shakhas, 303 Shakir, Moin, 3, 13 Shamsis, 316 Shamsuddin, Jukaku, 154 Shamsuddin, Khwaja, 205 shanty towns, 285 sharafat, 324 Shareef Report (1939), 56 shareholders, 284 sharia, 5, 13, 27, 29, 34, 44–5, 49, 53–4, 62, 71, 80, 102–3, 111–5, 181, 192, 238, 253, 257, 290, 297, 304, 318, 322, 324–9, 333, 341 Shariat Act, 62, 328 sharif, 214, 324 Shaster, 114 Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 100, 136, 206, 221, 231, 303, 307 Shehr-e-Tamana, 302 sher-bakra rivalry, 203 Sherman, Taylor, xix, 10 Shervani, Mustafa Rashid, 124 sherwani, 31 Sherwani, A.R., 283 Shia College, 276, 340 Shia, 2, 11, 50, 66–7, 86, 94, 176, 212, 271–6, 294, 300, 340 Shibli, 39, 74 shilanyas, 333 Shillong Muslim Union (SMU), 168 Shirazi, Yusuf, 173 Shirdi, 335 shirk, 56 Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD), 158 Shoah, 246 shoot at sight policy, 186 Shraddhanand, Swami, 42–3, 236, 346 shuddhi, 42, 302, 346n38
shudras, 247 shura, 212, 233, 251–3 Siamese twins, 166 Siasat Jadeed, 307 Siddiq, Kaukab, 238 Siddiqi, A.Q., 135 Siddiqi, Mohammad Yousuf, 240 Siddiqui, Maulana Abdul Waheed, 165 Siddiqui, Rashid Ahmad, 300 Sidhwa, Rustom, 85 signifiers, 26, 96, 262, 336 Sikand, Yoginder, 20 Muslims in India since 1947, 20 Sikh separatism, 188 Sikhs, 41, 79, 85, 92–3, 257, 279 silence, 75, 84, 87–8, 91, 93–4, 110, 208, 262, 284 silk industry, 197, 341 Silk Letters Conspiracy, 73 SIMI. See Students’ Islamic Movement of India Simla Conference, 60 Sinai, 172, 223 Sind, 46, 54–5, 62, 64 Sindhi, Ubaidullah, 49 sinecures, 99, 143, 152, 221, 223, 320 Singh, Brigadier Rajinder, 288 Singh, Charan, 129, 223–4, 226, 330 Singh, Gopal, 284–5 Singh, Gurharpal, 57 Singh, Kalyan, 338 Singh, Manmohan, 285 Singh, Master Tara, 188 Singh, Rajinder, 288 Singh, Sant Fateh, 188 Singh, V.P., 335
Sinha, Anugraha Narayan, 57 Sinha, M.P., 122 Sinha, Shri Krishna, 57, 75, 122 Sino-Indian War, 136, 185 Sir Syed House, 17 Sir Syed Nagar, 314 Sir Syed Section, 17 Siraat, 158 Sitamarhi, 201 Sitapur, 134 Six-Day War, 223–4, 329 Sixteen Pillar Mosque, 126 siyasa, 327 slaughterhouses, 155, 251 slavery, 93 sleeper cell, 152 slum dwellers, 285 Smith, Adam, 107, 236 Smith, Donald Eugene, 245 India as a Secular State, 245 SMU. See Shillong Muslim Union snap election, 228 Sobat, 211 social aggregation, 257 social contract, 3 social democracy, 152, 174 socialism, 225–6, 244–5, 311, 326, 336 Socialist International, 418 Socialist Party, 153, 244 socialists, 64, 156, 175, 222, 229, 245, 312 Somnath, 335 Son of India (Radiance column), 240 Soomro, Allah Bakhsh, 62 sorcery, 98
South Africa, 40, 66 South Asianists, xix South Canara, 147 South Korea, 260, 275 sovereignty, 45, 62, 64, 72, 176, 204, 237–8, 286 Soviet Union, 125, 323, 353n28 Spartan, 240 Sri Venkateshwara University, 310 Srinagar, 203, 205, 208 Staines, Graham, 338 Stakhanovite, 1 Standard 10 (car), 134 state aid, 102–5, 169, 323 state assistance, 269 state capacity, 70, 198, 270, 285 state interference, 10, 214, 269–70, 272–3, 275, 277, 281–2, 297 state intervention, 14, 125, 244, 300 state-nation, 5, 9 see also nation-state states of emergency, 179, 228, 240 states of exception, 228 Statesman, 3 statism, 103, 174, 234, 237, 239, 243–5 Steel Authority of India, 209 Stein, Gertrude, 141 sterilisation programme, 228, 312 sterling, 289 strappado, 204 Students’ Islamic Movement of India (SIMI), 341 sub specie aeternitatis, 238 sub-nationalities, 252 subaltern solidarity, 96, 222, 225, 320, 325–6 subalterns, 20, 323 Subbaroyan, P., 159–60
Subcontinent, 1, 18, 31–2, 38–9, 47–8, 54, 64, 68, 77, 107–8, 188, 239, 277, 287, 298–300, 322, 343n21 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 322 substantive representation, 16, 84, 125, 155 subversive activity, 231 succession, 114, 289 Sudeten Crisis, 15 Suez Canal, 171 Sufis, 2, 49–50, 73, 203, 235, 346 sugar lobby, 156 Suhrawardys, 173 Sultan, Dürrüsehvar, 289 Sunderlal Report, 321 sunnah, 48 Sunni Wakf Board (Uttar Pradesh), 271, 274, 282 Sunni, 2, 11, 46, 164, 182, 212, 271–2, 274, 277, 282, 294, 298, 300 Supreme Court (India), 104, 107, 115, 208, 218, 333, 337–8 Supreme Court (US), 107 Surat, 156, 198 Suroor, Hasan, 336 SVD. See Samyukta Vidhayak Dal Swarajya (magazine), 245 swarajya (self-rule), 43–4, 47 Swatantra party, 194, 222–4, 225, 329 Swiss cheese, 18 Switzerland, 5, 90 syllabi, 49, 226, 250–1, 300–2 symbol manipulation, 53 symbolic representatives, 17 symposia, 260 synchronic history, 11 syncretism, 2–3, 14, 299, 322 Syrian Christians, 151 tabligh, 42, 248, 346
tabloid press, 331 tactical voting, 34, 229, 234 Taiwan, 275 Taj Mahal, 269, 339 Talbot, Ian, 57 taluqdars, 32, 35, 52 Tambiah, Stanley, 261 tamboli, 334 Tameer-e-Hayat, 215 Tameer-e-Millat, 168 Tamil Brahmins, 41 Tamil Nadu, 143, 147–8, 188, 222 see also Madras tantrics, 331 tanzim, 42, 46, 346n38 Tanzimat, 46 taqlid, 335 taraqqi-pasand, 170, 188, 236 Tarjuman, 158–9, 238 Tata Iron and Steel, 209 Tata Steel, 209 tax breaks, 267, 270 tax evasion, 269 taxation, 71, 193, 267, 269–70, 272, 275, 283, 285, 290–1 Tayabji, Salahuddin, 245 Taylor, Charles, 257 Taymiyyah, Ibn, 215 tazia, 196 Tehran, 296, 334 Tehreek, 189 tehzeeb, 294 Telegraph (Calcutta newspaper) teleology, 157, 174, 227 teli, 334
Telugu, 106 temperance, 106 temples, 97, 125, 169, 193, 199–200, 323, 332–4, 338–9 Terai, 260 textbooks, 149, 192–3, 215, 220, 225, 251, 305, 326 textiles, 7, 197, 341 Thakurs, 317 Thanatos, 166 Thangal, Baffaky, 146 the professions, 34, 203, 273, 340 theocracy, 339, 363n94 theodemocracy, 252, 362n37, 363n94 theology, 48, 215, 251, 259, 277, 299–300, 310 Third Unity Conference (1932), 89 thirty-four-point programme, 223 Thirusabha Charithram, 149 thought-world, 11, 20, 26, 114, 232 see also Weltanschauung three language formula, 7, 191, 251 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 40 Times (London), 157, 208 Times of India, 19, 47, 78, 232, 256 Tinnevelly, 146 Tiruchirappalli, 160 tittle-tattle, 240 Tiwana, Malik Khizar Hayat, 61, 91 toleration, 6, 14, 234, 255, 260, 331 torture, 228, 337 totalitarianism, 237, 241–2, 249 tourists, 269 trade unions, 68–9, 151, 252, 257, 311, 326, 329 Transfer of Power, 19, 28, 70, 84, 288, 294–5 transformation of the Jama’at, 233–4 Travancore-Cochin, 153, 163
Treaty of Sèvres, 47 triangular contests, 55 tribes, xix, 83, 85–6, 96–8, 194, 243, 298 triple talaq, 115, 325, 335, 341 Tripura, 183–4 Trivandrum, 150–1, 161–2, 164–5 Trotskyism, 152 Trump, Donald, 16 trusteeship, 244 tuberculosis, 289 tuition, 295 Tunisia, 29 Turkey, 38, 45–6, 50, 96, 150, 270, 323 two-party system, 199 Tyabji, Badruddin, 301 UGC. See University Grants Commission ulama, 11, 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 43–51, 62–4, 74, 78, 100, 103, 114, 150, 192, 212, 215, 235, 244, 253, 334–5 see also clergy umma, 2, 212, 223, 234, 248, 298, 329 Ummer, M.K., 167 UN. See United Nations Uncle Tom, 57 uniform civil code, 112, 192 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 121, 125, 323, 353n28 unionists, 11, 107, 209, 311 Unionists (party), 56–7, 61–2, 64, 76, 91, 198 United Arab Republic, 29 United Front, 129, 162, 220, 222, 268, 293 United Indian Patriotic Association, 32 United Nations (UN), 186 United People’s Party, 147 United Provinces, 28, 50–1, 53, 55, 63–6, 90, 100 see also Uttar Pradesh
United States of America, 15, 66, 121, 125, 167, 213, 353 unity in diversity, 34, 78 universal suffrage, 188 universalism, 92, 169, 309 universities, 11, 17–8, 21, 35–8, 108, 124, 126, 128, 136, 214, 226, 254, 279, 297, 299–304, 306, 308, 309–16, 318, 324, 340 University Grants Commission (UGC), 301 Untouchables, 8, 40–1, 161, 171, 229, 331 UP. See Uttar Pradesh UP Language Committee, 7 UP Majlis, 225, 227 UP Official Language Act, 169 Upar Fort, 316 Updike, John, 337 upper castes, 21, 41, 199, 316 urban gentrification, 228, 312 Urbinati, Nadia, 16 Urdu, xx, 4, 7–8, 10, 21, 31–3, 38, 53, 56, 73, 103, 105–6, 108–9, 111, 146– 7, 160, 169–72, 177, 181, 187–91, 211, 213, 215–6, 220, 223, 226–7, 236, 240–1, 290, 297, 300, 304–6, 324, 326–7, 335, 343n21 Urdu Academy, 170 Urdu Defence Association, 32 Urdu-e-Mu’alla, 38 urs, 282–3 Urs, D. Devaraj, 126, 162 Usman, Mohammed, 171 USSR. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ustad, 325 usury, 53, 245 Uttar Pradesh (UP), 7, 9, 12, 18, 117, 135, 148, 151, 153, 162, 169–70, 188–92, 194, 199, 216, 222–5, 255, 270–1, 274, 278, 283, 296, 306, 324, 329–30, 335, 337, 339–40 Jana Sangh in, 199 language politics in, 188–92 Mushāwarat in, 222–5, 255
waqf politics in, 271–8 see also United Provinces Uttar Pradesh Shia Conference, 273 Uttar Pradesh State Archives, 18 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 101, 338 Varanasi, 276, 340 Vaishnavism, 322 vandals, 285 Vande Mataram, 157 vanguardism, 244, 255 Varshney, Ashutosh, 5, 198, 313 Varshneys, 314, 317 Vedanta, 78 Vedic physicians, 109 Velayudan, Shrimati Dakshayani, 89 Vellodi, M.K., 7 Venn diagram, 17, 43 VHP. See Vishwa Hindu Parishad victimisation, 9 Victorians, 298 Vieira, Mónica Brito, 16 Vienna, 121 Vietnam, 275 vieux riches, 203 villages, 244, 254, 278, 331 Vindhyas, 7, 220 VIPs, 219 Visen, Hukum Singh, 190–1 Vishnu, 332 Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), 334 Vivek, 211 Voltaire, 236 Wahabis, 33, 164
Wakf Acts, 245, 271 Wakf Development Corporation, 284 Wakf Inquiry Committee (1976), 282 Wakf Section, 275 Waliullah, Shah, 25, 49, 322 waqf boards, 268, 270–4, 282–4, 334 waqf custodians. See mutawallis waqf, 10, 215, 245, 268–75, 278, 280, 282–5, 318, 324, 334 see also auqaf waqifs, 11, 267, 269–72, 318, 320 war fund, 146 war of position, 242 Wardha Scheme, 56, 119 wasiqa, 295–6 wasiqadars, 11, 18, 267, 293–7, 318, 320, 326 Watergate, 94 Wavell, Archibald, 60–1, 65–7 wealth tax, 267, 270, 283, 290 weavers, 19, 121, 281, 314, 340 welfare, 32, 168, 75, 197, 217, 220, 245, 323 Weltanschauung, 12, 102 West Africa, 269 West Bengal, 2, 7–8, 10–1, 21, 28, 30, 33, 36, 41, 46, 53–6, 61, 88, 106–7, 123–4, 127–31, 151, 153, 161, 184, 190, 208, 211, 214, 291, 295 and Assam, 130–1 Humayun Kabir in, 123–30 Islamophobia in, 10–1 Mushāwarat in, 222 Muslim League in, 54–6 partition of (1905), 36 partition of (1947), 54–5 riots in, 211 West Germany, 143 West Pakistan, 184
Western dress, 251, 255 Western Europe, 103, 152 Western science, 236, 259, 299 Western secularism, 232, 262 Westminster Bank, 289–90 Whig histories, 5 Wilde, Oscar, 326 Wilkinson, Steven, 197–8, 200–1, 209, 313 Votes and Violence, 197 will of the people, 36, 99, 214, 238 witchcraft, 98 women, 11, 44, 62, 83, 100, 115, 125, 195, 233, 244, 324–5, 334, 339–41 woodwork, 197 worker rights, 107 workforce participation, 11 working class, 12, 19, 92, 129, 146, 148, 209, 298, 317, 342 and Hindu nationalism, 209, 342 ashraf disdain for, 92 Working Class, 19 World Peace Conference, 121 World War I, 35 World War II, 123 world-state, 237 worm’s-eye view, 263 Wright Jr, Theodore P., 10, 128, 149, 167 writs, 218 Xinjiang, 330 Yadavs, 336–7 yagnas, 169 Yazid, 365n8 yom-e-jung, 308 Young Turks, 150 Younus, Mohammed Yakub, 217
Youth Congress (YC), 247 Yugoslavia, 199 Yusuf, Muhammad, 253–4, 256 Yusufpur madrasa, 26 Zafar, Bahadur Shah, 236 Zahedan, 296 Zaheer, Syed Ali, 16, 66–7, 85, 135–7, 273, 319 Zaidi, Colonel Bashir Hussain, 94, 279, 307, 319 Zakaria, Rafiq, 13, 284 zakat, 44, 71, 240 Zaman, Faridah, xix, 73 Zamindar (journal), 38 Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali, 11 zamindars, 50, 100, 113, 119, 273, 278 zenana, 287, 325 Zindagi, 247, 251