democracy, 5–6, 12, 15, 63, 91, 99, 107, 152, 156, 166, 172, 174–5, 205, 232–4, 237–9, 242, 246, 250, 252–4, 262–3, 290, 321–2, 330 Democratic Convention, 118, 218 demolitions, 36, 126, 338 demos, 321, 323 Deoband, 2, 32, 36, 38, 45, 49–50, 63, 72, 214–5, 235–6, 239, 255, 282, 300, 328 penchant for fatwas, 49, 63, 328 Department of Juristic Rulings, 49 depoliticisation, 10, 28, 73–4, 79, 110, 114, 143, 147, 154, 157, 170, 173, 190, 227, 238–9, 242, 252, 326–7, 329, 332 Depressed Classes Federation, 41 deprivation, 9, 197, 200, 209 Desai, Morarji, 118, 154, 312 descriptive representation, Deshmukh, P.S., 193 devanagari, 31, 41, 108–9, 111, 191 Devji, Faisal, xx, 238, 362n37 devolution, 8, 21, 29, 31, 33–4, 39–41, 55, 63, 270, 286, 325 dewan, 287 dextrosinistral script, 108, 331 Dey, Surendra, 121 dharmayuddha, 258 dhoti, 160 Dhulia, 127 Dhulipala, Venkat, 33 diachronic history, 11 Dickens, Charles, 288 Digvijayanath, Mahant, 200–1 direct action day, 68 directive principles, 112 director of education, 239 discretionary powers, 91, 228
discrimination, 8–9, 68, 71, 96, 105, 125, 217, 243, 259, 306, 321, 323, 326, 331 disenfranchisement, 11, 200 dispossession, 193, 197, 210, 270–1, 277, 288, 317, 321 Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 62 District Congress Committee (DCC), 55, 71 District Wakf Committees, 275 divestment, 269 divine sovereignty, 237–8 Dixit, G.N., 156 DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam), 142–3, 148–9, 158, 160, 165 doab, 191 dockers, 123 Dogra, 203 domestic product, 285 domestic violence, 11 dominant proprietary classes, 322 Doordarshan (television network), 336 double-member constituency, 132 dowager of Pataudi, 291 downtrodden, 157, 241 Drafting Committee, 83, 105, 107 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), 142–3, 148–9, 158, 160, 165 dromedary, 225 DS4. See Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti dual parliamentarians, 144 DuBois, Blanche, xix due process, 107, 272 Dufferin, Earl of, 32 durgahs, 282, 317 Dutschke, Rudi, 143, 152 dyarchy, 39 East Germany, 323 East India Company, 113, 276, 293, 328
East Pakistan, 10, 184, 202, 219, 248 Ebrahim, Hasanji P., 154 ecological theories of riots, 197–8 economic theories of riots, 197 Edhi Foundation, 168, 174 Edinburgh, 36 Egypt, 74, 223, 234–5, 248, 270 eidgahs, 270, 325 Eighth Schedule, 189 Election Commission, 164, 225 election symbols, 225 elections, 3, 12, 16, 32, 53–5, 101, 129, 131, 144–5, 147, 149–50, 153–6, 158–64, 170, 173, 177, 194, 202, 205–6, 214, 221, 225–6, 228–9, 235, 238–9, 252–3, 256, 271–2, 274, 295, 301, 303, 305, 308, 310, 312–5, 328, 330, 333–4, 336–7 election (1937), 54–5 election (1946), 53, 145, 153 election (1951–2), 3, 101, 131, 144, 159, 253, 314 election (1957), 164, 238, 253, 295, 314 election (1962), 156, 173, 194, 202, 205–6, 314 election (1967), 155, 221, 305, 314 election (1971), 226, 315 election (1977), 228, 312 elective principle, 32, 39 electoral participation, 221, 253 Elementary Education Act (1870), 298 elite capture, 323 elites, 10, 20–1, 25, 27–30, 32–3, 40, 49, 64, 67, 70, 95, 106, 125, 149, 164, 166, 169, 172, 174, 182, 188, 213, 267–8, 275–6, 279, 286, 293, 295, 297, 299, 306, 309–10, 317–8, 320, 322–4, 326, 333, 340 see also ashraf elitocracy, 172 emancipation, 100, 172 embezzlement, 245, 269, 282 Emergency Committee, 285
emergency rule, 228 Emergency, 21, 94, 179, 216, 221, 226, 228, 240, 253–4, 256, 321, 337 Emirbayer, Mustafa, 13 empiricism, 6, 299 Enabling Act, 15 encounter killings, 338 encroachments, 271, 275, 279 endogamy, 33 endowments, 10, 21, 245, 268–71, 273–4, 277, 279–84, 290 see also auqaf Engineer, Asghar Ali, 197, 200–1 England, 40, 59, 298, 361n33 English (people), 36, 44, 114, 298 English (language), 7, 38, 42, 49, 60–1, 107–11, 156, 158, 164, 172, 189, 191, 214, 238, 240–1, 299, 335 entryism sui generis, 142, 152, 335 epidemics, 59 épidermisation, 114 epigoni, 232 Eros, 166 ethnic groups, 96 ethnos, 321, 323 Europe, 103, 126, 152, 213, 287 European Union, 213 Europeans, 287 Evacuee Property Act, 4, 277–9, 339 evacuees, 4, 277–9, 339 exceptionalism, 217, 260 exchange control regime, 279, 289 exchange of population, 246 executive (branch of government), 28, 67, 76, 90–1, 232, 277, 312 Executive Council (AMU), 60, 65, 305 Exeter College (Oxford), 123 exnomination, 21, 262
exposés, 246 expropriation, 129, 215, 269–70, 274–5, 277, 286, 288 extortion rackets, 268 extraparliamentary action, 62, 150, 167 Ezhavas, 161 fact-finding missions, 219 Faizabad, 333–4 false consciousness, 4 famine, 82 Fanon, Frantz, 114 Faridi, A.J., 189–94, 214, 220, 223–7, 311, 320, 327, 329, 331–2 Farook College, 340 fascism, 237, 241, 249 fatwa, 44, 49, 63, 325, 328, 334–5, 346n37 feasibility studies, 284 federal assembly (Swiss), 90 federal council (Swiss), 90 federalism, 39, 76 Federation alliance (UP Majlis and RPI), 225 feminists, 115, 232 Feni River, 186 fertility, 228 fez, 144 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 236 fifth-columnists, 120, 122, 169 Finance Ministry, 136, 290–1 finance, 136, 173, 227, 240, 269, 277, 283, 287, 290–1, 310 fine arts, 240 fiqh, 247 Firangi Mahal, 37, 45, 48–9, 72, 340 Firozabad, 19 First Five-Year Plan, 136 first-generation mobility, 209
fiscal nationalism, 270 Fisher, H.A.L., 47 floods, 82, 168 flu, 130 food banks, 283 food ministry, 135–6 food subsidies, 301 Ford Foundation, 258 foreign affairs, 171, 204, 214 foreign exchange reserves crisis, 243 foreign hand, 167 Foreigners Act, 186 formalistic representatives, 17 Fort Cochin, 171 Foucault, Michel, 43 Four Lions, 341 four-year plan (Jama’at), 243 Fourteen Points (Jinnah), 52 fourth estate, 254 Fourth Party, 153–7, 328 France, 31, 89, 166, 172, 202, 262, 330 franchise, 32–3, 54, 188, 200, 270, 322, 341 Franciscans, xix Frankfurter, Felix, 107 French Revolution, 89, 237 Freud, Sigmund, 166 frontier justice, 209, 341 functional constituencies, 145 functionaries, 11, 37, 40, 56, 183, 201, 274, 276–7, 280, 289, 297–8, 303 see also bureaucracy fundamental rights subcommittee, 104, 112 fundamental rights, 104, 112, 241 Fyzee, A.A.A., 115
Gaborieau, Marc, 322 gaddi, 291 Gadgil, N.V., 246 gaekwar of Baroda, 287 gaffes, 247 Gajendragadkar Report, 310 Gallup, 129 gambling dens, 285 Gandhi-Jinnah talks (1944), 75 Gandhi, Indira, 94, 126, 156, 162, 167, 178, 206, 226, 228, 256, 283–4, 293, 301, 310–2, 324, 331–2, 336 Gandhi, M.K., 35–7, 40–5, 50–1, 58–9, 65, 68–71, 75–6, 80–2, 89, 94, 106, 108, 117, 126, 148 Gandhi, Rajiv, 332–5 Gangetic plains, 2, 10 Gangohi, Rashid Ahmad, 36 gaslighting, 58, 77 gastarbeiter, 331 Geist, 189 Genesis, 35 genocide, 246 Gentoos, 114 gentry, 30, 38, 54, 62, 64, 129, 151, 203, 206, 272–3, 288, 302, 304, 311, 336 see also lay politicians geology, 35 George VI, 66 George, K.M., 165 Germany, 15, 38, 143, 277, 323, 331 gerrymandering, 131, 145, 161, 163, 178–9, 316, 321 Ghafoor, Abdul, 201 ghaleb-e-islam, 255 ghaleb-e-muslimeen, 255
ghettoisation, 7, 10, 49, 72, 99, 102, 165, 192, 210, 228, 254, 268, 297, 316, 323, 339–41 Ghosh, Atulya, 127–8 Ghosh, Prafulla, 129 Ghulam-us-Saqlain, 34 Giddens, Anthony, 13 gift tax, 270 Ginzburg, Carlo, 263 Gitaphile, 43 Goalpara, 132–3, 186 God, 33, 49, 167, 217, 237–8, 242, 245, 249, 258, 329 Godhra, 202 godlessness, 148, 259 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 236 Gokhale, G.K., 38 golden age, 2, 17, 235 Golwalkar, M.S., 12, 25, 208 Bunch of Thoughts, 25 goonda, 209, 246 Gopal Singh Report (1980), 283–4 Gorakhpur, 66, 200–1 Government Constructive Training College, 276 Government House, 77 government papers, 232 government securities, 289 governor, 7, 39, 61, 66, 91, 118, 128, 132, 171, 246, 288, 334 governor’s rule, 61, 91, 132, 171, 246, 288 Graff, Violette, 202, 306 grand coalitions, 5 grants, 128, 190, 267 Great Calcutta Killing, 68 great offices of state, 9, 135 Great Traditions, 299, 324 Great War, 38, 50
Greece, 46, 262 Greek Orthodoxy, 262 Green Scare, 15, 143, 174, 177–9 Gudiyattam, 160 Guha, Ramachandra, 6 Gujarat, 2, 7, 128, 337, 341 Gujjars, 315 Gulf, 7, 10, 340 Gupta, C.B., 223 Gurgaon, 254, 339 Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee, 280 gurudwaras, 169 Guwahati, 243 habeas corpus, 176 Habermas, Jürgen, 344n46 hadith, 14, 48, 192, 251, 335 Hafizka, A.K.M., 154–5, 320, 329 hagiography, 127, 192 Haji, M. Bavutty, 150 hajj, 203, 215, 243, 324–5 Hajj Committee, 215 hakims, 36 halal, 44, 155, 187, 233, 253–4 halwa, 240 Hamdard, 38 Hamdard Foundation, 340 Hamid, Saiyid, 313 Hamirpur, 277 Han, 331 Hanafis, 2 handicrafts, 197 handloom industry, 281 Hanım, Mihisti, 289
Haq, Chaudhuri Afzal, 52 Haq, Fazlul, 56 Haq, Mazharul, 119 Haque, Asrarul, 122 Haque, Hakim Zafarul, 295 Har Har Mahadev, 303 haram, 44, 54, 161, 173, 187, 214, 233, 235, 253, 280 Harbour Division, 145 Hardy, Peter, 49, 72 Haridwar, 338 Harigarh, 315 Harijan uplift, 142 Harischandra, Bharatendu, 31 Harrow, 289, 294 Harsh Vardhan, 193 Hartung, Jan-Peter, 233 Haryana, 339 Hasan, Mahmud, 37, 45, 49 Hasan, Mushirul, 1–13, 16, 20, 26, 141, 233, 298, 301, 314 A Nationalist Conscience, 26 secular casuistries of, 1–4 Hasan, Nurul, 136, 309 Hasan, Saiyid Abdul, 276 Hasan, Wazir, 38–9, 137 Hasan, Zoya, 11 Hashmi, Syed Ahmed, 168 Hathi Committee, 264, 412 Hazratbal riots, 202–8, 21–3 Hazratbal Shrine, 8, 202 Heda, Harish Chandra, 231 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 236 hegemony, 5, 7, 11, 28, 30–1, 83, 91, 152, 163, 173, 175, 182, 189, 199, 203–4, 208, 239, 262, 300, 336 Hejaz, 47
Heptulla, Najma, 334, 337 Hercules, 5 hereditary, 50, 236 heteroclite coalition, 42, 60, 229, 236 heterodoxy, 6, 18, 330 Hidayatullah, Ghulam Hussain, 62 Hides and Leather Merchants Association, 145 hidiyah, 325 High Court (Bombay), 338 High Court (Calcutta), 130 High Court (Lucknow), 274 High Tory, 32 hijrat, 54, 329, 347n83 Hilal-e-Ahmer, 213 Hindi belt, 11, 20, 98, 172, 208, 211, 314 Hindi diehards, 103 Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, 108 Hindi, 7, 11, 20, 31, 53, 56, 98, 103, 105–11, 169, 171–2, 189, 191, 193, 208, 211, 314, 324, 343n21 Hindu Mahasabha, 156 Hindu nationalism, 1–2, 4, 6, 12, 22, 25, 142, 163, 166, 187, 232–5, 240, 261, 336, 338–9 indifferent from Congressism, 7–11, 99, 146, 169, 182–6, 219, 228, 254–62, 317 Hindu personal law, 115 Hindu Right, 2, 112 Hindu scriptures, 238 Hindu traditionalism, 74, 82 Hindustani, 31, 108–9 histoire événementielle, 12 historical anomaly, 45 history’s losers, 263 Hobbes, Thomas, 16, 344n46 Holy Places, 47, 203, 215
Home Ministry, 18, 134–5, 182–4, 187, 291–2, 294–6 homo aligus, 298 Hong Kong, 145 hooch, 285 hookahs, 325 Horowitz, Donald, 196 human rights, 204, 238, 241 human sovereignty, 238 humanity, 78, 216, 238 Hunter, 30 Husain (the Prophet’s grandson), 365n8 Husain, Zakir, 57, 65, 115, 192, 300, 302 Husainabad Trust, 275 Hussain, M.F., 338 Hussain, Mohammad Sadath, 296 Hussain, Shahnawaz, 314–5 Hussain, Tajamul, 86, 94–5, 101–2, 152–3, 319 hustings, 63, 101, 148, 151, 166, 172, 202, 226, 229, 255, 323, 326 hybrid education, 239 Hydari, Sir Akbar, 287 Hyderabad, 3, 7, 10, 21, 36, 78, 82, 124, 128, 146, 168–9, 172, 175–8, 198, 239, 250, 285, 287–92, 302, 304, 321, 337, 341 pogrom in, 7, 10, 78, 146, 176 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, 289 Iago, 165 IAS. See Indian Administrative Service Ibrahim (prophet), 346n37 Ibrahim, Hafiz Mohammad, 55, 61, 135, 194, 300 Ibrahim, K.T.M. Ahmed, 88–90, 144, 319 iconoclasm, 74, 142, 235 ICS. See Indian Civil Service iddat, 333 ideal types, 262
ideology, 2, 6, 12, 20, 25–30, 32, 35, 63–4, 80–1, 84, 128, 141, 152, 158, 173, 178, 181, 213, 220, 222, 229, 234–5, 239, 244, 250, 254, 259, 262, 300, 322, 331 idolatry, 56, 192, 322 ijtihad, 35, 234, 327, 335 ilhad, 74 illiberalism, 235, 254, 258, 262, 314 Imam, Sir Ali, 36 Imam, Syed Jafar, 94–5, 111, 122 imambaras, 270, 325, 335 imams, 37, 183, 236, 268–9 immoral films, 220 imperial presidency, 228 imperium in imperio, 14, 71, 177, 331, 341 Imphal, 75 incarceration, 44, 82, 123, 179, 262 Incitatus, 334 incrementalism, 166, 235 Independence, 6, 28, 43, 60, 65, 71–3, 101–7, 123, 136, 141, 145–6, 153–4, 157, 176, 190, 232–3, 242, 248, 293–5, 307, 313, 329 India and Pakistan, 2, 8, 10, 25, 28–9, 54, 64–5, 77–8, 82–7, 89, 95, 101, 105, 115, 117, 120–3, 125, 131, 135, 137, 146, 168–9, 171–2, 181–7, 190, 195, 202, 204, 206–8, 211, 219, 231–2, 234–6, 238, 241, 243, 246–8, 254, 271, 277–9, 291, 293, 296–7, 300, 306, 316, 321, 339, 342 and the Muslim world, 29, 103, 115, 174, 177, 269, 305, 326, 329 Indian Administrative Service, 313 Indian Civil Service, 40, 152 Indian Civil Service examinations, 40 Indian Armed Forces, 7, 68, 146, 158, 175, 286, 292 Indian Muslim Ideology, 20, 181 Indian National Congress. See Congress India Office records, 28 Indian Railways, 68, 123, 196, 286, 291–2, 299, 315 Indian Secular Society, 257–8
Indian secularism, 1, 8, 262 India Today, 156 Indian Union, 131, 204, 207 Indian Union Muslim League (IUML), 10, 146–8, 144–68, 171, 173, 177– 8, 203, 217, 220, 222, 225, 255, 263, 310, 328, 337 alliance with communists, 162 and the 1961 coup, 147 anti-communism of, 161 carpetbagging, 145 dilemma at Partition, 144 membership, 168 party split, 157–8 role in overthrow of Kerala’s communists, 148–9 see also Muslim League Indian Worker, 19 Indianisation, 252 Indira waves, 226 Indonesia, 115, 234–5, 248 Indus Water Treaty, 146 industrial policy, 56 industrialisation, 142 inequality, 217 inferiority, 225, 307, 320 infiltrators, 187, 248 inflation, 41, 82, 293, 299 Information Department, 190 inheritance, 62, 114, 259 injustice, 8, 79, 217, 240 Inner Line (Assam border), 183 institutional decay theories of riots, 197–8 institutionalised patronage system, 196 institutionalised riot system, 196–8 Instrument of Instructions, 90, 96 intelligence reports, 239
inter-dining, 142 intercaste competition, 199 interfaith marriages, 177, 326, 339 interim government, 61, 65–7, 319 international agencies, 246 internationalism, 249 interwar India, 28, 39–40, 91, 235, 247 Iqbal, Mohammad, 236, 260, 363n97 Iran, 115, 270 Iraq, 295 Iron Chancellor, 178 irredentism, 248, 255 irreligiosity, 259 Irrigation and Power Ministry, 135 ISIS. See Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Islam, Maidul, 234 Islam, Mufti Fakarul, 151 Islamia Higher Secondary School, 277 Islamic culture, 236 Islamic democracy, 63 Islamic desiderata, 13 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 341 Islamic state, 233, 237–9, 242, 248, 341 Islamic Voice, 285 Islamophobia, 3, 10, 12, 20, 99, 117, 125, 143, 146, 150, 152, 169, 182–3, 186, 219, 228, 254, 257, 262, 268, 270, 278, 290, 317, 320, 325, 327, 340 Islington, 289 Ismail, Mirza, 172, 287, 329 Ismail, Mohammed, 88, 144–6 Ispahanis, 173 Israel, 172, 223–4 Italy, 262, 331 Ittihad-i-Millat, 60
Jabalpur, 173, 201 Jabbar Khan Commission, 184 Jacobinism, 82 Jaffrelot, Christophe, xix, 82, 321, 337 India’s First Dictatorship, 337 Jah, Azam, 289 Jah, Moazzam, 289 Jah, Mukarram, 289–90 jailbreaks, 338 Jalal, Ayesha, 220 Jalsaghar, 318 Jama Masjid, 236, 268 Jama’at-i-Islami (JI), 16, 18, 153, 168, 173, 210–1, 213, 215, 220–1, 231–7, 239–63, 268, 307, 310, 321, 335, 341 involvement in the Mushāwarat, 215, 220–1 Islamist supremacism of, 257–63 Maududi’s role in, 235–9 views on democracy, 239–43 views on education, 250–2 views on elections, 252–56 views on nationalism, 247–9 views on secularism, 249–50 views on the state, 243–7 Jama’at-i-Islami (Jammu and Kashmir), 248 Jama’at-i-Islami (Pakistan), 234, 248 Jamia Millia Islamia, 38, 299, 342 Jamiat al-Ansar, 49 Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind (JUH), 39, 45, 49, 55, 63, 71, 102, 134, 173, 176, 185–6, 212–5, 218, 220, 240–1, 255–6, 282, 306–8, 310, 335, 346n38 in the run-up to Partition, 63 involvement in the Mushāwarat, 212–5 Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam, 63, 102 Jammu and Kashmir, 11, 21, 82, 123, 125, 128, 146, 159, 172, 176, 203–8, 211, 222, 248, 321
and the Hazratbal incident, 203–8 and the Jama’at-i-Islami, 248 Jamshedpur, 208–10, 219, 246 Jana Sangh, 199, 209, 223–4, 247, 252, 255–6, 258, 293 and the Jama’at-i-Islami, 252, 255–6, 258 janab, 160 Janata Aghadi, 156 Janata party, 229, 312 Janmabhoomi, 186, 211 Japan, 75, 275 Japanese Imperial Army, 75 Jatavs, 317 Jayakar, M.R., 52 Jerusalem, 125, 155, 329 Jesuits, 338 jhatka (meat), 155 JI. See Jama’at-i-Islami jihad, 49, 73, 234, 257, 339, 341 Jinnah, 13, 25, 38–9, 51–7, 59, 61–6, 68–9, 75–6, 91, 131, 142, 144, 159, 162, 217 joint electorates, 52, 95 Jones Lang LaSalle, 285 Jorhat, 186 JP (Jayaprakash Narayan), 244 JP movement, 228 Judean People’s Front, 147 judges, 8, 62, 66, 104, 107, 115, 187, 244, 302, 311, 334, 339, 341 judicial commission, 115 judicial independence, 176 judiciary, 62, 272, 312 Jugantar, 74 JUH. See Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind Jung, Ali Yavar, 301–2, 308–9 Jung, Mehdi Nawaz, 9, 128
juridical autonomy, 5, 10, 64, 80, 244 jurisprudence, 48, 50, 247, 258, 328 juristic ghetto, 49, 72, 102, 341 jus sanguinis, 331 Justice Party, 145, 171 jute mills, 209 Kaaba, 26 Kabir, Humayun, 18, 27, 56, 71, 73–5, 120, 123–30, 134, 136, 192–4, 211, 214–5, 222, 319–20, 322 Kabir, Jehangir, 9, 124, 127, 129 Kabirpanthism, 322 kaffirs, 62 Kafka, Franz, 338 Kalka Mail, 301 Kamaraj, K., 147, 158, 160, 164, 205 Kamaraj’d, 205 kangaroo trial, 185, 207 Kanpur, 36, 192, 307, 340 Kanpur Mosque incident, 36 Kant, Immanuel, 214 Kanungo, Nityanand, 121 Kapurthala, 292 Kara, Mohiuddin, 206 Karachi, 106, 121, 144, 146, 176, 296 Karachi resolution (1931), 106 Karbala, 295, 365n8 Karimuddin, K.S., 88, 90, 92, 101, 106, 111, 152, 319 Karnataka, 126, 283 Karnataka Wakf Board, 283 Karol Bagh Kabristan, 281 karsevaks, 247 Kashmir Accord (1975), 206 Kashmir. See Jammu and Kashmir Kashmiri Pandits, 203
Kaur, Amrit, 112 Kayasths, 30 Kazi, G.S., 135 Kemal, Mustafa, 47 Kerala Congress, 151, 165 Kerala Education Bill, 149–50 Kerala Muslim Jama’at Federation, 153 Kerala, 10–1, 21, 143, 145, 147–51, 153, 156, 160–5, 178, 222, 337 Muslim League in, 143, 145, 147–51, 153, 156 Keynesianism, 220 khaddar, 146 khair-e-ummat, 218 Khairabad, 295 Khajuraho, 338 Khaksars, 247 Khalidi, Omar, 3, 13, 20 Khaliquzzaman, 38, 52, 55, 71, 85–7, 95, 97, 100, 134, 319 Khan Ahmad (husband of Shah Bano), 333 Khan, Aga, 168, 174 Khan, Ajmal, 51 Khan, Akbar Ali, 307 Khan, Akhtar Ali, 223 Khan, Arif Mohammad, 334 Khan, Aurangzeb, 62 Khan, Ayub, 207 Khan, Aziz Ahmad, 90 Khan, Dr Yusuf Husain, 302 Khan, I.R., 276 Khan, Ifthikar Ali, 292–3, 320 Khan, Irshad Ali, 182 Khan, Ismail, 55 Khan, Jabbar, 184 Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar, 300 Khan, Khan Abdul Jabbar, 61
Khan, Khurshid Alam, 334 Khan, Liaquat Ali, 68, 130, 137, 238 Khan, Liaquat Hyet, 287 Khan, Maulana Wahiduddin, 335 Khan, Mir Osman Ali, 287, 289–91 Khan, Mohamed Raza, 19, 144, 147, 157–8, 328 Khan, Mohammed Ismail, 300 Khan, Shafat Ahmed, 66–7, 319 Khan, Sir Syed Ahmad, 33, 35, 41, 45, 74, 126, 298–9, 302 Khan, Tamizuddin, 123 Khan, Ustad Alauddin, 124 Khan, Waris Ali, 291 Khan, Yasmin, xix, 11 Khan, Zafrulla, 121 Khan, Zulfiqar Ali, 226 Khan, Zulfiqar Ali, 50 Khandekar, H.J., 90 khanqah, 325 Khartoum Resolution, 223 Kheda, 35 Kher, B.G., 75 Khilafat (newspaper), 307 Khilafat Committee, 39, 119 Khilafat movement, 21, 28, 37, 39, 41–5, 47, 50–1, 71, 73, 118, 134, 319, 342 Khojas, 304, 341 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 334 Khrushchev, Nikita, 353n28 Khulna, 211 Khurshid, Salman, 334 Kidwai, A.N., 186 Kidwai, Rafi Ahmed, 27, 46, 53, 55, 61, 71, 112, 120, 133, 212, 300, 319, 336 Kingdom of God, 238
Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party (KMPP), 153 Kitchlew, Saifuddin, 346n38 KMPP. See Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party Knight Frank, 285 Koil (constituency), 316 Kollam, 125 Konark, 338 Koran, 42–3, 114, 192 Koranhead, 43 Korean Muslims, 260 Kothari, D.S., 301 Kothari, Rajni, 175 Kottayam, 150 Koya, C.H. Mohammed, 145, 162, 320 Kozhikode, 145 KPP. See Krishak Praja Party Kripalani Committee (1961), 169 Kripalani, Sucheta, 136–7 Krishak Praja Party (KPP), 56, 123–4 Krishna (Hindu god), 193 Krishna, Gopal, 4 Krishnamachari, T.T., 146 Kuala Lumpur, 125 kuffar, 74 kulak, 223 Kulturkampf, 14, 35, 102, 113, 300, 328 Kunzru, 105 kurta, 160 Kutchi, 304 Kuthar, 291 Ladakh, 172 Lahore, 38, 63, 73, 100 Lahore resolution, 63
laicisation, 300, 302, 330 laïcité, 262 Lal Chowk, 203, 206 Lal, Bhure, 315 Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi di, 299 land bonds, 270, 282 land ceilings, 135, 293 land grab, 291 Land Jihad, 339 land reforms, 64, 175, 203, 206, 226, 238, 245, 270, 273, 279, 306, 330 landlords, 11, 86, 92, 203, 276, 281, 284, 299, 347n83, 366n65 Language Department, 189, 191 Lari, Z.H., 98–9, 105–6 Lasswell, Harold, 9 Latifi, Danial, 334 Latin script, 108 Law Ministry, 250, 296 lawyers, 40, 50, 62, 66, 68, 92, 114, 190, 241, 304, 328, 334 lay politicians, 11, 71, 181 see also notables laymen, 48 Le Carré, John, 95 Leader, 172 Lebanon, 5, 115 Lebbais (caste), 158, 164 Left, 82, 119, 143, 147–8, 150, 175, 194, 209, 222, 355n28 Lelyveld, David, 141, 298, 313, 324 lemon trees, 237 Lenin, Vladimir, 142, 148, 236, 253, 362 letter of the law, 190, 228, 244 lettered classes, 20 Lewis, Bernard, 327 The Political Language of Islam, 327 lianas, 237
liberal democracy, 246, 322 liberalisation, 234, 336 liberalism, 1, 17, 93, 128, 232, 235, 250, 254, 257–8, 331 libertarianism, 245 libraries, xx, 17–8, 168, 190, 243 Libya, 115, 234 Life (magazine), 155 Lijphart, Arend, 5 Link, 18–9, 200–1 Linlithgow, Marquess of, 59–60 literacy, 14, 53, 233, 243, 297, 332 litigation, 280 loans, 267 Lochner era, 107 locksmiths, 19, 101, 314 Lohia, Ram Manohar, 220, 244 Lohiaites, 220 Loi de 1905, 262 Lok Dal, 129 Lok Sabha, 132–3, 144, 246, 309 see also Parliament London, xx, 47, 63, 65, 125, 157, 289, 336 long march through the institutions, 142–3, 145, 152–3, 159, 163, 166, 174 longue durée, 322 Love Jihad, 339 lower castes, 247, 316 Lucknow Pact, 39 Lucknow, 2, 18, 32, 38–9, 49, 66, 134, 165, 170, 190, 198, 212, 223, 241, 273, 275–7, 295, 307, 340 Husainabad Trust in, 275–7 lumpen armies, 247 lumpenproletariat, 19, 280, 285 Lutyens, 280 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 32
Machiavellian, 335 Macmillan, Harold, 136 Madan Mohan Malaviya Kashi University, 303 Madan Mohan University, 126, 303 Madan, T.N., 261 Madani, Husain Ahmad, 37, 63 Madani, Maulana Syed Asad, 3, 102, 212–3, 218, 248, 255–6, 306, 320 Madhya Pradesh Wakf Board Madhya Pradesh, 4, 12, 135, 161, 282–3 Madinah, 216 Madras, 21, 30, 33, 88, 108, 144–9, 153, 157–60, 163–5, 171, 178, 243, 302, 311 Muslim League in, 144–9, 153, 157–60, 163–5, 171, 178 madrasa, 11, 36–7, 47, 49–50, 72, 149, 190, 216, 236, 251, 299, 325, 331, 340 Deoband, 36–7 Firangi Mahal, 37, 50, 340 Madrasa-e-Nizamiya, 49–50, 73 mafia, 285 mafioso, 3 magazines, 155, 243 magistracy, 123, 241, 333, 339 Mahabharata, 192 Mahar, 330 maharaja, 172, 292 Maharashtra, 101, 156, 188, 222, 244, 337 see also Bombay Maheshwaris, 317 mahfil, 324 Mahmood, Tahir, 111 Mahmud of Ghazni, 193 Mahmud, Jawaharlal, 120 Mahmud, Syed, 18–9, 22, 25, 27, 35–7, 39, 45, 49, 57–60, 70–1, 75, 118– 24, 128, 134, 170–1, 173, 193, 211–4, 216–7, 220–1, 236, 240, 249, 301,
303, 305, 319–21, 331 Mahmudabad, Raja of, 35–6, 39 Maithili, 187–8, 190 Majid, M.S.A., 159, 320 majlis-e-numaindagan, 252 Majlis-i-Mushāwarat, 17–8, 28, 123, 179, 182, 189, 194, 202, 212–24, 227– 30, 249, 251, 255–6, 263, 307–8, 310, 320, 324, 326–7, 329, 333, 337 majoritarian backlash, 117 majoritarianism, 7, 95, 111, 144, 199, 270, 286, 310, 323, 337 makhdooms, 64 maktab, 168, 299, 325 Malabar, 10, 54, 88, 125, 145, 147–9, 163–4, 167, 340, 347n83 Malaviya, Keshav, 121 Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 31, 41, 51–2 Malaya, 248 Malayalam, 145, 147, 156, 164 Malaysia, 5 male primogeniture, 291 Malegaon, 337 Malerkotla State Forces, 292 Malerkotla, 182, 292 Malerkotla, nawab of, 182, 292 Malihabadi, Abdurrazzaq, 77 malishes, 247 Malta, 37 Mandal Commission, 199 mandatory coalitions, 90 mandir, 199 mangoes, 237 Manicheanism, 21 manifestoes, 3, 13, 142, 170, 177, 220–1, 241 Manjeri, 145 Mann, Elizabeth, 316 Mansoor, Al, 109
Manu’s laws, 247 Mappila rebellion, 347n83 Mappila, 10, 347n83 see also Moplah Marathi, 106, 187, 211 Marcuse, Herbert, 143 marginals, 222 maritime provinces, 40 market capitalism, 283–4, 340 marriage, 11, 62, 97, 114, 177, 222, 236, 244, 323, 326, 339 martinets, 74, 239 Marx, Karl, 148, 236 Masani, Minoo, 108, 112 masjids, 2, 126, 157, 199, 234, 236, 246, 268, 332, 334–5 Masoodi, Maulana, 206 mass democracy, 12, 330 mass mobilisation, 21, 48, 146, 228 masthead, 240 Masud, M.N., 124 Masyumi, 234, 386 Mathura, 135 Mattancherry, 167 Maududi, Syed Abul Ala, 232–9, 241–2, 244–5, 247, 249–50, 252, 254, 320 Towards Understanding Islam, 239 maulvis, 102, 104, 113, 187, 282, 323 Maurya, Buddha Priya, 317 mawlid, 335 May 68, 301, 305 Mayo, Earl of, 30, 32 mayoralty, 145, 150 mazhab, 298 MEA (Ministry of External Affairs), 121, 186 Mead, George Herbert, 13
Mecca, 73, 215, 243 Medhi, B.R., 132–3 media, 336, 339 see also press mediaeval syncretism, 2 Medina, 203 Meenakshipuram, 331, 341 Meerut, 197, 313, 340 Mehta, Hansa, 108, 112 Mehta, Pratap Bhanu, 6 memoirs, 18–9, 35, 52, 61, 74–5, 100, 144, 158, 173, 321 Memons, 341 men on the spot, 19 Menon, Ritu, 11 Menon, V.K. Krishna, 176 Meos, 254 Merchant, Mohammedali Currim, 14, 304 metalworkers, 314 Metcalf, Barbara, 25 microhistory, 263 Middle East, 121, 240, 289, 307 Middle Eastern mandates, 47 millenarianism, 45, 64, 241 Miller, Roland E., 10 mimeograph, 221 Minault, Gail, 47–8 minister of state for minority affairs, 285 Ministry of Education, 123, 125, 294 Ministry of Finance, 136, 290–1 minor nobility, 287 Minorities Commission, 312, 332 minority board, 220 minority character (AMU), 302, 306, 308 Minority Committee, 193
minority consultation for public appointments, 85 minority institutions, 252 minority representation, 8 minority rights, 2, 5, 80, 84, 297, 302, 311, 318, 320 minority status, 40, 297, 309, 312, 315, 325 minority subcommittee, 104 minority veto, 5, 58–9 minority-majority, 98 Minto, Earl of, 35 Mirwaiz of Kashmir, 203, 206–7 Mirza, Kaseem Ali, 127 Mirza, Qara Hussain Akther, 296 Mirza, Wasif Ali, 290 Mirza, Yousuf, 294–5, 320 Mische, Ann, 13 Mitra, Biren, 210 Mittal, Gopal, 189 members of legislative assembly, 101, 135, 154 moderates (Constituent Assembly), 51, 103, 107–9, 256 Modern Greats, 123 modernity, 48, 103, 236, 260–1, 336 Modi, Narendra, 16, 22, 198, 285, 337–9, 342 Mody, Piloo, 85 mofussil, 34, 67, 175, 208, 339 mohalla, 182 Mohammad (Prophet), 202–3, 334 Mohammad, Bakshi Ghulam, 204 Mohammed, Jamal, 146, 157 Mohammed, K. Kunhi, 160 Mohani, Hasrat, 38, 50, 71, 91, 105, 110, 319 moi muqaddas, 202–4 Momin Ansaris, 316 Momins, 60, 121 moneylender, 198
Monis, Shafi, 256 Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (1919), 37, 39, 44 Montagu, Edwin, 37, 39 Monty Python, 147 monuments, 10, 125–6, 326, 333–4 Mookerjee, Syama Prasad, 87, 249 Moonje, B.S., 52 Moplah, 145 Moplastan, 64 Moradabad, 34, 197, 341 moral degradation, 220, 326 moral turpitude, 301 morality play, 6 Morang, 260 morcha, 308 Morocco, 115 mortmain, 269 Moscow, 125 mosques, 36–8, 43, 54, 125–6, 149, 155, 177, 184, 195, 215, 243, 257, 268– 9, 280, 282, 316, 329, 331–5, 338, 340 mother tongue, 104–6, 109, 190 motherland, 122, 219 motion of no confidence, 207 Mountbatten Plan, 69 Mountbatten, Louis, 85, 288 movies, 251 Mughals, 33, 36, 103, 165, 260, 269, 327 mughlai, 31 muhajirs, 70 Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, 32 Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association of Upper India, 32 Muhammadan Educational Conference, 32 Mujtaba, Syed Mohammad, 296 Mukherjee, Ajoy, 128–9
mullahs, 183, 187, 334 multi-member constituencies, 98, 156, 161, 215, 220 munazarah, 324 Munshi Papers, 86, 93 Munshi-Ayyangar formula, 111 munshi, 48, 71, 86, 93, 95, 111 Munshi, K.M., 255 Münster, 119 murid, 46, 49 murshid, 325 Murshidabad, 127, 290 Murshidabad, nawab of, 290 mushairas, 31 Muslim agency, 10–2, 22, 80–1, 111, 118, 275, 321, 342 Muslim backwardness, 14, 30, 96, 316 Muslim Brotherhood, 234 Muslim Chamber of Commerce, 145, 173 Muslim Conference, 63, 203 Muslim Convention (1960), 121, 127, 170 Muslim Convention (1961), 173 Muslim Convention of South India, 170–4 Muslim extremism, 32 Muslim India, 19, 332 Muslim Jamaat, 148 Muslim League, 2, 6–7, 10, 27–8, 32, 34–5, 37–41, 46, 51–77, 81, 83, 85– 88, 90–3, 96, 98, 100, 107, 110, 121, 124, 128–31, 135, 137, 142, 236–7, 246, 294, 300, 307, 313, 316 and the 1919 reforms, 37 and the Pakistan demand, 2 and the Partition endgame, 64–70 at the Simla conference, 61 clerical support for, 63 disillusionment with the Congress, 52–7 founding, 35
in Assam, 130–3 in the south, 88 rebels in, 86 Muslim Majlis, 224 Muslim mass contact campaign, 55–6, 124, 193 Muslim Mass Contacts Office, 56 Muslim National Congress, 119 Muslim personal law, 21, 27, 29, 80, 111, 113, 115, 181, 192, 215, 241, 250, 289, 325, 328 see also sharia Muslim University movement, 35 Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act (1986), 115, 334 Muslim Zion, 242 Muslim, Muhammad, 216 Muslimhood, 15 Muslims, passim and conservatism, 35, 48, 64, 72, 74, 100, 108, 126, 237, 253, 272, 300– 11, 321, 326–35, passim and identity politics, 25–51 and Islamophobia in the fifties, 182–94 and juridification, 326–30 and majoritarian democracy, 323–6 and riots, 194–211 and the anti-CAA protests, 341–2 and the ashraf betrayal, 317–42 and the Mushāwarat, 212–30 aristocrats, 286–97 associationalism, 166–74 clerics, 45–51, 59–71, 73–114 custodians, 268–86 disdain for political safeguards, 73–102 eminent Nehruvians in government, 117–37 entryism sui generis, 152–62 Green Scare, 174–8
in the archives, 17–20 in the Constituent Assembly, 73–115 in the conventional historiography, 1–17 in the endgame of empire, 51–72 in the opposition, 141–79, 212–30 Islamists among the, 231–63 long march through the institutions, 143–51 obsession with cultural safeguards, 102–115 patricians of the gentry, 297–317 protest vote, 163–6 since the eighties, 330–42 Mussalman Wakf Validating Act (1913), 270 Mustafa, Maulana Mohammad, 260 Mustafa, Seema, 336 mutawallis, 18, 267–75, 277–83, 285–6, 309, 318, 320 Myrdal, Gunnar, 214, 323 Mysore, 144, 154, 172, 176, 222, 287 Madan Mohan Malaviya Kashi University, 303 NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Nadar, Kamaraj. See Kamaraj, K. Nadwatul Ulama, 32, 212, 215 Nadwi, Maulana Abul Lais Islahi, 17, 22, 215–6, 247, 252–3, 255, 257, 260, 311, 320, 331, 363n99 Pas che bayad kard, 253 Nadwi, Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali, 215, 217, 229, 235, 320 Karawane Zindagi, 215 Nagappa, S., 96 nagari, 304–5 Nagas, 232 Nagpur Times, 187 Nai Duniya, 165 Naim, Hamida, 301 Nair, C.K. Govindan, 164 Nairs, Nafeesath, 162
Najibabad, 34 Nakhuda Mosque, 43 Namboodiripad, E.M.S., 150 Nanda, Gulzarilal, 307 Nandgaon, 291 Nandy, Ashis, 261 National Agricultural Party, 55, 64 Naqshbandi, 49 Naqvi, Mukhtar Abbas, 285, 337 Naqvi, Saeed, 3, 20 Being the Other: The Muslim in India, 20 Narain, Govind, 190 Narain, Lala Jagat, 59 Narayan, Jayaprakash, 244 Nariman, Khurshed Framji, 75 Nasheman, 241 Nasrin, Taslima, 157 Nasser, 171, 216 nastaliq, 31, 108, 191, 304 Natal, 41 Nath, Sham, 166 nation-state, 2, 5, 70, 237 national anthem, 231 National Archives of India, xx, 18 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 174 National Conference (NC), 123, 203–6, 208 National Democratic Convention, 118, 218 national imaginaire, 43 national integration, 121, 169, 173, 219–20, 332 National Integration and Spiritual Rearmament Congress, 169 National Integration Council, 121, 220, 305, 332 National Integration resolution (Mushāwarat), 219–20, 250 National Investigation Agency, 337
national language, 103, 107 National Waqf Development Corporation (NAWADCO), 285 nationalisation, 67, 150, 171, 226, 252, 290, 330 nationalism, 1–2, 4, 12, 21, 29, 36, 38, 45, 47, 53, 59, 72, 74, 122, 170, 211, 219, 231–4, 237, 239, 247–9, 260–2, 270, 287, 316, 336 nativism, 145 naturalism, 236 NatWest, 289–90 nautch parties, 31 Navayat Muslims, 154 nawab begum, 291 Nawab Hamidullah, 287 nawabates, 291 nawabs, 127, 273 NAWADCO. See National Waqf Development Corporation Naya Kashmir, 204 Nazarat al-Ma’arif al-Quraniya, 49 Nazism, 16 NC. See National Conference nechari, 236 negative freedom, 125 Nehru jacket, 155 Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 18 oral history project, 18 Nehru Report (1928), 52, 89 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 2–6, 9, 18, 22, 25, 28, 45–6, 52, 55–61, 64–77, 84, 89, 101, 103, 107, 109, 115, 117–26, 132–4, 136–7, 142, 145–6, 150–1, 154–5, 159–61, 167, 169–72, 175–84, 186–7, 191–6, 202, 204–5, 207, 213, 229, 232–5, 240–1, 244, 246, 248, 251, 255, 257, 261–3, 270, 273, 275, 279, 288–9, 294–5, 301, 303, 314, 319–21, 323, 325, 331, 336–7 ambivalence towards democracy and morality, 205 and land reform, 275 and mass contact, 55 and Muslim alienation, 193 and Muslim personal law, 115, 192
and myths of secularism, 1–6, 261 and riots, 193–6, 202, 314 and the bowdlerising of Azad’s memoirs, 74–5 and the evacuee property regime, 279 and the expulsion of Assamese Muslims, 184–7 and the language question, 109 and the princely states, 288 charisma of, 70 class solidarity with the upper classes, 294–5 conspiring with Gandhi to relegate Azad, 69 disregard for Saadulla, 132–3 gaslighting of Mahmud, 57–9 ghost-writing of Azad’s correspondence, 61 infantilising of Muslims, 64 intransigence over interim government, 65 invasion of Hyderabad, 146 making light of riots, 314 prejudice towards Madrasi Muslims, 159–60 relationship with Azad, 75–6 relationship with Mahmud, 57–9, 118–22 relationship with Owaisi, 176–7 sanguine towards alliance with the League, 150 spurning of alliance with the League, 160 three-language formula, 251 war with Khaliquzzaman, 52 Nehru, Motilal, 52 Nellie Massacre, 332 neoliberalism, 232, 234, 284 Nepal, 240, 260 nepotism, 287, 301 Netherlands, 5 New Age, 169 New Left Review, 300 New York Times (newspaper), 208
newspaper readership, 240–1, 335 newspapers, 18–9, 211, 243 Nida-e-Millat, 241, 308 Nixon, Richard, 94 Nizam of Hyderabad, 285, 287 nizam-i zindagi, 239 Nizami, Khwaja Hasan, 346n38 noblesse oblige, 289 Nomani, Muhammad Manzur, 235 nomination papers, 205 non-alignment, 224 non-cooperation movement, 42, 51, 71 Non-Entity (Radiance column), 240 non-violence, 42 Noor, A.M., 122 North Atlantic, 174 North East, 183–4 North Lakhimpur, 132 North Salmara, 132 North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), 54, 61 North-Western Provinces (NWP), 30–2, 41, 299 see also United Provinces nostalgia, 14, 188, 335 notables, 29–31, 35, 38, 41, 49, 56, 65, 126–7, 135, 158, 161, 166, 171, 181, 201, 235, 240, 246, 256, 260, 265, 267, 269–70, 276, 279, 286, 293, 307, 309, 312, 315 see also gentry Nusrat, 147 NWFP. See North-West Frontier Province NWP. See North-Western Provinces O’Hanlon, Polly, xix Objectives Resolution, 84 obscene literature, 220, 326 Occidental, 261
official language, 107, 164, 189, 227 Okhla, 18, 229, 239, 361n12 Old Boys’ Association (Aligarh), 49, 178, 302, 307–8, 310, 314 oligarchy, 84, 99, 105, 131, 287 Olympics, 15, 194 omniscience, 237, 249 one-party democracy, 175 one-point programme, 221 Oomar, Mohammad, 119 Operation Blue Star, 202 oral history, 18–20 ordinance, 251, 305–8 Organiser (magazine), 187, 240, 305 Orissa, 55, 106, 210, 287 Oriya, 190 orphanage, 280 Osellas, 11 Osmania University (Hyderabad), 124, 310, 340 Othello, 165 otto per mille, 262 Ottoman Empire, 35, 38, 46–7, 203 Oudh, 66 Oudh Court, 52, 66, 294–5 outcastes, 247 Overton window, 338 Owaisi, Abdul Wahid, 176–7, 320–1 Oxbridge, 298 Oxford, xx, 123, 137, 334 paan, 325, 334 Padma Bhushan (award), 99, 152 paedophilia, 93 Paine, Thomas, 236 Pakistan, 2, 8, 10, 25, 28–9, 54, 64–5, 77–8, 82–7, 89, 95, 101, 105, 115, 117, 120–3, 125, 131, 135, 137, 146, 168–9, 171–2, 181–7, 190, 195,
202, 204, 206–8, 211, 219, 231–2, 234–6, 238, 241, 243, 246–8, 254, 271, 277–9, 291, 293, 296–7, 300, 306, 316, 321, 339, 342 Constituent Assembly in, 123 demand for, 54, 64–5, 77–8, 82–7, 131, 300 deportation to, 181–7 emigration to, 8, 10, 95, 101, 137, 202, 208, 277–9, 321 India’s 1965 war with, 122, 306 persecution of Ahmadis in, 247 relationship with the Jama’at, 247–8 Palestine, 4, 223 Palghat, 145 pamphlets, 33, 44, 48, 233, 235, 242, 248, 253, 259, 307, 336 pan-Islamism, 33, 35–6, 42, 45–7, 73–4, 78, 130, 173, 248 Pandey, Gyanendra, 33 pandit, 76, 103–4, 113, 159, 203, 206, 331 Pant, G.B., 61, 117 parallel welfare state, 168, 245 paramilitary authorities, 82, 176, 187, 210, 342 paramountcy powers, 288 Paris, 125 parity, 31, 64–5, 76, 89, 108, 198, 263 Parliament, 6, 15–6, 38–9, 62, 76, 78, 85, 91, 98, 100, 107, 111, 115, 121, 125, 133–4, 145, 153, 156, 166, 204, 207, 214, 219, 222, 226, 231, 245, 255, 270, 273, 287, 300, 306, 309–12, 316, 323, 330, 332, 334, 336 and the Jama’at-i-Islami, 231, 245, 255 and the language question, 107, 111 Azad’s absence from, 78 reservations in, 8, 15, 87, 90–1, 93, 98–9, 111, 113, 132, 145, 149, 158, 173, 316, 323, 330 parnassian, 336 Parsis, 75, 83, 85, 112, 174 Parsons, Talcott, 13 parties of pressure, 175 Partition, 3, 10, 13–4, 27–8, 36, 52–3, 65, 68–71, 74–83, 85, 87, 89, 101, 108, 112, 124, 130–1, 135, 147, 152, 154, 182, 193, 198, 202, 208, 236,
249, 267, 269, 278, 290, 294, 300, 306, 316–7, 319, 322, 328 partocracy, 167, 174 party coffers, 131, 227 party membership, 35, 50, 55–6, 151, 225, 227, 242, 253, 317 party politics, 166, 170, 173–4, 316 parvenus, 30, 67, 298 Patel, Vallabhbhai, 74–5, 84–90, 93–5, 107, 117, 249 paternalism, 3, 32, 216 Pathankot, 236, 239 Patil, S.K., 135, 154–5 Patna, 17–8, 190, 235, 241, 248, 273, 307, 342 patricians, 21, 267, 307, 309, 311–3, 318, 320 patriotism, 14, 34, 146, 158, 217 PCC. See Pradesh Congress Committee PDF. See People’s Democratic Front Peace Brigade, 204 peasantry, 35, 129, 146, 154, 156, 176, 275, 288, 316, 330 Peasants’ and Workers’ Party, 154, 156 pedagogy, 48, 50, 104, 168, 215, 236, 239, 299, 313 pensée unique, 80 pension, 21, 169, 267, 288–90, 292–6, 326 People’s Democratic Front (PDF), 176–7 People’s Front of Judea, 147 People’s Manifesto (Mushāwarat), 220–1 People’s Vote, 16 Periyar, 148 Perlangeli, Sara, xix, 341 permanent incumbency, 165, 175 permit system, 184, 196 Persian, 30–1, 96, 114, 124, 172, 294, 302, 325, 327 Persianate ideology, 30 peshimams, 183 petite bourgeoisie, 19 Petroleum and Chemicals Ministry, 127
PhDs, 119 Phulpur, 256 piety, 216, 237, 257, 324 Pillai, Muniswami, 95 Pioneer (newspaper), 336 pir, 50, 236 piri-muridi, 46, 49 Pirpur Report (1938), 56–7 Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel, 15–6, 155 Pitt Rivers, xix plantations, 341 plebiscite, 123, 204, 206 Plebiscite Front, 206 plight of Muslims, 9 pluralism, 6, 156, 235, 250, 260–1, 320 plurality voting, 1, 5, 8, 29, 114, 144, 227, 321 Pocker, B., 88, 97, 111, 144, 319 pocket boroughs, 205 pogroms, 2, 7, 183, 200, 202, 208, 292, 321, 335 police action (Hyderabad), 78, 146, 177, 288 Polish Catholicism, 262 political activism, 11, 45, 107, 169 Political Conference, 206 political department, 287 Political Department Manual, 286 political legitimacy, 65, 91, 152, 154, 221, 244 political norms, 9, 90–1 political safeguards, 5, 8, 21, 79–91, 97, 99, 102, 104, 110–1, 114, 319, 326, 328 political science, 53, 96, 117 political sufferers, 134–5 politics of circumscription, 27, 58, 72, 74, 79, 125, 130, 134, 227, 262, 328 politics of dignity, 166, 340 politics of guilt, 14, 27, 94, 182, 208, 234
politics of stealth, 111–2, 213, 224, 327 politics proper, 9, 78, 80–1, 102, 110, 147, 159, 174, 320, 326, 328, 331, 340 polygamy, 115, 177, 192, 244, 259 polytechnics, 125, 276, 340 Ponnani, 156 Poona, 156 Poonch, 172 Pope, 8 population, 8, 11, 30, 34, 52–3, 85–6, 106, 130–2, 145, 159, 176, 187, 194, 198, 228, 246, 291–2, 317, 321, 335–7 populism, 36, 214, 226, 234, 271, 330 pork barrels, 15, 142, 168, 177–8, 196 pornography, 326 Porte, 38, 41, 46, 50, 73 Porter, Alfred, 61 positive freedom, 125 potpourri, 91, 222 poverty, 228 Pradesh Congress Committee (PCC), 55–6, 71, 121, 127, 132, 154–6, 159, 164, 201 Assam PCC, 132 Bengal PCC, 56, 127 Bihar PCC, 121 Bombay PCC, 154–6 Madras PCC, 159, 164 Prague, 15 praja mandals, 287 Praja Socialist Party (PSP), 147, 151, 160–1 Prakasa, Sri, 132–3 Prakash, Ram, 223–4 Prasad, Babu Shiva, 31 Prasad, Bhagwati, 317 Prasad, Rajendra, 57, 84, 249
predestination, 327 President’s Rule, 150–1, 160, 165, 224, 321 press, 12, 26–7, 43, 47, 67, 127, 146, 157, 186, 196, 209, 211, 213–5, 221, 240, 281, 285, 306–8, 314, 318, 331 Islamophobia in the, 12, 186, 211 and the Jama’at, 240 see also media press organ, 19, 158, 211, 213, 232, 240, 257, 305, 307 preventive detention, 11, 39, 101–2, 107, 151, 176, 204, 228, 268 PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 285 primary Leagues, 147 Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund, 210 Prince of Berar, 289 Princely India, 286 princes, 11–2, 57, 229, 286–9, 291–4, 309, 318, 320 Princess of Berar, 289 principle of weightage, 85, 96 print-capitalism, 40 printing presses, 31, 168, 240 prison, 7, 52, 59, 61, 77, 100–1, 114, 122, 176–7, 204, 206–7, 216, 232, 238, 241, 247, 254, 256, 308, 315, 337–8 private archive, 229 private law, 113 private property, 126, 269, 271, 282, 292 privatisation, 104, 234 Privy Council, 270 pro-abortion, 304 Progressive Democratic Front, 129 Progressive Muslim League, 129 progressivism, 64, 334 Prohibition, 106, 142 property rights, 238, 271, 361n33 Prophet (Muhammad), 202–3, 334
proportional representation, 39, 84, 86, 89, 91–3, 121, 127, 131, 144, 161, 194, 220, 225 proportional reservations, 84, 86, 89, 91–3, 194 proportionality, 5, 9, 263 proselytisation, 5, 111, 248 prostitutes, 237, 334 protection money, 3, 268 protectionism, 55 protest vote, 142, 163–6, 174 Protestants, xix Providence, 60 pseudo-archaeology, 338 pseudo-secularism, 261 PSP (Praja Socialist Party), 147, 151, 160–1 public law, 113–4 Public Order Acts, 107 public relations, 220 Public Safety Acts, 107 public services, 149 publicist, 11, 34–5, 39, 48, 52, 236, 238 pugrees, 282, 366n65 pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps socialism, 244 Pune, 341 Punjab, 8, 12, 21, 36, 41, 44, 50, 52, 54–6, 61, 64, 76, 91, 100, 182, 187–8, 198, 236, 246, 250, 287, 292–3, 346n38 and Partition, 54–6, 61, 64, 76, 91 Punjabi, 8, 41, 100, 187–8, 250, 293, 346n38 purdah, 100, 202, 250, 325 Pyrrhic victory, 70 Qadiri, 49–50 Qaed, 213, 227 qanun-i-markaz, 49 qasba, 192, 325 qaumi tabligh, 248, 346
qazis, 114, 295, 328 quacks, 331 quaid-e-millat, 144 quid pro quo, 41 Quit India Movement (1942), 57, 59, 62, 75 quotas, 8, 30, 34–5, 67, 87, 92–3, 96, 127, 131, 150, 173, 177, 228, 254, 301–2, 316, 330 Quran, 48–9, 60, 71–2, 74, 78, 106, 167, 192, 216–7, 251–2, 259, 269–70, 277, 325, 327–8, 334, 341 Qureishis, 316 racial minorities, 96 Radcliffe Line, 278 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 258 Radiance (magazine), xx, 18, 189, 212–3, 232, 235, 239, 240–51, 253–8, 262–3, 305, 361n12 Radio Free Europe, 399 Rae Bareilly, 241, 276, 295, 336 Rahman, Fazlur, 201 Rahman, Hifzur, 86, 94–5, 102, 104, 173, 213, 281 Rai, Lala Lajpat, 52, 346n38 Raigarh, 208–9 railwaymen, 123 Railways Ministry, 68, 291–2 railways, 68, 123, 196, 286, 291–2, 299, 315 raison d’état, 277–8, 296 Raj (British India), 30, 36–8, 41, 47–8, 50, 55, 57, 61, 68–9, 76, 90, 110, 113–4, 118, 120, 205, 228, 269–70, 286, 288, 298–9 Rajagopalachari, C., 160, 164, 255 Rajaji Hall, 144 Rajasthan, 12, 122, 222 Rajpath, 333 Rajputs, 30, 57, 203 Rajya Sabha, 99, 101, 124, 152, 161, 178, 248 Ram (Hindu god), 193, 334, 338
Ram Rajya, 42, 334 ram shila pujan, 334 Ram, Achhru, 278 Ram, Jagjivan, 90 Ramakrishna Mission, 128 Ramanandis, 322 Ramayana (epic), 192 Ramayana (TV series), 332 Ramnad, 146 Rampur, 37, 94, 120, 226, 273, 291–2 Rampur, nawab of, 291 Rao, B. Shiva, 111 The Framing of India’s Constitution, 111 Select Documents, 111 Rao, Narasimha, 335 Rashid, S. Khalid, 270, 283 Rashidun Caliphate, 14, 238 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 2, 117, 168, 199, 201, 208–9, 213, 223–4, 232–4, 246–7, 252, 255–6, 258, 263, 293, 303, 305–6, 315, 332, 339 ban on, 232 common ground with Islamists, 255–6 role in riots, 201, 208, 246 Rasool, Gholam, 248 Rasul, Begum Aizaz, 86, 90, 94–5, 99–101, 114, 152, 319 From Purdah to Parliament, 100 rate of assimilation, 53 rate of social mobilisation, 53 rath yatra, 332, 335 Rau, B.N., 107, 172 Rau, N. Madhava, 91 Rawalpindi, 207, 243 Ray, Satyajit, 318 Raza, Moonis, 300
Raza, Syed, 296 Razakars, 175–6, 302 razor blades, 239 Razvi, Kasim, 176 re-education, 330 reading rooms, 168, 243 Reading, Marquess of, 307 Rechtsstaat, 82, 107, 228, 292, 341 Red Crescent, 35–6, 38, 50, 115, 340 Red Fort (Delhi), 125 Red Scare, 15, 174 Red Shirts, 60 red-green combine, 150 redistribution, 100, 275, 330 rehabilitation, 7, 79, 211, 279, 283 Rehman, Mufti Atiqur, 214, 240, 308 religious solidarity, 4, 33, 42, 96, 225, 325 remittances, 279 rent control acts, 245, 271, 289 rent-to-price ratio, 284 rentier capitalism, 280, 284 rentiers, 12, 168, 215, 245, 268–72, 280, 282, 284–6, 324–5 renunciatory politics, 14 reorganisation of states, 149, 163, 242 Republic Day, 333 Republican Party of India (RPI), 158, 222, 225, 302, 217, 330 republicanism, 331 Residents (princely states), 286 Resistance (to Trump), 16 restitution, 278, 280 retainers, 293 Retzlaff, Ralph, 87 revisionism, 242, 257, 259 revivalism, 41–2, 299, 322
Revolt of 1857, 32, 103, 114, 286, 295 ribbon-cutting, 228 Rida, Rashid, 74 riff-raff, 271 Riot Enquiry Commission, 332 riots, 2, 4, 7–8, 13, 41–2, 119, 126, 132, 155, 173, 179, 182, 194–202, 204, 208–11, 214, 219, 231, 238, 246, 255, 297, 313–7, 319, 323, 336 Ripon, Marquess of, 32 rituals of provocation, 322 rituals of segregation, 322 Robinson, Francis, 30, 50, 54, 260 Rome, 125, 334 Rourkela, 208–10, 219 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 16, 236 Rowlatt Act, 39–42 Roy, B.C., 124, 127 Roy, Olivier, 257 RPI. See Republican Party of India RSS. See Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Rudolph, Lloyd, 275 Rudolph, Susanne, 275 rule of law, 82, 107, 228, 292, 341 ruling caste, 153 Runciman, David, 16 rural debt, 55 Rushdie, Salman, 334 The Satanic Verses, 334 Russia, 31, 45–6, 216, 237 Russian Revolution, 237 Russification, 353n28 Saadulla, Syed Muhammad, 18, 83, 85–6, 91, 94–5, 98, 107, 109, 130–4, 152, 168, 319–20 Sachar Committee (2006), 284–5 SAD. See Shiromani Akali Dal
sadhus, 323 Sadiq, G.M., 205–7 Safdarjung Tomb, 126 Sahay, K.B., 122 Saheb, Maulana Biyabani, 303 Sahib, K.M. Seethi, 160, 164 Saifis, 316 saints’ days, 282 Salamatullah, 50 Salempur, Raja of, 35 Samad, A.K.A. Abdus, 145 Samajwadi Party, 337 Sampoorna Maharashtra Samiti, 156 Sampurnanand, Dr, 169, 192 Memories and Reflections, 169 Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD), 223–4 Sanatan Dharam Sabha, 280 Sandhurst, 289 Sangam, 241, 307 sangathan, 42, 346 Sangh Parivar, 2, 117, 168, 199, 201, 208–9, 213, 223–4, 232–4, 246–7, 252, 255–6, 258, 263, 293, 303, 305–6, 315, 332, 339 see also Jana Sangh Sanjivayya, D., 128 Sankar, R., 165 Sanskrit, 7, 31, 108–11, 169, 172, 191, 305, 325 Sanskritisation, 31, 111, 325 Sanskritisms, 108 Sanskritist, 169 Santali, 190 Santhanam, K., 108 Sapru House, 19 Sapru Report (1945), 89 Sardar, see Patel, Vallabhbhai
Sarma, Siddhinath, 187 sarsanghchalak, 208 Sarvodaya movement, 244 satyagraha, 40–2, 44, 51, 71, 226 Saudi Arabia, 115, 240, 259 Savarkar, 12 savarnas, 41, 151, 160 Savile Row, 38 Saxena, Saumya, 361n12 Sayeed, Basheer Ahmad, 311 sayyid, 235 scapegoating, 219 schadenfreude, 133 Scheduled Castes, 21, 86, 89–90, 93, 95–7, 132, 160, 198, 200, 225, 316–7, 330 see also Dalit scholarships, xx, 245 schools, 56, 103–4, 111, 125, 136, 149–50, 168–9, 177, 190–1, 215, 227, 243, 250–2, 277, 281, 323, 340 Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs Ministry, 125, 127 Scotsmen, 15 Scylla, 163, 320 secession, 76, 187, 206–8 Second Five-Year Plan, 136 second official language, 189, 227 Secretariat, 118 secretary of state (London), 39, 59, 287 sectional interests, 11, 18, 21, 29, 50, 81, 142, 167, 223, 263 Secular Forum, 308 Secular Muslims Conference, 249 secularisation, 103, 148, 215, 261, 323, 364n116 secularism, 1–2, 5, 8–9, 14, 25, 55, 103, 126, 143, 148, 159, 174, 177, 189, 202, 213, 232–5, 238–9, 249–50, 252, 257–9, 261–2, 304, 323, 331, 335, 341
and secularisation, 103, 148, 215, 261, 323, 364n116 and the Congress, 1–2, 5, 8–9, 14, 261–2 and the Jama’at, 249–50, 257–9 Secularist, 257–8, 310 secularists, 8, 11, 15, 182, 209, 213, 300, 303, 333–4 Secunderabad, 177 Security Council (United Nations), 206 sedition, 167, 309 Seerat-e-Hussain, 245 seigniorage rights, 286 self-destruction, 166 self-determination, 204–6 self-flagellation, 178 self-help, 143, 172, 383 self-preservation, 166 Seminar (journal), 57, 58, 359, 360 Sen, Amartya, 6, 261 Seoul, 260 separate electorates, 8, 29, 33, 35, 39, 52, 80, 84–6, 89, 93, 95–8, 100, 131, 142, 178, 220, 254, 362n36 separatism, 26, 53–4, 74, 93, 99, 146, 188 sermoniser, 215 Seth, Damodar Swarup, 103 shab-e-barat, 333 Shafi, Mian Muhammad, 36 Shafi, S. Aziz, 244 Shah Jamal durgah, 317 Shah, A.B., 257–9 Shah, Manubhai, 121 Shahabad, 41 Shahabuddin, Syed, 19, 230, 332–3 Shaheen Bagh, 341 Shaikh, A. Karim, 258 Shaikh, Farzana, 54, 260