Law enforcement The job of the police is to enforce the law. But every year in the United States, hundreds of people are killed by the police. What's worse is that Black people are three times more likely to be killed by the police tharl White people. Why on earth is this? And what can be done? "':-. How co .... pollu.ro kIll'", pt.pl.~ A." "1!1Ou luppu. d t. b. pr.tlct'nt ~I! SO OII' . lOv,n, t hai VOU"" .U . ... d t. k,lls.m. o"e if that ptr.O" ,I bth .. int ... y da",,,,u1IV? 11'1"" (",,,1m Howl0llt do you lpond thtnk,PIj about it btl . .. !IOU d.c,d . .. bit. do! Will ....... t" ... 1 In .... job '" ~ need t. ul. deadly lorce ' that'l l lIOIIfh I""u \ hd ,\ kIlls ....... one - to ,..bet OIIHtllI" or 110_ . h l. Wl ll lcl ul U!j.. tho I . .. " V' ,,, can UI. dladlv IMCI ,I ... tiMn. 10 ......... iuboout to ,"1 dall'"'''''' W. h.al. 10 ..... 1 " 'V qv<d d_lionl. 5 ...... 1, .... ' tho .. a .. jull IK." "h hI .... " &1111111"1 I 1I1 ... I,on olld I .. ,n. a ...... It's tom IVl"' that vo .... makIn, 'phl'Heond jud,m. nll ab<lut pt.pl.l I'm lea •• d Ih. t. boc ..... '1 ra«lm. 10 .... police ofhce .. . .. ...... tktlV to allu .... I Block por"'n ,I d."' ..... '! A pohcl ollie .. <!HAd III don,", who" ,I " ,,1Ih ... . TImJ ,,".hl allu .... "'''''0''' ,. ,laC"',,' 1o, a .... ' .... .. ho" Ihq ~,. j~>I , .. <h"l 10. I hli' pho .... '(l1li a,. ".hL tacil"' " all a,"1Id UI. a lld ,nlld. "II1IOM. 4nd il ,"11 .. " lIl11d.llp1ClIIIV ,II ""' .... nll.1 .. tt . .... to",i . ... rIll al,a,d Ih.al dOli h.a" •• " 1 ...... 1. .... 1. TIIi. "' ....... 0 IIpIiI o"j . ".",. This is not just a problem in the US. In many other countries, police officers are also much more likely to use deadly force against Black people. And it's rare for a police officer who kills someone to be convicted of a crime.
Flgbtlng for Justice ~ny people ~rc outr gcd ~bou t this ~nd big prolest. c ~cc frc9ucntly in the US, and beyond. Proteste rs call for justice, but what exactly do they mean? PR01EC1 BLACK LIVES J\I,\«. m. an. •• lv.ng BIleO li •• s a. much .s IIn,\. ll.n. PUNISH VIOLENT POLICE JUst,ce m. an, ,em. mb'Ml and ho noYtlng Ih' people who dIed, SUNI ........ ....... FMJtI lrtO ........ LIllI'" MoDHaN Mil ..... OUU" II ........ NWI ........ ,.,., JUlli" m. an. pun;!h,ng tho .,,"' ... office" who uSO • .o.,si •• , unn,cu$"~ f •• ee again.t Blac ' poopl •. lr, "..,ili e Ihal ,, ~ g. t awa~ wIth it ••• rt. n. If :h. polic. offi c.,' .. Or' pun .. hod . .. ~ lim •• it would pul .lh" p •• ple olliee" 011 "sing . iole nco, END POLICE VIOLENCE I th,n. that jusli" m.anl d,anging U .. la ... Ilow can ,t b. l.gal to us< d.adl~ for" SO .rt.n? Justice moans chang,ng t ho way go. ernments sp. nd .~ , ... ,ng Blad commun,liu . I th,nk w. n" d rA~ I.w", poliet oHic .. s. a nd mo" on ~ ,p. nl on h.althea" a nd hou'in g.
100 Who haa the powerP Judges have lots of power. But in manYi.laces,judges don't properly refl ect the diversity of society - meaning dif ert~nces in race, gender, religion, snuality, disability or family wulth. But why does diversity matter? I w.u lo much prof .. t. no .. a judg. who ""Isimil., t. me. 0lhe,wiso I lO on y h. "' sh. mighl b. p"judic.d ,~. ll mo. I might b. lou nd guil t~ , ... n if I'm not! It's the job 01 judi" 10 b. ,mpa.lial. and IhtV." guid,d bi) .mUen la .... 10 dou il ... IIV ma •• a difl ... n«? 8u\lh ••• ar. gr ~ .,.a' on hw, and in Ihn. bib. iudgff decisi. n. ar •• " .. IV ,nllu.nced bV th.i. own hie .. pori. noel. lui H a judg . is ,.".unde. by a di .. ". ir.uP 01 .lh" judg ... • t 1 •• ,1 thtv can con.ult each .\h .. on d,ff ••• nt p."p.ct"". But Ih.r, the prob lem! no ....... hatdlg an)' iudgn who 10 •• ano I.uno m. m •. 11 m. ' " m. 1 .. 1 h'e Ih • • ~.te m iln·1 the .. t. $0, •• ",1 at all. Oh nol II"I not f.oo 10 • •• ci t~ for p.opl, to f .. lli •• that. 1 ' n . ... 1 ••• 10 .. a bil l .. , a ""nbact. P,.pl. ."",all~ obe~ 1 ... 1. ano in .. tu.n. tho l.f.1 II. ", o, all with .n~ p.oble", •. lut if tho '~II ", o.un·1 ..... 10. U' . .. h~ 0 . ... boU ... ob'\IIn~ I .... ' lI.ll. I .. ono" that. 10",.I,mu.
The malt po .... .nul jude" 1Ir. thow.t the hichHt COUrt1, where dKilion'II'" typically ",..d. on th. mod complicat..a or imporbnt cues. But the •• i, lhe 1 .. ,1 diversity.t the hichHt 1..,.,,1. For .... mpl., in i020,.1I thOR thines were t", •. ABlack...,mon hod n ..... been. Supre .... Court jude' in the United Stat .... .... 1 ."",nd the .. ...Jd, y"" .. .,e mor.likely to bKome , .oniot j~. if you wer. from Th .... hod n ..... been ony jud,. - .... 1. or fomol. _ who .... ,,'t White.n the UK', s..preme Court. Only 101. of Hnior ju~ •• in Ind" W<ff _m .... • rich f.mily. Hordly .nywhero hod In C<!u,1 .plit of men Ind women. But it i. f>O"ible - in Zombi" moreth,n helf of .... ior i..dc'" were women. Beaomlng a Jldge The rout. to Mcoming lawyer first for Thi.;. Groce Helen Whit.n .. , • Hnior jude' in the .t.t. of W .. hincton in tho Unit.d St.t .... r m. l" bi.,. I. mal., Blad , d,IObl. d, i .. mill.ant iud~ •. Ther. h.d n.".,b .. n , " Ind".""",' jude' on the h"he.1 court of Conod. 0<" Au>!r,li •. • 'I..dir"""" ..... nl._..t.ow f .... ily li .. d in I ...... pl ... 10", befor. Eu.oPM" wttlo .. orn....l the .... (Soe poco 39) Thi. ;. R.binder Sine\>, ' Hnior jude' in Enel.nd . The mot. tha t p. ople 10. o di.erse ,oup 01 d~ , Un mo,. p.opl. I. om .. .. ~ ,odal bad ll,ound ... 1I1 .. ~ can b. 11'1 crud.lto ,uppo.t and monlo. ~ounll p. opl. I.om bad~,oun l U,at .r."1 I ro p'O$onlo d in d~ O$loo, Uti ~al p.oleuion.
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7. questions Even thoue,h ou r legal systems have been around for centUries, there are still some big 9uestions tha t don't have clear answers. This chapter explores some things you might be wondering, SJch as "Does prison work?" - as well as others you might not have thought of yet, such as uCan rivers have rights?" Not eve 'lone agrees how best to use law to look after people an the environment. Read some of the different arguments and make up your own mind. 103
Do .. pPilOn wopkP Although criminals are held in prisons all around the world, not everyone agrHs about whether prisons actually work. Prison is supposed to be a way to keep everyone in society safe. But does It? Pmon. kelp pMpl. uf.! ThOlj 10k •• tI~ danetlou. poopl. oul 01 lociet~ and .I.p t~ m h.m causinll "",m. But p,i.ons thom .. l,,, can bo danil."u, lor p"lOn. " and .tal/. Thar. "p.dall i hue "n thoy are ... ,c,owd. d. withoul .noullh pri •• n Ilva,d •. O~ 10 mo~b. prilOnl only kelp lOme poopl, 'al,1 Prison is supposed to be a fair punishmerlt for the crime that someone commits. But is it? 1.001 altad.d. Then lor monl hl I wu I ... Ica.od t'llo .ub,d •. I losl ~ I ... dom. 10 it f •• ll lai' thallh. man who did ,I olIO lost "', I ... dom lor a wlkl •. I wenl to p,ilO n. Bul l U,i nk I ha •• bee n pun,. hod twic •. One. d"nll th.lim. boh'nd ba,s_ _a nd now al.o bocav ... havi nll b .. n 10 pmon. no on. willll'" m. a job .
Prison is sUfPosed to put people off committing crime. But does it. No!! b,o •• H,. la" b. cause I " ., dup.r.I •. 1 didn·I.,. n Ih,n. a boul Ih' Ih .. al 0/ 1"111 nol Icar.d 01 P'"'1O~. as I don"! Ihln. fli Sd cauShl II lho pollc. we .. btU,r at calchl"i cnmi ... h. "",~b.1 .. ouId b. pul ofl. Prison is supposed to help criminals tum away from crime. Does it? Yes! P"lon , a .. III. a .. a.I ... , call to chant. ""l 101. and 1110 .. a~ Yesll " n ,n a riol."t "I at,o n al ho ..... Col", to pro lon sn. 1111 a chanc. to fit hoi, and cha~el ""l hi •. frOIll crillll, Nol l w.s a to.na,,, whon I w.nl 10 p,ison, /0' a lIIinor crim •. In'id •. 1 l •• rn.d now to com .. ,t muen mo .. s .. iou, e.imOl' No ! Isl.,ted laOlnll drull' 10' Ih. li .. \ I,m. ,nsid. priso n. II crealed man~ more probl.ms 10. m. , No ll w.,n·t Il, .. n Iho en.nce to do an~lhin, moa niniliul ,nsid . priso n. Onlver~, around half of peope relene<l from 'prison go on to commit another crime. This happens much less If prisons offer trllni"B and other support for inmates. But if a prisoner isn't dangerous, is it better to offer this to criminals outside of a prison (see alt.rnative sentencH on fl'Ige 26)? What do you think.? 1.
Why are lome people vlolentP When one person hurts another, there's I strong instinct to wlnt justice: to catch them and punish them. Butwhy Ire some people violent? And how can violent crime be prevented in the first place? Violent criminals Ilrt sometimes assumed just to be "bad people , who choose to hurt someone. But researchers find that people Ilfcmore likely to be violent if they hIVe a hard time when they are growing up. Here are II few examples. Violent fomll1 Childron .. ho .H -iolen« 01 hom •• r. more likely to ,eow up to b. ';olonl the",.o" •• , becOUH they Ie.,n th.t b .......... ,. . - ........ W ..... po .. nh .. ",","on ... unnli.bIo ond unomotioo..l, child,"" .tnlccIe I<> ,",n howl<> .... . .... I.hy N I.ti_ .... ~ .. ChiId .. n Iookod oft... by ,''' .wlhoritin., '., ..... , ..... u..;, fomil)o, ... 01 pofticw ...... 1<. •• o..,.rtu.ltloo H •• inc few opt;'n. in lif. con me ke people f •• 1 ";oclod end '''Cry, .. hieh con I •• d 10 yiolence. Thn con be becau •• they hove ......r beon I"'Chllo rfld, or Ii .. in 0 run-d .... n rwiChbo..rh.ood ";Ih no job •. a.llatI •• U"", d"'C ...... cohoI molt.. ............ ....... 1.oIyl<> bo ........ L Somoono ..--oblo, fo. .xomple • you",,........ wil""" ° w,;"C f.mily, ; ......... 1ik. 1y t. ,.t ............ ~"'C' ... .!coho/. These are known as risk factors for violence. Someone who experiences these things may find it harder to choose to avoid violence. 101
How come lOme people hiVe these experiences bUhtilievoid violence? Res .. rchen think it mly M due to lome politive thingl in their life, such u : Goocl .... ilh 01 , .. om", conflict. Feeli", p'0ud of ac" i ... m. nh 01 0<1>001 In Scotland, violent crime has fallen dramatically since the year 2009. This is thanks to schemes supporting people at risk of committing violence . s..,,-. ..bn 'Iioit ,..,.. in Mopit.oI ..... ' .. ...... injoooM in • fi&M. Schooh in """" neichb"""' ........ p child ..... .... ""'" 110.;, emoDoM ...... ......tv. conflict&. ..... _ ... ... ...._ - .......... [ I ,,., .......... Can I p y.u w,th an ini? ~o, , m~ numb". Call mo if .u want 1.lall A i"llaugh. d al m~ ,h,,\. My j.b gi .. , m. the ,h"ctu," and , . ,11, I n" d to got m~ Iii. bad NoI.ocIy ever .. k«l me l hol befo, •. Maybe t".y e.n ,,"Ip m.,.il d'inkinc . Ieo"ol? ~.w did Ihat ma •• ~.u I" I? A b,l ,ad. on t,ad . Thil wly of reducing violerlee il cilled e public h .. lth epprCHIeh. TlMt'l becauH it tr .. tl violence like en ilinellipreiding between people, not limply e choice to commit In evil let. With thil eppraeh, people outside tIM justice l~tem help lo1ve e problem to do with jUdice - it'l not jUlt lbout police, Ilwyers Ind judges. 101
Defending the guilty Do lawyers ever star.d up in court and defend someone that they know is Euilty? Is that allowed? Just li ke many things in law, the answer is a little complex. For e xample, imagine this situation. I d,d iL l .101. t ho laptop. L •••. he .. it ii' I took ,\ /'0 '" lomoo r" ba'i' On TU'l ~ ", .. !>ing on t" bus. La r. has ..... I •• n the laplop. On Tuuda ~ m.,ning. ,h. did nl I . ... n .. hom. 1 On TU'l ~. I .. al .. ,Ih La,. 81 h .. hom. all ", .. ning. .. b What ha~pens above is NOT allowed. A lawye r can't lie to a court or allow a witness to give false evidence. However, a lawyer ra re ly knows for sure if their client is guilty .. 108
This SKond version of events IS allowed, and is much more common. Do ou th,n. f d,d it? Wh .t f c.n do il Ih ow that tho cam"a foota , ,I too fUll~ fo, an ' to b. abl.lo .ntif ~ h.r. IIhlnlo Ih' •• Id , nco '0"" ' ,," ou il .t,oni. Bul il'l m~ job 10 PJI forward ou, ca l. and . h . ... t h.1 t ho p,ol.culion ca"l p,o," Iha l ~o u did i 11'1 no t m~ job to d,dd, if Ih. did it. Th.n for tho ju,~ to d, oid, . And porhap. in court I can Il . t tho .iclim to . dm,t t haI h. ,,,.n1100'lll .u,, h •••• n h.d tho laptop in hi l ball on Ih. bu •. A lawyer focuses on whether the prosecution's evidence is strong enough for a jury to convict their client - in other words whether they are "legally guilt(, rather than if they actually committed the crime, known as "factually guilty'. I'm 10 e. atofu! "J all del. nd, "t .... in a,." when""" na .... il mud ReaU,. WlHj ,I tul? No n .. d to b' ll,at dul' L . ... " a,en1 .Uow.d 10 .. fu .. 10 .. p,es.nl .om.one beeau .. Ih ~ don'l Ii., t hem 0' beea u .. ~ migh t be llu il1 ~, E ••• ~o n. il p,,,um.d 10 b, innoce nl unlil lound \lui lt . So both lid" n .. d a la w~ " a' llu,nll t h.i. lid, to rna •• • ure Ih. " ,t . lair I'ial.
Can teoh help solve orlmes' When it's linked up to a camera or sensor, a computer can sort through information and spot patterns 9uiddy. This makes it a "~"''''''' powerful tool forrolice and security agencies. Here's some 0 the technology on offer. -....... . S~c;'1 fK ioi ' '':''i!nrtion cam,,,., .can p .... "by to "". ~~~~~~~~~ if tf>rir face. m.tc~ tho .. of I. on pclico wole h Ii.". St-I cMner .. p!>DtocrOfl> 'f'"'dinc <M>. It. compute< tI.en mille .... tile c.'" n...b.r pIoI<IIO. <eci<t....! ..w..... oM ...... . fino. ( PI. ~' e<juipped with I 'f'e<"1 devic~ can ,.onh for • ""peel by tracking ~ir mobil ~ phon~ 'ignal. A, ~ pl ~ fi ie. """', '"""'Y mobilr phon< in the area coon.ct, to tho d....ice. A comput~r then pic .. out III< wonted mobil., "gnol and loc. te, tho phone.
Wbat'. tbe catcbP These kinds of technolog)' are designed t o make people feel safer. But as technology gets more powerful it threatens pe0r.le's right to privlCY. Should everyone be wltched, j ust to catch the ew that break the law? I ~"lp ' u p you SAFE. Pol,co oHieetS canl b. •• frl "ho,. all Un t,m •. so hav,ng .. Ira p.or! .f ~eI holps them 10 do th.i. job. 8ul ~OU, • • <c.,di nll in f.r malion about . .. ,~on •. ••• n if th ~ no .. nl don. n~lhin\l wro nll. You' .. If ~ou· .. \lot noUoins to hid, wh.r. U .. problem? Oon't "'''~. if you',. ,nnoc.n! ... 11 dol.l. the 1001ago. \J.ll. ~ou \'UI\ ~ou, phon .. .. h,ch Ica n, ~ou, fact ond kno .. , .. h ... ~ou art. So .. hafl U .. diffor. nct? treali ng uS alii .. , CRIIIINALS! I ha .. a . illh! nol t. b . ... Ieh. d unl t n ~.u ha •• a \lood .... on I. th,no I' .. dono ,omelhing ",.nfl. IIhal if ~ou .0. m. doinll 'omothinllemb.".n,ng? But can I tru.t you? Who m.l>it.,$ lh, inf.rmatoo n lhal ~ou·,. coll.ding? \Jhat if ~ou .. 11 it to companin? \Jolt. a~b. f Ihou ldn't \,ult EfTNH of ~oul It's I trickY d.o.te - rOf" I.wlMken Ind courts too. How do you Fect peep!.'s privlCY? Whit informlltion mould security Irnci" be lilowed to collect? Courn in the US Ind Europe hi .... tended to judr thlt tlrgeting suspects is ok, but spying on _ryane isn't. For elllmp!., I security Irncy could look through I suspect's phone records, but it wouldn't be lilowed to monitor everyonl 'S phones. 111
Can rtvlrs havI rI,htsP What if the na tural world, from tree§, to rivers, to animals, had rights - just like people? In 2008, Ecuador benme the first country in the world t o rKognizl! rights for nature in its constit ut ion. This means that if someone harms nat ure, in the eyes of t he law it 's as if they are hurting a person. In 2011, Klme local government builders dumped rubbish in the Vileabamba river. So the representatives for the river took the builder> to court. (lumping rubbosh <ausU tho "." to floo . ano ha,ml the peop le "h. (i.e b~ it' Giving ",ty .. leg. 1 right< i • • 1", .... y of r .. ~t in g It-.. right. of the ~pl. who ho.., • deep connection with tn. land, A't. r . 40 ~" l.g.1 b"II., in 2017. Maori triM in New Z~.I r>d ,"«~odod in havin, tho Wh.ngonui ri"", focogn"od .. . 1. ,01 ~",on. The court ruled in favour of the rive r. It made the government clean up and apologize. W. consid .. t ho .11 .. to be an anent .. al Out t"b •. W.· •• h.teI a ... d. p ..... d on it fa . ...... 700 V" rI.
Wbat If animals owned tbelr bomllP e~. of thou .. "'!. of oni"",1 'pe<:e. die ... 1, or beeomenlinct, enry y ...... 0 •• of the ,"«0. 1 thr •• 10 they foce i. the cI .. lrl><tion of their home. beceuoe of pollution, <ulli", do .... tree. 0< ..... ildi"'. In many cO\InIM . the •• Of. elreody>ome 10 .... thet p,oted onimel home>. n"s ulu.\! ~ ,11.,01 to dllt ... b •• tal •• nut n.n tf irs on ""'·I.IICI . The idea of giving some animals ownership goes one step further thin protection. l egally, it would work as a trust - which is when a person holds property for the benefit of someone else. In this set-up. some lind would belong 10 animals but be managed by humans for t he animals. Which anlmaisP Mimel. co ..... and ,<>, •• r. tt.erthon . pecific <pe<ie .... ninc 10...1 , it woooid be owned by the HO.y.t .... -the community of li.inC thi",. in the O<H. rm ./1. but m~ ,l ~ .. ill b. bad n • .t ~ •• ' I Which hum.nsP Only " ildl if. oxport . .. ould b. aUolft<! to man" . tho trull and th.y'd have to folio .. . trKt rul ...
....... 1" ... ., ... .... Ipt h_ot .,11 If
8. What nextP Law isn't simple, is it? Setting clear, fair rules that people will actually :01101'1 can some times seem impossible. But do you know what? All the knotty issues are what makes law so inte resting. If you agree, read on to find out what YOU can do to explore the lVorid of law, including how to create or change laws ,(ourself, and how to decide if you W3r.t to have a job in law one day. 11&
Oet stuck In There are all sorts of practical things that you can do to find out more about 111" , and Inrn useful skills along the way. Watoh a trial Many trials are open to the public. You can find out what's on by telephoning your local court, or looking it its website. Hoi, maka til. ral .. .. a laalda ,.1101", In some plllCes, it', poniblelo become 10 police Cldet. Police cadets go on activity camps, leun first-aid-skills, hltlp out It community evenh and e ... en support police invfltigltions. Some schools have II school council. This is I group of students who If. elKted to repreunt their dlssmales. School councils are a wly for students to have their say in iUUH that affrct them at school. Pltase can th e timd.bl. b. .diu,loo? Th". 'In't ou~ h tim. b. twu " ou, l.uonl. WIoat an ,nto' . ltillj proposal Thank!fCIu 10 • • aLI\ "8'!. ~".",- \J, al .. a~, nay. 10 ,ush hom on. t. the nut which moanS .... . no up ttin ~ 1.ld olf lot .unn'"1l in the haUl. If there isn't one It your school ret, you could pror.0se one. If you don't want to be on the school counci yourself, you cou d help II friend who you think would do I good job to get elected. 11.
O ...... ~.I.w Orglniling IctivitiH to try to chlngl . 1 .... i. known II c.mp."ning. look out fOf". umfNign tMt you cUllbout. Thil might be tOltOP In unpopul.r I .... coming in, to introduce. newllw thlt dOlin't .. ilt ylt, or to glt I currlnt I .... Ipplied morl flirly bet ... .." peopll . ...... ta~_. y .... eould : Sh.re m .... 'e. f.om ch.r~i •• or oth •• c.mp.i,ninc; o-r,.nilOti-on .. A debate ill ItructurH Irc_rnent lbovt I IpecifiC topi'- T_ tlllM blel oppositllidn of th. Irgurnent. They IKh h..,. the UIIW lmount of time to lpule Ind try to min thlir lide _ th. most convincing. Olb.ting helps ,.. __ ! ... Iook ot.n i .. u. fr<>m clifFe....,t .nc;I ... ._.po.kin front of people. Thne I,. .. Ktly til. 11U111 th..t L.wyen, poIiticilnl Ind c.mfNignan nNIi. Some schooll h.ve cleb.ting dultLlf your school dllftll't, you could Ibrt one. 1IoI~ ... oak trial A mock trill illnoth.r Icti'<'ity for. dill or youth club. You could lit onl up Ibout I hiltoricil fIlU,., . fictionll ch.ractlr, or ev.n In InimlL Everyone in the group il.lleelled • roll: thl ICcused, Ilwyerl, witnIIlH, . judgl or thl jury. '01. plead no t ll l1 ~'
Building an argument If YOli want to convince someone of something, you need to build an argument that is clear, solid and persuasive. That's what lawyers do before a case. It's also how people prepare for debating competitions. Ojeaku a debate and about Olive fireworks. are takinS part in ~ This they is are the arguing. main point that: ~~~~ :~~!: ~~~~ Ou, point ,I d up b~ realo nl. ....... • u.ard,," •• id, ne< 10 .uppo,t ou, ,. alon l. FIr .. .,.... ....... -- A '""'e')' of """.""",, loon<! tho, fir ..... ". di",e.. 62X of d"", Flr_wka ... -- 0., do)" ",h.., ~p'" li«hl ~r rwor", ,uch •• Ch",~" Nrw V,Of, Di ... li, 4th July in 1M USA or Bonfi .. Ni,"! in If>< UK, thOf' i •• h.Ji' inc reo", in p«>pl. goinll to h0'Pit al 1>«:.">< 01 inj un ••. Flr.wM'kl ..... n_ In the US in 2018, 19,500 r,,,, . .... " •
A~ well as preparing their own argument, Olive and Ojeaku try to guess the argument that their opponents in the competition might be building. L,r. Ii"" ~. ,,~~". , •• ,., .... nt ACAIMST ...... lavon'i? Hroworh might b. "",n mo,. d.ngemu" boc . u,e they wou ldn't mmm - no ... ca n w. r. but tnat? l'Ia~b . ... can la~ In. pobe< could JUlt 10110 .. tn . lIalnOi and ban~1 10 calcn p. opl •. :.. _ _ tl:.: trol ~d ;:=====J When it comes to the debate, Olive and Ojeaku each make a speech to pre~e rlt their argument. They speak clearly and choose their word~ carefu lly. q e,'u ,t.t.., r ma,n po'nt.t the b.ginnin g, then "pl"n, ~ ,t",ct ur~ of their If m~nt. T,,"r. oro t h ... compoll'n .0Uonl whtJ h'_'1 Iholll.6 be bannod. an badl d up boj Ialid Hldl "" •. Mumbe •• ""_ U~ng .mot;on.ll. ngu' ge lp ' to get the'r . udionc. on ,ide. II it I." 10. (n""clnt .nlm.11 to Co li n conlun d . nd to",lild Ilmplv Ie" thl , nto.t." ..... nt 01 hum.n blln,l? ....... OIiv~ bui ld, tho coont .. "gumont . nd her .. butt. 1 ,nto h .. ,pooch. On . mig n! l.~ Ihat banning hro ..... kI c.uld Ilad to an unc.ntrolled mar •• t .1 ,lIegalliro ... otl". Well. I $a~ tnaL The most convirn:irlg arguments are well reasoned and backed by facts. This takes lots of planning (which is ... hy lawyers sometimes stay up late the night before they go to coort). But eve, the strongest arguments may not win the day, if people have made up their minds already. Cr. at job. OJ.a ' u and Oil ... bulilltil dilallr . . .. ,tn ~ou. Fir . ... rks aro Just to. muon lun to bl ban n.d.
Jobs If you're enjoying this book, perhaps you'd like I job r and helping people. But which one might suit y lv,,,",,,. pc>inl ' .... Mokincrod G.tt"'clolh. b.ottom of . p" " ""CP,oblom cNci ...... in ........... ts of ui ... or cIo.nco< , .J. ...be out.nd about, ....lrr _inc n_ p«I!I'I. ....,. ~d.y?
In law related to law. Loh ofr.' bs in law involve listening, talking you best? Ask yournol IMsl! lluO!$lions to find out. r. .. Pe<hop' y .... 'd H.lo be. DETECTIVE,« if y .... ' .. in • c .... ntry with. <;'illo .. . y.I ..... , yo_ c .... ld bean INVESTIGATING JUDGE - '" !'"i:- 20. ...... Ir. SO llOt sl ~in li to dili IUO lII\ d 10' in lo,,,,,,ti<)tl alia $01 •• a ""J"h .v! . ....., r '00 • .a. ,..,..,....,..... ........... -.. ,.....,........., ..... ."..... , . ..,,.....- V .. ce..w .... PRISON OFAaR.O. ,... ........ Iinw_ ...... kIhoir,....... ...... ............ ! 4 1iII You micht .... k .. C~ot POLICE OFFICER. • PROBATION OF1'lCER, Ii_"' ..... efhnoIon ..... ... ....-.,thoi ........ _ _ ... .,pri ....
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Have you heard or ... ... Mandela, Gandhi and Veil? These inspirational figures from the last 150 years all trained as lawyers and used their knowledge of lav. to bring about sreat change. Go ndlli in'pirod million. to ro.i.t Briti.h occ up.tion in Indi. with non -,,;olent prot .. !, I .-, .. ttd thl ."Ulh boj b .. ak,"I thti. , • .,1 and btj ".cIIIIU~ IlIblllltti"l to art. lt and 'mpr'I ....... nL o,.<rcome hi. fe.r of p<J blic 'Pe.king " hil. wo,king" lawyer in SouthAlrica W., im p<i.""ed many Ii"",. for hi. activit; •• ri!L.ad., of the .Iru«', for ~ Indi.n indep< ndrnco from Briti.h rul. (Born in 1869, died in 1948) .'t'. R""ei""d the No!>'1 P •• ce P,i,. for bringing a PN«ful ..,d to t~ Cold Woe b.tw..,n the Sovi.t Un;"", the US and IMi, .lIi ... in 1990 All ""J Iii., r •• -:: d.l. nd ••• ichms 01 ' 122 Nih" H......., "chI> Iowye< and lint fem.lo jt.>dp in " ... (80m 1941) Workod . , I.~r b.fo r~ b.coming ' politici.n ••••• v ... F ..... I> Iowye< one! !.o"""'" (1921-20m Baraok ...... Font BI.cK p""i~nt of the US (Born 1961) .-
.. ' , . I cr •• tld tho II. ,ria,. la .. on 1!1!i1l . .. hO , ," .... d. I .... <I "'."'"to ,llttat .1Id ,,,,, .... 0<1 ....... n'l ri,h1l. Ron her .wn I,w firm in the 1930. in Shan,h,; / l<ad aw~ ' ,n U .. Br . .. n ca .. on par' ~~. wh,eh I,d t • I h. tnd of u pa.ato .eho.1I for SlacO and " l1li u..,. ...... 11 • • " 0.;..... -.y.. """ ,..,.., fw J.Iiw (1 0C"'9I~l . _ .......... ...... a:;:-... N.I.on Mind.!. Ie<! the fieh! ",.in.t the way So<oth Africa .... run, k""wn II .port!wid. Aportheid di.id .... people by , .eo Ind d.n!.;l 810ek ,,"pie mlny i~h I spenl 27 ~ •• rS in pm.n ."".~. I., 'nr to . no apa,t heid, When I .. as "I •••• d in 1990. I I,d U" . 1I.,h t •• nd Io'h,\. , "" and to , obu.ld t he <o"nltV p.a ull ~, St. rt«lthe fin' Block-_n«l I, w firm in Soulh Africa Aword...! the Nobel P •• « Pri •• in 1993 It. 1 ... _, ...... ..,., ..... ...... ,. oi ,1 .. 5oooIhAtrir.o 119I" 201S) .' Ther • .,. 10 !NIfty I. wren worlti", today to INIk. the _rid. better pl.c •. Who kn_~ one dlY YOII' MINI ~uld 1M added to thisli.t._ y .. neIoonhNipnie wt .. p tt.o Elhiopian Contn for di .. bility ..... ... - Lowir. _ ir. . _ _ .......... 10 ..... 1. tt.o IUp'1 I'""'.clotl .... in lhe-W in the AIoton:lic Ouan. """ Morio ........... P_ir. tIi.-., ~ Pres-. C .......... ..hich pr...HIn IerI .... 10 ,..,.w ..... un't .fford 1.e.1 ...--Kn.
Why law matters By now you'll know that the law i~n't distant or remote - it touches us all. The law sets out what people can and can't do, arld what happerls when things go wrong. So it's really important to know about law and understand it, in order to make sure it's working for everyone.
810 ••• .., Thi111allary upa-in. soma of the word. used in this book. Word. writtan inilillic type .r ... pl.ined in other antrin. KeIl.H, the • penon whc hili bnn jude-• penon who h... the po-r chilrrd with committing I crirne, but to run II court,,IInd to make deci,ions hili not y.t been founclluilty. ,IIbout the I ..... • ppeal when. cHeision by.Io".r jury ilCroup of peopla, randomly court i. reconsidered by. hich.r court. chosen, who rt to decide ..... rJict.t civil!.w I .... " to do with r.tation,hips some tri.IL betwftn pKpI., companiH.nd IeCillaid when t ... co .... rnment Civll1 OfCilnilationl. r::~1e money to help them pay their common I. ..... system of I ..... based 'il costs. on the decision. mad. by Jude".t penalty. punishment, IUch 111 pilyine previOUI trial.. II line.,i .... n to II penon who hili don. compensation money pilie! to. victim somfihinc wrong. to make up for b-ing hurt. pl •• part of. tri.1 wMn the KCUnd constitution. HI: of fund .. " e nt.1 nil" deel.,... that they .r. ",uilty" or "not lind I .... n ,IIbout how an of.aniution or luilty" of II crime. country is run. prolKUle to UM the I.w to brine contract.n ilC""rrwnt 11.1_ someone accused of. crime to tri.l. ,,"pI. to do, or not do, c.rt..in thine" sue to ilCCUM • IMROn or institution of court. place. or croup of fMOple, who somethinelccordi", to civil!.WI. hiI.,. the pow ... to hold trial.. Supreme Court in milny countrin, the crimin.ll.w IIWI to do with ,,"pl. most powerful croup of jude'" clusi", h..rm to each other. trelty.n -enement maO. between discriminiltion unflir trulment of £O¥emrrwnb or countries. • penon bec.UM of somethi", to do trill when ,,"pI. mnt to .rculbout with t'" w.., they .re. for e •• mpl. • us., .nu.11y d.cid.d by. jude- or their cender or -ce. jury in court. evidence .nythinc thilt h.lps to prove .,.rdict the liMI decision milde iIt I or dispro.,. IOmethinc in I tri.1. tri.l, u,ullly Civen by. jude- or jury. "'Irin •• Mllion simi!.r to. trial, but witness. penon ulled to .n,_r typiully short .... nell.1I formill. Cluntions durinel tri.1. hUlniln riChu thine,..,ery penon should h • .,. •• uch .. food .neI .... ller. 111
111 Discover the rest of the books in the For Beginne,. series
WhD cln dedl r. w",,? USBORNE []LITIC FOR BEGINNERS Am II eltilfJ? /,,. • . - Wbo dlc"l .. w~.1 i. logll?
PHIL[]S[]PHV FOR BEGINNERS
Acknowledgments Written b~ tolC Ha ll and Lara B,~an Edltod b~ AI .. Frith S.ri •• editor: Jane ChilhoL", £op.r! 8<1"'0 f.olll b."id ••• Hablha Jachon a.d Will ".,tin: and Iro,", Sho .. laci.", tho led Ca .d Fo"t publi,h.d in 2021 by U,bo."" Publi.hing l td., Uu",rne HoY,., 83-85 Soflron Hill, London, EON SRT, United King'om. ",borne,com COp)'fight © 2021 U,bon •• ubl~h ng Ltd. Tho n.m. U.born~ ."d the 8.1100.. 10;;0 . '" T ,od. IUwd •• t . d b~ i~.1 8udoo and Ann a Wray Dui,nod by Freya Ha .. iso n s •• , .. deliin,r: Stephen l1on<ri.fI Addit ional ,Uud •• t io n by la .. lieN .. With Iha nk. to P •• i Chul, 80th Cox a nd Emil y Frith This bit i • • lellal way to stop people fr.m copyini the word. a nd pictu ... in Ihi' book a nd p . .. i"l1 th.", all u U.ir ow .. wo.k. M"k. of U.OO .... Publi,hirli Ltd. All right. .. ,.rv.d. No pa rt oflhi. publi .. ,;.,., moy ~ ,epro<iuc..d, ,Iored in .ny r~tri ev 1 ,y.t. m, or t,.n,mitt..! in any form or by .ny n' "ithout tho prior p."mi,~on of the pubii,h .... UKE. n.. ".b,it •• r«omm~nd~d .t U!bor .... Q uie klin'" or~ r~ &ul. dy ,."i."..! b.Jt U.bor .... Pub~, hi"fl i, not ""pon.ibl • • nd d"", not .«opt li, bility for ~ ... il.bility or eont. nt of . ny ,,~b. ~ oth , thon it< o"n, or for 'ny po. r~ to hormful, olf ~ .. Of in oce "t~ m. t. ri.1 " hie h m.y ' pp .. r on ~ W. b. U.oorn ~ Pubii' hing " ill ..... no li.bility for .ny d.mog. or k", e. u...d by .iru .... t "'t moy b. do"nIOl d .. . "" ult of fO"~n, th ~ t~, it r«omm< nd,. 111