldwide. This industry has created thousands of high-tech
career opportunities. As technology changes, so do the available careers and
requirements. New careers are available in social media and mobile technologies
that did not exist a few years ago. For this reason, you should stay up to date
with technological developments.

There are many types of fields in which computer professionals are required. Computer professionals
are those who deal with computer industry to develop something. They may design, build, sell, lease,
or repair hardware, or they may sell, market, or write software.

MANAGEMENT

In management, the role of computer professional includes directing the planning,
research, development, evaluation, and integration of technology. Following are the
jobs available under the management field.

Jobs Functions
PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.

PMP
Chief Information Officer (CIO) Directs company’s information service and communications functions.

E-commerce Director Supervises the development and execution of Internet or e-commerce
systems; works with the company’s marketing divisions.

Network or wireless network Installs, configures, and maintains company’s administrator network and

Manager Internet systems; identifies and resolves connectivity issues.

Project manager Oversees all assigned projects, allocates resources, selects teams,
performs systems analysis and programming tasks.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMING

In System Development and Programming, the role of computer professional
includes analyzing, designing, developing, and implementing new information
technology, and maintaining and improving existing systems. Following are the jobs
available and their functions under the System Development and Research field.

Jobs Functions

Computer programmer Writes program in variety of computer language such as Visual Basic,
Java, C#, F#, and C++. Updates and expands existing programs. Debugs
program by testing and fixing error.

Computer scientist Researches, invents, and develops innovative solutions to complex
software requirements or problems.

Database analyst Uses data modeling techniques and tools to analyze, tune, and specify
data usage within an application area.

Software engineer Specifies, designs, implements, tests, and documents high-quality
software in a variety of fields, including robotics, operating systems,
animation, and applications.

System analyst Works closely with users to analyze their requirements, designs and
develops new information systems, and incorporates new technologies.

166 System programmer Installs and maintains operating system software, and provides technical
support to the programming staff.

Technical leader Guides design, development, and maintenance tasks; serves as
interface between programmer/ developer and management.

Technical writer Works with the analyst, programmer, and user to create system
documentation and user materials.

Web software developer Analyzes, designs, implements, and supports Web applications; works
with HTML, Ajax, JavaScript, and multimedia.

TECHNICAL SERVICES

In Technical services, the role of computer professional includes evaluating and
integrating new technologies, administering the organization’s data resources, and
supporting the centralized computer operating system and servers. Following are
the jobs available and their functions under the Technical Services.

Jobs Functions

Computer technician Installs, maintains, and repairs hardware; installs, upgrades, and
configures software; troubleshoots hardware problems.

Database administrator Creates and maintains the data dictionary; monitors database
performance.

Graphic designer Develops visual impressions of products for advertisements and
marketing materials.

Quality assurance specialist Reviews programs and documentation to ensure they meet the
organizational standards.
PMP
Storage administrator Installs, maintains, and upgrades storage systems; analyzes the storage
needs of an organization.

Web designer Develops graphical content using Photoshop, Flash, and other
multimedia tools.

Web administrator Maintains Website of an organization; create Web pages; oversees
Website performance.

OPERATIONS

In Operations, the role of computer professional involves operating the
centralized computer equipment and administering the network, including
both data and voice communications. Following are the jobs available and
their functions under the Operations.

Jobs Functions

Computer operator Performs equipment-related activities such as monitoring performance,
running jobs, backup, and restoring.
IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)
Data communications analyst Installs and monitors communications equipment and software;
maintains Internet / WAN connections.
TRAINING

In Training, the role of computer professional includes teaching employees
how to use components of the information system or answering specific
user questions. Following are the jobs available and their functions under
the Training.

Jobs Functions

Computer instructor Teaches students computer science and information technology skills.

Corporate trainer Teaches employees how to use software, design and develop systems,
program, and perform other computer-related activities.

Help desk specialist Answers computer-related questions on the phone or in a chat room. 167

SECURITY

In Security, the role of computer professional includes developing and
enforcing policies that are designed to safeguard data and information
of an organization from unauthorized users. Following are the jobs
available and their functions under the Security.

Jobs Functions

Chief Security Officer (CSO) Responsible for physical security of organization property and people;
in charge of securing computing resources.

Computer security specialist Responsible for the security of data and information stored on
computers and mobile devices within an organization.

Network security administrator Configures routers and firewalls; specifies Web protocols and
enterprise technologies.

Security administrator Administers network security access; monitors and protects against
unauthorized access.

WEB MARKETING AND SOCIAL MEDIA

Careers in web marketing and social media require you to be
knowledgeable about web-based development platforms, social media
apps, and marketing strategies.
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Jobs Functions
PMP
Customer Relationship Integrates apps and data related to customer inquiries, purchases,
(CRM) Management specialist support requests, and behaviors in order to provide a complete
application that manages a company’s relationships with its
Internet/Social Media customers.
Marketing Specialist
Directs and implements an organization’s usage of Internet and social
Search Engine Optimization media marketing, including Facebook pages, Twitter feeds, blogs, and
(SEO) Expert online advertisements.

User Experience (UX) Designer Writes and develops web content and website layouts so that they
appear at the beginning of search results when users search for
content.

Plans and designs software and apps that consider a user’s reaction to
a program and its interface, including its efficiency, its effectiveness,
and its ease of use.

APP DEVELOPMENT AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES

Careers in app development and mobile technologies require you to have
knowledge about trends in the desktop and mobile app market, as well as
the ability to develop secure apps for a variety of computers and mobile
devices.

Jobs Functions

Desktop or Mobile Converts the system design into the appropriate application
App Developer development language, such as Visual Basic, Java, C#, and Objective
C and develops toolkits for various platforms.

Games Designer/Programmer Designs games and translates designs into a program or app using an
168 appropriate application development language.

Additional Information Cont ...

The Blockchain Technology

The blockchain is a decentralized ledger of all the transac ons across a P2P (peer-to-peer)
network. Using this technology, par cipants can confirm transac ons without the need of
a central cer fying authority like Banks. Its applica ons include fund transfer, se ng
trades, vo ng and many other uses.

Blockchain Technology Uses Benefits

TRANSPARENCY AND
TRACKING

DIGITAL CURRENCY FINANCE IOT DATA STORAGE SIMPLER AND FASTER
REDUCED COSTS

PMP INCREASED TRUST

ONLINE VOTING GOVERNANCE HEALTHCARE INSURANCE

Working of Blockchain Technology

Someone The requested The network of VALIDATION
requests a transac on is nodes validates the MAY INCLUDE
transac on broadcasted to a P2P transac on and the CONTRACTS
network consis ng of user’s status using CRYPTOCURRENCY
computers, known as known algorithm OTHER RECORDS
nodes
IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)
The transac on The new block is then Once verified, the transac on
is complete added to the exis ng is combined with other
blockchain, in a way that is transac ons to create a new
Cryptocurrency permanent and unalterable block of data for the ledger

Cryptocurrency is a medium of exchange, created and stored electronically in blockchain, 169
using encryp on techniques to control the crea on of monetary units and to verify the
transfer of funds. The best example of cryptocurrency is Bitcoin.

Additional Information Cont ...

Major Developments in Technology from 1937 to 2018

1937: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic digital
computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer, provided the foundation for
advances in electronic digital computers.

1946: Dr. John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. completed work on the first large-
scale electronic, general-purpose digital computer - ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer).

1951: The first commercially available electronic digital computer, the UNIVAC
I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer), was introduced by Remington Rand.

1957: FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), an efficient, easy-to-use programming language, was
introduced by John Backus.
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1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments invented the integrated
PMPcircuit, which laid the foundation for high-speed computers.

First integrated Integrated circuit
circuit (today)

1965: Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth developed the BASIC programming language. BASIC has
been widely used on personal computers. The full form of BASIC is Beginner's All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code.

1969: The ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), developed by
ARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world’s first operational
packet switching network and the progenitor of the Internet.

1971: Dr. Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation developed a microprocessor, or micro
programmable computer chip, the Intel 4004.

1975: Ethernet, the first local area network (LAN), was developed at Xerox PARC (Palo
Alto Research Center) by Robert Metcalf. The LAN allows computers to communicate and
share software, data, and peripherals.

1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the first Apple computer. A subsequent
version, the Apple II, was an immediate success.

1979: VisiCalc, a spreadsheet program written by Bob Frankston and Dan Bricklin,
170 was introduced. VisiCalc is seen as the most important reason for the acceptance of

personal computers in the business world.

1981: Microsoft Corporation co-founder, Bill Gates, developed the
operating system MS-DOS (short for Microsoft Disk Operating
System). Microsoft achieved tremendous growth and success with
MS-DOS.
1981: The IBM PC was introduced, signaling IBM’s entrance into the
personal computer marketplace.

1984: Hewlett-Packard announced the first LaserJet printer for personal computers.
1984: Apple introduced the Macintosh computer; it incorporates a unique, easy-to-
learn, graphical user interface.

1991: World Wide Web is one of the best services of Internet. It was created by European
Laboratory for Particle Physics. The first accessible Website was also created in 1991.

1992: The Windows 3.1 family of Microsoft Windows operating systems was released.

1993: Marc Andreessen created a graphical Web browser called Mosaic. This success led to the
organization of Netscape Communications Corporation.

1993: Microsoft released Microsoft Office 3 Professional, the first version of Microsoft Office for the Windows
operating system.

1994: Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen founded Netscape and launched Netscape Navigator 1.0, a
browser for the World Wide Web.

1994: Amazon was founded and began business as an online bookstore.

1994: Yahoo!, a popular search engine and portal, was founded by two Stanford
Ph.D. students as a way to keep track of their personal interests on the Internet.
PMP

1995: Sun Microsystems launched Java; it is an object oriented programming language that allows users IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)
to write one program for a variety of computer platforms.
171
1995: Microsoft released Windows 95, a major upgrade to its Windows operating system.
Windows 95 is purely graphical user interface-based operating system.

1997: Microsoft released Internet Explorer 4.0 and seized a key place in the Internet arena.

1998: Microsoft released Windows 98, an upgrade to Windows 95. Plug
and Play feature was introduced in Windows 98.
1998: Apple Computer introduced the iMac, the next version of its
popular Macintosh computer.

1999: Intel released its Pentium III processor, which provided enhanced multimedia capabilities.

PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD. 2000: Intel unveiled its Pentium 4 chip with clock speeds starting at 1.4 Ghz.

PMP 2001: Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia, was introduced. Additional wikis began to appear
on the Internet, enabling people to share information in their areas of expertise.

2004: Flat-panel LCD monitors overtook bulky CRT monitors as the popular choice of
computer users.
2004: Facebook, an online social network originally available only to college students,
was founded. Facebook eventually opened registration to all people and immediately
grew to more than 110 million users.
2004: Sony unveiled the handheld game console PlayStation Portable (PSP).
2004: USB flash drives became a cost-effective way to transport data from one
computer to another.

2005: YouTube, an online community for video sharing, was founded. YouTube
includes content such as home videos, movie previews, and clips from television
shows.

2005: Apple released the latest version of its popular pocket-sized iPod audio player.
2005: Microsoft released the Xbox 360, its latest game console.

2006: Sony launched its PlayStation 3. New features include a Blu-ray Disc player, high-
definition capabilities, and online connectivity.

2007: VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) providers expanded usage to include Wi-Fi
phones. The phones enable high-quality service through a Wireless-G network and
high-speed Internet connection.

2007: Microsoft released the new version of its widely used operating system,
Windows Vista and the latest version of Microsoft's productivity suite, Office 2007.
2007: Apple introduced the iPhone ; it uses iTouch technology that allows you to
make a call simply by tapping a name or number in your address book. Apple also
released its Mac OS X version 10.5 ‘Leopard’ operating system for desktop and
server version.

2008: Google released its new Web browser Google Chrome.
2008: Netflix, an online movie rental company, and TiVo, a company
manufacturing digital video recorders (DVRs), made Netflix movies and
television episodes available on TiVo DVRs.

2009: Microsoft released the latest version of its widely used operating system, Windows 7.
2009: Intel released the Core i5 and Core i7 line of processors.
2009: Google Docs continued to increase in popularity of web apps. Web apps make it easier to
172 perform tasks such as word processing, photo editing, and tax preparation without installing
software on your computer.

2010: Microsoft released the new version Office 2010 line of Office suite.

2011: A new generation of browsers was released to support HTML5, enabling webpages to contain
more vivid, dynamic content.

2012: Windows 8 is a series of Windows operating systems produced
by Microsoft. In this operating system, Micosoft introduced Start
Screen in place of Start button.
2012: Microsoft announced the Surface, a tablet designed to compete
with Apple’s iPad. The Surface has a built-in stand and supports a
cover that can also serve as a keyboard.

2013: Microsoft Office 2013 (formerly Office 15) is a version of Microsoft
Office, a productivity suite from Microsoft.
2013: Samsung released the Galaxy Gear; it is a smartwatch that
synchronizes with a Samsung Galaxy smartphone using Bluetooth technology.

2013: QR codes rapidly gained in popularity, giving mobile device users an easy way to access
web content.

PMP
2014: More and more users started using cloud storage for their data. Cloud
storage also provides users with the convenience of accessing their files from IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)
almost anywhere.

2014: Apple released the Apple Watch (iWatch); it is a wearable device that runs
apps and can monitor various aspects of your health and fitness.

2014: Google introduced Google Glass, which is a wearable, voice-controlled
Android device that resembles a pair of glasses and displays information directly in
the user's field of vision.

2015: Microsoft released Windows 10, the latest version of its operating system which
expands on many of the new features introduced in Windows 8, and also brings back
popular features such as the Start menu from previous versions of Windows.

2015: Microsoft Office 2016 is a new version of Microsoft Office, a productivity suite
from Microsoft.

2016: Apple introduced new iPhone 7 and 7 plus, which dramatically improved the most
important aspects of the iPhone experience. It introduced advanced new camera systems. It
has best performance and best battery life ever in an iPhone; immersive stereo speakers; the
brightest, most colourful iPhone display; and best splash and water resistance.

2017: Mayfield introduced Kuri, ‘an intelligent robot for the home.’ Kuri is half a meter tall, weighs
just over 6 kilograms, and is ‘designed with personality, awareness, and mobility that adds a spark of
life to any home.’ Kuri is built to connect with you and helps bring technology to life. Kuri can
understand context and surroundings, recognize specific people, and respond to questions with facial
expressions, head movements, and his unique lovable sounds.

2018: iPhone XS is a smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It was 173
announced on September 12, 2018, alongside the iPhone XS Max and iPhone XR at the
Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus. The phone was released on September 21,
2018. This iPhone marks the tenth anniversary of the device, with "X" being the symbol for
"ten" in Roman Numerals.

N C O NATIONAL CYBER OLYMPIAD CLASS
SAMPLE PAPER SYLLABUS 2019-20
8

The National Cyber Olympiad is organized by the Science Olympiad Foundation (SOF) which is a
registered not-for-profit organization popularizing science, mathematics and computer education
among school children. Visit www.sofworld.org for further information.

The National Cyber Olympiad focuses on logical reasoning, computers and IT, and achievers section.
Given below is a sample paper of NCO for class-8 students.

SAMPLE PAPER

The actual test paper has 35 questions. Time: 60 minutes

There are three sections: Section - I (5 Questions); Section - II (25 Questions);

Section - III (5 Questions)

Syllabus

Section - I (Logical Reasoning) : Verbal and Non-Verbal Reasoning.

Section-II(Computer and Information Technology) : Fundamentals of Computers, Internet & Viruses,
HTML-[Html, Head, Title, Body (Attributes: Background, Bgcolor, Text, Link, Alink, Vlink), Font
(Attributes: Color, Size, Face), Center, BR, HR (Attributes: Size, Width, Align, Noshade, Color), Comment
tag(<!-- -->), <H1>..<H6>, <P>, <B>, <I>, <U>, <IMG>, Html Elements: A, Ul and Ol (Attributes: Type,
Start), Li], Flash CS6, MS-Access, Networking, MS-Word (Exploring File tab, Language and Translate
options, Tracking features -Comments, Reviewing Pane, Tracking Changes, Comparing, Combining and
Protecting documents, Working with References), MS-PowerPoint (Exploring File tab and Slide Show
tab, Comparing, Combining and Protecting presentations), MS-Excel(Exploring File tab, Useful
Formulas and Functions - IF,Even, Odd, LCM, GCD, Power, Product, Round, Sqrt, Sum, Min, Max,
Average, Count, Upper, Lower And Replace, Cell referencing, Using Defined Names group ), Memory &
Storage Devices, Basics of Cyber Crimes, Cyber Laws, Operating Systems(Introduction, Features, Types-
single user and multi-user), Latest Developments in the field of IT.
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PMP
Section - III (Achievers Section) : Higher Order Thinking Questions - Syllabus as per Section – 2.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS (15 Only)

LOGICAL REASONING

1. If in a certain code SAND is VDQG and BIRD is ELUG, then what is the code for LOVE?

(A) PRYG (B) ORTG (C) NPUH (D) ORYH

2. Which of the following venn diagrams best represents the relationship among “tennis fans,
cricket players and students”?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

3. A, B, C, D, E and F, not necessarily in that order, are sitting on six chairs regularly placed around a

round table. It is observed that A is between D and F, C is opposite to D, D and E are not on
neighbouring chairs. The person sitting opposite to B is _______.

174 (A) A (B) D (C) E (D) F

4. If the digits in the number 25673948 are arranged in ascending order from left to right, what will
be the sum of the digits which are fourth from the right and third from the left in the new
arrangement?

(A) 10 (B) 9 (C) 4 (D) 6

5. Find the missing term in the given series. DMP, FLN, HKL, JJJ, __

(A) MII (B) LIH (C) III (D) MIF

COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

6. Which of the following is NOT available as a category in Control Panel of Windows 7?

(A) System and Security (B) Programs (C) Bluetooth settings

(D) Ease of Access

7. The function of given icon in MS-Word 2010 is __________.

(A) To add caption to a picture or other image

(B) To insert an index into the document

(C) Merge document to PDF filesPMP

(D) Insert Flash video

8. Which of the following is CORRECT in HTML?

(A) <hr> (B) <HR> (C) <B> Bold Text </B>

(D) All of these

9. Computers use the seven digit code called ASCII. What does ASCII stand for?

(A) American Standard Code for Information Interchange

(B) Association of Software Coding and Information Institute

(C) American Standard Computing and Information Institute

(D) American Scientists Convention for Information Interchange

10. How many sheets are there in MS-Excel 2010 workbook by default? IT PLANET - 8 (UBUNTU 18.04)

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

11. In Flash CS6, is called ____ tool.

(A) Fill color (B) Paint bucket (C) Ink bottle (D) Lasso

12. In MS-PowerPoint 2010, Format Painter is used to _______.

(A) Copy formatting from one place and apply it to another

(B) Reset the position, size and formatting of the slide

(C) Format text to the left

(D) Increase the indent level 175

13. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about memory and storage devices?

(A) Cache memory makes memory transfer rates higher and thus raises the speed of the
processor.

(B) A storage device is a hardware component that writes data to and reads data from a storage
medium.

(C) ROM loses its data when you turn off the computer.

(D) Hard disks can be divided into one or more logical disks called partitions.

ACHIEVERS SECTION

14. Rearrange the steps given below to insert a motion tween in Flash CS6, first and last steps are
given for you.
First : Draw a shape at Frame 1
(i) Drag the playhead to a new frame and reposition your object
(ii) Select the shape and convert it to a symbol
(iii) Go to Insert tab → Motion tween

PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.Last: Press Ctrl +to play the tween.

PMP(A) (ii) → (iii) → (i)(B) (i) → (iii) → (ii)(C) (iii) → (i) → (ii)

(D) (iii) → (ii) → (i)

15. Which of the following statements is CORRECT about ‘Sneakernet’?

(A) Transferring computer files between computers by physically moving removable media such
as CDs, flash drives.

(B) Unauthorised access of information from a wireless device.

(C) The process of converting data in a form so that an unauthorised person cannot understand
it.

(D) A private computer network in which multiple PCs are connected to each other.

SPACE FOR ROUGH WORK

ANSWERS

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (D)
176 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (A) 15. (A)