Bangunan SKTM(Sekolah Kebangsaan Tanjung Malim)

Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

Figure 6.75: Elevation of C14 Column c. Beam and joint system
Mostly the beam and joint system that was
C14 columns are located at the classroom for the
first floor. There are 15 columns that are made of timber constructed on SKTM building was timber beam
with dimensions 170mm x 170mm and a height of construction and until now it still remains the original
2670mm. beam system. They used a bracket system for certain parts
of roofing.

d. Floor system
Throughout the years from 1923 to 2021, the floor

system of the school did not have any major changes to
the structural system but only some minor changes. The
floor system of the SKTM can be divided into two
systems, timber and concrete. The floor used on the
ground floor was originally constructed in 1922 (locked
date) with a concrete floor slab. While the first floor was
originally used for full timber floor joist construction.
After that, after some renovation, the floor on the ground
floor was covered with mosaic tiles for the office area and
restroom and also strip timber flooring on the classroom
area.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak
e. Roof system

Figure 6.76: Timber Floor Joist

Figure 6.77: Clay Roof Tiles

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

Figure 6.78 Battens and Purlins Figure 6.80: Pergola of Bangunan SKTM
Figure 6.79 Roof Supporting Bracket
The roof of Sekolah Kebangsaan Tg.Malim is constructed
with a cross hipped roof as it is suitable for Malaysia’s local
climate. The hips of a roof are joined to the L-shaped building
above. They essentially combine two hip roofs, one covering the
vertical portion of the building and the other the perpendicular
portion. They are highly durable solutions for roofing due to their
cross-hipped roofs. Clay roof tiles were chosen as the roof
material for Bangunan SKTM. Clay roof tiling can give the

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

structure a durable and appealing exterior. It also can last up to a systems only carry their own weight and do not support any
century and often just needs little maintenance. Clay is a good structural members such as beams and slabs.
substitute when compared to similar materials like slate, terra .
cotta, baked clay, or concrete that has been moulded. 6.6.2 Non-Structural System

Furthermore, with proper care, these roofs may survive This section explains the non-structural elements of Bangunan
for a century or longer. Other materials enlarge and contract to a SKTM which consist of doors and windows.
greater degree under adverse conditions. Beside that , other
materials enlarge and contract more when extreme conditions a. Doors
exist. By resisting the harshest heat and cold, on the other hand, According to the lock date (1930) and the current date
clay maintains the roof's integrity. The harmful UV radiation of
the sun can also be avoided by using sunscreen. (2022), this section will provide the locations, sizes, and
descriptions of the chosen doors. The original doors have been
f. Wall System kept in their original condition to this day. As more compartments
The current SKTM building (2022) has full walls on every were constructed after the renovation, many door types were
introduced.
side. Each side of the schools had a wall made of timber wall and
brick masonry wall for the kitchen, toilet, store, restroom and
janitor room on the ground floor. Moreover, the interiors on the
ground floor are covered with plaster for air-conditioning
purposes. Meanwhile, during the lock date (1930), it has no walls
for curtain space on the ground floor, which is an open hall and
other areas were elevated. Most of the walls from lockdate (1930)
until today (2022) were kept in their original wall system which is
non-load bearing wall and timber wall system. Non-bearing wall

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i. Lock Date (1930) Table 6.3: Shows The Doors in 1930 (Locked Date)

Figure 6.81: Ground Floor Plan of Bangunan SKTM in 1930 Types Description

D1 Quantity: 12

Location: Classroom 1,2,3,4,5 & 6

A 40mm thick double swing
timber panel door with 70mm
thick timber frame. These doors
are located on the first floor of the
building with a dimension of
1355mm in width x 2370mm in
height.

D2 Quantity: 2
Location: Classroom 1 & 3
Figure 6.82:First Floor Plan of Bangunan SKTM in 1930

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

A 40mm thick double swing A 40mm thick single swing timber
timber panel door with 70mm panel door with 70mm thick
thick timber frame. These doors timber frame. This door is located
are located on the first floor of the on the ground floor of the building
building with a dimension of with a dimension of 740mm in
1380mm in width x 2590mm in width x 2050mm in height.
height.

D6 Quantity: 2

Location: Classroom & D8 Quantity: 2

Headmaster Room

A 40mm thick double swing Location: Classroom &
timber panel door with 70mm
thick timber frame. These doors Headmaster Room
are located on the ground floor of
the building with a dimension of A 40mm thick double swing
1400mm in width x 2130mm in timber panel door with 70mm
height. thick timber frame. These doors
are located on the ground floor of
the building with a dimension of
920mm in width x 2305mm in
height.

D7 Quantity: 1

Location: Classroom &

Headmaster Room

D9 Quantity: 2

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

Location: Classroom & ii. Current (2022)

Headmaster Room

A 40mm thick double swing
timber panel door with 70mm
thick timber frame. These doors
are located on the ground floor of
the building with a dimension of
900mm in width x 2370mm in
height.

Figure 6.83: Current Ground Floor Plan of Bangunan SKTM

Figure 6.84: Current First Floor Plan of Bangunan SKTM

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

Table 6.4:Shows The Doors in 2022 (Current) A 40mm thick double swing
timber panel door with 70mm
Types Description thick timber frame. These doors
are located on the first floor of the
D1 Quantity: 12 building with a dimension of
1355mm in width x 2370mm in
Location: Staff Room, Service height.
Room, Meeting Room, Office,
Bilik Penyandang Kerusi Za’ba,
Director Room

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D2 Quantity: 2 D3 Quantity: 9

Location: Staff Room & Bilik Location: Office Spaces
Penyandang Kerusi Za’ba
A 40mm thick double swing
A 40mm thick double swing timber panel door with 70mm
timber panel door with 70mm thick timber frame. These doors
thick timber frame. These doors are located on the ground floor of
are located on the first floor of the the building with a dimension of
building with a dimension of 915mm in width x 2370mm in
1380mm in width x 2590mm in height.
height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D4 Quantity: 1 D5 Quantity: 6

Location: Library Location: Library, Transkit Room,
Year 3 & 4 Class, Year 1 & 2
A 40mm thick double swing Class
timber panel door with 70mm
thick timber frame. This door is A 40mm thick double swing
located on the ground floor of the timber panel door with 70mm
building with a dimension of thick timber frame. These doors
900mm in width x 2610mm in are located on the ground floor of
height. the building with a dimension of
895mm in width x 2345mm in
height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D6 Quantity: 2 D7 Quantity: 1

Location: Transkit Room, Location: Year 3 Class
Changing Room
A 40mm thick single swing timber
A 40mm thick double swing panel door with 70mm thick
timber panel door with 70mm timber frame. This door is located
thick timber frame. These doors on the ground floor of the building
are located on the ground floor of with a dimension of 740mm in
the building with a dimension of width x 2050mm in height.
1400mm in width x 2130mm in
height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D8 Quantity: 7 D9 Quantity: 3

Location: Dining Area, Changing Location: Dining Area, Year 3 & 4
Room, Year 1&2 Class, Store Class
Room, Year 3 & $ Class
A 40mm thick double swing
A 40mm thick double swing timber panel door with 70mm
timber panel door with 70mm thick timber frame. These doors
thick timber frame. These doors are located on the ground floor of
are located on the ground floor of the building with a dimension of
the building with a dimension of 900mm in width x 2370mm in
920mm in width x 2350mm in height.
height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D10 Quantity: 5 D11 Quantity: 2

Location: Restroom, Janitor Location: Restroom

A 40mm thick single swing timber A 35mm thick single swing timber
panel door with 35mm thick flush door with 50mm thick timber
timber frame. These doors are frame. These doors are located on
located on the ground floor of the the ground floor of the building
building with a dimension of with a dimension of 755mm in
915mm in width x 2110mm in width x 1830mm in height.
height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D12 Quantity: 1 D13 Quantity: 1

Location: Between Restroom & Location: Between Dining Area &
Janitor Year 3 Class

A 15mm thick single swing grill A 40mm thick single swing timber
door with 25mm thick powder door with 20mm thick timber
coated aluminium frame. This frame. This door is located on the
door is located on the ground floor ground floor of the building with a
of the building with a dimension dimension of 725mm in width x
of 900mm in width x 2370mm in 2110mm in height.
height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D14 Quantity: 1 D15 Quantity: 1

Location: Between Year 3 Class & Location: Between Changing
Changing Room Room & Year 1 & 2 Class

A 35mm thick single swing timber A 35mm thick double swing
door with 30mm thick timber timber door with 30mm thick
frame. This door is located on the timber frame. This door is located
ground floor of the building with a on the ground floor of the building
dimension of 860mm in width x with a dimension of 920mm in
1950mm in height. width x 2350mm in height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D16 Quantity: 1 D17 Quantity: 6

Location: Between Year 3 & 4 Location: Bilik Penyandang
Class & Transkit Room Kerusi Za’ba, Bilik Pensyarah
Kanan, Bilik Pegawai Penerbitan,
A 40mm thick single swing timber Storage 1, Storage 6, Storage 7
door with a 40mm thick timber
frame. This door is located on the A 40mm thick single swing timber
ground floor of the building with a door with 15mm thick powder
dimension of 860mm in width x coated aluminium frame. These
2850mm in height. doors are located on the first floor
of the building with a dimension
of 895mm in width x 2100mm in
height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D18 Quantity: 1 D19 Quantity: 6

Location: Bilik Pensyarah Institut Location: Strage 2, Storage 3,
Perbadanan Melayu Storage 4, Storage 5, Storage 6 &
Storage 7
A 35mm thick double swing
timber door with 40mm thick A 40mm thick double swing
powder coated aluminium frame. timber door with 70mm thick
This door is located on the first timber frame. These doors are
floor of the building with a located on the first floor of the
dimension of 1500mm in width x building with a dimension of
2100mm in height. 1205mm in width x 2350mm in
height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D20 Quantity: 1 D21 Quantity: 1

Location: Office Space Location: Between Year 1 & 2
Class & Store Room
A 40mm thick single swing timber
door with a 70mm thick timber A 40mm thick single swing timber
frame. This door is located on the door with a 70mm thick timber
ground floor of the building with a frame. This door is located on the
dimension of 820mm in width x ground floor of the building with a
1830mm in height. dimension of 725mm in width x
2110mm in height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

D22 Quantity: 2
Location: Dining Area & Year 3
Class
A 40mm thick double swing
timber door with a 70mm thick
timber frame. These doors are
located on the ground floor of the
building with a dimension of
920mm in width x 2350mm in
height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

b. Windows Figure 6.86: First Floor Plan of Bangunan SKTM in 1930

According to the lock date (1930) and the current date (2022), this
section will provide the locations, sizes, and descriptions of the chosen
windows. The original windows have been kept in their original condition
to this day. As more compartments were constructed after the renovation,
many door types were introduced.

i. Lock Date (1930)

Table 6.5: Shows The Windows in 1930 (Locked Date)

Types Description

W1 Quantity: 12

Location: Classroom &

Headmaster Room

Figure 6.85: Ground Floor Plan of Bangunan SKTM in 1930

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

A 100mm thick double leaf timber A 100mm double leaf timber panel
panel window with MS ventilation window with MS ventilation grill.
grill. These windows are located These windows are located on the
on the ground floor of the building first floor of the building with a
with a dimension of 900mm in dimension of 930mm in width x
width x 2580mm in height. 2730mm in height.

W2 Quantity: 1

Location: Classroom &

Headmaster Room W11 Quantity: 3

A 100mm thick double leaf timber Location: Classroom 4
panel window. This window is
located on the ground floor of the A 100mm double leaf timber panel
building with a dimension of window with MS ventilation grill.
1300mm in width x 1950mm in These windows are located on the
height. first floor of the building with a
dimension of 930mm in width x
W9 Quantity: 45 2720mm in height.

Location: Classroom 1, Classroom
2, Classroom 3, Classroom 4,
Classroom 5 & Classroom 6,

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

ii. Current (2022)

Figure 6.88: Current First Floor Plan of Bangunan SKTM

Figure 6.87: Current Ground Floor Plan of Bangunan SKTM Table 6.6: Shows the Windows in 2022 (Current)

Types Description

W1 Quantity: 1

Location: Store Room

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

A 100mm double leaf timber panel A 100mm double leaf timber panel
window with MS ventilation grill. window. This window is located
This window is located on the on the ground floor of the building
ground floor of the building with a with a dimension of 1300mm in
dimension of 900mm in width x width x 1950mm in height.
2580mm in height.

W2 Quantity: 1

Location: Year 3 Class

W3 Quantity: 3

Location: Dining Area, Year 3 &
Year 4 Class

A 100mm double leaf timber panel
window with MS ventilation grill.
These windows are located on the
ground floor of the building with a
dimension of 900mm in width x
2340mm in height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

W5 Quantity: 7

Location: Restroom

A 150mm double leaf timber panel
window. These windows are
located on the ground floor of the
building with a dimension of
1210mm in width x 2100mm in
height.

W4 Quantity: 19
Location: Office Space

A 100mm double leaf timber panel W6 Quantity: 2
window with MS ventilation grill.
These windows are located on the Location: Restroom & Janitor
ground floor of the building with a Room
dimension of 900mm in width x
2340mm in height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

A 150mm aluminium casement
glass window. These windows are
located on the ground floor of the
building with a dimension of
1220mm in width x 1180mm in
height.

W8 Quantity: 4

Location: Restroom & Janitor
Room

W7 Quantity: 1 A 150mm aluminium top hung
glass window. This window is
Location: Restroom & Janitor located on the ground floor of the
Room building with a dimension of
630mm in width x 690mm in
height.

A 150mm aluminium top hung
glass window. This window is
located on the ground floor of the
building with a dimension of
1220mm in width x 690mm in
height.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

W9 Quantity: 30 A 100mm double leaf timber panel
window with MS ventilation grill.
Location: Staff Room, Storage, These windows are located on the
Meeting Room, Penyandang first floor of the building with a
Kerusi Za’aba Room, Senior dimension of 898mm in width x
Lecturer Room, Officer Room. 2615mm in height.

A 100mm double leaf timber panel W11 Quantity: 1
window with MS ventilation grill.
These windows are located on the Location: Meeting Room,
first floor of the building with a Penyandag Kerusi Za’aba Room
dimension of 930mm in width x
2730mm in height.

A 100mm double leaf timber panel
window with MS ventilation grill.
This window is located on the first
floor of the building with a
dimension of 930mm in width x
2720mm in height.

W10 Quantity: 30

Location: Storage Room 1,
Storage Room 2, Storage Room 3,
Storage Room 4, Storage Room 5,
Storage Room 6 & Storage Room
7

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

W12 Quantity: 1 W14 Quantity: 29

Location: Director Room Location: Dining Area, Year 3
Class, Year 1& Year 2 Class, Year
A 100mm louvre glass window 3 & Year 4 Class, Library, Transkit
timber frame with MS ventilation Room, Changing Room
grill. This window is located on
the first floor of the building with A 80mm double window with
a dimension of 3105mm in width x aluminium frame sliding window
2375mm in height. with glass panel. This window is
located on the ground floor of the
building with a dimension of
900mm in width x 1140mm in
height.

DOUBLE WINDOW WITH

W13 Quantity: 1 900MM X

Location: Director Room 1170MM X 80MM ALUMINIUM

FRAME

A 100mm louvre glass window SLIDING WINDOW WITH
timber frame with MS ventilation GLASS PANEL

grill. This window is located on

the first floor of the building with W15 Quantity: 1

a dimension of 1390mm in width x

2425mm in height. Location: Year 3 Class

A 80mm double window with
aluminium frame sliding window
with glass panel. This window is
located on the ground floor of the
building with a dimension of
900mm in width x 1170mm in

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height. Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

6.6.3 Special Elements And Ornamentation

6.7.3.1 Special Elements
Special features serve as the building's focal point of

appeal and a pleasant surprise for onlookers. They consist of:

a. Newel Cap
b. Stump
c. Chimney
d. Ventilation Panel
e. Handrail
f. Overhang Bracket
g. Decorative Coloured Glass Panel

6.7.3.2 Ornamentations
In architecture, ornamentation refers to applied adornment

in a variety of forms that serves as a defining feature of structures,
furniture, and household goods. On entablatures, columns, the tops
of structures, and the areas around entrances and windows,
ornamentation is frequently present, particularly in the shape of
mouldings.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

Table 6.7: Shows The Ornamentation in Bangunan STKM b. Stump

Special Element Description ● The stump is the most

a. Newel Cap straightforward and

● Newel caps provide the well-known type of
perfect finishing touch to
the newel post footing used to support

● can be simple or elaborate buildings vertically and
in design, depending on
the overall look of the transfer building weights
staircase
to the foundation.
● It made of wood and can
be found at every staircase ● Stumps are currently the
in the building
Capital Column most affordable way to
● Some newel cap have a
Newel Cap of Balustrade small, inlaid button in the support timber-framed
centre, often of ivory and
sometimes mother of pearl homes.

● The angular shape shows ● Stump bases must have a
the current design of
moderness during it was concrete or timber footing
being built
installed below them. This

is used to distribute the

weight of the building's

transfer to the stump.

● Typically, concrete stumps

are provided with on-site

concrete pads.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

c. Chimney d. Ventilation Panel

● The function of having a Ventilation panel of Bangunan SKTM ● A ventilation panel is one
chimney is to isolate hot of the standard features of
Chimney as part of the building toxic exhaust gases or any building.
smoke produced by a
boiler, stove, furnace, ● In Bangunan SKTM, the
incinerator, or fireplace design of the ventilation
from human living areas panel before the current
that were made of one was actually made
masonry. from timber. Due to its
high maintenance and
● A chimney can be found high cost, it was changed
on one side of the to metal.
building, within the
kitchen area from the past. e. Handrail
Currently, the area is not
used as a kitchen area ● Railing used is to support
anymore but as a storage or to hold while walking
area. or standing.

Railing ● Its function is to prevent
injuries like falling.

● The design of the railing
in Bangunan SKTM is
made out of timber.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

● It has a parallel series of Ornamentation Description
straight and thin balusters.
Decorative panels g. Decorative Panel

f. Overhang Bracket ● On the first level of

● This type of overhang Bangunan SKTM, there is
bracket used in the
building is also known as a decorative panel. In
timber knee brace.
addition, it is exclusively
● Its function is to support
the roof overhang itself. seen in the office area.

● This building used a ● A decorative translucent
traditional timber
overhang bracket. window is another name

● For better grips, it is for this panel.
positioned diagonally and
sandwiched between two ● It eliminates heat, glare,
right-angle planes.
and UV rays by 99

percent. Furthermore, it

Overhang brackets of Bangunan gives the glass a
SKTM
sandblasted aspect,

allowing light to fill in.

● The decoration panels

have two sizes and both of

them are located in Bilik

Pengarah Institut

Peradaban Melayu.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

On the other hand, Bangunan SKTM underwent renovation
months after the heritage trip was over. There are new changes or upgrades
towards the current building in 2022. The main changes are the colour of
the building to brown and also include the changes of::

a. Ventilation panel

Figure 6.89: Ventilation Panel after Renovation Figure 6.90: Handrail after Renovation

The ventilation panel had changed to a kerawang element. There The handrail had changed to a kerawang element. It also includes
are different sizes and designs of the kerawang in the entire building. the balustrade.

b. Handrail 6.6.4 Construction Method

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

The processes and methods employed throughout the building process are referred to as construction methods. Bangunan SKTM was constructed with a
combination of timber and concrete structure. The construction methods of Bangunan SKTM are shown in Table 6.3.
Table 6.8: Construction Method

Description Diagram

Foundation

1930
● The building can be interpreted to most likely use pad
foundation.
● Pad foundation was constructed as a concrete pad that
provides support towards the structural column.
● The load from superstructure is distributed throughout
the column and wall.

2021 Foundation of the building in 1930 (Locked date) until 2021
● Bangunan SKTM still maintains the same foundation
system until today. (Illustrated by Sayyidah Zeinab)
● Besides, there are some additional areas that were
built during the constructions of the building and it
still uses the same foundation system.

Column

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1930 Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak
● Three types of column used for the whole building.
● Among the three types, there are two main types of Column structure in 1930 (Locked date)
materials that were used,which are masonry columns Current column structure (2022)
and timber columns.
● The supporting columns of SKTM on the ground
floor level were constructed above the pad footing.
● The columns are being placed following the grid to
ensure the functionality of the structure and the load
are distributed fairly.

2021
● After renovations, new spaces were built and there are
additional 11 new types of columns which still remain
the material used which are masonry (concrete) and
timber columns.
● The original column structure does not have many
changes.

Floor

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1930 Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak
● The floor system of the SKTM can be divided into
two systems, timber and concrete. Floor structure in 1930 (Locked date)
● It used timber floor joists. Current floor structure (2022)
● The floor used on the ground floor is a concrete floor
slab.

2021
● The floor system of the school did not have any major
changes to the structural system but only some minor
changes.
● While the first floor was originally used for full
timber floor joist construction.
● After some renovation, the floor on the ground floor
was covered with mosaic tiles for the office area and
restroom and also strip timber flooring on the
classroom area.

Wall

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1930 Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak
● Used a non-load bearing wall system and a timber
wall system. Wall structure in 1930 (Locked date)
● It only carries its own weight and does not support Current wall structure (2022)
any structural members such as beams and slab.
● The walls only cover some areas of the ground floor,
yet the other areas were elevated.
● On the first floor, all parts were covered with timber
walls.

2021
● After renovation, spaces on the ground floor were all
covered with timber walls.
● There are some newly built areas made of brick
masonry that can be found on the ground floor.
● The other newly built area maintains the material of
the wall which is timber wall, yet the interiors are
covered with plasters for air-conditioning purposes.

Roof

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1930 Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak
● A long Limas roof was applied on the building.
● The limas, or the triangular shape above the roof Roof structure in 1930 (Locked date)
functions as ventilation. Current roof structure (2022)
● The timber roof structure was exposed from the
interior with no ceiling, to allow cross ventilation.
● Clay roof tiles were chosen as the roof material for
Bangunan SKTM.

2021
● After renovations, the original roof was maintained
and there is a new roof as new spaces were built
during the renovation.
● The long Limas roof was joined together with the new
roof becoming a L-shaped roof.
● The roof structure and the roof finishes do not have
any changes.

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6.7 Passive Design Strategies Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak
6.7.1 Natural Lighting
To achieve design quality while lowering the need for
energy-consuming equipment to ensure comfort and heath, and generate Architecture may benefit greatly from using natural light. As
comfortable conditions inside buildings, the passive design maximises sustainable design advances, the role of passive solutions like daylighting
'natural' sources of heating, cooling, and ventilation. In addition, the in decreasing the impact of the built environment has grown. The purpose
modern passive design depends on knowing the climate and taking of daylighting is to absorb natural light and reflect it into the building's
advantage of sitting, form, detailing, and construction components. darker spaces in an effort to use less energy.
Besides, the internal environment is controlled by environmental factors
such as solar radiation, chilly night air, and air pressure changes. Figure 6.91: Shows Location of Staff Room
Mechanical or electrical systems are not used in passive measures. The
first cost of passive design can be shifted from equipment to improvements
to the building enclosure. Passive design necessitates an emphasis on the
architecture initially, followed by the addition of active systems.

Passive design strategies that were applied and integrated with the
design of Bangunan SKTM;

1) Natural Lighting
2) Ventilation
3) Facade design
4) Landscaping
5) Orientation

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Figure 6.92: Shows Windows of The Staffroom Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

Figure 6.89 and Figure 6.90 show the layout of its floor plan. It which is 200-600 lux. . This is because the orientation of the building
also shows the position of the windows. The location of the staffroom is influences the amount of illuminance of the space where the long side of
on the southeast side. There are windows for all three sides of the wall that the room faces south. Thus, there is a little glare coming through the space
allows for natural daylight to come through the building. Windows also in the morning as sunrises from the east and the window of the room
play an important role for the ventilation in the area. The window’s facing east allow the direct sunlight that makes the illuminance level
location will maximise the amount of sunlight to enter the space. reading range from 200- 2000 lux. Moreover, in the evening, the room
shows an illuminance level of 200 lux as the sun gradually sets. Other than
Based on the study of the room, in comparison to the MS 1525, the that, the spaces at two different times highlight the illuminance level of
amount of illuminance range is acceptable for the function of the room 200-600 lux. This is because the good overhang and shading devices on
most parts of the building give shade and give comfort to the user.

Moreover, the size and position of the window will play a big role
in certain spaces to cater enough lighting. Bangunan SKTM has a large
overhang which is used as external shading to block unwanted heat energy
from the sun into the space.

Hence, the window's size and its position will determine the
amount of daylight entering the interior.

6.7.2 Ventilation

Natural ventilation uses the wind and buoyancy of the earth to
move fresh air into structures. Buildings need fresh air to reduce smells,
supply oxygen for breathing, and improve thermal comfort. Air is also

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

important for living things. Without sufficient air, thermal comfort will be
hard to achieve to live pleasantly in the buildings. Instead, natural
ventilation utilises natural wind forces and airness to practise this strategy.
Besides that, natural ventilation may help reduce unwanted odours and
improve the indoor air quality in a building.

Figure 6.93: Shows Air Movement towards The Building Figure 6.94: Shows Air Movement towards The Staff Room

Cross ventilation method as a passive design was used to circulate
the air flow within the building. Referring to Figure 6.92, it shows the
position of the windows placement. Windows are the fundamental features
to the building’s façade as they provide the interconnection between the

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exterior and interior of the building in the form of light, sound, air and Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak
view of the exterior. Thus, it really matters in deciding the size, shape,
position and orientation of windows based on the intended purposes and The ventilation panels provide multiple purposes. It provides a
prioritised requirements. The design recommendation for natural continuous supply of fresh outside air, maintains temperature and humidity
ventilation in the orientation towards prevailing wind direction. at comfortable levels, reduces potential fire or explosion hazards, and
removes or dilutes airborne contaminants. Ventilation panel that was
designed with a series of diagonal shapes, to control the air flow and
daylighting penetration if the window is closed.

Figure 6.95: Windows of The Staffroom Figure 6.96: Ventilation Panels of The Staffroom

Figure 6.93 shows the design of the window that allows natural The ventilation panel was made with timber before, however
ventilation flow into the spaces. Moreover, on top of the window, there is a currently it was changed to metal due to its high cost of maintenance.
ventilation panel.

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6.7.3 Facade Design Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

The facade of a building is basically the external front that Figure 6.97: Building Exterior
describes the building’s form, aesthetic, concept, enables indoor climatic
control, and provides security and comfort to the occupants from Bangunan SKTM is shaded with a pergola and an overhang that is
weathering. According to the Malaysia Standard, a good facade design is slightly tapered out to dim the lower levels of the building. This method
one that can enhance daylighting and thermal comfort in the building. In helped by providing shadows all around the building and on every single
the design and planning stage of a building, an architect should consider window without interfering with the building's visual attractiveness from
the provision for view, daylight control, as well as passive and active solar the outside. Moreover, the design of the overhang still allows a reasonable
energy collection in the building’s facade. The exterior wall and claddings level of sunlight penetration inside the structure.
for the facade should be able to ensure effective solutions to solve the
microclimatic issues in a building’s site. According to the Malaysian
Standard, one of the most important factors when designing a facade is to
plan the sun-shading. By understanding the sun path diagram of the
building’s site, an architect is able to design and plan a well-shaded
building, site planning, and orientation.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

Figure 6.98: Shaded Area of Bangunan SKTM at 3:00 P.M. Figure 6.99: Pergola Around The Building

Figure 6.96 shows Bangunan SKTM’s overhang was The design of the pergola is one of the approaches to achieve
approximately 0.8m to achieve maximum shade. Bangunan SKTM’s roof passive design that shelters the amount of daylight entering the spaces.
design ensured a minimum amount of direct sunlight entered the building Pergola may have come in a variety of styles and sizes, but it has the same
to meet one of the key objectives of passive design such as ensuring that functionality which is to allow a sufficient amount of sunlight and air
the amount of light enters the space at a rate that does not impair the circulation.
interior thermal comfort.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

6.7.4 Landscaping

Landscaping is essential because it can have a huge impact
affecting our lives both physically and mentally. Bangunan SKTM has
good landscaping towards its function. There are two types of landscaping
which are hardscape and softscape.

Planted boxes and a playground are one of the examples that can
be seen at the building’s landscape. It is classified as a hardscape. The
playground was designed with an extra open area so the children can play
freely and avoid injury.

Figure 6.100: Vegetation Around The Site

Moving on, based on Figure 6.98 , there is vegetation on the east
side of the building. It is classified as softscape. Moreover, the vegetation
makes the east side of Bangunan SKTM shadier than the other building
parts. Approximately, there are more than five shady trees located near the
building. Furthermore, there is a playground located in front of Bangunan
SKTM that is covered with grass. Hence, monthly maintenance services
are needed to keep the playground tidy and safe to use.

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Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

6.7.5 Orientation The orientation of a structure is one of the essential aspects of
Building orientation has an effect on energy demand under various sustainable design. This will aid in maximising solar and wind energy,
both of which are important aims that can be taken advantage of. The
climatic conditions. As a result, adequate ventilation benefits the direction prevailing winds come in from the northwest and southwest, according to
of the prevailing winds and the building's orientation. A well-planned the Bangunan SKTM's wind assessment. As a result, it's critical to create
layout should be responsive to the site's location, orientation, and position an entry point for the wind to enter space.
in order to optimise reaction to the natural climate. The prevalent wind
direction in Malaysia is typically south westerly and light. The northeast Bangunan SKTM is oriented towards the southeast from the main
monsoon season typically begins in early November and lasts until March. entrance and it is oriented diagonally towards prevailing winds. The
building is surrounded by Chancellery Building and Bangunan Tadahan
Figure 6.101:Aerial View of Bangunan SKTM Selatan and it is located near to musolla. Other sports facilities also are
provided near the Bangunan SKTM, such as tennis court, gymnasium,
netball court, and badminton court, which gather people to carry out
particular activities.

Table 6.9: Shows Air Temperature and Wind Velocity in The Staff Room Of
Bangunan SKTM, 8 September 2021 until 13 September 2021.

Time Temperature °C Velocity m/s

9.00am 26.5 0.0

10.00am 27.7 0.0

11.00am 27.7 0.0

12.00pm 28.3 0.0

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1.00pm 28.5 0.0 Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak
2.00pm 29.3 0.0
3.00pm 28 0.0 study. Referring to the table, the temperature in the staffroom is higher
4.00pm 29.4 0.0 than usual through time. Moreover, the highest temperature recorded was
5.00pm 30.1 0.0 at 12.00 p.m.that goes up to 30.4 °C. Furthermore, since the wind is
blowing from the northwest and southwest, there was no wind flow
Figure 6.102: Air Temperature Graph through the chosen space because the staff’s room is on the east side of the
(Source: World Weather Online, 2021) building.

Table 6.4 shows the temperature and wind speed of the Staffroom 6.8 Summary
of Bangunan SKTM. Its staffroom is the suggested space for the case
To conclude, Bangunn SKTM has gone through many changes
from 1922 until 2021. It started when the building was built along with
other buildings in SITC in 1922. The beginning of Sekolah Melayu
Tanjung Malim (Bangunan SKTM) started with the establishment of SITC.
The school plays a vital role as it was one of the earliest schools in
Tanjung Malim. Thus, this chapter discusses Bangunan SKTM from its site
context, history, and significant aspects that contribute to the development
of the building throughout the years. Furthermore, it highlights the
building construction, materials, and the analysis between schools built
around the same time in comparison to the structural system, spatial
organisation, and more.

Moreover, in the sub topic of site context, it focuses on the
neighbouring buildings and surroundings around Bangunan SKTM in the
UPSI compound. The section is divided into two subtopics which are

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natural environment and built environment. Meanwhile, the architectural
influence topic will expand on the characteristics of architectural influence
found in the Bangunan Sekolah Kebangsaan Tanjung Malim which
includes both the vernacular and the colonial architecture.

On the other hand, the profile of Bangunan SKTM’s sub topic
aims to go through the chronology of the subject of study, it will explain
about Bangunan SKTM, its spatial organisation, building materials, as
well as the analysis and the synthesis of the space and also the renovation.
In addition, there are also explanations about the building's construction
which are divided into structural and non-structural systems, special
elements and ornaments and its construction method. This chapter ends
with the explanation about the building’s passive design strategies that
were applied. Passive design strategies that were applied and integrated
with the design of Bangunan SKTM are natural ventilation, facade design,
landscaping and orientation.

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CHAPTER 7.0: CONCLUSION Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

7.1 Introduction western influence of the time. Hence, the building creates a sense of
curiosity of investigating the building’s extensive history. Though the
The purposes of studying the Bangunan Sekolah Kebangsaan Tanjung building may lack information from some time periods, it made the
Malim (SKTM) were: research even more challenging and worth it to unravel. Through a series
of live and online interviews, as well as case and precedent studies of other
a. To produce the measured drawings of the chosen building, buildings in the same era, the Bangunan SKTM chronology of its
including the building’s plans, structure and detailing. development and function throughout the years came to be. Together with
references from national archives, historical books, and SKTM past school
b. To study the development and mark the chronological changes of records, more information and truth came to fruition. As of today,
the Bangunan SKTM Bangunan SKTM still serves as a ‘chamber of wisdom’ where it operates
as an institute that collects and spreads knowledge regarding Malay
c. To examine the influences of the Colonial period to the region and civilization.
the building itself
7.2 Summary of Findings
d. To document the information on the background studies as well as
to provide references for future records and applications. The history of Tanjung Malim and the progressive development of
the town throughout the years plays an important role in understanding the
Bangunan SKTM holds many memories and high significance in perseverance and lifestyle of the people of Tanjung Malim. In turn, it
the history of UPSI, as it is considered to be one of the oldest Sekolah reflects on the architecture of the town. In this case the buildings in UPSI
Kebangsaan in the state of Perak. From the very beginning, the building as a notable educational establishment, including Bangunan SKTM.
built on that particular land was built to have the purpose of spreading
inspiration and training the young minds. Throughout the years, the Built in 1922 alongside the other buildings in the SITC complex,
building served as a place for children and young adults to learn, resulting Bangunan SKTM resembles an ordinary and simple school building.
in many fond memories created in the hearts of the people who had the However, knowledge and the spirit of learning is the charm that
chance of studying and working in this building. The architectural aspects
of the building itself represents Malay culture while also reflecting a 182

illuminates throughout generations. All through the changes in function of Bangunan SKTM, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak
the building, a similarity that is found is that the building was always used
to care and inspire the youth. A humble place to learn, discover, and share limited amount of images of proof. However, some images collected from
knowledge. A place memorable to the old generation in Tanjung Malim, the interview sessions helped to visualise the original form and renovations
yet still noteworthy to the younger generations, as the buildings’ general done to the building. Most of the information was also acquired from the
purpose is to educate people. interview session with an alumni of SKTM and Muzium Pendidikan
Nasional UPSI, which provided the researchers a liable source of the
Islam emphasises the role of knowledge in a person's life, leading historical building in UPSI.
us to think about the right and the wrongdoing. In Surah Al- Mujadila
verse 11, Allah mentioned, "Allah will elevate those of you who are The measure drawings of Bangunan SKTM were produced to
faithful, raise those gifted with knowledge in rank, and Allah is All-Aware document the building's plans, details, and structure. Two sets of measured
of what you do." It emphasises how significant knowledge is. drawings were done for the years 1930 (lock date) and 2021(current),
respectively. The early form of the building is recorded in 1930 drawings,
The history of Bangunan SKTM has never been documented in which include spaces and features in use at the time. Most of the sources to
extensive detail. The researchers gained significant experience in determine the building parts were acquired through interviews and case
collecting information and background studies to understand the building's studies. On the contrary, the 2021 drawings document the current building
heritage value. The remarkable efforts to obtain information exposed the form that has experienced changes from time to time.
team members to various job scopes and adventures. In-depth research and
inspection of the current building helped to record the timeline of 7.3 Recommendation for Future Developments
Bangunan SKTM. Besides, a series of interviews and case studies of the
same typology of other buildings contributed to determine the features of Bangunan SKTM was a ‘Chamber of Wisdom’ to many people in
the building. Tanjung Malim since the colonial era and after the independence as well. It
holds significant value as a part of SITC building which was the starting
The building went through several physical changes throughout point of the Malay education system in Tanah Melayu.
the years. Historical changes in the buildings were hard to track due to the
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