114 ,ears later If w. donll. p.rate Ih. \ winl. bot h bablu .. ill di •. If ... u p.,alt th, m, G,aci. dlOUld b. lin., bu! o' i. wi(( die. WI """I u p.,.lt 1h. lw,nl t. lUI Ever since ~"OI '" hlo. the shipwreck case, necessity~ has not been accepted Ii II defence for killing someone in English llw, But I situation happened in 2000 to test this law, when twins were born with their bodies attached. But w. ca nl ag ... t. a n .ptration thai .. ill kIll Rom. The doctors and parents disagreed, so the case went to court. The judges hid to decide if the doctors should be allowed to end Rosie's life, because it was necessary to save Gracie's. In the end, they ruled that the Iwinsshould be separated. These were the rusons they gave: Thill! dill".n! Ir.m U .. , nipw,.d caU - In" doctors gain nol nin g b~ laOing ~'l .1 Iii •. Tholl,luatio" ,I nol 11M • ,n ~ 01 ho.,ihc. ,m/llO,al act llial lilt jvdV" aImed "-10 awold bat. '" tUn; , The doclotl artn'l •• I.ctm, .,i . t. d, •. 5h • ... uld dif .. l h . ... , Following the operation, Rosie died, but Gracie survived and thrived. NOW the law says that necessity~ isnot II defence for killing someone. Unless ... ... it it. •• ..,. .... mMieoI oiwot:ion Judge-made law is captured in a written report, called a judgment, published after a case. Each judge imrolved in the case describes his or her reasons for II decision. This tells other judges how to apply the law in future cases. 49
Laws made by Parliament The politicians ..... ho sit in parliaments Irc generally chosen by members of the public, who want their politicians to make sensible laws. So while politicians debate the detail of /I new law, they try to consider what the people who picked them might want. Here's how it works. FRANCE,2019 A now low beein ••• eolled • bill. Bill. Of. p,opotH by . politicia .... 1>0 .ito in p. ,liom,"L ' oo pl. are lIoina to lOVE my "0" bill. It will .top Frl llco th, owilllllO much , Iutie . wa y. 0,,< 01 "'Y "opolals i. Ihat p.opl, " ill pa y a n uba ,ha'i'- II d.pooit - .... y t i",. thoy buy lom.thin, in I pluti, bottl •. Thoy'Ulid Ihi ' buk "ho .. thoy take Ih, boUI. back to Ih, Ihop. Next, politicians discuss the bill. In France, lIS in many countries, the Parliament is split into two decision-making Pllrts - or chambers - the Senate and the National Assembly. Elich bill goes to both, to ensure thlt a ..... ide range of vie ..... s are heard. IN THE SENATE ... In a." . ral. l lik. thi. bill. bwt a "h.",. lor • .tur"i" a plulie bolll .. i. a .iII ~ idu! It .. ill di.lr act poopl. fro", th. ru ,.',,'., to lIo p w.ina plulic at s .... to .. Poopl ... ho .olod fo r "'. ha .. b •• " .. "dina "'. r~ I.tt ... aboutthi. bit alth. bill. y .. ! l.r. d.I.1o t ha I bit!
The politicians suggest edits to the text, called amendments, which are put to a vote. Then, the amended text goes to the other chamber for more debate. HEN THE Bill GOES TO THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY_ Tn . S. nato.s tool .ul the dep.sit schom. I., plaltic botll ... bul l wanl t. put il bad into U .. bill. I ag"" franc< isn·l .. c~d n~ en.ui h pla,tic, This will ~ .. Ip u, c~cl. m .... When there are disagreements between the two chambers, people try to find a compromise. ~ow about w. OHAY 0 .. dep.lit schom. I.r plaltic b.tIlu. II f,anc. ltill lln'l .. c~cl ll.noullh plal hc b~ 2021 T~ N Ih. IChom. will be inboducod, -- OK. w. can .... Once both chambers vote for exactly the same text, a bill can officially become a brand new law. But for how long will it remain a law? After the next election, when a new group of politicians is voted into Parliament, they might withdraw existing laws and replace them with new ones - as long as enough new politicians agree to it. &1
Rule. about making rule. Any organized group cf people - whether it's a whole country or I local sports club - has rules about how the group is run, and how decisions should be made. These rults collected together Ire called I constitution .. ~i th.,., I'm NIII' Ca n I joon VOU, 'iltoUp? Lo.' .t IIHJ cuod lV animal •. UNICORN COLLECTING SOCIETY ,. ... ' .. "'o"" ~ ~
The US Constitution is th. most fl mous . ... mpl. of country's constitution. This is ho .. it clmllbout. In the 1780., 13 Americon Stote. h.d , ecently fou,,"t . ... , to coin independence from Enclond. The st.t .... ont. d to cet .Ione .. ith •• ch othe" but without cI .. , ",10. ho .. to do thio, the,e .... t. n''''n behoHn thorn. So in 1787,. C"'''P of men cot tocothe, to .. rite 0 c .... otitution fo, ho .. they .hould be ,un •••• incle count')': the United Stat ... of Ame,ico. Mid ... I .nd 2 H t up. Cone ...... with to.... porto - Of ch.mbon _ ond • Prnidont ....... mlllt ._0' to clef....! . ~~;:.. '\ ,., 11..11.. Anicl. 3 "Y' t"'t tho S"P"-"" Co...n .... the 1""'"' to ..... iroo .moth .. 10 ... CO OCaiMt tho Conotit"t"'n . Micl. 5 "Y' th.t to emend tho Conotit"t"'n, to.... thi ..... of both ch.mber. of Cone'''' ...... t ",'" to it. Some countries, such.s the United Kingdom, don't hIVe the I ... s about ho .. to run the country collected and .. ritten do .. n into onesingleconstitution. But, even if it is .. ritten in different places, la .. of this kind is called constitutionililaw. &3
The US Constitution In action Since 1787, the US Constitution has been amended 27 times. Some of t he most ground-breaking amendments are about slavery, which is the horrific practice of owning , nother human being as if they were property. From the 16th ce~tury 10 the 19th <e~tury, mo,ethen 10 million Well African people were .,,,I .. ed OM ta ken loAmeric •• When the US C .... ,tilulion .... writton in 1787, it did ... loutlo .... I ... ry. Thi. wo. boca" •• .... ny ofthe men who •• t do .. n to writeth. Con.tititi ... .. or. , I ... _nO'" therm.I ... . G.nerotiom .f ,..,.. ..... heW .inot t:ho1. ";1, fwud t1I wo.t. onoI tr ...... fo. ..... ...,.. I r.fule 10 gi •• up ~ .t ... I. Th.~ " .. ,,",lh. l.t.1 .n ~ 10 me. ThoU' Con.titul;on officiolly d.,d.red t"'t Block people ..er. worth three fifth. of .,h.t • Whit. pen .... wo. worth. Then from 1861-65, there .... . bloody ..... bet_en the northern .tot.<, .. ho oppo.ed .!overy, end the Mulhern .lal ... , .. ho .uppO<led it.. After lhe northern .Iole. won, Ihe conolitulion .... fi ... lly .mende<!. ~ f'\ 1865 \ 1866 '7 1869 Article 14 Article 15 tV Article 13 II"I.d. it il ... ., to ~ ......... rna4e II • ....., formerly enllaved .top people fro", illotj.I, ftC.,. •• into citizen. of the VOlin, becau .. of punilhmerot for USA, and c ava all doair r_, or becau .. . eri ...... citizen . ... ual ric;hts.. ...,. ............ oIy ............. L p, :..J/ &4
How Unda .... wn 0 ...... 111 lliltory One hundrH yu n I.t. r, milny I ..... , . till trutecl Bl.ck AmeriCllnl difhrently, dnpite th. Constitution Civi", them .,11011 riehts. One of tlMn laWi .... u struck do .... n by tIM SUprilllM Court in 1954, thank. to .Iitt!. girl nil" lind. Brown. ~ )'HI-old Undo ..... 10 ... 11t.1one -r te lChooInery ... y, ........ theuc'otheH __ • .d.eoI much dow< lei ..... . 11'1 .. la. to ... 1. and I am .o col d. Lind". dod tried 10 enrol he, in th. 1oc.1 ..:1.001, but the p<incipol rofu,". Prejudiu ocoin.! BI ... people - roe; .... _ ..... till deeply incr. ine<! in many Whit< people. Blad and lih,!. ch,l d .. n mUll nl mi. ! 0Ih il., t he n .. t t hinll ... know, Black ano While child .. n will an~. IMACINt:1 A Kientifi. experimenl wo. u.ed 0' eviclence in undo'. co.e. In Ih .. tudy. Bl oc: ~ children ..... .. ked ..t.rt1wr Ihey p<efe ... ed 0 Bloc~ doll or 0 Whil. doll. Thil doll il blad '0 it mu.1 b. bad. Thos 0011 is wh,le so it mu sl bellooo, It .h_ed 1"'1 Hpor. line ~"~~""!",~, modelh.em fHI inferior to White children. Thot', beuuw Ih.Ioc.1 Khool .... for White child .. n. In Lind" • • toto, I("n ... , . 1 ..... id th.t Block end Whit. children .hould CO to different, or HCr'COte<i, ochool •. So Undo """ ..... OM I .... the eoN 10 court. h _ .1 the ...., 10 the s..p.- C....-t . alo d schooll b.e.k t he l~ th Amondm. n!, beeauu Black a nd IIhih eMd .. " aren't l"al,d .quall ~, Bul I he school, a. e of equal quahl~ sO ,I dOeln'1 maile r H,al ~ a •• S.pM.Ie! The judce, were moved by Ihe doll .Iudy. They rukd Ihol .. h<>Ol .. crecolion low, were uI>C""lIitul iono llO mull be IIruck d_n. Ma Oi ng Black chilo"n go 10 ,.pa.al ... hools is o.m'll,nll l h.i. conlid.nc. and holoinll I hem back. 11. 10 can lh.~ ha" .qual . ill nts while Ih,s is\h. eale? It took time, but this c..H..,enbllllly l.d to school, becorninl more int. V.t.d . ..
H II there a UK ConltltutlonP The UK is said to have nuncodifiedconstitution, because its constitutional law isn't written down in one place. Instead, it's scattered around in I mixture of different documents, with some bits not even written down at .11. Some con.titutionell ... clot ... Nck cenl",i.., 10 • time whe .... incl. perw" we. in charc. ~. ~uHn or kin:. I d"ld. £VEtVTHING! Thr.",h vor ....... t. t"I •• ... , the cent"ri .. , lhe UK P.rli.menl h .. been ,i .... more and more power. ",. .. will ....... ....... " ,..u.m-. Thee",« .. t q.. ..... • lilll«hn'<olIy hoId ... me hi.tori< po .. er, k""w .. eo the Royal Prerocotin. But theoe dey>, there .r •• ome _.pt .... , un ... itte .. cu,lom •• elled <on .. "ti ... . .bout who o<luoUy hold. po ... r. Aft.r an .t.ction, the Quu n • .,ointl • " ''''0 "'nid.r !'Plt. TI,. job iO .. In rnlit¥. Ih. Qunn • .,rorn en" taw ",.d. b¥ '"U."'.IIt. with th "'OIt It·, tho Pft who .. t"./I ~ d.dd .. Wh.th. " ... _-,~ - tDloto ..... . Somo ~tilvtionol '-i ...... uptwed in court juclcmenb. Rod on to find out obout _ .. ornpl."'"", 2019: 0 COM in tho UK'. hichnt c .... rt, tho Sup ....... Court.
PrIme MInIster vs ParlIament In 2019, the UK was on the brink ofleavins the European Urlion (EU), a group of European countries which agree to trade with each other and make laws together. Some ""'m~n of P. n;, men! we .. outr.god. But P.,I"me nt kept vot ing again,! hi m. John"," .,ked the Q"",," to , hut dow n Porli."",n! for f"", ,. •• ho So ,he did. OK 8ont. if ou I.V 10.. You shul down Parliam.nt I. V'" can push though vov. pla n without our ag.um. nt! You can1 do (kallt's OUr :lOB to sOIutini" you! It's p"l.cIlV n.rmal t. ha .. a b •• a' b.! ..... n uuion! 01 Pa,loament. P,o..i,li.n il on . 01 the Ouu n', po",,,, that I .<hil. hor on. I don't ' now .. hat tho luIS is about RU8BIS~! Norm"IIV a p.o."gatton il just/o • • lew dav, btl,," • ",,., ,UloOn Wgi nl. nil" totaltv diH".n!. The Prim< Mi ni,'e, " .. " ' , n to court in both Engl .... d and 5<otland, and ~ co,. "' ~nt to the up ~ Court, Thi. i. what th~ judg .. d.., ided, Th. P,im. lI,nist. , da~. h ••• tho pow", to p,orO!lu. Pa ,(iam. nt. but if it i! shut I,. (onl" th. n UI •• 1. ~ ... __ t h". mUlt b. a ",a.o nabl. IUSt.li •• t'o n, ...... John.on dIdn't "plai n wh~ h. Ihut Pa,ham.,t 10' so on~, 10 t he o,o~ali"" wal UNlAlJfUl. The .rgument< . boot ~aVln g the EU rumbled on. But th rough thi. c .. e, a piece of con.titutionalla,. wa< an~ed , the Prim< Mini.ter ca n't ju.t choo,. when to be "'nI\inired by Par!io""'nt.
&I Keeplnl pewe. In check The people in char,. of I country han • lOT of po ..... r. But to 1top Iny one peBOn or croup from seiling too much po_. thl constitutional Ill .... of mllny countrin "Y' that po_ must be Iplit Htwnn thrn up-rllt. br.nchH. Executive branch Normally, this is I single very important person, such as II president, prime minister or chancellor, or sometimes t .... olcoplc 'h,~:,:~,,, power, such lIS II president In II prime They run the country day-to-day with the help of II team, called II cabinet. I'm Anllela l1 .. kel. Chanc.llor.1 C"ma"ll. The ox«uti •• branch .... t" f"'""R' to "f'p<o-e 10,.. <r •• t.d by I'" Ie,i".'i •• bronch, .... oppo.ite. The ex«uti .. branch .... hooeul., me.ni", ""Y out, the I .... p ... e<! by theleci.lotive branch .. ....... 1 con decide ho .. uic~ly 10 do ii, and .. hi<h low, l. p';""I; ••. The oxoculi .. branch appoint< the •• n .... judC" thet.it in the hich ... t coun., IH oppo.it •... ... but once appointe<!, the .xecutive con't int.rf.re in tho jU<lC'" act •• 1 dec;'ion ••
branch congress is c"01 ':"'."'~,':~:;::~" "'1 Tho '-,idol;" b.onch .... ";":1 ",,_, or lrutin, tNt 1M . xo<<tIr.. Itron<h .... mooIo .. ith 01 .... counln... The Bundestag is one part of Germany's Puliament. j Judicial br ... h This is made up of stnior judges, who make df'Cisions in the highest court of the land. w. dr. Hu" of G.rmd ~·' most impotlant judiU, ..... 111 ....... In I9U, .Y.If HitMr _ oI.ct.I o.-.a.r., co....-.,.. AIIh-ch initioIp just in <'-Ie" the eucutn. _-to, ... ,...;cJ<Iy pIoIoM ,..... fnontho ethe._ ........... Tho lecidotr.. bnnch .... eommitl ... on difhtwnt .ubjocl .. ..t.ich lU\I'Iini •• ..... 11 ....... <tIi ... Iw-J. it cIoinc, ...d 1"'"" ..... it 10 kMp ito P"""';"'" Tho '-,idol;'" ........ h cruln low., ... it un teIIt'" .xoc..u.. br .... h ..t..t 10 do. The judiciol branch <on rul. that on .<li .... of the "Hu!ive branch .... I>rokon 1 ... 1 .... Thi. p<inciplo, that no one it """'< po_rful than the 10", it <.II.d th. ",Ie oU . .... The jUdKiol branch un decide thot • 10" i. 'u<>condit"IOonel', bee •••• it ~o •• ocoin. t richt.thotoreloid ... 1 in th. <on.til"l ..... With ........, Ie h.W him ....... Hid.r dartM. -w __ .... ..-...! the .......... .",..,a. ho "*''t lib, ~""" '" ....... J.wiohpoeple.
........ ...... .." .. _nt •• .. H· .. ·1ItrJ ___ lIIt.wHt. co to turP
4. Law across borders You can send a letter anywhere around the world. You've probably never thought about it, but it's only possible because every country has agreed on a common system for mail. There Irc all sorts of international agreements like this. They're part of a collection of rules and laws known as international law, which sets oul how countries ~In work together 10 solve problems. .1
What Is an International lawP Most interniltionJIl llws Ire clllltd trelties - .greements made by governmenh to help their countries work together. They .ff.et how people communiClte, trld. Ind move Iround the world. Here .,. 10 few ItXlmples. Counl,;'" .ic;n ."eemenlo to .11_ pion .. 10 ny ... , and Io".j in their country. WIIl n .. ,II the I'm goi n\llo H .. ico t. l. arn Spal>i," thtl 1" ",m ... .Iir t" "'""1 I~, .... "t Eu,op •• n counl,i ... h ..... iened 0 Ir •• ly t. creole 0 joint .... ther fo<ec .. ti", 'C.ney. Th . ... at he, f ••• east 1 it .. ,II ,.," \0Il10''' '' . eo .. ,nm. "! commit t. ,.duc!IIS t ho amOllnl of pollut" n a WI produce? Group. of < ... nln.., <on ",n I,eolie. prom;';", 10 .. ork IOC.th., 10 .010. biC problem .. --...... -_. ........... - . ......... ..__ _", ..• ,~-~- rt ...... f9()"""",""" Some ofth. food yo<o •• t i. p<.bobly e".wn or mod. in anoth.r country. Counl,i .. lien I .. oli •• promi.i", 10 folio ..... 1 •• 1. mlk •• ur. th • food i. Nf. to •• 1 . Irs so t. ~' Sicni",_ tr..ty if; liu ailning _ contrKt - countries thm holYe to do th_ but they un to Itick to the .,..ment. If _ country bruits _n _Ir..ment, it un It. tried in _n int..-nlltillnlll court. Find out more on par 65.
. , -- f You con m.hcoll. oh<....d 1>000 •••• tmo.1 ''''1 counlry in the .. O<Id h •• <i(ne<l 1 ••• li ...... «III •• nd oommuninlion. equipment. IIi G.ancma! lIow', Iii. in Sri tan,.? Do", .... ~. . " .. und U .. ... rld ha •• U .. 'lglll 10 go 10 lcho. l? " •• tilt 10 .... human nihil t ..... v.n. - BUT Ihttj",. ",,\ In<I"idu.1 counl,i ... con odopl inter ... l;o".1 I.w, •• port ofthei. o .. nl ..... Internltion.III""s .ren't 11 ..... ys written down. Som.,. .tart out u udom~ _ unwritten rulH thilt c:ountrifl h ..... been following for II whillt. !Iv lam,lv just am .. ' in t h,s count.v alto, n .. i"i . ... , bock hom •. Government> often "",k. ",10 •• boul ..t.o', . llowed 10 mo .. 10 t heir <O<Inl'1' BUllhey con'l tum . ... y r.f"' .... - p<'O!>Io f1 eein, from a dane".' " .il •• lion in .""the. country. Thi. hoI been on int ..... I ..... 1 cullom f .... r •• 11y lone time. If I •• bb ••• bonk " nd 'On .... V I. on.th., CO"nltV. woutd I VI awav ",th ,t7 Probably not! Countr;'" .ic;n "rHmenb promi.inc to worlt tocother to eateh int ........... 1 ui""nal .. Find out mo<o on pate n. ..
How International law works International law mostly devel0r.ed after the Second World War. In 1945, to try to lVoidmore wars, eaders from iHound the world set up In international organintion called the United Nations (UN). The UN sets rules for countries to follow and helps them settle arguments peacefully. Common rules Almost every country around the world is a member of the UN and agrees to follow its rules. Here are the most important ones . .... , ... -...... • .•. So"'" problem. and ort-menlo with other <o<on!";n p .. «fully. ... .......... .. .. ..... " .. -. Don't interior • in .... ! ... ' country', .ff.i". Countries can debate new rules every year It the General Assembly, in the UN headquarters in New York. Each country sends a person called a If . < ... ntry bruk. onyof d' ~:~, t' to "P",,"t th'. • , • the ... 1 •• or th,nt.n. puco, the UN'. *u,ity Council un toke .. ti ......... impo .. .. nc:tion .. Thi.uninc:l ..... mo. i", it ilIeC.1 to t, .... cood' .. ith th.t count')'. . - The *u,ity Counc:il i. m .... up of IS count,i ... ~ fin pe"" .... nt membe" (Chin., FfOnce, RUlli., UK .nd the US) . nd ten .then thet.te elected eve')' t..o ye .... , • ~ ... , ,. ' . ..,. '. r ,.. .:.,. .",,,! 14
S.ttllng dlsput.s The UN's International Co .. rt of Justi"e in the Netherland. ""jlts to .cul" •• guments briwnn countri., - but only if both c:o untrifllgree to hive their cne helrd by the court. C.SflUIt helrd by 15 judge, elected from Iround the .... orld. '" You d(dn"\ tell u. ou "or. bu ilding polluting fact.,i .. b~ Ih. ,iv" on ou , .hared b.,d ••. L..-..yer repnwnli"C A'Cen1iM "---" U,ugu.~ should ha •• lold A'ientina ,oono •. bul ... thInk lh. fad.,ios art salo .......... ' •• '1. Th. ICC has lo und Thoma. LuIl "ng •. a .. bel 'li ta,~ <omma nd". guilty of " " uit,nll Clllld •• Id(". Ln Uoe O.mocrali< ~.pub ic of C. nllo, ~ •• b .. n Sf nion«d 1. 1~ yo." in pri.on. W. did tell oul And Wf'" u •• d U .. g".n"t todono(og~ w. can. I.---..... u..,.., r.pr ••• ntin~ U",cuoy I ""ag''', but I'" b .. n out •• 1, d by the .th" •. Arcentinion j"",' •
B8 Th. law 0' countrl •• International law mostly focuses on the relations between countries. But what is a country in the eyes of the law? Here's what makes Brazil a country: To be . membe , ol ;" .. rn.t;"".1 o'g.n;,.t;on, ,uoh" the UN. To ma ' , ;1< 0"" 0.0;';00' . bout il< bnd .nd p<opl, . .... and responsibilities. To e<~t int, m. ti",,01 ,- To e<~t hum.n righ .. To ",ule di' put .. with othe, cou nt,; ... p<""efulty, " ithout lo",e • nd f,,,,,dom,. or the thre.t of ""I, nc< . Bralil is also a country because other countries recognile and treat it as o ne. Without thts recognition, ih rights and responsibilit ies might not be respec ted. !Iv <.unltV. Palnlin •• iln"! "coin,zod bV a,ound 50 c.unlml. 41 a ,null ,I iln·1 a full ""mb .. of Ihe UN.
Making a new country Sometimes, people in one place want to create a new country. Here are some of the international rules about how it can happer.. r •• conq ... " d U,il land. I'm <alhn~ ,t t ho Ptoplfs Count.y of Tonv. Und., inl '''''' ;o ... II . .. , ~', ill.g.1 to c r . ... I n ... country by ""ng unlawful forc<. It". . 1", illegll fOf o'~r countri., to , ocog"'" it " . country. Und., interno,ional l.,., p«>plr havo I right to in .~nd nce - Io!iv. in I country th. t j",,( colon;,..! by . noth .. counlry. Betw •• n 1950 and 1970, "m"d 60 counl,i., that .. e.., coloni, ..! by Euro~.n count"", b.c. m. '''''' pend.nt .g.in. Even if you follow all tla rules to form a new country, it', trcky to be truly nde~ if otlar countM - especially nfttby ~ - don't recosnin your ltatl,lS.. ~ Vote In 2008, .ft .. d"". d., of .. or, !"ople in the wuth of Sud.n org,niud I .ote. MM' peapl . .. id thoy " , nt.d to form th.if OW" c<XIntry. indop. nd. nt olth. r.,' of Sudan. Th. vol. WI< recogni' ..d by .v.ry ,t. t • • fOund II>. world . "d :.outl. Sudan i, no,. . m<mi><, of tl.. UN. K •• o," ded.rod its ,ndependence f,o m S"bi. in 2005. aft .. m •• 1 Ko •••• nl . oted I. Ie . ... Bul Se,bi. . Iill d ... n'l co le ul. /
Can a DDllntry break the lawP In pract ice, co untri ~ can't break laws, only people can. But if a government, or anyone acting on its orde rs, does something illegal under international law, then the country is said to break the law. Here's an example. In the 1970" pmte,'< in the ,trerl. of Iran led to the ov .. lhro .. of ;,< u"populor I •• d .. , the Shi h, "ho~., bocked . nd fu nded by the US. ~oooooooooo Th. Sh.h /1..& to lh. US. In 1979, prole'll." '"froonded Ii>< US eml .. ",y in I"n. Thoy "anted the US to ,.M II.. Sh.h bId to Iron to foe. j",tic< for e.im .. h .... , acc"",d of. - - W. won't l. t ~ou .ul un\,llh. US IOnos bad tho Shah. Th. pm'."." kopt the US .mba"y ,tiff flo,tlg< for 0'"' • .r , Th. US took I "n. og.in,t I" n Ic II>. Int ... n.tionol Court of lu,tie. to try to got the emba"y hml.g .. r. I .... d. n.. court h.d to ",,,<o r the'le gue,t",n, ltefor< coming to • doc"'on. Was a law broken' . mb an .. 1 and IhOl. f I~ou\d nH" ~ attad.d. S. ~fI. ala .. .... ~~. I bl ln b.ok.: ':.. ...... II • OGllltry responsible' Tn . go .. ,nm.nl of han d,dnl alk U .. pI.lntors 10 attack tho bau~. Bul il d,dn·t ,I.p U .. p.otfllors" I, .. U .. h.,tagn. S. . tho c.un1r~ il '''ponlibll . ~ 1M Court O<"de,.d the ho • ..,.. to be ,~Iened, .... ich I,on "nored.
During and aft er the court Clse, the US I nd Iran used these other legal tools to try to end the hostage crisis. Negotiation Bot h .ido met to .l ~ th,O<jCh thei, dem. "", .nd t,ied to ma . d •• l W.ll l,t t he holtallt! Il" if "u ."., bock t ho Shah. _.IatI .. W. l l th,n. about it. n.;. io .................. ado.. tIOnI ,-ty to .... , ...... IiNI ........... ... this ..... AJrria ........ to -piat. • oM.oI. It rt 1, ... t. oc-t • .-.. tho heotaro in.""""r"" tho US nt....w..: tho ...-y. letallatI •• U ...... i"'""'""-ollow ........ tn.. ..... t ...... teot 10 an~ I,anian on.~ Ih a" s in US ba n. acc.unts untill h. Arbitration A,bit .. t"'n io. bit like C .. ", t. eou" but both .ide. eel to clio ••• thei, judC' " Since the hOl"C' e,i.io,.n .. bit .. t .... t" bun.1 hOI ,eo.lvc<I .round 4 ,000 di.put .. between I .. n and th. US. Arguments between countries are oft en trickr to solve and can drag on for years. The legal system created for solving them im t perfect. But it's still a whole lot better than using guns or bombs to deal with the problem. B9
Is war legalP Using force, or threatening to use force, is usually illegal - but there arc lome situations where it's considered ok. In which of these situiltions do you think it might be legal to use force? 4 c Under international law it's leglll to use force in self-defence (cnmr.le 0). It's .150 legal for the UN's SecurityCoundl to i1uthorilc the use of oree against II country that is threatening world peace (uample C) - but it rarely happens. Some countries argue that it should be legal to use force to protect people's human rights in other countries (uample E), but not everybody agrees. What do you think? • US i", I .. co, and ,nl .. , •• int " ,\n wh.rl ,oing on inl(de a count.~ il,II' gal' 8ul do,n, ".thtnt il ,m"""al' I t~in. it'l ok 1. un force t. p •• I.ct . IIIM •• bI. p •• pI •. Cou nt" •• mUlt h~ doin'jl .... ~U inll.ll. 10 h.lp b.lo •• ulinll 10. ".lhou'jlh!
The lawl 0' war If II Wir does bnt.k out - for wh.1ever ruson - ther. lire sp.eiall ...... , 1hlt Ipply to .11 countrifl in the world. Thn. developed from II trelty first dr.ft.d in 1864, known lIS the GeneVi Convention. Herlt Irl some of the most importlnt rules. AllKh . hould only bo on military I.reet., luch ••• irHH •. Thi. mo.n. i,', il lo, . 1 to torcot «hoob, hoopitol. or 1'10.01 of ..-orohip. ..; p .............. ~ ........... inthe fichIinc, It-.. n cioiIi..,_'" Annin hr.. • .My Ie .. ofler IMir ,n..-..ef ... - ,..,.. ........ the eth.r ..... thot .. ~te ... tIwm fi&htinc. It', illo,.1 10 "Ie cert"n .... pon., luch •• poioonou. C", .. hich hurt everyoM- ... 1 iu>l >Oldie". •• ......... Inkr ... lionol <><c ... i .. t ...... tNt hoIp mti .... , .... h .. the Int.motionoI Commillfl of the RH Crou, ...... 1 bo oIloweti 10 do lhe;, jolt. .-.... In wartime, causing unnecessary suffering, such IS deliberately attacking civilians, is described as a war crime. ....... ....... .... fwl ... --'-'. -'-," ......, ..... Under international law, countries whose armies hav.'" , _ ... committed war crimes should make up for it, for enmple by giving money to rebuild a damaged city. jI ~ 71
72 International criminals A lot of serious crime, from selling drugs to terrorism, involves networks of criminals in different countries. Policing these crimes is II bigjob. Interpol, the International Criminal Police Organilation, helps police offic ers and justice officials across the world work together to 1M G ... mon "' .... n ...... 1 ... nled 10 b"Y mill ..... <>f ..... b to p",loci itt people from Ih. fight international crime. ~ ~ II .... lust h .. rd th.t the Cotman go •• ,nm. nt lOa. !'id ed into i!VI"g .n ~ I. a "'imi na l gang. WOrt . .. ha t we know •• 1 •• _ eli ..... C...id-19. W ••• inc fKe ..... k. help • • top th. di ..... lp.reHi",. They eYent ... ,.,. f ... r>d • lupply fl'<lm 0 Juol beI".r.lh. delivery ... DlIleh eo ...... ny. Ok. Ii,,, g no .. , Bullhe muko ...... r lurrwd up. IoIh ••• at< !h. ? 4nd .. h ... , the on.~ gon.? 10', n •• d b call the pollco! Th.f, oM Ok . .. , II .. nd m'" on. . w .... wo,k. d out that t he c,imlna i. copied tho ... bSile of a ... 1 Dutdl compan . and took all t h", .,d." and pa ~m nll .
Inte rpol, police forces and justice offi cials ac ross uro~ worked togethe r to track down t he money and arrest t he criminals. • Tn . ,,,m(na(1 mo"d the .n. ~ b.I .... n dW". nl bank accounts I. make (t ha,d., I. t,ack il d . .. n. 8ul ... mana'i, d I. Itnd (t aU! The I,i.h polio< found (:(5 miMion of the .Iolen money in.n lri.h accounl .nd ... , .. Ied •••• peeL The Dulch polio< fou nd (:300,0 0 0 in . Dulch A Briti.h bank found Ihe .... t of lhe """'""Y . nd . Iopped it From beine moved 10 • Nic;erion bank . ccounl. bank .cc ... nl . nd "" Hled Iwo .... peel>. Facing Justice Once someone has been caught, in which country should they be tried? p ..... uwalyho...lobetned inthe c.....try ........ the cn.n. .... c.....Ntto.l. When _ ;, .... 11. onother.-lJy 10 h .. jontice. it'. k_ n nl'..Iit ..... You can ha .. him a. (onll a. ~.u p •• mi •• I. I"al h .... ... 11 and h. 'i'ls alai. 1>.al. --- If __ ; 1 K C ...... of cem"';ttinc' cri .... in two countrin, it cet' ...... iul .... 5h.ouI4 theJ be triM inneh <.....try! T. .n'i .om •• n. I .. ice f., Ih. lam. crime .. , mS unfai, 1 l'Ia~ . b.lh coun\,ies could .. a,k l'g' U." .n Ih' ca .. ? In_lionel t.w e.,-tl .... • b l tryine Ie -to ""'" the .... _Iothio,...........
The Law of the Sea Treaty sets out who owns different parts Tewlt.tal ... A country ow n. tho .. ,t .... up to 12 n.utica l ~. (nkm) from it. cout (if it h .. ~ ~ Bo.t. from ot r cou ri ~. h.", to .. k p«mi"ion to .. i ho ~. bal •• e ecoD Acountry own •• 11 the up to 200 n. "tiu l mi leo (3 But fo", ign be ••• moo;e fr« ly . <ro
s of the sea, and what you can and can't do in them. Domla ZOa. r...., ... <e. in the "'. 3701<.m) from it.co .. t. • nd . in: 'O ft <on o .. the fOne. H ....... The r ... t of ~ ... i. known " ~ t- igh Se ... All <ooont ri ... av~ ~ right to n. virte, fi'h, do "'>ea rch and loy ca)l ... and pi in ~' in th~ High s.. ... 'oIh.t .ho"t o<~ Nllh"? Th il il 00< hOml!
....... .". ... Ay. rlpta, ..... orl ....... _". ..... or .QU ........ ,.. -1IIl"""'"
5. Human rights There are some basic things that people need in order to live a decent life. They need physical things, such u food and shelter, IS well ilS freedoms, such as the freedom to practise a religion if they .... ant to. These are known as human rights. Eve ryone has human rights, but not everyone gets to use them. That might be because they're living with poverty, violence or injustice. For the last few hundred years, lawmakers have tried very hard to write laws that explain what rights pe-ople hIVe. This makes it easier to enforce those laws so these rights aren't ignored. 77
78 Your rights Whatever the colour of your skin, your religion, abilities, wealth - EVERYONE has tile same human rights. They're described in a document known as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created in 1948 by the United Nations. They include ... The r~ht 10 ed"coli ... The ri~ht 10 move freely - to C. from place to ploce .. jlMut be,,,, lIopped The richllo . f.i, tri,1 The richllo food, . helte, and medi .. 1 help The "chilo beli .... in .. hot you ... nt.,.nd 10 chonc. your min<! The ri, hl to • • afe, f.irly-poid job The ri,hllo think and .. y .. hot you ... nl The ri,hl to eM_ you, l.oeI ... Until the .c. of 18, you h .... 'pe.iot child, ... ', riehll, luch •• the ri,hllo ploy It's often nsy to take rights for granted, unless they're taken away from you.
llew "I "I .. D "&lib WlrkP An.ma!1 h .. , "inti 10 •. ,uch allh, ti ght not 10 b. t,eal,d cr" II . Oo ... e Al l have huma n rights? Isn'! it jUs ! ,omelhini poop l. h ... in lh, "th., pa.!. of A" human ngM. UNIVHSAL? Oon'\ 0111o"n1 plac •• h ••• d,H ... n! trad,\(onl? Un .... .to? Wh.! • .,n bltn, EQUAL in "!lhtl m.an? Ca n ou la •• a .. ~ poop l'" .illht •. lor ... ",pl. il ,, ~ <o ",m,\ a crime? /,r. 10m' human "ihtl m.r. ", p~.t.nl than .1h.,,? v ......... ripb freon tho -pu ........... ....,.,. __ ,....· ............. 1Iut -JW"'I ~-" ripb ............ __ , .... - w Moot counlnn ...... odoptotl ..... tNt p<OtKt h"rnon richh. Human richl ....... ...1 on y ...... 1"'1 ... .no," by <ulwrn .nd .. I;p.r. • .II o ... rtho-.w.. II m .. n. YOU h ... th . .. m. ri"'h .. every ..... h •. So ;1', not ok , ................ to Ireo' yo<o difforontly, 1>«." .. of yooor conder, . c. Of "'in colou, 'or exomplo. Thi.;.. k"" .. n c. diKrimi ... tion. Me., 1Iwy ..... _ • ..t..Ie. If,... t.Iao _.,. _""", it tt.n.t ...... tho ooIMn. F .......... if,.... Mn't ...... tho rich!: Ie wwko.lIwn '-an ,.... c-t -,._...,.fwhM ........ ? No, boot ....... richl •• on be limitotl to protKt 01 ..... - fo< .am"'" by • ....Iine; ............ 10 ,,","'" Ot ..... richl., ouch .. 1M richt 1>0110 be 1 .... 1411 cruolly, known •• torturo, un'l be limited. 11
Rights In law When rights are written into laws, it's elIsier to respect, protect and fulfil them. Here's how the right to freedom of expression is defined and guaranteed by New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act. Acc.rolinc to the e;nof Riph, ~ .... tho richl to ...... -.r.o ond impart infermotion ..... opinion. of anr ItirMI in ony form. TMLow ........ tt.o co •• mono'" hoi to RESPECT r.-Iom ." .. ,...-ion, .... _ interf.tw - _ if it', beint crioo ..... _I n<< COIIEtII£1fT HAS UT OOWN TN£ HDUlY! Tho low PROTECTIl r.-Iom 01 ....... - ,- .... COI.courtif,-.. ricfrt isn't ....-1 .... I got Ii,," f.om a co .. hom. f .. c"ttclZi ng tho .. a~ ,n idents " ... b.,nll beatut The judge ,ul,d H,.t I ... $ ,acO, d unla .. lu ll ~, n.. poo"""o..t ..... .... 1. FULFIL thn ricfrt, .,. .... '"'" """'" ............ er.....;.... infwmoti_. rm .. ,,«nil an .,hell about t ho Icandal in ca •• homos. Th.'jl .... nm.nl ,$ help."1l btj shatlnll I.cont COl. hom. inlp.ct,on ,.port! .. ,th m •. Freedom of uprenion is I key right thlt needs to be protected. Without it you can't point out other human rights problems, such as this one .bout people being mistreated in eire homes. r
.. _1..,..--. s.m •• II,. '.'= .. _ .... 11 .......... ,..,.. ....... ..... • '.1 .. ..,.$1 • ...,1 _ .. k".' nput_lliniti .. r .... lluf ............. r'I I' ........ r. ... om of •• p,ution appliu ... n In ,11 "'... 011 1 f1H M """'dtd 1' .. .. ndL", ,rs ., ., :::: ~ "'" to ,.;son. _7 r I .... riIhb .. n° Ii ...... ........ aI ___ ... ......, .... ,....,..111 ........... .. ... _ ...,. ...................... .. .......... ;::- 11
Making rights work Even if the law protects your rights, in practice some people fac e more barriers to accessing their rights than others . I can't atl.no t ho m .. t'"1l bocaus, it's ,n thl m,ddle of t he wo'~(nll da~. a PARENT TEAcllER fottETING R.scbtd!U4 In 1999, in 0 divou. C"', ' PortuC'" court d«ided • child . """IeII ..... with tho moth. , ,oth. ,I'-' the f.the,. The cou,I'aid it's b.caul. 'm In ... Iat,.nlh" w,th. man, But rm . pp.alinll all_inll t he d.cis.on . t . ... [u"p .n C"".\ ; ' :;::.::!:: ....... --~ ... ""~ no ... ·, no hit t. That's Yom Kippu._ I can't come that d'V· ith ••. The Europeon co<ort found the! the f. ther h.d be. n di.crimi ... t..! ·c·;n. 1 i>eu u, . of hi. oexuolity. The problem .... n't thet the court h.d decided 10 U...! the child to Ii .. with the moth.r. 1>.1 the reo, on for thedoei ...... , It', no .. ill.,ol in Port"C.1 to t. b ' I'.If. nl ', H •• t lily inlo o«ounl in di-o.eo c .......
Multiple barriers But wh.! if you f.c~ discrimination for ... umb~r of renons? Thlt's the c lSe for I lot of people, and the law often struggles to protect them. JOB ADVERT Canodfon f"ma!" nonny IlOi!Qded to look aft"r kids 09Qd3 and S. I'm not Canao,.n, 10 t~1 Job ad .. ,! II dilc,illli not,nr ai.inll ",e for I ..... alonl. Sometimes the rusons combine to creale II whole new kind of discrimination. Wo ~ ••• • ".-h"olear! policv I., e", ploy.fI ,n t h" Ihop.l.rrv. rm a non-mullim woman. I'm a mUltim man. ThaI pollev do.,,,1 rn.t ,vi. d.tln'! lI.p """'m,n.to against me. .... ,,",Oin ll he" . ~-- So I'm 11ft", dilc .. "" ... I.d .,Al.III\ IpKifLcalL ~ boe.uN I'm. "",1/"" ~". not INcaul. 1'", • :-"" " ..... " r. This kind of discrimination is known n inlefuctioNl~ which illlnolM, _rd for _'-pping. L..,."..n lind courts h ..... ,,'! yet _,reed on II ..... y of duli", .... ith it. Sh ould Uu,. b. Iped al law$ I. pr.lect pe.ple aga,n.l ,n("$.c(,onal d"crim,nati.n? I. n'l lalrfa d~ aia,nsl U .. la .. l. di$<timinate aia,nst S. m •• n. because.1 U .. i, i .nd" . r .. Iigion? Y." but '" lhol uu!fDU can1 ",.", .,I.M" bKaul. il ~.1I"1 di.cn""nalo a,l iNI a ll """ lIml.' a ll ... _ ... So ... thout .,..,d .. lawl, ,I'. l'~ 10 li,hll.M caU ,n cowl. u
Flglltlng for rights Many rights are ne ..... protected in la ..... thanks to people kno ..... n IS activists, ..... ho campaign to bring about chance. In the UK in the 19905, activists campaigned for I n_llw to protect disabled people from discrimination in public sfMces. Here's how they did it. ProtHt Got ..... ;nc in , roup' 10 eel people 10 li,len to your cOM orn . .. k ...... n .. p<ole.tinc. Pl'1Iln tinc is . hu .... n r~ht . I n •• d to Ira,.!. shop and "'"" just 10k •••• ,~on • • h t. Sut it's "a ll ~ hatd beeau,. thol' spacn . .. "1 •• sign, d 1o. peop le .. il h a .bili1 ~ di la ,l ~ m. me. Not .1 pn>tnh involve Io'r , ..... ... of 1"'+. Sm.~ oeUom con ....... . • "",", ... I ..... W. can1 " ot on U .. bu . becau .. ,t dounl hayt a ,amp. Sut tranlporl beuO! won't in sla ll. ,amp b.caus. ~ la ~ Ih ... , no proDf t ha t disabled pO' pie .. anI 10 la" t he bus. s. t. g'" th.m p.o.!. we ,. qu in~ fa. tho bus ••• n though w. • au ITO. can't Il t. .. ___ ~ - - - ..... .,.wan .... To pi. 1 .... chAnrd, ,.....ofton.....t t. cf.onte jMopIo', ottit ...... by inf«minc one! ..duc:otinc t ...... "" the topic. r II'. tho lad . f acti.n and discriminat,.n that "" "':.:.: '" ~ I'm ta . ,ng a uni •• "'t~ COUts. in disablht ~ studi .. t. l.a,n ab.ut h. w t. Imp,.n t h,sltuaU.n. '""-..... -'0 ............... -; ""_ oil,..,.. ..... ,.. ....... ic, ... Iioc, ... t.kor.--... ...,.-t ...... iok- --..,..
rOltl., tho law Sometime. prot ... I.," toke bi, po ........ 1 .i ..... nd mUH to obey cert.in ..... in order •• make . h.i, poinL Th .. i. kno .. n II civil di>Obc<lience. - 1' •• ella".td IIHjIlU t. a boll to Iharl .... IMliaft ... t h tilt tilt 01 t .... : ;;..... :<:...tj;..I&;5, You can '''. It m. bul ou won't gtt .. ~ la •• bee.uu U",O. no ,amp .t t he back 01 the poll« .an. Workl., tolotllor Behind the _ of ...... 1 richl . .................. t ...... . . . ...... y diff .. enl orC ... iutian ..... rki"C 10 orC_"'" p<olnto., ptMr 'ic ... 1ura fo. petitio-, I""Y Iawy<n 10 .... """'. 10 ... , f"'I p< ...... on poI <;' ..... . I W. don"! .l 1 ag ... .. ith tac h .th .. but t harl .k' t •• ,~ pUlan Wllh a lab ~ il dW ... nt. iu,t It •• ••• n •• 110' In 19'95, oft .. ,... of <.mpo~i"C, tt... n.. IM~ty [);scriminotion Act .... pas ..... It rwquirn ..... PIO 10 mou ........w. <,,-, .. tel W«kpIH .. ...d ""blic "J'Kft 10 ....u tJ.o.rn ...Icom;", to . But ~ ;. slow oncI, ..+.olhe. it' . .... ~dinc rnon romp< or d •• "Cinc ottit ........ lob ..-. P'",NII .. dill n ........ \1/ ..
• Rights under threat Allover the world, then .,. still many Cilil of hum." rights not being r.spected. Spotting problems lind 'p .. king out is OM wily of tryi", to chllnglt thllt. Here lire some problems to look out for . .... n.. Journali,ts., rliticiln, lind decision-mllk.fslometimll dr..icl. people into us' Ind 'them'. This mllk..-om. peopl., rights seem more importlnt thin othen lind helps justify cliscriminltion. He,..', lin IInmple from II British newspaper Midline. '" """ child.-n bom to 8riti:.h po,ont. inc,",,"C numbo, of <hildren bom to oon-8ritis" panntI~ .. ___ ~ .. ;( ",LOS~'~"~'~ E FIRST DS),~ CHOICE OF SCHOOL BECAUSE O F IG ~:: ~ PIoId ...... a ..... I .. Some peo pl. lh,n. migrant chil dron ar. 1.10 """""g.r scho.( placu. But U .. problem isn't the eh,ld .. n: it's th. lacO of school pl.cu! Governments mitht d.ciGe th.t ICInM hUIMn rich" lire more importlnt than others - npecilllly in II cl'iais. For lIumple, .ft ... II terrorist.ttac:k, the police micht be Ci'lftl more power to IrJftt people end detain them for Ioncer. -c-..... ._ 110.e a"ub will help ep poo ,le sa l.1 Loo •. th.lh"aLs a" " al' I thlnl< we ha .. 10 p"oritll' peopl,s ,al. Lv. $£ ~:1" ••• But Lh ~· .e an attac ~ on peop l" "llhl 10 ((b .. I~ . l1a~b e. Bul Wi ll 'V "'~~~ "member 10 ehanlle Ih. laws bad when Ih. sil ualio n g. ls be11 .. ? Irs u,uallv fasi .. 10 a~e la ws loullher than it is to " Ia. lhem •
Taking action If you spot" problem, here are some ways of takine action. 0 0 0 0 0 L .... til. 'aote In otdo< to ~ obout chonr. Y"" nMd to uM.~tond .he ~. Se-k out foeb f<."., """"'U')'O\J""" 'fUlt, RICh ., ...... web .. , ... And be ... in mind .ho. _ ~ you rwd ............ 1ruI. ;. ....... jun boo _ penon', opinion _ ~~Iy on O<c" ..,.d;. ';.n. La ... JOI. ",,ort Do ....... ,_rch 10 f..d out ... ...... or. d"ffl;" or "'l!...,; ........ oIrudy • .,... 10 duI,.jtl.. ~ y- could .....,..., 1'-0 by '"0Mnt mon.y ..... r..., th.ir ...-oage or ."1 .. '"' ...... 1 your l;ml, Wrtt. te ,oar ... ' ..... datl" Get it, tOl><h with your 10<01 poIj,ieion '0 , hire your ' ....... ~ C~all ... o tIIo _ ... Ia ~ar Editor, Ar. their •• on.. Ofte·..oMcI? ,.,. they I &Yl....,h~ to ~",.,.....Hfoct.? COmplaon dboul_ '".Ip .t;:""",,, .. to lit ... ,.cllvl........, Dofond o,.,d ",,_t . hUmin and ,ohll. pO .. _. hkol, "thIS on <_;..-...... h '-.. to 1M litl-.l to. p.opIo • ..,....j Y"". l/ It's not just h~ job of lawyer1 and 'udgts ~~d ~n pol,tlcllns to fix the wor~ _ !t ,$ u~ to ~ryone to speak, u~ against inJUstice, vlo)ern;e and discrimination make sure people's rights are respect~d. ~ V
Dotlle .... J .... IMkllko_ ..... ., .... JI.IIII' ....... ,.. .. _tool .... -...... ., QtIIe,.llooP
6. Justice People oftell talk about 'law' and ice' in the same breath. After all, the point of law, with all its rules, courh, lawyers and judges, is to deliver justice. But what act ually is j ustice? And does anyone, whoever ther are, have the same access to it. 89
't • What Is JustlceP Justice means fairneH. If justice has been done, then you tend to have a feeling that the morally right thing has happened. But thi; can mean a few different things. RlgbtllIC • wrong Ju.tico eo n me. n 'm. king .mond, ""'en "''''''thing hi d hap!"n,', To t j ",tic. , lmeld. could t.k. lhe comp.ny who ",n. the f.ctory to court. II would I .. l la" il a cou,\ adnowledg. d Ut at til. co "' ~ has don. l.",oUting wrong. And the co pan~ Ihould gi •• K. h. campon,ah." 1. pa ~ I., k .. m.dical bills. It'. only lai.! Are t~. rul .. ,aI" Ju,tieo j •• 1", '. h i, .et of ",I. , .bout wh,t', right . nd "fO"1I'. In thi. C"', Md i. will only get comp<n •• tion if th.r • ... f.i, ru~. th.t prot.ct h. , from pollul.,n. Do t he po. pl. who writ. OUr law! Ihin ' it i. OK '.r a
-. TT MoM ..... I ... trntM hirfJ .nthin tIw Iep "T''''' She ....... ..... tIw_ .......... ...,-.. ., rtbnI: " " +"",WtiooL I btt U .. lac1 .. ~ • " notl can aff.,o • top la .. " --- ~.-.'" r y • r • FoJ ...... P • i Anot .... r .I.ment of j ... tieo ;. .. hethe, 10m. p<'opIe in _ .. ty .... mo,. li kely th. n .the" 10 ....d up in I horrible .. lul l .... lih Mel",', in Ih. fjnt pl,eo. f.' I!iJ Pollution is .Iltn tall~ bad in po.r n.illhbou,hoods Ii •• outl, Irs not lai •. SomeU,ing ha s I. d,anll" OUt kid, "" .... to brulh, c!ta n ai.,
A .. 8 laws justP Most peof.le agree that the purpose of laws is to delive r justice - but t hat doesn t mea rl lhey always do. Sometimes laws create injustic e too. Dlrrerent treatment Some laws make life harder for certain people. This kind of direct discrimination written into law is getting less common around t fle world. But in recent history, there are plenty of examples of laws that discrimina te, or allow discrimination. Until 20lS, "",me n """en', .llow..d to dr ~ in SaudiAr. bi •. Until 1965, poor BI. ck p<opl. in 1M United St.t., WOf..,'! . 110 .. ..:1 to vote. "-"- Cb - Sa"",-,., ,.I. tio",hi p' are ,liH puN<h. bl. by the d •• th ,.ntonco in rna,. ,h,n 10 count,;." Un. i11970 in the United Kingdom, men cou ld legally ,. paid more th. n wome n for doing ",""tly the >am< job. Until 2021, IfI "'IIendor p<opl. "' .... not . llowed to "''''. in tho US military, ~ th.1930" Hill., brought in law, that b. nn.d J.";,h poopl. in G.,m.my from owning proporty, or "'nning thoir own bu,in",,,,,. An"", I." in Indi. in 2019 g''''' mil ny migrl nh tho right to "'co"", citi,.n" but .. clydod My,lim"
s-.... ~ ...... ,...,_ ...... ,..,.._'t ..... _n .'·'fIo Fer- , , '., .. MlftYCIlIU ........... ..,.t:t.t,...,.. ... ,.,....., .. eM .... ,iI'MftI; - ... -.,.., ..... .., 1May'" ptOMta. r •• Ju.t boulln t tni, t. nl .nd I n ••• to p. ~ £20 in la. on Ih. pure h •••. Sam, h ... ' C.n't wail la 110 c.mp,nll. I dan'tl ninl tn, Ihal ta. wo.11 i an ,d, a £20 ha .. I . .. ~ 10 Ip. nd. Boca u .. .... ~an. dOl ..... 1i. 11 ~ ... wh.n ~ou "m" ,njOlm.nt naw .. " ILIIi. """~ au ha... pul II iiI , Ihal.l .. . ::~ .. ,\ .... .' : ... ... FII,,_c.llart Some people fe.I that tt-. Ire importlnt I,WI mini"" which could help tacltle injustic •. Ii. n" d no .. la ... gi .. nll ... ,van. tho u ",. , ducatio n. II .ich lid, k .. p 1I,IIinil a b.tt •• onf. Ih. lIap b.I .... n ,ie n and po .. I. "" lies II'~I .. all~ bill. I .. anIon inl .. nalional I . .. I .. cinll counltiu c.ullnilih. dimal. ctilis 10 pay on'~ 10 poor counl,ies .. h(c n ,ull .. Ih. mosl I",(blt impactl. I .. anI a n, .. I . .. 'n ll Ihal Ih. us lIo .. ,nm. nl mUll ~ ,"mp.n •• loo n 10 Bl ", ~ p. opl • wholO ancoslo,s .. f., fnsl ... d. Sla."y hal loll an~ Blad lam,Jou al a dilad.anlag. I" lI. nttaltonl. L.ws just lilt. thew could be crutecl, nl-iillly if .nollch people supported th.m. It'l important to It .. p debatinc what wouldlNlk. the _rid. more jUlt pI,C., Ind which I,ws mitht help it eft there. II
Is the legal system justP To achieve ju~ ice, laws must be applied justly. That's the collectivef'ob of everyone working in the legal slstem, from the police to the courts. 0 spot injustice, ask if some peop e who encounter the legal system are ... ".I." lik~1y 10 be iev<'d by tho polio. wh<n they r~port . cfim~? WhCIII wu robbed, obod~ beliowed m •. W .. it u~ .. rill not ... 11 d ..... d? crim •. For ... mple, in Engl. nd and W.les in 2019, Block p<opl ..... ". nino ti .... ,., likely., Whit. poopl. to b. ,t"Fped and , .. «hod by the police. -. ",rna," i\;~1y 10 ~t . way with it if they commit a enm. ? ' Iak. ill_, al d,vl" 'L~'" but t ho , olic. n • •• • l UI " , ! III. of 1I~ ll ' Th. potie. or, the", to enforo. the I.w ond protect ~op e. but tMy do ,om,t;""" hurt p<opl. too. Re.d m",e on page 98. ... uMble to take pa,t in a court hearing? ijttlll ttl ::::: .pnk th o um. ~nH~~H' rTT'I 00 u tk. on. u .. d in cou,t. and t:t=t:I tk ... is 110 int.,p'.t"._ .. _--''---1 ~ 0 lIt. I can·\ lIet up tk. slops 10 110 into tho ClU' t. Th.~ n •• d to lit a lift 0' , amp.
".mo," Ibly 10 hovo occ~" 10 . om~' n' .~r? , .. mo," i~~1y 10 MVO • judge or jury ",I. ag.in' llhom. boca u, ~ of pr.jUdK. or 't~r~Qtyl" ? " u,~ oidnl b.li ••• m. Ihal ~ b. f' o attac •• d m. , R. ao m . .. • n p9S·97. lIa~b . Ih.~ hao it Ln Ulti, hoao, Ihal .... m.n ar • • nl~ .... hu,t b~ stra'ftrl. Bul I hat's n.1 tru. , I .no ... ,t iln 1. But lois of p •• pl. b"i ••• it. - ".mo," il~lylo ~I . f .. ourobl. doc" ,on from . jlJdg. ? ".more lilely 10 b •• bl. 10 l. unch • civil cn e? S.me.n. w,.1e a bl.~ full of lin aboul m •. noal happtntd 10 m.loo' It's call. o IIb. 1. I 10 •• Ih. p .. s.n 10 c.u,1 ano I waS awa,d, d $50,000 in da a~u. Oh ... 010' I d,dn'l .no ... ~ ... could 00 Ihat. II~ Dao'l a la ... ~ .. I. h . .. plain. o whal I. d •. You hay. I. ta •• aclion qU LIe I •• n afle, Ih. lin are pub lish. d. I wllh l"d Md 10m' h.lp. II"I p,.baboly 100 lale f., me I. do anvlhonf no ... , If the legal ~y~tem where you live doe~ treat ~ome people differently, find out what to do about it on rag! 87 and on page~ 116·117. Although every lega caoe ~hould be fair, any ~ystem will go wrong rometime~. t'~ the job of appeal courts to put ris.ht any m'~take~ hee p28.29). But a legal ~y~tem ~houldn't be more likely to fa,l for rome people than other~. •
The price of Justice lII .... il compliclltecl.ncI molt people nnel ll""'Y." to help make " " " of it . 11. But hiri", . t.wyer il nry n penliv.. To milk. m. tt. n wo,se. IOmetimH the people who neecI . llIwyet" most u. than thllt CII n lU ll . fforcl it. "~l "dlord ... ntl to th,ow me owt of Illy hom., I" hi. cha"iod the look •. h. 1I •• d tho •• lor A lawyer could penuod. • court thot Ihi. mon ,houlel be allowed 10 >toy in hi. hom •• rill llha ... rre bunluk.d "0'" "'Y job. I think it .... boo .... they didn"t lik. "'. bel"t II I1Wllilll. A to",)", could help p<ove that IIhon', employer di«<iminoled "oin .t her ... M.1d P"Y her compen •• tion. I ha .. II lu.nl"l di .. bmt~ and I "oed het p .. ll h .... ~d ~ luk<. B~t Ih. io ... .. ",.,,1 hu .. ,.ct.d "'~ a"lIcation 10. ",on ~ to hel, me li .. ind.,.nd.ntl~. A lawyer could po, .. od •• court thot the C°-.emmenl.hould I""Y SOl,," finoM i.1 ,upport, coiled ... If .... or ben.fill. A lawyer could defend him in c .... rt.n<! help proYe hi. ,nnounce. I canl afll.d thal rIll a clun •• in I hoopital a nd I don't non .arn tha t II .... ith ••. I .... d ••• .., ,'"11, I han N ..... 1, 1>1.111 and lood. ". too. So .. hat can ... do abut it? ",wch in a .. oe~. Sa",. h • ••.
Legal aid To help poorer people get a fair outcome in COllrt, some: lawyer. work for frcc, called pro bono, or only charge for their time if their client wins their case. In many places, the government pays for legal support too, called legal aid. wm ~.u P'v m. f.r ", n~ I .. Ilhan? Go .. rnmenl This sounds good. But II person relying on legal aid is often still at II disadvantage compared to someone who can afford 10 pay for I lawyer with their own money. This .. boe ..... '-ron doi", lop oid _rir. Cd ""icI MUCH !ft.. than ot ..... I....,..n.,.wI oft..n how to 10k. on 101001 <aMS. I ",,'t hall mIlCh <hoic. I&,,¥,,", !Mcay,.1 ... teI OM who ",II ..... k on lttal aid I "a ll~ wanl to htlp .... ~on , I'm .. or""i alllh. h.utll na ... 8ut I ha .. 10 manv • •••• : ".~. t ... ~ aro as .... .:;.; _ _ . 10"'1 .. 1 ""uld ca .. s. I .. o,,~ I 0.n1 gi •• tach on. enough att. nlt.n. -= -(!::l,?:~ ""I cu. can .lIn boti . ;;::::~-' HIIImILI can' ,.t tho IIIOMOjI .... d to hoi, .... a,,,," 1o. tho I """t .,plv 10. 10,.1 ",d. T""t .... anS seMint loti 01 doc ...... nt' -.;" •. _ "' ......... nl .',d,n.hII and tah. ."-,- un en letol oid. Go .. ,nmenlo oft.n ... •• h0I.c. 1 .MI budr' in .. de. '0 -.....,. IIIO"'~ I III •• L F .. oumpie,in 2013, .he UK co--t .toppe<I p.yinc f .... Ie,.! .id on ...... 1 ...!f ... caMS. Does this mun thlt poorer people Ire always going to be less likely to get justice? Whit do you think? 87