Health and Physical Education 6

HEALTH and
physical education

Grade vi

Netra Prasad Subedi,
M.Sc., TU

Pustak Prakashan Griha

Kathmandu
01-4465810

Name: Roll no.:
Section:
School Name:
Parents Name:
Address:
Contact no.:

Author

Netra Pd. Subedi

Layout

Sachin Maharjan

@publisher

Printed in 2075

Pustak prakashan Griha
Kathmandu
Tel.: 01-4465810

Print in Nepal

Foreword

Students enrolled in the lower secondary grades are just at the
stage of pubescence and hence there are arrays of curiosity
regarding their surrounding and their own body. They are
at the mission of learning life-skills through family, school,
teachers, textbooks, surroundings and the entire world.
Conversely, their age propels them to lurk within their own
shyness.

It is an immense pleasure to bring this Text Book of Health,
and Physical Education for Grade Seven prepared according
to the recently amended syllabus prescribed by Curriculum
Development Centre (CDC) of the government of Nepal. It
is presented in attractive and appropriate design from the
psychological point of view of pubescents. A good composition
of contextually-attractive pictures and precise reading
materials will generate inner interests among students. I
believe such interests play key roles in developing them into
text -lover and generous learners on their course.

I look forward to constructive feedback, genuine comments
and healthy criticism from the readers so that the subsequent
edition will be more useful.

Author

Contents

Part-I Health Education 1
1. human body
3
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Sense Organs 16
1.3 Teeth
22
2. PERSONAL HEALTH
22
2.1 Introduction

3. Nutrition 28

3.1 Introduction to Nutrition 28
3.2 Classification of foods and their function 28

4. Disease 35
4.1 Introduction 35

4.2 Some communicable diseases, their causes, symptoms and their preventive measures 36

5. Adolescence, sex and Reproductive Health 50

5.1. Introduction to adolescence 50
5.2. Changes during adolescence 50
5.3. Sex Education and Reproductive Health Education 52
5.4 Structures of Male and Female Reproductive Organs 54
5.5 Cleanliness and Importance of Reproductive Organs 55

6. Alcohol, Drugs and Smoking 58

6.1 Introduction 58
6.3 Preventive measures 59

7. Environmental Health 61

7.1 Introduction 61
7.2 Water pollution 62
7.3 Solid waste 62
7.4 Types of wastes 63
7.5 Harmful effects of wastes and environmental pollution 64
7.6 Management of wastes 65
7.7 Incineration 65
7.8 Human Excreta and its Management 65

8. Safety and First AID 68

8.1 Introduction 68
8.2 Safety measures at different places 68
8.3 First aid 69
8.4 First aid for some common cases 70

9. Family and community Health 77

9.1 Family health 77
9.2 Community health 78
9.3 Importance of community health 79
9.4 Problems of community health 79

Part-II Physical Education 82
10. PHYSICAL EXERCISE
82
10.1 Introduction to Physical Exercise
88
11. DRILL
88
11.1 Introduction to Drill 89
11.2 Some Items of Drill
97
12. PHYSICAL TRAINING (PT)
97
12.1 Introduction to Physical Training (P.T.)
103
13. YOGA
103
13.1 Introduction to Yoga 103
13.2 Padmasana 104
13.3 Bajrasana 105
13.4 Dhanurasana/Dhanushasana (Bow Pose) 107
13.5 Mandukasana 108
13.6 Sabasana
111
14 Games
111
14.1 Introduction to games
130
15 Athletics
130
15.1 Introduction to Athletics 130
15.2 Some items of athletics

Part-I
Health Education

Unit: 1 human body

Warm up Your Brain
Game of Name
Let's play !!!

How many names of your body organs can you write within five
minutes? There are two types of organs in our body. They are internal
organs and external organs. Write the names as fast as possible with
your pencil below. Your teacher will keep time.

External Organs Internal Organs

________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________
After your teacher gives a signal to stop writing, count the total
number of names and find who could write the maximum names.
Declear the winner !!! Congratulate the winner.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 1

Hair Forehead
Eye Ear
Nose Mouth
Shoulder Neck
Arm Chest
Elbow Stomach

Hand Finger

Leg Knee

Foot Ankle
HUMAN BODY

2 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

1.1 Introduction

We are human beings. Therefore, our body is called ‘human body’.
It is the combination of several human systems and organs working
together in the natural order. Systems are composed of a number
of organs. The organs are made up of similar cells. The major nine
systems of our body are as follows:

i. Nervous System ii. Skeletal System
iii. Circulatory System iv. Muscular System
v. Respiratory System vi. Digestive System
vii. Urinary System viii. Glandular System
ix. Reproductive System
Centrosome
Nucleus Vacuole

Cell membrane

Nucleolus

Centriole

Cytoplasm Mitochondria

Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum

Parts of an Animal Cell

As huge buildings are made up of small bricks, the human body is
made up of small constituting units. Very small units that constitute
the human body are called human cells. Cells are the basic units of
life. They are very small and microscopic.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 3

Cells are called the structural unit of body because they physically
constitute our body and provide its structure. In order to remain
alive, the cells carry out their specialized functions like production
of energy, enzymes and hormones. So, they are also called the
functional units of life.

Cells are the structural and functional units of life
a. Cells are defined as the structural and functional units of life.
b. Tissue is a group of similar cells organized together to carry out

the same function.
c. Organ is a group of tissues organized together to perform a

common task.
d. System is a group of organs grouped together to carry out a

common objective.

1.2 Sense Organs

Sense means the function or mechanism of receiving external
stimuli by the living things. It is the biological power through which
the living things perceive information about the world around them.
The information related to the sense of living things are associated
with light, sound, smell, taste, touch, pressure and temperature.
There are five sense organs in our body. Each sense organ perceives
a special type of sensation. The five sense organs are:

a) Eyes (They recognize and receive the sensation of light)
b) Ears (They recognize and receive the sensation of sound)
c) Tongue (It recognizes and receives the sensation of taste)
d) Skin (It recognizes and receives the sensation of touch,

temperature and pressure
e) Nose (It recognizes and receives the sensation of smell)

4 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

a. Eyes
We have two eyes. They are situated at either side of our face
just below the forehead. Eyes help us see the world around us by
recognizing the light rays coming from different objects. Without
eyes, we can see nothing around us and the world becomes
completely dark. Internally, they are situated on the hollow cavity
of bones at the front head. They are almost spherical in shape. The
eyes have following external and internal parts.

Eyebrow Pupil

Iris

Eyelash

Sclera

The external parts of the eyes
i. Eyelids
It is the thin skinny layer that covers the eye while blinking. Blinking
keeps the eyes moist, clean and protected from dust. It also protects
from harmful things like insects and extreme sunlight. There are eyes
eyelids at the upper and lower side of each eye.

ii. Eyelashes
The line of hair on the outer boundary of the upper and lower eyelids
is called eyelash. It helps protect eyes from dust particles, insects
and foreign bodies.

iii. Eyebrows
The arched lines of hair above the eyes are eyebrows. They help
catch the dust particles and other particles that might harm the eye.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 5

Internal organs of the Eyes lens sclera
The internal parts of iris retina
eye are situated inside
the eyeball. comea choroid

The ball - like spherical vitreous chamber fovea
structure of the eye is vitreous humor
called eyeball. Its outer
coat has the following
three layers.

i) The sclera : It is anterior chamber optic nerve
the milky white aqueous humor suspensory ligaments
outermost layer

of the eyeball. The

front part of the sclera is transparent that allows light rays to

enter into the eye. This transparent portion of the sclera is called

cornea.

ii) Choroid : It is the second layer of eyeball situated just below the
sclera. It is richly supplied with nerve fibres and blood capillaries.

It supports cilliary muscles that holds the iris and lens of the

eye.

iii) Iris : The circular area round the pupil at the front part of the eye
is called iris. It has specific colours that varies from dark black to

brownish, greenish or bluish. It helps in adjustment of the size

of pupil according to availability of light in the surroundings.

When there is high intensity of light, it dilates and covers the

peripheral area of pupil. Hence, the size of pupil becomes

smaller and less amount of light rays enter into the eye. This

phenomenon protects the retinal damage. Conversely, when

there is less visibility, the iris constricts and the pupil dilates

allowing more light rays to enter into the eyes. The visibility

increases due to adequate light rays falling on the retina.

6 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

iv) Pupil : Pupil is the window through which light rays enter into
the eyes and we can see things. It is situated at the front-central
area of the eyeball. Its color is dark black due to the darkness of
inner part of the eye.

v) Lens : Lens is one of the transparent organs of the eye situated
just behind the pupil. It allows light to enter into the eyes through
it. It is thicker in the middle and thinner in the periphery . It
makes the image of objects in front of the eyes on the retina.

v) Retina : Retina is the main sensory part of the eye where the
light-sensitive cells are present. They are called rod cells and
cone cells. It is situated at the inner-back part of the eyeball. The
images of the objects are formed on it. It has numerous nerve
cells which receive the light-signals coming from the objects
and send them to the brain through optic nerve.

vi) Optic Nerve : The nerve that carries the signal of vision from
retina to the brain is called optic nerve. When the signals are
analysed at the optic lobe of the brain, we feel the things seen
through our eyes.

Methods of caring eye
i) Wash your eyes with clean water every day.

ii) If any foreign body or insect inters into the eye, try to wash it
away with tears.

iii) If tear cannot remove the dirt inside the eye, try to wash it
with clean and cold water or a soft, wet and clean corner of a
handkerchief. Rubbing may cause irritation and can harm the
eyes.

iii) Manage adequate light while reading. Excessive strain may
damage the cilliary muscle and lens of the eye. Dim light or less
distance between the book and eyes increases strain to the
eyes.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 7

iv) Do not allow small children to play with sharp instruments
because they might poke their eyes with it.

v) See a doctor if there is any serious problem in the eyes. Wear
glasses if needed.

vi) During sunny days, it is better to wear sunglasses. Use polarized
or UV protecting glasses if possible. Wear glasses in windy and
dusty days. Wearing low quality glasses may harm the eyes
instead of protecting them.

vii) Take nutritious food and drink plenty of water every day. Include
green vegetables and fruits in your everyday diet.

viii) Provide Vitamin-A capsule when it is distributed nationwide.

ACTIVITY
HOW TO REMOVE FOREIGN BODY FROM OUR EYE
Sometimes, there may be accidental entrance of insect, dust or any
other small foreign body into the eyes. Sudden entrance of foreign
body into the eye can sometimes be really troublesome and disturbs
the tasks that we are doing. Here we are going to study the simple
technique about how should to handle such problem.

- First, we should try to know what has entered into the eye. If it
is hard granule of sand, stone, metal or glass, it can damage the
cornea easily. In such case, rubbing the eyes should be avoided
completely.

- If it is small insect with soft body like mosquito, it can be removed
with slight soft movement of eyelids.

- We should allow tear to flow as maximum as possible. Tear
washes off several dirts that come in touch with the cornea. It
also kills many types of bacteria and germs.

- Rotating eyeball with closed eyelids sometimes brings the
foreign bodies at the inner edges of eyelids. It becomes easy to

8 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

remove them if they stuck in between the edges of upper and
lower eyelids.

- If the problem still persists, take a big bowel with clean cold
water. Immerse the eyes inside the clean water and rotate the
eyeball with open eyelids. Most of the non-sticky wastes are
washed away with this technique.

- If the body is extremely irritating, and the problem is severe, we
should seek medical assistance without delay.

Make a group of 6 to 8 students and discuss the demonstration of
eye-washing activity with a bowel and clean water. Every group
leader your demonstrates by inside the class.

b. Ear
Ears are the sense organs for sound.
They perceive sound coming from the
environment and help us recognize it.
There are two ears on either side of our
head. Each ear has three parts. They are
the external, middle and internal ear.

(i) External Ear
(ii) Middle Ear
(iii) Internal Ear

(i) External Ear
The outer part of the ear consisting pinna, earhole (external auditory
canal), and eardrum is called external ear. The pinna converses sound
waves towards the ear-canal. The pinna is made up of cartilage,
muscle and skin. When the waves strike on the eardrum at the base
of canal, it is transferred to the middel ear. The canal secretes a kind
of thick waxy substance called earwax from its inner lining. It helps
in easy reflection of sound waves towards the eardrum. It also helps
kill microbes and small insects that enter into the canal.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 9

(ii) Middle Ear
The middle ear receives the signal of sound wave from the external
auditory canal. There are three small bones known as ear ossicles.
They are malleus, incus, and stapes. The stapes is the smallest bone
of human body. The ossicles are also called hammer, anvil and
stapes according to their shape. The set of three ossicles provides
an amplifying channel to transmit the sound vibration to the internal
ear. Besides the ossicles, the middle ear is filled with air. It has a
direct connection to throat through a tube called eustachian tube.
The tube helps in maintenance of air pressure in the middle ear.
(iii) Internal Ear
The internal ear receives the amplified signals of sound from the
middle ear. There is a coiled tube called cochlea. Inside the cochlea,
there is a sound-sensative part called 'organ of corti'. When the
sound waves strike on the audio-receptor cells on 'organ of corti',
they transcribed into the nervous sound signals. When the nervous
signals are carried to the auditory lobe of the brain, we feel the
sound heard.

10 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

The inner ear has another important function too. It also receives
the sensation of gravity and helps in maintenance of balancing body.
Three mutually perpendicular coiled semicircular canals receives the
sensation of gravity and helps to know the position of body. When
the signals are analysed into the brain, it gives necessary commands
to the muscles concerned with the body balance.

Methods of Taking Care of
We should follow the following guidelines to care our ears properly.

i) Ear wax is prepared for the natural protection of the inner lining
of the auditory canal. If it is excessively collected inside the
canal, it can block the entrance for sound. Therefore, it should
be cleaned properly with soft cotton cleaner.

ii) Metallic and sharp instrument should not be inserted into the
ear.

iii) If any foreign body or insect gets into the ear, we should take it
out safely with the help of an expert or a senior.

iii) Infection of the ears should be treated with ear specialist or
medical practitioner. Carelessness of ear infection may result
deafness.

iv) We should protect our ears from loud noise. Cotton buds should
be used in the noisy places.

c. Tongue
The tongue helps us recognize the taste of food. It is made up of
muscles. So, it is flexible and can move freely. The tongue lies in
the lower floor of the mouth cavity. The upper layer of the tongue
contains about 1000 taste buds. They are scattered all over the
tongue, more densely at the peripheral areas.

When the chewed and saliva-mixed food comes in contact with the
taste buds, the taste-receptor cells present there receive the taste-

Pustak Prakashan Griha 11

signals of food. The taste buds are linked with taste-sensitive nerve
cells. From the nerve cells, the tongue sends the signals to the brain
through nerve fibres. When the brain analyses the nerve signals, we
feel the taste of the food.

The tongue perceives different tastes at different areas. The locations
of the taste buds and different types of tastes associated with them
are as given below.

Taste Type Taste Buds Recognizing them
Bitter Posterior Buds
Sour and Salty Lateral Buds
Sweet Anterior Buds

When this food mixed with saliva comes in contact with the taste
buds, the tongue also helps in speaking and increasing the variety
of sound. As it is exposed to the external environmet, a number of
bacteria and microbes live on the tongue. There is risk of presence
of harmful and disease-causing bacteria on the tongue if it becomes
dirty. Therefore, we should keep our tongue clean with its proper
care and cleanliness.

12 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Methods of Taking Care of the Tongue
a. Tongue comes in direct contact with food, water and air from the

environment. Therefore, it protect the tongue from pollution
and dirty food.
b. Clean tongue should be cleaned after having food stuffs to avoid
the germs that attack residual food in the mouth.
c. Avoid extreme hot or cold food and drinks.
d. Develop a habit of using proper tongue-cleaner.
e. In case of any wound, injury or other serious problem, follow
expert's suggestions and guidelines.

d. Skin
Skin is the outermost protecting organ of our body. It protects us
from heat, cold, light, wind, germs and worms in the environment.
It protects the internal organs from physical damage and infection.

Skin is the largest organ of our body. It has numerous minute hair
on its outer part. It arises from small sac-like structure called hair
follicle. There are epidermis, dermis and hypodermis layers on the
skin. It also contains fatty tissue in it's middle layer called dermis.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 13

There are several small excretory glands on the skin. They are called
sweat glands. Nitrogeneous wastes formed in the inner tissues
due to metabolic reactions are collected in the glands and they are
excreted out through minute pores as sweat. Evaporation of sweat
also help in lowering our body temperature during excessive physical
work and increased environmental temperature.

Methods of Caring Skin
Skin has direct exposure to the external environment. It has to face
the direct encounter with germs, parasites and various organic and
inorganic harmful substances. Therefore, we should pay proper
attention on caring our skin. Some of the major measures of caring
skin are given below.

a. We should take bath regularly to keep our skin clean.
b. If there is contact with any doubtful things that may contain

harmful chemicals and germs, we should wash it properly with
soap and water.
c. In case of any wound, injury or allergy, the skin should be treated
under the guidance of a medical personnel .
d. The skin should not be exposed to extreme radiations or
sunlight. In urgent cases, an appropriate sunscreen cream must
be applied.

e. Nose
Nose is the sense organ for smell detection. As it is located very close
to our mouth, it's primary function is to examine the smell of food
that we are about to eat. Besides, nose is an important organ of the
respiratory system.

The nose is situated at the central area of our face. It makes our face
attractive with its smooth appearance between the two eyes and
mouth.

14 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Two inverted holes at the bottom of nose are called nostrils. They
help in inhalation and exhalation of air during respiration. Two
nostrils are separated by a thin cartilaginous septum.

There are minute hair present around the inner lining of nostrils.
They help in filtration of dust and microbes during inhalation. The
inner roof of nasal cavity has an area specialised for the identification
of the sensation of smell. It is called olfactory bulb. The bulb is rich
in sensory nerve cells that are connected to the olfactory lobe of
the brain through the olfactory nerve. When the signals of smell are
analysed by the brain, we feel the sensation of smell.

If a person is suffering from common cold, the olfactory bulb is
covered by inflamed epithelial tissue and mucus. Due to this, the
stimuli of smell cannot be received properly and there is poor or
no detection of smell during common cold. There are small hollow
cavities in the bones around
the nasal cavity. They are
called sinuses. When there
is infection inside the sinus,
it is called sinusitis. In order
to remain protected from
sinusitis, we should get nasal
inflammation cured in time.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 15

Methods of Caring Nose
a. Nose should be cleaned regularly with clean water.
b. The area of nostrils should be kept clean with the use of a soft

and clean handkerchief. It should not be shared with anybody
others.
c. Do not scratch the inner lining of nostrils with fingers or nails. It
may cause injury to the soft inner lining of the nostrils.
d. Do not try to inhale unknown and irritating substances.
e. Never sneeze forcefully. It damages the internal parts of the
nose.

1.3 Teeth

Teeth are the hardest organs of human body. Teeth are very important
for us because:

a. Teeth are important organs of the digestive system. They help in
grinding and breaking down the food before they are swallowed
into the stomach.

b. Teeth make our face
attractive. They are
exposed beautifully
when we smile.

c. Teeth also keep our face
in proper shape. Once
we lose some teeth, our
cheeks would sink, and
this would make us look
old.

d. Teeth help in keeping the jaw bone strong. Teeth are connected
to gums as the gums are connected to jawbone. Teeth help in
proper alignment of the jaw.

16 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

We have teeth since we were infants. All teeth do not grow at
the same age in infants. The bottom middle teeth (lower incisors)
typically come first, between 5 and 7 months. The upper middle
teeth (upper incisors) come next, usually between 8 and 12 months.
As the age advances, the number of teeth increases. The first teeth
that grow during the infancy or childhood are called deciduous teeth
because they fall at certain age permanent teeth occupy their place.
The teeth are supported by the gums in their positions. A typically-
perfect and well-developed person has16 teeth on the upper jaw and
16 on the lower jaw making 32 teeth in total. The following diagram
and picture shows the organization of teeth in our body.

Teeth  Upper jaw Lower jaw Total
2 pairs 4 Pairs
Incisors 2 pairs 1 pair 2 pairs 8
2 pairs 4 pairs 4
Canines 1 pair 8
3 pairs 6 pairs
Pre Molar 2 pairs 12
16 piars
Molar 3 pairs 32

Total Number of Teeth

There are four categories of teeth in our oral cavity. They are:
a. Incisors: they help in biting and cutting.
b. Canines: break very hard food stuffs.
c. Premolars: grind food and convert them into paste.
d. Molars: grind food further to make fine food-paste that is easy

to swallow.

Structure of Tooth

A tooth has it's two main anatomical parts. They are crown and root.
The crown of a tooth is that part of the tooth which is covered with
enamel and this is the part usually visible in the mouth. The root is
the part embedded in the jaw. It anchors the tooth in its bony socket
and is normally not visible.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 17

General structure of tooth contains it's enamel, dentine, pulp and
cementum.

a. Enamel:
The hard outer layer of the

crown. Enamel is the hardest
substance in the body.
b. Dentine:
It is not as hard as enamel. It
forms the bulk of the tooth
and can be sensitive if the
protection of the enamel is
lost.
c. Pulp:
It is the soft inner tissue containing the blood and nerve supply
to the tooth. The pulp extends from the crown to the tip of the
root.
d. Cementum:
The layer of bone-like tissue covering the root is called
cementum. It is not as hard as enamel.

Methods of caring teeth
a. Proper brushing is the main technique of caring teeth. We

should brush teeth at least twice a day after having the major
meals in the morning and evening.
b. After eating any sweet foods like chocolates, juices and
sugarcanes we should gargle properly to remove any residue.
c. In order to keep our teeth healthy, we should clean whole
oral cavity including the tongue, gum, throat and buccal lining
properly.
d. Vitamin C should be included regularly in our diet to make our
gum and teeth strong.

18 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

e. The gums should be massaged softly with the fingertips after
brushing the teeth to keep the gums strong.

f. Use of toothpick should be avoided as far as possible. If there are
fleshy food stuck in between teeth and that cannot be washed
away with simple gargle, soft and healthy toothpick should be
used. While should be careful that the toothpick is not harming
or damaging the gums and teeth.

g. There should be regular and scheduled dental check-up with a
dentist to avoid any probable dental diseases.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 19

Exercise

A. Match the followings Brain
Nervous System Heart
Skeletal System Lungs
Circulatory System Biceps
Muscular System Erythrocytes
Respiratory System Urethra

B. Answer the following questions.
1. Define:
a. Cell b. Tissue c. Organ d. System
2. Describe the structure of the eye with a well-labelled diagram.
3. What do you do if you have a foreign body in your eye? .
4. Write short notes on:
a. Sclera b. Chromosome c. Ossicles
5. Draw a diagram of tongue and label it properly.
6. What is internal ear? How do we hear sound?
7. What is the largest organ of our body? Write the ways to
care it appropriately.
8. Describe the process of smell-perception with the nose and
brain.
9. Why are teeth important for us? Give reasons.
10. Write the methods of keeping our teeth clean and healthy.
11. What are the functions of the following organs? Write.

20 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

a. Pinna b. Lens of the eye
c. Nasal hair d. Semicircular canal

C. Fill in the blanks with correct words.
a. ........................ is the biological power through which the
living things perceive information about the world around
them. (sense, heredity, nucleus)
b. ............................. is the second layer of eyeball. (sclera,
choroid, iris)
c. Three small bones present in the inner ear are known as
............................. (ear bones, ossicles, auditory bones)
d. The taste buds for bitter taste are located at the
............................. side of the tongue. (lateral, central,
posterior)
e. Olfactory bulb is located at the roof of .............................
cavity. (nasal, buccal, oral)
f. Molar teeth help to ............................. (cut and bite food,
grind the foods, swallow the hard foods)
g. We should brush at least ............................. a day. (once,
twice, thrice)

Pustak Prakashan Griha 21

Unit: 2 PERSONAL HEALTH

2.1 Introduction

Personal health is the state in which human being completely free
form physical, mental and social disabilities. We can be healthy by
adopting the healthy behavior. Healthy behaviors like food habits,
maintenance of personal hygiene, having balanced diet, performing
regular exercise and taking adequate rest are essential for personal
health. Personal health primarily includes the following everyday
activities related to proper caring of various organs.

a. Caring of Hair
b. Caring of Face
c. Use of Pure Drinking Water
d. Regular Rest, Sleep, Physical Exercise and Entertainment
e. Use of Clean Clothes

a. Caring of Hair
Clean and healthy hair is the symbol of healthy person. Following are
some of the guidelines for caring of hair.

a. Wash your hair regularly and take bath
b. Allow your hair to dry after bath
c. Brush your hair gently. Use hair brush if your hair is dry.
d. Use your own comb.
e. Massage your hair with hair oil.
f. Trim your hair regularly.

22 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

b. Caring of Face
The face gives us our identity. There are identifying organs like eyes,
nose, mouth, tongue, ears etc. on our face. Cleanliness of face means
a process of maintaining hygiene of all these important organs.
Followings are some of the basic guidelines for caring of face.

a. Wash your face with clean water at least in the morning and
evening.

b. Wash your nose, ear and neck regularly.
c. Dry your face with soft towel after washing.
d. Players and farmers should wash their face many times than

others.
e. People having rough skin should massage their face with

mustard oil or ghee.

c. Use of pure drinking water
Water is the chief constituent of our body as it occupies about
seventy percent of total body weight. Due to lack of awareness, many
people use polluted drinking water. They use water brought from
rivers, streams, lakes, ditches, pond etc. for drinking and cooking.
Sometimes, they use such water without processing or filtering.
Water from these sources may look clean but may contain bacteria
and other disease germs.

The microorganisms found in water transmit many waterborne
communicable diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever etc.
Drinking water should be free from microorganisms, disease germs,
harmful chemical substances, foul odor and any color. Sources of
water should be kept clean to get clean and pure drinking water.
Following are the ways to use pure drinking water.

a. We should boil water for five to ten minutes before drinking.
b. Soil pot or copper pot is better to keep drinking water.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 23

c. Water can be purified by keeping few drops of chlorine or potash
disinfecting solution.

d. While using chlorine or potash liquid, given instructions should
be followed.

e. Water can be purified by SODIS method, i.e. Solar-Water-
Disinfection method.

d. Regular Rest, Sleep, Physical Exercises and
Entertainment.

Proper movements of all organs are essential for healthy body.
Movement of different organs of our body under specific disciple
or rule is called physical exercise. Playing games is the main means
of physical exercise among children and youths. Regular physical
exercises help us for growth and development of our body and
maintain organs according to our wish. Moreover, it also enhances the
immunity, strength, and agility of our body. People can be protected
from non-communicable diseases like (heart diseases, diabetics, and
stone) by developing the habit of doing regular exercises. People
who take part in regular exercises are also free from mental stress.

After doing regular work and physical exercise we need rest. Sleeping
is the best way for taking rest. Regular exercise, adequate rest and
entertainment should be set in our everyday life as a part of our life in
order to remain healthy. Following are the guideline for maintenance
of these basic and essential components of our life.

a. We should keep our body active and fresh through exercises
and games regularly.

b. It is better to do ‘yoga’ or physical exercise for 30 to 40 minutes
each day.

c. After getting tired, we have to take rest for some time.
d. We can entertain by singing, dancing or watching other programs.
e. We can be active by involving our self in different creative works.

24 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

e. Use of Clean Clothes
Cloth protects our body from heat, cold, air, water, dust, insects and
several environmental hazards. Clothes play very important role for
the maintenance of the healthy body. Clothes reflect our personality.
Clothes should be suitable according to the climate and weather. We
must consider the following guidelines for being with proper clothes
in our everyday life.

a. We should always wear clean clothes. Our body should be
covered properly with the clothes according to the need.

b. Clothes should be comfortable for walking and doing other
works.

c. Clothes should be soft and should be made up of cotton as far
as possible.

d. We should not wear others’ clothes.
e. We should isolate the clothes of a person suffering from

communicable diseases even while washing.
f. Clothes should be dried properly in the sunlight.

Summary
a. Keeping own body clean is called personal health.
b. Healthy person’s body is free from physical, mental and social

disorder.
c. We can remain safe from waterborne communicable diseases

by drinking pure and clean water.
d. To be healthy, regular physical exercise is very important.

Adequate rest and entertainment are equally required.
e. Clothes protect our body from cold, hot, air, water etc. and help

our body to remain healthy.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 25

Exercise Boiling
A. Match the followings Comb
Soft Towel
Hair Vitamins and Minerals
Face Games and Yoga
Pure Drinking Water
Proper Exercise

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s

a. Personal health is the state of physical, mental and
............................. wellness.

b. We should wash your face with clean water in the morning
and .............................

c. Water occupies about ............................. percent of total
body weight.

d. Water can be purified by keeping few drops of
............................. or ............................. .

e. It is better to do ‘yoga’ or physical exercise ..........................
minutes each day.

f. Clothes should be soft and should be made up of ................
as far as possible.

C. Answer the following questions.
a. What do you mean by physical health?
b. List any five points suggesting the methods of caring hair
properly.

26 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

c. Write any three ways to purify water.
d. Explain the advantages of physical exercise.
e. “We should not wear other’s clothes.” Give reason.
f. Which method do you use to purify water?

Pustak Prakashan Griha 27

Unit: 3 Nutrition

3.1 Introduction to Nutrition

We eat a variety of foods every day to satisfy our hunger. Food is very
important for us because it helps live healthily. Foods contain various
nutritional components. Our body requires these components to
carry out metabolic and physiological processes in cells and tissues.

We perform different works in our everyday life. We require energy
to perform these works. Our body should be healthy and strong to
perform different works. Energy-giving foods, body-building foods
and protective foods are required to our body for overall development
and growth.

Nutrition is defined as a process of consuming a balanced varieties
food in such a way that our body fulfills its all requirements to live
healthily.

3.2 Classification of foods and their function

We perform different works in our daily life. All these works are
possible because of nutrition. Nutritious food provides us energy,
protects us against diseases and helps develop our body. We cannot
imagine our life without food. There are many types of food that we
consume in our daily life. Few of them are explained below:

3.2.1 Cereals
Cereals are equally important for
children, adolescents, adults and old
people. Cereals include rice, maize,
wheat, barley etc. Cereals are good
sources of carbohydrates and hence
they are required for us to get energy.

28 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Carbohydrates help us to perform general daily activities like playing,
running, walking, swimming etc.

3.2.2 Grains
We eat different types of grains in our
daily food. Grains include different
lentils, gram, peas, beans etc. We get
protein from all these grains. Proteins
obtained from grains help our body
for its growth and development.
These foods are required for the
repair of the worn-out tissues and
filling of the wounds in our body.

3.2.3 Green vegetables
Spinach, cabbage, broccoli, rape,
cauliflower, lettuce, chamsur,
fenugreek etc. are the examples
of green leafy vegetables. Brinjal,
radish, carrot, tomato and green
chilly are also used as vegetables.
Green vegetables contain minerals
and vitamins that protect our body
from different diseases. They help maintain our body healthy. They
strengthen our immunity power and protect us from diseases.

3.2.4 Fruits
Banana, orange, apple,
grapes, mango, guava,
lemon etc. are some of the
common fruits cultivated
and consumed widely in our
country. We get minerals

Pustak Prakashan Griha 29

and different types of vitamins from fruits. Minerals and vitamins
enhance the immune system and help other organs for their function.
Consumption of fruits in our daily food is very beneficial remaining
protected from diseases.

3.2.5 Meat, Fish, Milk and Milk Products
Vegetarian people consume milk, curd, cheese and other milk-
products. Non vegetarian people consume fish, meat, and egg along
with vegetables, milk and
milk products. These all are
protein-rich foods. Protein
helps to repair worn out cells
and tissues of our body. It is
also an important for the
proper growth and
development of the body.

3.2.6 Water
Water occupies more than seventy percent of our body weight. We
consume plenty of water every day. With almost all varieties of foods
like rice, vegetables, fruits and drinks, we are taking water contained
in them. There are many sources of water but water from all sources
is not suitable for drinking. Drinking water should be free from
disease germs and physical or chemical impurities. Water is the
major constituent of blood and it
helps in circulation of nutrients and
gases. Lack of water can lead to
dehydration, a condition that occurs
when your body to carry out normal
function.

A healthy adult person should drink at
least three liters of water every day.

30 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

3.3 Balance Diet
A balanced diet is a set of foods that provides an adequate intake of
energy and nutrients necessary for maintenance good health of our
body. An ideal human diet contains fat, protein, carbohydrates,
vitamins, minerals, water and fiber all in correct proportions. The
requirement of food may vary among different individuals according
to their physical activities, growth, development and nutritional
status.

Malnutrition results from an imbalanced diet. This can be due to an
excess or deficiency of some dietary nutrients. Malnutrition causes
impaired functions at the affected organs. Nutrients can be acquired
from foods. Depending on the availability of nutritional values, foods
are classified into the following three groups.

a. Energy-Giving Food
b. Body-Building Food
c. Protective food

Pustak Prakashan Griha 31

a. Energy-Giving Food
Following are the foods that includes in this group, such are rice,
wheat, maize, cereals, sugarcane, sugar, oil, ghee, potato, sweet
potato etc.
b. Body-Building Food
Following are the foods that includes in this group are meat, fish,
egg, grains, milk, milk products etc.
c. Protective food:
Following are the foods that includes in this group such as green
spinaches, vegetables, fruits etc.

Summary
1. We need balanced diet for proper growth, development
and protection of our body.
2. On the basis of function food, it can be divided into three
groups. They are energy giving food, body building food
and protective food.
3. Too much or too little of food is not good for health.

32 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Exercise

A. Match the followings Proteins
Cereals Vitamins and Minerals
Grains Fat
Green Vegetables Carbohydrates
Ghee Meat and Milk

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s
a. Our body requires foods to carry out ............................. and
............................. processes in cells and tissues.
b. Nutritious food provides us energy and protects us from
various .............................
c. Cereals are good sources of ............................. and hence
they are required for us to get .............................
d. Green vegetables contain ...................... and .....................
that protect our body from different diseases. .
e. Milk, curd, cheese ,fish, meat, and egg are ..........................
rich foods.

C. Answer the following questions

a. Define nutrition. Why is it important for us?

b. Write five examples for each.

i) Energy giving food. ii) Body building food.

iii) Protective food.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 33

c. Why balanced diet is required?

d. Write one function of each to our body.

i) Carbohydrate ii) Protein iii) Water

e. How has food classified?

f. What are the importances of nutrition?

g. Write short notes on:

i) Balanced diet ii) Fruits and cereals

34 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Unit: 4 Disease

4.1 Introduction

A disease is a condition that impairs the proper functioning of
the body or of one of its part. Causes of disease may be bacterial
infection, environmental effect, heredity, injury etc. Based on its
nature of transmission among people, diseases can be classified into
two groups. They are:

a. Communicable diseases
b. Non-communicable diseases

Communicable diseases 35
A disease that can be transferred
from one person to another is called
communicable disease. It may transfer
through a variety of ways including
contact with blood, direct contact
with the diseased person or by being
bitten by a diseased insect or animal.
Common cold, Ebola, measles, bird
flu, swine flu, rabies, typhoid, diarrhea
and dysentery are some examples of
communicable disease.

Pustak Prakashan Griha

4.1.2 Non-communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases do not transfer from one person to
another. However, some of the non-communicable disease can be
transmitted from parents to their offspring through their heredity.

Non-communicable diseases
are caused as a direct result of
lifestyle, environmental factors,
stress, malnutrition, physical
imbalance etc. Cancer, diabetics,
heart disease, asthma, kidney
stone etc are the examples of
non-communicable disease.

4.2 Some communicable diseases, their causes,
symptoms and their preventive measures

4.2.1 Diarrhea
Diarrhea is a waterborne communicable disease. When we have
diarrhea, the bowel movements or stools are loose and watery. It
normally lasts for 2 to 3 days.

Symptoms
a. Watery stools more than 3 times in a day
b. Stomach pain with cramping
c. Weakness
d. Bloating in belly
e. Weight loss

Mode of transmission
a. Poor sanitation during the preparation of food; for example,

cooking food by infected person without washing hand
b. Contamination of food and water with the causative agents of

diarrhea

36 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

c. Approach of flies and insects and other vectors on food
d. Keeping food unsafe and uncovered

Preventive measures
a. Wash hand properly with soap before eating and after going

toilet
b. Wash vegetables properly before cooking
c. Eat fresh and clean food only
d. Drink pure and safe water
e. Avoid stale and rotten food

4.2.2 Roundworm:
Roundworm is a type of parasitic worm.
It lives inside the host’s body, mainly in
the alimentary canal. The length of a
matured roundworm ranges from 10cm
to 30cm. A female roundworm can give
millions of eggs at a time.

Symptoms
a. Nausea and Vomiting
b. Irregular stools
c. Visible worms in the stool
d. Stomach or abdominal pain
e. Weight loss

Modes of transmission
The eggs of roundworm may be abundantly found in soil if there is
system of open defecation. Houseflies or any other flying insects may
carry the worm-eggs into our home, most likely on our fresh food or
the foods kept uncovered. Such food is the most common cause of
ingestion of worm’s eggs into our stomach. Children often become
infected when they put their hands in their mouth after playing in
contaminated soil.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 37

a. After ingestion of roundworm egg, roundworm reproduces
inside intestine. The worm goes through several stages. They
are:

b. Swallowed eggs first hatch inside the intestine and larvae are
produced.

c. The larvae, then, move through bloodstream to lungs.
d. After maturity, the roundworms leave lungs and travels to

throat.
e. We will either cough up or swallow the roundworms in our

throat. The worms that are swallowed will travel back to our
intestine.
f. Once they are back in intestine, the worms will mate and lay
more eggs.
g. The cycle continues, some eggs are excreted through feces
other eggs hatch and return to the lungs.

Preventive measures:
a. Remain safe from the rotten, stale and polluted foods.
b. Wash hands with soap before food and after defecation.
c. Purify water properly for drinking.
d. Wash vegetables properly before cooking.
e. Visit hospital periodically and take medicine of worms if

necessary.

4.2.3 Scabies
Scabies is a skin-disease
caused by an arthropod.
Scabies was previously
known as ‘seven-year itch’
due to its severe itching
symptom. It is caused
by parasite named as
Sarcoptes or itch-mite.

38 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Symptoms
a. Very itchy rashes on affected skin
b. Pimple-like rashes on the skin of hand, finger etc.
c. The victim of scabies seems scratching on the affected parts

regardless of normal daily work schedule
d. Severe disturbance in work, loss of concentration due to extreme

etching

Modes of transmission
a. Scabies may be spread in the following ways:
b. Skin to skin contact such as holding hands
c. Sharing clothing, bedding or towels that are used by someone

with a scabies infection.

Preventive measures
a. Avoid direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.
b. Never use clothes, towels etc. of infected person.
c. Maintain personal hygiene.
d. Wear clean clothes and bath time to time.
e. Keep environment clean and always use clean water.

4.2.4 Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white
part of the eye and the inner lining of the eyelid. It may be caused due
to dust, smoke or cosmetic
goods. Some species of
bacteria, allergens or
irritant substances may
cause conjunctivitis. It may
be caused due to virus of
common cold. The main
cause of conjunctivitis is
due to lack of personal
hygiene.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 39

Symptoms
a. Redness in the white part of the eye
b. Swelling of the eyelids
c. Itching or burning feelings of the eyelids
d. A lot of tearing
e. Clear or slightly thick, whitish drainage
Preventive Measures
a. Protect eyes from dirt and other irritating substances.
b. Avoid the use of unsafe makeup items
c. Avoid sharing common articles such as towels and glasses.
d. Develop habit of washing eyes regularly with clean water.
e. Do not use eye drops that were used for infected eye in a non-

infected eye.
4.2.5 Common Cold
Common cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory
tract that primarily affects the nose. It is an airborne disease.
Common cold is caused due to a virus named as Rhinovirus.

40 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Symptoms
a. Excessive sneezing
b. Stuffy nose
c. Watery eyes
d. Fever and headaches
e. Sore throat

Modes of transmission
a. Common cold can be transmitted by following ways
b. Inhaling drops of mucus full of cold germs from the air when a

contagious person coughs or sneezes.
c. Sharing clothes, towels and other articles of infected person.

Preventive measures
a. Never share towels, handkerchief with others.
b. Wear warm clothes.
c. Keep yourself away from cold, dust and smoke.
d. Develop habit of doing regular exercise.
e. Hold your nose, mouth while sneezing.
f. Take rest while suffering from common cold.

4.2.6 Rabies
Rabies is a communicable fatal
disease caused due to rabies
virus. It is transmitted through
saliva of an infected person.
Among up to 99% of human
cases, rabies-infected dogs
transmit rabies viruses. Cats and
bats are the other animals that
may transfer the Rabies virus.
Symptoms of Rabies start to
appear within one year.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 41

Symptoms
a. Fear of water
b. Fever
c. Muscles weakness
d. Tingling
e. Confusion
f. Problems while swallowing food
g. Excessive Salivation

Modes of transmission
Animals like dog, cat, bat etc. with rabies transfer the virus to others
through their saliva following a bite or a scratch.

Preventive measures
a. Vaccinate pets
b. Avoid contact with wild animals
c. Prevent bats from entering living spaces or structures near

home
d. Prevent stray animals in community
e. Get a rabies vaccination before working closely with animals

4.2.7 Dysentery
Dysentery is water borne
communicable disease. It is caused
by number of types of infection
such as bacteria, viruses, parasitic
worms or protozoa. Based on the
most common causes of dysentery,
it is divided into two types. They
are amoebic dysentery and bacillary
dysentery. Differences between
them are as follows:

42 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6