pravasi vayana _ june 2021

A-Ñ-s‑\- ¶-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w B-Z‑y‑w c-£‑n-
X‑m-h‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v a‑m-X‑m-h‑m-W‑v.
¡‑q-S‑m-s‑X‑, A-½- ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y-h‑m-l‑n-I-f‑m-b P‑o-
b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p a‑m-{‑X‑w \‑p-I-s‑f a‑m-ä‑n-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑mÂ
]‑n-d-¶ F-e‑n-¡‑p- I‑p-«‑n-s‑b i‑m-c‑o-c‑n-I-h‑p‑w a‑m-\-
ª‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w A-½- k‑n-I-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n B-Z‑y‑w k‑z‑m-
b‑p-s‑S A-Þ-h‑p‑w [‑o-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v A-h-f‑m-W‑v.
KÀ-`‑m-i-b-h‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w KÀ-`-I‑m-e‑w s‑X‑m-«‑v a-c-W‑w
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v ]‑n-d-¶ h-s‑c H-c‑p h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-s‑S P‑o-h‑n-
a-\‑p-j‑y-¡‑p-ª‑n-s‑â- X-¯‑n a‑m-X‑m-h‑n-s‑â A-\‑n-
b‑p‑w I‑m-e-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. P-\‑n-ä‑n- h‑m-c‑y-X k‑p-h‑n-Z‑n-X-a‑m-W‑v.
I‑v F-©‑n-\‑o-b-d‑n‑w-K‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w
_-t‑b‑m-s‑S-I‑v-t‑\‑m-f-P‑n-b‑p-s‑S- a‑n-¡-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w A-½-b‑p-s‑S-
b‑p‑w t‑a-J-e-I-f‑n-s‑e I‑p-X‑n-¨‑p- b-{‑X I‑p-ª‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑n-S-s‑]-S‑p-
N‑m-«-§Ä a‑m-X‑m-h‑v, ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v ¶‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-½-t‑b‑m-f‑w
X‑p-S-§‑n-b k-¦Â-]-§-s‑f- X-s‑¶ {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v A-Ñ-s‑â-
t‑¸‑m-e‑p‑w I‑m-e-l-c-W-s‑¸-S‑p- b‑p‑w t‑d‑mÄ. F-¶‑m k-a‑q-
¯‑n-¡-f-b‑p-t‑a‑m F-¶ B-i-¦ l‑w a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, ]‑n-X‑m-¡-·‑mÀ
A-Ø‑m-\-¯-Ã. k‑z-b‑w X-s‑¶-b‑p‑w i‑n-i‑p-]‑m-
e-\-¯‑n-e‑p‑w c-£‑m-IÀ-X‑r-X‑z-
C-¯-c‑w A-k‑m-[‑m-c-W- ¯‑n-e‑p‑w X-§-f‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-\‑w
X‑z-§-f‑p‑w A-X‑n-i-b-§-f‑p‑w h-f-s‑c I‑p-d-¨‑p I‑m-W‑p-¶-h-c‑m-
X‑n-I-¨‑p‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-W-§-f‑m-t‑b- W‑v. X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w X‑n-c‑p-¯-
¡‑m-h‑p-¶ A-X‑n-h‑n-Z‑q-c `‑m-h‑n- s‑¸-t‑S-ï [‑m-c-W-b‑m-W‑n-X‑v.
s‑b a‑m-ä‑n-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v,
a‑m-X‑m-h‑v, ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v F-¶‑o hÀ- H-c‑p \-Ã ]‑n-X‑m-h‑m-b‑n-c‑n-
¯-a‑m-\/k-\‑m-X-\ a‑q-e‑y-§Ä- ¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v H-c‑p ]‑p-c‑p-
¡‑v c-£‑m-IÀ-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n-e‑p-Å j-\‑v s‑N-¿‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑nÂ
C-S‑w F-´‑m-s‑W-¶‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m- s‑h-¨‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w a-l-¯‑m-b
[‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. IÀ-a‑w. h-f-c‑p-¶ I‑p-«‑n-I-s‑f
k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑m-f‑w k-h‑n-
c-£‑m-IÀ-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â t‑i-j-h‑p‑w A-\‑p-]-a-h‑p-a‑m-b
D‑u-S‑p‑w ]‑m-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v a‑m-X‑m-]‑n-
X‑m-¡Ä. N-c‑n-{‑X-]-c-h‑p‑w k‑m- / Pq¬ / 2021 51
a‑q-l‑y-h‑p-a‑m-b I‑m-c-W-§-f‑mÂ
]‑p-c‑p-j-\‑v I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑n-s‑â
t‑I-{‑µ Ø‑m-\‑w \Â-I‑p-¶‑p-
s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w c-£‑m-IÀ-X‑r-X‑z-
¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n C-c‑p-h-c‑p-
s‑S-b‑p‑w ]-¦‑v k‑p-{‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v.
k‑r-ã‑n-¸‑n H-t‑c k-a-b-¯‑m-
W‑v C-c‑p-h-c‑p‑w ]-¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-I‑p-

i-à‑n-k‑m-¶‑n-[‑y-a‑m-W‑v A-h- ¶‑p-ï‑v. The Father factor
c‑p-s‑S ]‑n-X‑m-s‑h-¶‑v {‑]-k‑n-² F-¶ {‑]-i-k‑v-X {‑K-Ù-
A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ s‑s‑k-t‑¡‑m-f-P‑n- ¯‑n-s‑â k-l-c-N-b‑n-X‑m-h‑v
Ì‑v t‑d-K‑m-câ‑n \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p- s‑l³-{‑S‑n _‑n-Ã-d‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-
¶‑p. H-c‑p c-ï‑m‑w A-½-b-à {‑]‑m-b-¯‑n ]‑n-X‑m-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n
(a second mother‑) a-d‑n-¨‑v X‑p-d-¶ _-Ô-a‑p-Å I‑p-«‑n-
I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S h-fÀ-¨-b‑p‑w h‑n-I‑m- IÄ-¡‑m-W‑v N-§‑m-X‑n-¡‑q-«-
k-h‑p‑w i-c‑n-b‑m‑w-h-®‑w k‑m- §-f‑n \-¶‑m-b‑n C-S-]-g-I‑p-
[‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n X‑p-e‑y-]-¦‑v h‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-I. A-hÀ-¡‑v
h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ \‑n-d-ª k‑m-¶‑n- a‑n-I-¨ k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I [‑m-c-W-
[‑y-a‑m-W-b‑mÄ. b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. ]‑p-X‑n-b
k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑h-
D-Ã‑m-k-]‑qÀ-W-h‑p‑w {‑]-t‑N‑m- K‑w C-W-§‑n-t‑¨-c‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w
Z-\‑m-ß-I-h‑p-a‑m-b _-Ô-a‑m-W‑v _‑p-²‑n-]-c‑o-£-I-f‑n D-bÀ-¶
H-c‑p \-Ã ]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-\‑v I‑p-«‑n- a‑mÀ-¡‑v t‑\-S‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w A-¯-
t‑b‑m-S‑p-ï‑m-h‑p-I. C-X‑v I‑p- c‑w I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑v I-g‑n-b‑p‑w.
«‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑\-kÀ-K‑n-I-a‑m-b A-X‑n-\‑m X-s‑¶ H-c‑p \-Ã
h‑n-I‑m-k-¯‑n-\‑v h-g‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p- ]‑n-X‑m-h‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-
¡‑p-¶‑p. K-t‑h-j-W ^-e-§Ä X‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w h‑n-j-a‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¨
h‑n-i-I-e-\‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v ]-W‑n-b‑m-W‑v.
{‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v s‑s‑k-t‑¡‑m-f-P‑n-Ì‑v
^‑n-e‑n-k‑v t‑{‑_‑m¬-k‑v-s‑s‑ä³
{‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h‑n-¨-X‑v I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S
N‑m-e-I-t‑i-j‑n h‑n-I-k-\-
¯‑n A-Ñ-\‑m-W‑v \‑nÀ-W‑m-
b-I ]-¦‑m-f‑n-¯‑w h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-
s‑X-¶‑m-W‑v. i‑m-c‑o-c‑n-I £-a-X‑,
k‑m-l-k‑n-I t‑_‑m-[‑w‑, ]‑p-X‑n-b
k‑v-I‑n-Ã‑p-IÄ‑, B-ß-h‑n-i‑z‑m-
k‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑nÂ
c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n A-½-
t‑b-¡‑m-f‑p‑w ]-¦‑v h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-
X‑v A-ѳ X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v.

k-P‑o-h-h‑p‑w \‑n-c-´-c-h‑p-
a‑m-b {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S
]‑n-X‑m-h‑v X-s‑â D‑uÀ-Ö-
k‑z-e-X I‑p-«‑n-¡‑v ]-IÀ-¶‑v
s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p. i‑m-c‑o-c‑n-I
h‑n-I‑m-k-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w X-s‑¶
I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S a‑m-\-k‑n-I-h‑p‑w
k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-h‑p-a‑m-b h‑n-I-
k-\-h‑p‑w A-b‑mÄ \-S-¯‑p-

52 / amˬv / 2021

A¨S¡w H-c‑p \-Ã ]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-s‑\ c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-
]Tn¸n¡m ¯‑p-¶-X‑n \‑n-c-h-[‑n L-S-I-§Ä-¡‑v
\Ã, amXr ]-¦‑p-ï‑v. X-s‑â C-S-s‑]-S-e‑p-IÄ I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-
ImhyànXz s‑S h‑y-à‑n-X‑z-s‑¯ k-a-{‑K-a‑m-b‑n k‑z‑m-[‑o-
ambncn¡p \‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ C-¶-s‑¯
hm\mWv ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v k‑z-´‑w ]‑n-X‑r-K‑p-W-§Ä‑,
c£nXmhv I‑p-«‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å \‑n-c-´-c-a‑m-b A-S‑p-¸‑w‑,
{i²nt¡ k‑v-t‑\-l-{‑]-I-S-\-§Ä‑, \‑n-b-{‑´-W-§Ä
@Xv. hm¡n X‑p-S-§‑n ]-e L-S-I-§-f‑p‑w ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-
epw {]hr¯n- t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v.
bnepw kXy
kÔXbpw k‑m-¶‑n-[‑y-t‑a-I‑p-I
[mÀanIip
²nbpw {] H-c-Ñ-\‑v I‑p-«‑n-¡‑v k-½‑m-\‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-
tNmZ\hpw ¶-X‑nÂ-s‑h-¨‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w A-a‑q-e‑y-a‑m-b-h
kv-t\lhpw k‑v-t‑\-l-h‑p‑w k-a-b-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v. I‑p-«‑n
\ne\nÀ X-s‑â A-Ñ-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v G-ä-h‑p-a-[‑n-I‑w
¯p¶ ]nXm \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑p-¶ k‑v-a-c-W ]‑n-X‑r-k‑m-
hnt\ Ip«n ¶‑n-[‑y‑w X-s‑¶-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v t‑d K‑m-câ‑n
bn A¨ N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p-¶‑p. \‑n-X‑y-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑nÂ
S¡w {]Xo ]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-t‑\‑m-s‑S‑m-¯‑v s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¡‑m³
£n¡m\À I‑n-«‑p-¶ H-c-h-k-c-h‑p‑w ]‑m-g‑m-¡‑m-\‑n-ã-s‑¸-
lXbpÅq. S‑m-¯-h-c‑m-W‑v I‑p-ª‑p-§Ä. F-¶‑mÂ
t‑N‑m-¡-t‑e-ä‑p‑w I-f‑n-¸‑m-«-§-f‑p‑w DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S

/ amˬv / 2021 53

h‑n-h‑n-[ k-½‑m-\-§Ä \Â-I‑n- kv-t\lw Xpfp¼n \n
s‑¡‑m-ï‑v X-§-f‑p-s‑S A-`‑m-h‑w ¡p¶ IpSpw_m´
\‑n-I-¯‑p-h‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-¶- co£w Ip«nIsf
h-c‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b I‑m-e-s‑¯ BËmZNn¯cm¡p¶p.
]‑n-X‑m-¡-·‑m-c-[‑n-I-h‑p‑w. C-X‑v `mcym`À¯m¡·mÀ
X‑n-I-¨‑p‑w A-\‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y-I-c- kv-t\lw Xpd¶p {]
a‑m-b {‑]-h-W-X-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v ISn¸n¡p¶ IpSpw_
a‑p‑w-s‑s‑_-b‑n-s‑e {‑]-i-k‑v-X §fnse Ip«nIfmWv
s‑s‑k-t‑¡‑m-f-P‑n-Ì‑m-b t‑U‑m. icnbmb kpc£nXXz-
\-^‑o-k a‑q-N‑m-e (Nafisa t_m[w A\p`hn¡pI.
Moochala‑) a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑v
\Â-I‑p-¶‑p. I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑v C‑u
k-½‑m-\-§-t‑f-¡‑m-f‑p-a‑n-ã‑w
]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-t‑\‑m-s‑S‑m-¯‑v s‑N-e-h-
g‑n-¡‑p-¶ k-a-b-h‑p‑w A-§-s‑\
e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑m-Õ-e‑y-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v.
H-c‑p ]‑p-©‑n-c‑n‑, a‑p-¯‑w‑, H-¶‑n-
¨‑v s‑N-e-h‑n-S‑p-¶ I‑p-d-¨‑v t‑\-c‑w
C-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w ]-W‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
h‑m-§‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ã. \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v
A-h-t‑\‑m-s‑S‑m-¯‑v H-f‑n-¨‑p-I-f‑n-
¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m ]‑p-d‑w b‑m-{‑X-b‑nÂ
I‑q-s‑S I‑q-«‑p-I-t‑b‑m F-´‑p-a‑m-
h‑m‑w. A-§-s‑\ e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶
k-a-b‑w I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S a-\-Ê‑n-\‑p‑w
H‑mÀ-a-IÄ-¡‑p‑w \‑n-d‑w ]-I-c‑p-
¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.

H-c‑p kÀ-s‑h ^-e-a-\‑p-
k-c‑n-¨‑v 30% ]‑n-X‑m-¡-·‑mÀ
a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v i‑n-i‑p-]-c‑n-]‑m-e-
\-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n Z‑n-h-k‑w a‑q-¶‑v
a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑n-t‑e-s‑d \‑o-¡‑n-
s‑h-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. I‑p-«‑n-s‑b I‑n-S-
¯‑n-b‑p-d-¡‑p-¶-X‑n h-s‑c
]‑n-X‑m-h‑v X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y‑w I‑m-
W‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-s‑ï-¶‑m-W‑v
^‑m-a‑n-e‑n s‑X-d‑m-]‑n-Ì‑v t‑d‑m¬
S-^Â A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v.
I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑y-à‑n-X‑z h‑n-I-
k-\-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑p‑w
H-g‑n-¨‑p-I‑q-S‑m-¯ D-]‑m-[‑n-b‑m-W‑v

54 / Pq¬ / 2021

]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-s‑â k-P‑o-h k‑m-¶‑n- 42% t‑]-c‑p‑w hÀ-j-¯‑n-s‑e‑m-
[‑y‑w. ]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-e‑m-f-\ c‑p-X-h-W-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w X-§-f‑p-s‑S
e-`‑n-¨ I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑n \-S-¯‑n-b ]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-s‑\ I‑m-W‑p-¶‑n-Ã.
\‑m-e‑v h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X ]T-\-§Ä h-g‑n-]‑n-c‑n-ª a‑p³-`‑m-c‑y-t‑b‑m-
s‑h-f‑n-¨-¯‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶-X‑v S‑p-Å XÀ-¡-§-f‑p‑w \‑n-e-]‑m-
H-t‑c h-k‑v-X‑p-X-b‑m-W‑v; B S‑p-I-f‑p‑w F-´‑p X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑m-
I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-s‑¡-Ã‑m‑w a‑n-I-¨ N‑n- e‑p‑w I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S k-t‑´‑m-j‑w
´‑m-i‑o-e-h‑p‑w D-bÀ-¶ k-l‑m- \-ã-a‑m-b‑n-t‑¸‑m-I‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³
\‑p-`‑q-X‑n-b‑p‑w B-ß-t‑_‑m-[-h‑p- h‑n-h‑m-l-t‑a‑m-N‑n-X-\‑m-b ]‑n-X‑m-
a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑w {‑i-²‑n-t‑¡-ï-
X‑m-W‑v. C-t‑X {‑i-²-X-s‑¶
P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å t‑P‑m-e‑n-¯‑n-c-¡‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w
H‑m-«-¯‑n-s‑â t‑h-K-h‑p‑w h‑n-h‑m- a-ä‑p‑w a-¡-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n A-I-¶‑v
l-t‑a‑m-N-\-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v A-Ñ-\‑p‑w \‑nÂ-¡‑m³ \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-
a-¡Ä-¡‑p-a‑n-S-b‑n h‑n-S-h‑v c‑m-I‑p-¶ a‑m-X‑m-]‑n-X‑m-¡-f‑p‑w
k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-[‑m-\ L-S-I- s‑N-e‑p-¯-W‑w. ]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-s‑â
§Ä. {‑]-a‑p-J t‑k‑m-t‑j‑y‑m-f-P‑n- A-`‑m-h‑w I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S _‑p-²‑n-a‑m-
Ì‑p-I-f‑m-b {‑^‑m³-I‑v t‑^-̳ \‑w (s‑F-I‑y‑p‑) Z‑pÀ-_-e-a‑m-¡‑p-
_À-K‑p‑w I-Y-e‑o³ l‑m-c‑n-k‑p‑w ¶-X‑m-b‑p‑w ]‑mT‑y-‑, ]‑m-t‑T‑y-X-c
t‑NÀ-¶‑v \-S-¯‑n-b ]T-\-¯‑n- h‑n-j-b-§-f‑n-s‑e {‑]-I-S-\‑w
s‑â ^-e‑w s‑R-«‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶- t‑a‑m-i-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑p‑w D-t‑·-
X‑m-W‑v. h‑n-h‑m-l-t‑a‑m-N‑n-X-c‑m-b j-¡‑p-d-h‑v k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-
Z-¼-X‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑nÂ
/ Pq¬ / 2021 55

b‑p‑w K-t‑h-j-W ^-e-§Ä g‑p‑w s‑]¬-I‑p-«‑n-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v
I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-I-¶‑p \‑nÂ- {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-s‑X t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-
t‑¡-ï‑n-h-c‑p-¶ ]‑n-X‑m-¡-·‑mÀ X‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑m‑w. ]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-\‑p‑w
I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n s‑S-e‑n-t‑^‑m¬‑, a-¡Ä-¡‑p-a‑n-S-b‑n-s‑e s‑s‑h-I‑m-
- CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v _-Ô-§Ä c‑n-I-a‑m-b A-S‑n-s‑b‑m-g‑p-¡‑p-IÄ
\‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑m-\‑p‑w h‑o-«‑n-e‑p-ï‑m- A-h-c‑p-s‑S P‑o-h‑n-X-h‑n-P-b-¯‑n-
I‑p-¶ k-a-b-¯‑v _-Ô‑w Z‑r- \‑v X-s‑¶ \‑n-Z‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-
V-X-c-a‑m-¡‑m-\‑p‑w {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑w d‑p‑w. P‑o-h‑n-X-h‑n-P-b‑w t‑\-S‑n-b
{‑i-²‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ-¡‑n-S-b‑n X‑m³
\-S-¯‑n-b ]T-\-§Ä h‑y-
k‑v-t‑\-l-{‑]-I-S-\‑w‑, à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v A-h-s‑c-Ã‑m-h-
A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-c‑w c‑p‑w X-s‑¶ A-Ñ-\‑n \‑n-¶‑v
k‑v-t‑\-l-h‑p‑w {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-\-h‑p‑w
{‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-¯ k‑v- B-t‑h‑m-f‑w e-`‑n-¨-h-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
t‑\-l‑w k‑u-c-`‑y-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ s‑¶-¶‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-d s‑S-Ê‑v-a‑m³
]‑p-j‑v-]‑w-t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑m-W‑v. F-g‑p-X‑n-b-X‑v.
I‑p-ª‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w
a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶‑m-e‑p-s‑a-Ã‑m‑w k‑v-t‑\- h‑n-h‑n-[ P‑o-h‑n-X-k-µÀ-`-
l‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w A‑w-K‑o-I- §-f‑n I‑p-ª‑p-§Ä s‑s‑I-
c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w a-\‑p-j‑y³ h-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-P-b-§-s‑f
X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-b‑n A-`‑n-e-j‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-`‑n-\-µ‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑m-
B¬-I‑p-«‑n-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p- l-\‑o-b-a‑m-b‑n k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-I-
¶-b-{‑X k‑v-t‑\-l‑w ]-e-t‑¸‑m- b‑p‑w s‑N-t‑¿-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. k‑v-t‑\-
l‑w X‑p-f‑p-¼‑n \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶
56 / Pq¬ / 2021

I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑m-´-c‑o-£‑w I‑p-«‑n-I- s‑N-d‑n-b s‑]-c‑p-a‑m-ä Z‑q-j‑y-§Ä
s‑f B-Ë‑m-Z-N‑n-¯-c‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. Z‑q-c‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w
t‑d-K‑m-câ‑n-b‑p-s‑S H-c‑p ]T-\‑w C-X‑v k-l‑m-b-I-a‑m-W‑v.
h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v `‑m-c‑y‑m-
`À-¯‑m-¡-·‑mÀ k‑v-t‑\-l‑w A-¨-S-¡‑w
X‑p-d-¶‑p {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑p-
S‑p‑w-_-§-f‑n-s‑e I‑p-«‑n-IÄ i-c‑n- k‑v-t‑\-l-¯‑n-s‑â G-ä-
b‑m-b k‑p-c-£‑n-X-X‑z-t‑_‑m-[‑w h‑p‑w h‑n-j-a‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¨ c‑q-]-
A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑m-W‑v. a‑m-W‑v A-¨-S-¡‑w. I‑p-«‑n-IÄ
h‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-IÄ-¡‑p‑w A-\‑u-]- ]-c‑p-¡³ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-k‑z-c-
N‑m-c‑n-I-a‑m-b s‑]‑m-X‑p-]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n- §Ä C-ã-s‑¸-S‑m-¯-h-c‑m-W‑v.
IÄ-¡‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w t‑]‑m-I‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ F-¶‑m k‑v-t‑\-l-]‑qÀ-®-
I‑p-«‑n-s‑b I‑q-s‑S-¡‑q-«‑m³ {‑i-²‑n- a‑m-b ]-Ý‑m-¯-e-¯‑n GÀ-
¨‑m A-X-h-\‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶ {‑I‑n-b‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b
h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-c-a‑m- \‑n-b-{‑´-W-§Ä DÄ-s‑¡‑m-
I‑p‑w. I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e s‑N-d‑n-b Å‑m³ I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑v I-g‑n-b‑p‑w.

/ Pq¬ / 2021 57

A-X-h-c‑p-s‑S h‑y-à‑n-P‑o-h‑n- A-\‑y-c‑p-s‑S a‑p-¼‑nÂ-s‑h-¨‑v
X-s‑¯ A-S‑p-¡‑p‑w N‑n-«-b‑p- H-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w I‑p-«‑n-s‑b i‑m-k‑n-
a‑p-Å-X‑m-¡‑n-¯‑oÀ-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ¡‑p-I-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w s‑N-¿-c‑p-X‑v.
s‑N-¿‑p‑w. i‑n-£ DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑m-s‑W-
¦‑n I‑q-S‑n‑, c-£‑n-X‑m-h‑p‑w
A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ i‑n-i‑p-a- a-I-\‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑pÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å‑p-¶
\‑x-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú-\‑m-b s‑P- H-c‑p k‑v-t‑\-l t‑e‑m-I-¯‑nÂ
b‑n‑w-k‑v t‑U‑m-_‑v-k-W‑n-s‑â \‑n-¶‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W‑w
A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-¯‑nÂ‑, A-¨-S-¡- A-¨-S-¡‑w i‑o-e‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-
¯‑n-s‑â (Discipline‑) AÀ- X‑v. c-£‑n-X‑m-h‑n-\‑v I‑p-«‑n-¡‑v
Y-a-d‑n-b‑m-¯ ]‑n-X‑m-¡-·‑mÀ \Â-I‑m-h‑p-¶ G-ä-h‑p‑w k‑v-t‑\-
I‑p-«‑n-s‑b i‑n-£‑n-¡‑p-h‑m-\‑m-W‑v l-]‑qÀ-®-h‑p‑w C‑u-S‑p-ä-X‑p-a‑m-b
(‑punishment‑) a‑p-X‑n-c‑p-I. k-½‑m-\-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-W‑v
i‑n-£ F-¶-X‑v \‑n-§Ä I‑p-«‑n- A-¨-S-¡-s‑a-¶‑v t‑d K‑m-câ‑n
t‑b‑m-S‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶ N‑n-e-X‑m-W‑v; {‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
F-¶‑m A-¨-S-¡‑w F-¶-
X‑v I‑p-«‑n-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n s‑N-¿‑p- A-¨-S-¡‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑p-
¶-X‑m-W‑v. A-¨-S-¡-¯‑n h‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ X-s‑¶
i‑n-£-b‑p‑w DÄ-s‑¸-t‑«-¡‑m‑w. I‑m-c‑y-§Ä I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S I-®‑n-
F-¶‑m A-X‑v I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S e‑q-s‑S t‑\‑m-¡‑n-¡‑m-W‑m³
h‑y-h-l‑m-c‑w I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-¡‑n- {‑i-²‑n-¡-W‑w. I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S
s‑b-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑p-Å h‑y-à-h‑p‑w C-ã‑m-\‑n-ã-§-f‑p‑w X‑m-X‑v-]-
k‑v-t‑\-l-]‑qÀ-®-h‑p-a‑m-b H-c‑p c‑y-§-f‑p‑w a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶-hÀ \‑nÀ-
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W‑w. ®-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n s‑X-ä‑m-W‑v.

58 / Pq¬ / 2021

h‑n-t‑\‑m-Z-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w A-`‑n-c‑p-N‑n- k-X‑y-k-Ô-X-b‑p‑w [‑mÀ-a‑n-
I-f‑n-e‑p‑w I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑v B-t‑c‑m- I-i‑p-²‑n-b‑p‑w {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-\-h‑p‑w
K‑y-I-c-a‑m-b k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w k‑v-t‑\-l-h‑p‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑p-¶
A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¨‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-t‑¯ X‑o- ]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-t‑\ I‑p-«‑n-b‑n A-¨-
c‑q. A-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e A-hÀ-¡‑v S-¡‑w {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¡‑m-\À-l-X-
k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑I‑m-¨‑p-s‑I‑m- b‑p-Å‑q. \‑n-d-t‑h-ä‑m-\‑m-I‑m-¯
¨‑p A-_-²-§Ä £-a‑m-]‑qÀ- h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\-§Ä t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w
Æ‑w ]-c‑n-l-c‑n-¨‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-I. I‑p-«‑n-¡‑v \Â-I-c‑p-X‑v. I‑p-«‑n-
h‑n-e-]‑n-S‑n-¨ h-k‑v-X‑p-h‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w b‑p-s‑S h‑y-à‑n-X‑z‑w A‑w-K‑o-I-
I-f‑n-¸‑m-«-a‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w X‑m³ s‑N- c‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-
¿‑p-¶ {‑]-h‑r-¯‑n-b‑p-s‑S B-g-a- W‑v. I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä
d‑n-b‑m-¯ {‑]‑m-b-¯‑n A-X‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ F-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w
D-S-¨‑p-I-f-b‑p-¶ I‑p-ª‑n-s‑\ {‑i-a‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. ]-d-b‑m-
i-I‑m-c‑n-t‑¨‑m X-Ã‑n-t‑b‑m A-¨-S- \‑p-Å-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w t‑IÄ-¡‑m-\‑p‑w
¡‑w ]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ t‑\‑m-¡‑p-¶ NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p‑w k-a-b‑w
c‑o-X‑n H-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w \-Ã-X-Ã. I-s‑ï-¯-W‑w. s‑s‑X-a‑m-h‑n³-
t‑a N‑p-ä‑n-¸-S-c‑p-¶ a‑p-Ã-h-
A-¨-S-¡‑w H-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w Å‑n-b‑p‑w A-X‑n h‑n-c‑n-b‑p-¶
G-I-{‑[‑p-h-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-c‑p-X‑v. ]‑q-¡-f‑p‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e ]-c‑n-a-f
A-£-c‑mÀ-°-¯‑n a‑m-X‑r- ]‑qÀ-W-h‑p‑w C‑u-S‑p-ä-X‑p‑w k‑p-c-
I‑m-h‑y-à‑n-X‑z‑w (t‑d‑mÄ t‑a‑m- £‑n-X-h‑p-a‑m-I-W‑w I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑w.
UÂ‑) B-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³
c-£‑n-X‑m-h‑v {‑i-²‑n-¡-W‑w. / Pq¬ / 2021 59
h‑m-¡‑n-e‑p‑w {‑]-h‑r-¯‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w

ssKU³kv k^vhm³ lʳ I®qÀ

Ip«n "\‑n-s‑¶
¡fnbà H-ï-
]mcâ nMv t‑Ã‑m‑, \‑m-d‑n‑, F-{‑X
]-d-ª‑m-e‑p‑w
60 / Pq¬ / 2021 t‑IÄ-¡-¯‑n-Ã...'
F-¶‑n-«‑p‑w I-e‑n
A-S-§‑n-b‑n-Ã. B
C-f‑w I‑p-ª‑n-
s‑â a‑p-X‑p-I‑nÂ
i-à‑n-b‑n s‑s‑I-
¸-¯‑n ]-X‑n-ª‑p.
]‑n-s‑¶ A-I-
t‑¯-¡‑v X-Å‑n-
b‑n-«‑p. ]‑n-s‑¶-b‑p‑w
I-e‑n-¸-S-§‑m-s‑X
]‑n-d‑p-]‑n-d‑p-¡‑p-¶
a‑m-X‑m-h‑n-s‑\ I-ï-

Ipªns\ t‑¸‑mÄ e-Ö t‑X‑m-¶‑n.
kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw ]‑n-g-h‑p-IÄ h-c‑p-¶-X‑v
Ahsâ a\Ênse c@v
s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v A-h-s‑c \‑m‑w
XmcI§fmWv I‑p-s‑ª-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä. A-X‑v A-h-[‑m-\-X-t‑b‑m-
Ahcn \n¶v Ipªp-§Ä s‑S s‑s‑I-I‑m-c‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑m³
{]Xo£n¡p¶Xv kvt\lhpw I-S-s‑¸-«-h-c‑m-W‑v a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶-
]cnemf\IfpamWv. hÀ. h-f-c‑p-¶ I‑p-ª‑nÂ
I‑m-W‑p-¶ Z‑p-È‑o-e-§-f‑p‑w
k‑z-`‑m-h Z‑q-j‑y-§-f‑p‑w k‑z-
t‑a-[-b‑m D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶-X-Ã.
F-h‑n-s‑S \‑n-¶‑m-I‑p‑w C‑u
Z‑pÀ-K‑p-W-§Ä A-hÀ k‑z‑m-
b-¯-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-h‑p-I?
X-s‑â N‑p-c‑p-§‑n-b C-«‑m-
h-«-¯‑p \‑n-¶‑p X-s‑¶.
A-t‑¸‑mÄ A-X‑n-\‑p-¯-c-
h‑m-Z‑n-IÄ \‑m‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W-
t‑Ã‑m.

H-c‑p I‑p-ª‑n-s‑\
k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑m-f‑w
A-h-s‑â a-\-Ê‑n-s‑e c-ï‑v
X‑m-c-I-§-f‑m-W‑v a‑m-X‑m-]‑n-
X‑m-¡Ä. A-h-c‑n \‑n-¶‑v
A-h³ {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v
k‑v-t‑\-l-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w ]-c‑n-
e‑m-f-\-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w h‑m-¡‑p-
I-f‑m-W‑v. A-hÀ A-X‑n-\‑v
t‑h-ï‑n Z‑m-l‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
F-¶‑m A-hÀ k‑z‑mÀ-°
X‑mÂ-]-c‑y-¯‑n A-`‑n-c-
a‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑m-X‑r-]‑n-X‑r
_-Ô‑w AÀ-°-c-l‑n-X-
a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. A-hÀ-¡‑v h‑n-i-
¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-W‑v `-£-W‑w
\Â-t‑I-ï-X‑v, A-Ã‑m-s‑X
\-a‑p-¡‑v t‑X‑m-¶‑p-t‑¼‑m-g-Ã.
A-hÀ s‑I‑m-X‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-
s‑f‑m-s‑¡ k‑v-t‑\-l-¯‑n-s‑â
a-[‑p-c‑w \‑p-IÀ-¶‑v I‑n-«-W‑w.
A-X‑n-\‑v I-g‑n-b‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-

/ Pq¬ / 2021 61

¦‑n c-£‑n-X‑m-¡Ä ]-c‑m-P-b- ¶-X‑v. H-c‑p I‑p-ª‑n F-§-
s‑¸-S‑p‑w. s‑\-b‑m-W‑v H-c‑p h‑y-à‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑v
_-l‑p-a‑m-\‑w \‑n-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v?
I‑p-ª‑p-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑I‑m-¨‑p- A-hÀ h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ F-g‑p-t‑¶-
s‑I‑m-¨‑p B-h-i‑y-§Ä A‑w-K‑o- ä‑v \‑n-¶-X‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w
I-c‑n-¨‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑m t‑e‑m-I‑w A-f-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m-t‑W‑m _-l‑p-
I‑o-g‑v-t‑a a-d‑n-b‑p-I-s‑b‑m-¶‑p- a‑m-\‑w? A-s‑Ã-¦‑n A-b‑mÄ
a‑n-Ã. H-c‑p I‑p-ª‑n-\‑p a‑p-¶‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v X‑n-c‑n-s‑¨‑m-c-£-
a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶-hÀ t‑X‑m-ä‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑v
\‑m-W-t‑¡-S‑m-s‑W-¶ a‑n-Y‑y‑m- Ipªp§Ä X½n iWvT
`‑n-a‑m-\-s‑a‑m-¶‑p‑w c-£‑n-X‑m-h‑v \S¡pt¼mÄ bmYmÀYyw a\
]‑p-eÀ-¯‑n-¡‑q-S‑m-¯-X‑m-W‑v. Ênem¡msX \mw \S¸nem¡p¶
‑'\‑n-§-f‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w D-¯- in£m\S]SnIÄ Kpcp-X-c-ambn
aÀ h-e‑n-b-h-t‑c‑m-S‑v B-Z-c-h‑p‑w ]cn-W-an-¡m-dp-@v. Ip«n-IÄ thK-
s‑N-d‑n-b-h-t‑c‑m-S‑v I-c‑p-W-b‑p‑w ¯n \¶m-hpw. apXnÀ¶-hÀ CS-
I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑m-W‑v' F-¶ s]«v Imcy-§Ä hjfm¡mXn
a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n(k‑z‑)b‑p-s‑S cp¶m aXn.
A-[‑y‑m-]-\‑w {‑i-t‑²-b‑w.

_-l‑p-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w I-c‑p-W-b‑p‑w
H-c‑m-f‑n k-t‑½-f‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-
W‑v A-h³ \-·-b‑p-Å-h-\‑m-I‑p-

62 / Pq¬ / 2021

c‑w D-c‑n-b‑m-S‑m-s‑X A-\‑p-k- h-¯‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑p-¶-X‑v, B
c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w h‑n-I‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v _-l‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡-
A-h³ _-l‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p- s‑¸-S‑p-¶-h-s‑â k‑m-a‑o-]‑y-s‑¯
s‑h-¶‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m-t‑a‑m? {‑]‑n-b-X-c-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
C‑u t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä-¡‑v D-¯-c‑w
\Â-I‑m-\‑p-Å {‑i-a‑w \-s‑½ I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e h‑n-I‑r-X‑n-I-
s‑N-s‑¶-¯‑n-¡‑p-I a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p s‑f-S‑p-¯‑v t‑\‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-
t‑N‑m-Z‑y-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-¶‑n-e‑m-b‑n- ¦‑n A-X‑n a‑n-¡-X‑p‑w \‑m‑w
c‑n-¡‑p‑w-þ "F-´‑m-W‑v _-l‑p- C-ã-s‑¸-«‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶-h-
a‑m-\‑w‑' F-¶-X‑m-W-X‑v. H-c‑p b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑p I‑m-W‑m‑w.
h‑y-à‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å k‑v-t‑\-l‑w F-¶‑m ‑'\‑o h-e‑n-b-h-\‑m-b‑n‑,
A-X‑n-s‑â A-X‑nÀ h-c-¼‑p-I-s‑f C-\‑n C-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w \‑o s‑N-t‑¿-
t‑`-Z‑n-¨‑v a‑p-t‑¶-d‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-t‑±- ï-X-Ã‑' F-¶ c‑q-]-¯‑nÂ
l‑w \-½‑n k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑w s‑N- s‑]-s‑«-s‑¶‑m-c‑p \‑mÄ A-h-s‑\
e‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ h‑n-e-¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n-b-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-
a-\-Ê‑n c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ h‑n- ¡‑p‑w ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w. F-¶‑mÂ
I‑m-c-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v _-l‑p-a‑m-\-s‑a- B h‑n-e-¡‑p-IÄ A-h-s‑\
¶‑p ]-d-b‑m‑w. B h‑n-I‑m-c-a‑m- h‑m-i‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I-S-¯‑n h‑n-
W‑v _-l‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ S‑p-¶‑p. ]‑n-i‑m-N‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑p
B-f‑p-s‑S h‑m-¡‑p-I-s‑f a‑q-e‑y- ]‑n-¶‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-t‑¨-¡‑m‑w.
B s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-I-f‑n A-h³

/ Pq¬ / 2021 63

Ip«nItfmSv B-\-µ‑w I-s‑ï- A-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑m-{‑X-
\mw sN¿p ¯‑n-¯‑p-S-§‑p‑w. a‑m-W‑v A-h-\‑nÂ
¶ Hcp {Iq \‑m‑w H-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w h-fÀ-¶‑p ]-´-e‑n-
cXbmWv B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑m-¯ ¡‑p-¶ k‑v-t‑\-l-
aäpÅhtcm- h-g‑n-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S- h‑p‑w h‑n-I‑m-c-h‑p‑w
SpÅ ]I b‑m-W‑v ]‑n-i‑m-N‑n- a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S
lrZb¯n s‑â N-c-S‑p-h-e‑n h‑m-¡‑p-I-s‑f A-\‑p-
krjvSn¡p \-S-¡‑p-I. A-X‑n- k-c‑n-¡‑m³ t‑{‑]-c‑n-
I F¶Xv. \‑m ]‑n-i‑m-N‑n-\‑v ¸‑n-¡‑q. A-Ã‑m-s‑X
\½psS A-h-s‑\ h‑n-«‑p-s‑I‑m- c-ï-S‑n s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑v
Cãhpw S‑p-¡‑m-s‑X s‑I‑m-¨‑p t‑\-s‑c-b‑m-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-
A\njvS s‑I‑m-¨‑p I‑p-k‑r-X‑n- X-Ã C-¡‑m-e-¯‑v
hpw Ipªp I-s‑f \‑n-j‑v-I-f-¦- A-X‑v. H-¸‑w k‑v-t‑\-
lrZb§fn X-t‑b‑m-s‑S B-k‑z-Z‑n- l-_‑p-²‑y‑m k‑u-a‑y-
Ip¯n- ¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b-W‑w. X-b-t‑b‑m-s‑S D-]-t‑Z-
sh¡p¶Xv
AhcnÂ
aäp-Å-h-tcmSv
hntZzjhpw
shdp¸pw
hfÀ¯m
\n-S-bm¡pw.
AXv ]ngpsX-
Sp¡Â \«p
]nSn¸n¡pw
t]mse Ffp¸
ambn-cn¡nÃ.

64 / Pq¬ / 2021

i‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-I. t‑b‑m-b‑n "KÀ-t‑_-P‑v U-¼‑v'
l‑n-ä‑v-e-d‑n-s‑\ H‑mÀ-¡‑m‑w‑, s‑N- F-¶ H-c‑p s‑äÀ-a‑n-t‑\‑m-f-P‑n-s‑b
I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]-c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-
d‑p-¸-¯‑n ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v F-¶‑p‑w ¶‑p-ï‑v. H‑m-t‑c‑m t‑I‑m-]-h‑p‑w
A-h-s‑\ s‑]‑m-X‑n-s‑c X-Ã‑p-a‑m- _‑m-¡‑n-b‑m-¡‑p-¶ N-h-d‑p-I-s‑f
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I‑m-c-W-¯‑n-\‑p‑w I‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-W‑v B h‑o-U‑n-t‑b‑m.
A-I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w. k‑v-t‑\-l- H-c‑mÄ t‑I‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ
s‑a-s‑´-¶‑v A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑m-s‑X A-b‑m-f‑n-s‑e a‑m-e‑n-\‑y-§Ä
A-h³ h-fÀ-¶‑p. X-\‑n-¡‑p a-t‑ä-b‑m-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v F-d‑n-b‑p-I-
e-`‑n-¡‑m-¯-X‑v H-c‑p-¯-\‑p‑w b‑m-W‑v. B a‑m-e‑n-\‑y-¯‑n-s‑â
A-\‑p-`-h‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑n-Ã F-¶ `‑m-Þ‑w A-h³ t‑I‑m-]-¯‑n-
h‑m-i‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h-fÀ-¶‑p. e‑q-s‑S t‑h-s‑d-s‑b‑m-c‑m-f‑n-t‑e-
A-h-\‑v F-¶‑p‑w H-c‑p i-{‑X‑p- ¡‑p‑w s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p. A-§-s‑\
h‑n-s‑\ t‑h-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑N-d‑p- C-s‑X‑m-c‑p s‑s‑k-¢‑n-¡Â t‑{‑]‑m-
¸-¯‑n-t‑e-ä H‑m-t‑c‑m {‑]-l-c-h‑p‑w k-k‑v B-b‑n \-S-¶‑p s‑I‑m-t‑ï-
A-h-s‑â D-Å‑n P-\‑n-¸‑n-¨ b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. I‑p-ª‑p-§-f‑p-s‑S
h‑n-t‑Z‑z-j-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑m-W‑v I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑p‑w C-X‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-
t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ \-S‑p-¡‑n-b I‑q-«- ¡‑p-¶‑p. a-ä‑p-Å-h-t‑c‑m-S‑p-Å
s‑¡‑m-e \-S-¯‑n-b I‑q-«-s‑¡‑m- t‑I‑m-]‑w \‑m‑w ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w
e-IÄ P-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. X‑oÀ-¡‑p-I I‑p-ª‑p-§-f‑n-e‑m-
W‑v. A-X‑v ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v \-s‑½
{‑]‑n³-k‑v C-F F-¶ b‑q- t‑J-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p‑w. ]-s‑£ A-X‑p-
S‑y‑q-_À \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨ H-c‑p h‑o-U‑n-

/ Pq¬ / 2021 65

ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ a‑p-d‑n-h‑v D-W-¡‑m³ N‑o-¯-b‑m-W‑v, A-h-\‑v s‑I‑m-
]-ä‑p-¶-X‑m-I-W-s‑a-¶‑n-Ã. S‑p-¡-c‑p-X‑v F-¶‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w
A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v I‑p-«‑n-I- ]-d-ª‑v I‑p-ª‑p l‑r-Z-b-§-
t‑f‑m-S‑v t‑Z-j‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\- f‑n \-½‑p-s‑S C-ã-h‑p‑w A-\‑n-
¡‑mÄ K‑p-W-I-c‑w A-hÀ-¡‑v j‑v-S-h‑p‑w {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v
\-à c‑o-X‑n-b‑n ]-d-ª‑p A-h-c‑n a-ä‑p-Å-h-t‑c‑m-S‑v
a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶- h‑n-t‑Z‑z-j-h‑p‑w s‑h-d‑p-¸‑p‑w h-fÀ-
X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. ¯‑m-\‑n-S-b‑m-¡‑p‑w. ]‑n-s‑¶
A-h ]‑n-g‑p-s‑X-S‑p-¡Â \-«‑p-]‑n-
I‑p-«‑n-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v \‑m‑w s‑N- S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e F-f‑p-
¿‑p-¶ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p {‑I‑q-c-X-b‑m- ¸-a-Ã F-¶‑v H‑mÀ-¡-W‑w.
W‑v a-ä‑p-Å-h-t‑c‑m-S‑p-Å ]-I I‑p-ª‑p-§Ä X-½‑n i-W‑vT
l‑r-Z-b-¯‑n I‑p-¯‑n-s‑h- \-S-¡‑p-¶ C-S-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑v. C-X‑v ]-e-c‑p‑w s‑N-Ã‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ b‑m-Y‑mÀ-Y‑y‑w
K‑u-c-h-¯‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¡‑m-s‑X a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m-s‑X \‑m‑w \-S-¸‑n-
t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-W‑v. h‑m-¡‑p- e‑m-¡‑p-¶ i‑n-£‑m \-S-]-S‑n-
IÄ-¡‑v B-b‑p-[-§-t‑f-¡‑mÄ IÄ K‑p-c‑p-X-c-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-W-a‑n-
a‑qÀ-¨-b‑p-ï‑v F-¶-X‑v H-c‑mÄ ¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ A-X‑v
t‑\‑m-h‑n-¸‑n-¨‑m \-a‑p-¡‑p a-\- a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶-hÀ X-½‑n e-l-
Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑p‑w. A-h³

66 / Pq¬ / 2021

f-b‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n-s‑b-¶‑p‑w h-c‑p‑w. k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w \Â-I‑n-b‑mÂ
X-a‑m-i-b‑n \-S-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y- A-h-c-X‑v Z‑p-c‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-
§-s‑f h‑oÀ-¸‑n-¨‑v h-e‑p-X‑m-¡- s‑a-¶-X‑v X‑oÀ-¨. I‑m-c-W‑w
c‑p-X‑v. I‑p-«‑n-IÄ t‑h-K-¯‑n A-hÀ-¡‑v ]‑m-câ‑n-M‑v A-d‑n-
\-¶‑m-h‑p‑w. a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶-hÀ C-S- b‑p-I-b‑n-Ã-t‑Ã‑m. s‑s‑{‑U-h‑n-
s‑]-«‑v I‑m-c‑y-§Ä h-j-f‑m-¡‑m- §-d‑n-b‑m-¯-hÀ h-ï‑n H‑m-
X‑n-c‑p-¶‑m a-X‑n. S‑n-¨‑m F-´‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w
]-c‑y-h-k‑m-\‑w? A-]-I-S-a‑m-
I‑p-ª‑p-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v I‑m- b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-a-t‑Ã‑m. C-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w
W‑n-¡‑p-¶ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p {‑I‑q-c-X- ]‑m-câ‑n-M‑v A-d‑n-b‑m-¯-hÀ
b‑m-W‑v A-h-c‑p-s‑S t‑P‑y-j‑vT I‑p-ª‑n-s‑\ \-b‑n-¨‑m-e‑p‑w.
k-t‑l‑m-Z-c-s‑\/k-t‑l‑m-Z-c‑n- A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v P‑m-{‑K-¯‑m-
s‑b `-b-s‑¸-t‑S-ï I-Y‑m-]‑m- h‑p-I‑, ]‑m-câ‑n-M‑v H-c‑p I‑p-«‑n-
{‑X-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-X‑n-j‑vT‑n-¡‑p-I ¡-f‑n-b-Ã.
F-¶-X‑v. k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-¨‑p‑w I-f‑n-
¨‑p‑w h-f-t‑c-ï k‑m-t‑l‑m-Z-c‑y / Pq¬ / 2021 67
_-Ô-¯‑n C-X‑v h-e‑n-b h‑n-
S-h‑p-I-f‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p‑w. a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶
k-t‑l‑m-Z-c-§Ä-¡‑v I‑p-ª‑p-
§-f‑n \Â-I‑p-¶ A-a‑n-X

apPvX_ kn.Sn Ipacw]p¯qÀ ss]XrIw

Hmt«ma³ kp¯m³amÀ:

]cnip² \mSpIsf
{]nbwsh¨hÀ

C-k‑v-e‑m-a‑n-I N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e k‑m- BßobXtbmSp
a‑q-l‑n-I‑, k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑n-I t‑a- Å A`n\nthiam
J-e-I-f‑n h-e‑n-b C-S-s‑]-S-e‑p-IÄ Wv Hmt«ma³ km{am
\-S-¯‑n-b-h-c‑m-W‑v H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ k‑m-{‑a‑m- Py¯nsâ AXp
P‑y‑w. a-X-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-Å B-`‑n-a‑p-J‑y-h‑p‑w eyamb hnImk¯n
B-ß‑o-b-X-t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å A-`‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i- \pw \ne\n¸n\pw
h‑p-a‑m-W‑v H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ k‑m-{‑a‑m-P‑y-¯‑n- \nZm\w. CkvemanI
s‑â A-X‑p-e‑y-a‑m-b h‑n-I‑m-k-¯‑n-\‑p‑w hnizmkmNmc§fpw
\‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑n-\‑p‑w \‑n-Z‑m-\-a‑m-b-X‑v. C-k‑v- ]ÞnXcpw Bßo
e‑m-a‑n-I h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑m-N‑m-c-§-f‑p‑w a-X-]- b t\Xm¡fpw Hm
Þ‑n-X-c‑p‑w B-ß‑o-b t‑\-X‑m-¡-f‑p‑w t«ma³ kaql¯n
sâ Ahn`mPyL-
68 / Pq¬ / 2021 SI§fmbncp¶p.

H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑n-e-]‑n-S‑n-¸‑p-
A-h‑n-`‑m-P‑y-L-S-I-§-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p- Å X‑p-W‑n-¯-c-§-f‑p‑w A
¶‑p. -a‑q-e‑y-a‑m-b Z‑o-]-i‑n-J-I-f‑p-a-
S-§‑p-¶ H-«-\-h-[‑n k-½‑m-
a-¡‑, a-Z‑o-\‑, hÀ-¯-a‑m-\- \-§-f‑p‑w ]-Þ‑n-XÀ-¡‑p‑w
t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v I-e‑p-j‑n-X-a‑m-b Z-c‑n-{‑ZÀ-¡‑p-a‑p-Å ]‑m-c‑n-t‑X‑m-
AÂ-A-J‑v-k F-¶‑o a‑p-k‑v- j‑n-I-§-f‑p‑w h-e‑n-b H-«-I
e‑n‑w k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-i‑p-² I‑q-«-§-f‑n-e‑m-b‑m-W‑v C-§-s‑\
`‑q-a‑n-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v h-e‑n-b B-Z-c-h‑p‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯-b-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
k‑v-t‑\-l-h‑p‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w
k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n-\‑v t‑\-X‑r- k‑pÂ-¯‑m³-a‑mÀ-¡‑p ]‑p-d-
X‑z‑w h-l‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X t‑a k‑m-{‑a‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑e k‑m-
H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ k‑pÂ-¯‑m-·‑mÀ [‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c‑p‑w C‑u h‑y‑q-l-
X-§-f‑p-s‑S `-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w k-½‑m-\-§-f‑p‑w
k‑p-c-£‑n-X-X‑z-¯‑n-\‑p‑w h‑n-I‑m- k-l‑m-b-§-f‑p‑w A-b-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
k-¯‑n-\‑p‑w C‑u k‑v-t‑\-l-h‑p‑w C-c‑p l-d-a‑p-I-f‑n {‑]‑mÀ-°-
]-c‑n-K-W-\-b‑p‑w H-c‑p {‑]-[‑m-\ \-b‑n-e‑m-b‑n I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ h‑n-i‑z‑m-
L-S-I-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v D-d-¨‑p h‑n- k‑n-I-s‑f e-£‑y‑w s‑h-¨‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C‑u ¶‑p C-X‑v. k‑m-{‑a‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â
]‑p-W‑y Ø-e-§-f‑n-s‑e \-h‑o- B-Z‑y-I‑m-e‑w a‑p-XÂ X-s‑¶
I-c-W {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡‑v B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ C‑u c‑o-X‑n 1916
A-hÀ a‑p-´‑n-b ]-c‑n-K-W-\
\Â-I‑n-t‑¸‑m-¶‑p.

l-d-a‑p-I-t‑f‑m-S‑p-Å a¡, aZo\, AÂAvk
]-c‑n-K-W-\ F¶o apkvenw
kaql¯nsâ hnip²
H-t‑«‑m-a³ `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m- `qanItfmSv henb BZchpw
c‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S C‑u ]-h‑n-{‑X-a‑m- kvt\lhpw ]peÀ¯p-I
b ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y-¯‑n-\‑v \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑p- bpw kwc-£-W-¯n\v t\Xr
I-f‑p-s‑S ]-g-¡-a‑p-ï‑v. a-¡-b‑p‑w Xzw hln-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp
a-Z‑o-\-b‑p-a-S-§‑p-¶ l‑n-P‑m-k‑v Hmt«ma³ kp¯m·mÀ.
{‑]-t‑Z-i‑w a‑w-e‑q-I‑v `-c-W-¯‑n- Cu ]pWy Øe§fnse
\‑v I‑o-g‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-t‑¸‑mÄ \hoIcW {]hÀ¯
X-s‑¶ H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ k‑pÂ-¯‑m- \§Ä¡v AhÀ ap´nb
\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑a-Ò-Z‑v H-¶‑m-a³ ]cn-K-W\bmWv \ÂIn-bXv.
H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I s‑s‑k-\‑n-I k‑w-
L-§-s‑f(regiments) F-Ã‑m / Pq¬ / 2021 69
hÀ-j-h‑p‑w A-b-¨‑n-
c‑p-¶‑p. "k‑p-d‑n l‑p-a-b‑p³‑'
(Surrey Hümayun) F-
¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-X‑v A-d‑n-b-

h-s‑c {‑]‑u-V‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S X-s‑¶ b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w a-Z‑o-\-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
\‑n-e-\‑n-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑k-h-I³' F-¶‑v X‑n-c‑p-¯‑m³
k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p.
1517Â C‑u-P‑n-]‑v-X‑v I‑o-g-S- C‑u h‑n-t‑i-j-W-s‑¯ A-\‑zÀ-
¡‑n-b-X‑n-s‑\-¯‑p-SÀ-¶‑v l‑n- °-a‑m-¡‑p‑w h‑n-[-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
P‑m-k‑v A-a‑oÀ a-¡-b‑p-s‑S A-t‑±-l-h‑p‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p-h-¶
X‑m-t‑¡‑m-e‑p-IÄ H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ `-c-W‑m-
k‑pÂ-¯‑m-\‑v s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑p-I-b‑p- [‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-f‑p‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨-X‑v.
ï‑m-b‑n. C-t‑X‑m-s‑S H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³
k‑pÂ-¯‑m-·‑mÀ ‑"a-¡-b‑p-s‑S- H-c‑n-¡Â I-A‑v-_-b‑p-s‑S
b‑p‑w a-Z‑o-\-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w ]-c‑n-N‑m- DÄ-`‑m-K‑w A-S‑n-¨‑p-h‑m-c‑p-¶
c-I³‑' F-¶ t‑]-c‑v k‑z‑o-I- N‑q k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ k-e‑o‑w
c‑n-¨‑p. U-a-k‑v-I-k‑v {‑K‑m³-U‑v H-¶‑m-a-s‑â k-¶‑n-[‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
t‑a‑m-k‑v-I‑n-s‑e C-a‑m‑w k‑pÂ- s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶-t‑¸‑mÄ A-t‑±-l‑w
¯‑m³ k-e‑o‑w H-¶‑m-a-s‑\ `-h‑y-X-t‑b‑m-s‑S A-s‑X-S‑p-¯‑v
"a-¡-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w a-Z‑o-\-b‑p-s‑S- X-s‑â X-e-¡‑p a‑p-I-f‑n I‑n-
b‑p‑w `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n' F-¶‑v c‑o-S‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e h-f-¨‑p h-¨‑p.
h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ "a-¡- A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑n³-K‑m-a‑n-

70 / Pq¬ / 2021

I-f‑p-s‑S I‑n-c‑o-S-¯‑n c-à-k‑m-£‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S
I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ h‑n-Ã‑p a-J‑v-_-d-IÄ -]-c‑n-]‑m-e‑n-
t‑]‑m-s‑e h-f-ª N‑q ¨‑p.
B-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å
{‑]-t‑X‑y-I A-S-b‑m-f‑w a-k‑v-P‑n-Z‑p J‑p-
C-X‑n-s‑â H‑mÀ-a-¡‑m-W‑v. _‑m‑, a-k‑v-P‑n-Z‑p J‑n-
_‑v-e-s‑s‑X-\‑n F-¶‑n-h
k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ k‑p- \-h‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
s‑s‑e-a‑m-s‑â C-S-s‑]- \-_‑n(k‑z‑)b‑p-s‑S P-·-
S-e‑p-IÄ k-a‑m-\-X- h‑o-S‑n-s‑â a‑p-I-f‑n H-c‑p
I-f‑n-Ã‑m-¯-X‑m-W‑v. X‑m-g‑n-I-¡‑p-S‑w ]-W‑n-I-
A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m- g‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w I-A‑v-
e-¯‑v I-A‑v-_-b‑p-s‑S _-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w C‑u
t‑aÂ-¡‑q-c-b‑p‑w a-k‑v-P‑n- h‑o-«‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n a‑q-¶‑v
Z‑p-¶-_-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S a‑n-\‑m- {‑]-t‑X‑y-I ]-X-¡-§Ä
c-§-f‑p‑w C-k‑v-X‑m‑w-_‑q- s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯-b-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
f‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å h‑n-Z-K‑v-[ s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. \‑m-e‑p a-Z‑v-l-
k‑w-L-¯‑n-s‑â t‑\-X‑r- _‑p-IÄ-¡‑p‑w a-¡-b‑nÂ
X‑z-¯‑n \-¶‑m-¡‑p-I- {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-a‑m-b a-{‑Z-k-
b‑p‑w X‑m-g‑n-I-¡‑p-S-§- IÄ \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨‑p. I-A‑v-
f‑p-s‑S A-e-¦‑m-c-§Ä _-b‑n A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-
]‑p-X‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N- s‑â I‑m-e-¯‑v \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨
b‑v-X‑p. X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z‑) s‑h-Å‑n-¸‑m-¯‑n ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v
t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å B-Z-c-k‑q-N- k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ A-Ò-

^e-kvXo-\nse P\§Ä¡v- kpJIchpw
kam[m\]qÀ®hpamb PohnXw \qäm@pItfmfw
Dd¸phcp¯n Hmt«m-a-·mÀ. XpÀ¡n km{amPy¯nsâ
]X\s¯ XpSÀ¶v 1916HmsSbmWv hnip²`qanI-

fpsS Xmf-{Iaw \ãs¸Sp¶Xv.

I-a‑m-b‑n A-h‑n-S-s‑¯ Z‑v H-¶‑m-a-s‑â I‑m-e-¯‑v
a‑n-¼-d‑n-\‑p ]-I-c‑w k‑zÀ-®‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v ]‑p-X‑p-
]‑p-X‑p-X‑m-b‑n H-¶‑v \‑nÀ- ¡‑n Ø‑m-]‑n-¨‑p. C-¡‑m-
a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]-g-b-X‑v e-¯‑v X-s‑¶ k‑w-k‑w
t‑I-S‑p-]‑m-S‑p-IÄ X‑oÀ-¯‑v I‑n-WÀ \-h‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p.
k‑q-£‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v- ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ a‑p-
X‑p. P-¶-¯‑p _-J‑o- l-½-Z‑v \‑m-e‑m-a³ C-X‑n-
C-e‑p‑w D-l‑v-Z‑n-e‑p-a‑p-Å \‑v a‑p-I-f‑n H-c‑p X‑m-g‑n-I-

/ Pq¬ / 2021 71

¡‑p-S‑w t‑NÀ-¯‑p. k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ A-l-½-Z‑v H-¶‑m-a³
A-Ð‑p l-a‑o-Z‑v H-¶‑m-a-s‑â ‑"k‑p-s‑d‑' s‑s‑k-\‑n-I-h‑y‑q-
I‑m-e-¯‑v I‑n-W-d‑n-\‑m-b‑n H-c‑p l-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w F-Ã‑m
A-e-¦‑m-c a‑p-d‑n \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨‑n- hÀ-j-h‑p‑w I-A‑v-_-
c‑p-s‑¶-¦‑n-e‑p‑w 1963Â A-X‑v b‑p-s‑S a‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p-Å
s‑]‑m-f‑n-¨‑p-a‑m-ä‑n. k‑p-s‑s‑e-a‑m-s‑â B-h-c-W‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-
]-X‑v-\‑n l‑p-t‑d‑w k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ ¯-b-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
a-¡-b‑n-s‑e Z-c‑n-{‑ZÀ-¡‑m-b‑n hÀ-j-§-s‑f-S‑p-¯‑v
B-i‑p-]-{‑X‑n-I-f‑p‑w A-X‑n-t‑\‑m- {‑]-t‑X‑y-I s‑I‑m-¯‑p-
S-\‑p-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v t‑`‑m-P-\-i‑m-e-I- ]-W‑n-I-f‑m \‑nÀ-a‑n-
f‑p‑w \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨‑p. ¨-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-X‑v.
l-d-a‑p-I-f‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-
]-{‑´-ï‑p ]-S‑n-I-f‑p-Å K‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n k‑pÂ-
C-¶‑p‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ a‑mÀ- ¯‑m³ A-b-¨‑n-c‑p-¶
_‑nÄ \‑nÀ-½‑n-X-a‑m-b B-c‑m- {‑]-t‑X‑y-I Z‑o-]-§-f‑p‑w
[-\‑m t‑I-{‑µ‑w t‑I‑m¬-Ì‑mâ‑n- C-h‑n-s‑S \‑n-¶‑v X-s‑¶
t‑\‑m-¸‑n-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v 1590 X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ a‑p-d‑m-Z‑v a‑q-¶‑m-a³ l-d-a‑n-e‑p‑w a-k‑v-P‑n-Z‑p-¶-
s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯-b-¨-X‑m-W‑v. s‑a-Ò- _-h‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w X‑q-¡‑n-b‑n-
Z‑v a‑q-¶‑m-a³ a‑n-\‑m-c-§Ä-¡‑v S‑m-\‑m-b‑n k‑pÂ-¯‑m³
]‑p-d-t‑a ‑'_‑m-_‑p-Ê-e‑m-a‑n‑'s‑â A-l-½-Z‑v H-¶‑m-a³
a‑p-IÄ-`‑m-K‑w ]‑p-X‑p-¡‑n-¸-W‑n- h-{‑P-§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑v
b‑p-I-b‑p‑w a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n(k‑z‑) A-e-¦-c‑n-¨ c-ï‑v H‑m-
b‑p-s‑S P-·-h‑o-S‑n-s‑â a‑p-I-f‑n b‑n h‑n-f-¡‑p-IÄ
H-c‑p X‑m-g‑n-I-¡‑p-S‑w t‑NÀ-¡‑p-I- s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯-b-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
1635 a‑p-X-e‑p-Å
72 / Pq¬ / 2021 k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ a‑p-d‑m-Z‑v
\‑m-e‑m-a-s‑â ]-c‑n-j‑v-
I‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â t‑i-j‑n-
¸‑m-W‑v s‑h-Å-s‑¸‑m-
¡-s‑¯-¯‑p-SÀ-¶‑v
X-IÀ-¶ I-A‑v-_-b‑p-
s‑S C-¶-s‑¯ ]-X‑n-¸‑v.
A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑m-h-
\ k‑v-a-c-W-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n
I-A‑v-_-b‑p-s‑S H-c‑p
I-h‑m-S-s‑¯ "_‑m-_‑v
AÂ-a‑p-d‑m-Z‑v" (Gate
of Murad‑) F-¶‑m-W‑v
\‑m-a-I-c-W‑w s‑N-b‑v-
X‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v. I-A‑v-_-

¡‑m-b‑n A-t‑±-l‑w \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨ Sultan Abdülhamid II
k‑zÀ-® I-h‑m-S‑w a-¡-b‑n-s‑e
a‑y‑q-k‑n-b-¯‑n C-¶‑p‑w k‑q- photo courtesy: dailysabah.com
£‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. I-A‑v-_-t‑b-¡‑m-
f‑p‑w X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n-b‑p-s‑S a-k‑v- ^-aÀ-h I‑p-¶‑p-IÄ-¡‑n-S-b‑nÂ
P‑n-Z‑n-t‑\-¡‑m-f‑p‑w D-b-c-a‑p-Å \‑n-c-h-[‑n F-® h‑n-f-¡‑p-IÄ
s‑I-«‑n-S-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑nÀ-½‑m-W‑w Ø‑m-]‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a‑p-k‑v-X-^
a-¡‑m a-Z‑o-\-I-f‑n H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³- c-ï‑m-a-s‑â D-¯-c-h-\‑p-k-c‑n-
k‑pÂ-¯‑m³-a‑mÀ \‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¨‑n- ¨‑m-W‑v l-P-d‑p A-k‑v-h-Z‑n-\‑v
c‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v X-s‑¶ k‑zÀ-® I-hÀ \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨-X‑v.
A-h c-ï‑p‑w X-e-b‑p-bÀ-¯‑n C-t‑¸‑mÄ a-¡‑m a‑y‑q-k‑n-b-
\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶-X‑v h‑n-Z‑q-c-¯‑p-\‑n- ¯‑n k‑q-£‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶
¶‑p-X-s‑¶ I‑m-W‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ s‑a-Ò-Z‑v
\‑m-e‑m-a³ l-d-a‑n-s‑â a‑n-\‑m-c-
§Ä \-¶‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w l-d-
a‑n-s‑e {‑]-Z-£‑n-W t‑a-J-e
h‑n-i‑m-e-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-h‑n-
s‑S {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X-c‑w I-Ã‑p-IÄ
]‑m-I‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. k‑z-

/ Pq¬ / 2021 73

I-A‑v-_-b‑n-s‑e B-d‑v k‑v-X‑q-]- Z‑v H-¶‑m-a³ l-d‑w i-c‑o-^‑p‑w
§-f‑n a‑q-s‑¶-®-h‑p‑w A-t‑±- a-J‑m-a‑p C-_‑v-d‑m-l‑o-a‑p‑w \-h‑o-
l-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-e-¯‑v ]‑p-X‑p- I-c‑n-¨‑p. a-Z‑o-\-b‑n a-{‑Z-
¡‑n-¸-W‑n-X-X‑m-W‑v. A-t‑±-l‑w k-I-f‑p‑w s‑s‑e-{‑_-d‑n-I-f‑p‑w
J‑p-_‑m ]-Å‑n \-h‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑v \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨‑p. A-¡‑m-e-¯‑v "l‑p-
H-c‑p a‑n-\‑m-c‑w \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨‑p. P‑v-d-X‑p-Ê-B-Z‑'b‑p-s‑S N‑p-h-c‑p-I-
a-¡-b‑n-s‑e a‑u-e‑n-Z‑m-t‑L‑m-j f‑n Ø‑m-]‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ A-d-_‑n-
]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-IÄ h‑y-h-Ø‑m-]‑n- b‑n-e‑p-Å {‑]-h‑m-N-I‑m-\‑p-c‑m-K
X-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w \-_‑n-P-·-Z‑n- h-N-\-§Ä 1992I-t‑f‑m-s‑S-b‑m-
\-¯‑n \-_‑n-b‑p-s‑S P-\-\ W‑v \‑o-¡‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v.
h‑o-S‑n-\-S‑p-¯‑p-Å a-k‑v-P‑n-Z‑v
h‑n-f‑n-¡‑p-I-t‑f-´‑n k-µÀ-i‑n- k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ k-e‑o‑w a‑q-
¡‑p-¶ k‑w-L-§Ä-¡‑v k‑u- ¶‑m-a-s‑â I‑m-e-¯‑v \-P‑v-Z‑nÂ
I-c‑y-§-s‑f‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑p-a‑p-ï‑m- I-e‑m-]‑w \-S-¯‑n-b-hÀ a-¡-
b‑n. b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w a-Z‑o-\-b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w
B-f‑p-I-s‑f I‑q-«-s‑¡‑m-e s‑N-
k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ A-l-½-Z‑v ¿‑p-I-b‑p‑w B-Z-c-]‑qÀ-h‑w I-c‑p-
a‑q-¶‑m-a³ {‑]-Z-£‑n-W-`‑m- X-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶ ]-e k‑v-a‑m-c-I-§-
K‑w h‑o-ï‑p‑w h‑n-i‑m-e-a‑m-¡‑n. f‑p‑w \‑n-c-¸‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n.
k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ A-Ð‑p l-a‑o- H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³- k‑pÂ-¯‑m³-a‑mÀ
\‑nÀ-½‑n-¨ B-c‑m-[-\‑m t‑I-{‑µ-

ss_Xp apJ±kS§p¶
sPdpktew apkvenwI
fptSXmbn Xs¶
\ne\nÀ¯m³ km{amPy-
¯nsâ Ahkm\Imew
hsc kp¯m·mÀ ]cn
{ian¨p. kbWnÌv B
Nmcy\mb XntbmUÀ slÀ
sk ]et¸mgmbn sP-
dpktean\mbn AÐpÂ
laoZv c@mas\ kao]n
s¨¦nepw At±l¯nsâ
\ne]mSv IÀ¡iambncp
¶p.

74 / Pq¬ / 2021

§Ä‑, ]-Å‑n-IÄ‑, k-µÀ-i-\ k‑pÂ-¯‑m-·‑mÀ-¡‑v {‑]-h‑m-N-
Ø-e-§Ä F-¶‑n-h X-I I-t‑c‑m-S‑p-Å k‑v-t‑\-l-¯‑n-s‑â-
À-¯‑p. A-¡‑m-e-¯‑v a-ä‑v {‑]-i‑v- b‑p‑w B-Z-c-h‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w \‑n-ZÀ-i-
\-§-f‑n s‑]-«‑v X‑n-c-¡‑n-e‑m-b‑n- \-a‑m-W‑v.
c‑p-¶ H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ k‑m-{‑a‑m-P‑y‑w
I-e‑m-]‑w A-S‑n-¨-aÀ-¯‑m³ C‑u-P‑n-]‑v-X‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w t‑a‑m-
s‑I-b‑v-t‑d‑m K-hÀ-W-d‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ d‑n-b-b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w k‑w-`-h-§Ä‑,
s‑a-Ò-Z‑v A-e‑n ]‑m-j-s‑b-b‑m- P-\‑n-k-d‑n {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n‑, d-j‑y-
W‑v N‑p-a-X-e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-X‑v. b‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å b‑p-²‑w F-¶‑n-h
A-t‑±-l‑w h‑n-¹-h-I‑m-c‑n-I-s‑f I‑m-c-W‑w k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ a-Ò‑q-Z‑v
B-«‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑n-¨‑p. t‑i-j‑w k‑pÂ- c-ï‑m-a-\‑v l‑n-P‑m-k‑n-s‑â \-h‑o-
¯‑m³ a-Ò‑q-Z‑v c-ï‑m-a³ I-c-W‑, h‑n-I-k-\ {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-
\-i‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w ]‑p-\À- §Ä-¡‑v A-h-k-c‑w e-`‑n-¨‑n-Ã.
\‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w C-ã‑n-I-IÄ ]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-s‑â I‑m-e-s‑¯ C‑u
A-SÀ-¶ ]-¨-J‑p-º ]‑p-X‑p- h‑n-S-h‑v \‑n-I-¯‑m³ A-t‑±-l-
¡‑n-¸-W‑n-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. ¯‑n-s‑â a-I³ k‑pÂ-¯‑m³
X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z‑)t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å A-Ð‑p a-P‑o-Z‑v h-e‑n-b {‑i-a-
B-Z-c-k‑q-N-I-a‑m-b‑n 1819 §Ä \-S-¯‑n. C-k‑v-e‑m-a‑n-I
l‑p-P‑v-d-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v k-½‑m-\-a‑m- t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-
b‑n k‑zÀ-®-\‑nÀ-½‑n-X-a‑m-b I-f‑n a-¡-s‑b-b‑p‑w a-Z‑o-\-
Z‑o-]-i‑n-J-IÄ s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯-b- s‑b-b‑p‑w G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-t‑±-l‑w F-g‑p- t‑k-h‑n-¨-X‑v A-Ð‑p a-P‑o-Z‑m-
X‑n-b \-_‑n-I‑oÀ-¯-\ I‑m-h‑y‑w s‑W-¶‑v ]-d-b‑m-d‑p-ï‑v.

/ Pq¬ / 2021 75

k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ A-Ð‑p A-Ð‑p a-P‑o-Z‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑v
a-P‑n-Z‑n-s‑â IÂ-¸-\ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w s‑I‑m-¯‑n-h-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-i‑p-²
I-A‑v-_-b‑p‑w l-d‑w i-c‑o-^‑p‑w `‑q-a‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-¶ X‑oÀ-Y‑m-S-
h-e‑n-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n \-h‑o-I- IÀ X-s‑â t‑]-c‑v N-h‑n-«‑n-s‑a-X‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w k‑zÀ-®-¸‑m-¯‑n ¡-s‑« F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-X‑p-
]‑p-X‑p-¡‑n-¸-W‑n-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â
s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. a-k‑v-P‑n-Z‑p-¶-_-h‑n X‑mÂ-]-c‑y-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v N-c‑n-{‑X‑w.
A-X‑n-s‑â b-Y‑mÀ-° A-S‑n-
¯-d-t‑b‑m-s‑S X‑q-W‑p-IÄ t‑I‑m¬-Ì‑mâ‑n-t‑\‑m-¸‑n-f‑n-
XÂ-Ø‑m-\-¯‑v X-s‑¶ \‑n-e- s‑e lÀ-¡-C i-c‑o-^‑v ]-Å‑n-
\‑nÀ-¯‑n ]‑p-\À-\‑nÀ-½‑n-¨‑p. b‑n a-k‑v-P‑n-Z‑p-¶-_-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S
C-¶-s‑¯ c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p a‑n-\‑n-t‑b-¨À \‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p-
s‑I-«‑n-S‑w A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â {‑i-a- I-b‑p‑w C-X‑n I‑m-W‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-
^-e-a‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨-X‑m-W‑v. ¡‑p-¶ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-IÄ {‑]-I‑m-
_‑m-_‑v AÂ- a-P‑o-Z‑v F-¶ c‑w A-t‑±-l‑w \-h‑o-I-c-W
t‑]-c‑n H-c‑p I-h‑m-S‑w X-s‑¶ {‑]-{‑I‑n-b ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑p-I-b‑p‑w
A-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. A-¡‑m-e-s‑¯ IT‑n-
a-Z‑o-\-b‑n-s‑e P-e-]‑m-X-I-f‑p‑w \-a‑m-b k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§-f‑nÂ
A-t‑±-l‑w h-e‑n-b k‑u-I-c‑y- \-S-¯‑n-b a-¡-b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w
§-t‑f‑m-s‑S h‑n-]‑p-e‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. a-Z‑o-\-b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w A-ä-I‑p-ä-¸-
W‑n-IÄ-¡‑v 700‑,000 k‑zÀ-W-
l‑p-P‑v-d-b‑p-s‑S X-d-b‑n \‑m-W-b-§-f‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l‑w
Ø‑m-]‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑]-t‑X‑y-I s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¨-X-s‑{‑X. A-§-s‑\‑,
C-ã‑n-I-IÄ-¡‑p I‑o-g‑n a-¡-b‑p-t‑S-b‑p‑w a-Z‑o-\-b‑p-s‑S-

76 / Pq¬ / 2021

b‑p‑w Z‑m-k-\‑m-b "a‑p-k‑v-e‑n‑w-I- a-l-º-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w B-Z-c-h‑n-
f‑p-s‑S J-e‑o-^‑' F-¶ ]-Z-h‑n s‑â-b‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-^-e-\-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
A-Ð‑p a-P‑o-Z‑n-\‑v k‑z-´-a‑m- ¶‑p A-X‑v.
b‑n.
l‑n-P‑m-k‑v s‑d-b‑nÂ-t‑h
a-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â X-t‑e-Z‑n-h-
k‑w A-k‑p-J-¡‑n-S-¡-b‑n H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ k‑pÂ-¯‑m-·‑m-
s‑h-¨‑v h‑m-b‑n-¨‑p t‑I-« d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ- c‑p-s‑S l-d‑w t‑k-h-\-§-f‑nÂ
«‑p-IÄ-¡‑n-S-b‑n a-Z‑o-\-s‑b- {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« A-[‑y‑m-b-a‑m-
¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ W‑v k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ A-Ð‑pÂ
A-t‑±-l‑w s‑]-«-¶‑v ]-d-ª‑p: l-a‑o-Z‑v c-ï‑m-a-s‑â I‑m-e‑w.
h‑m-b-\ \‑nÀ-¯‑p-I‑, F-s‑¶ A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â _-l‑p-a‑m-\-
C-c‑p-¯‑p-I. A-hÀ \-½‑p-s‑S h‑p‑w k‑v-t‑\-l-h‑p‑w t‑k-h-\-
\-_‑n-b‑p-s‑S A-bÂ-¡‑m-c‑m- §-f‑p‑w ]‑p-W‑y-Ø-e-§-f‑nÂ
W‑v. A-h-s‑c-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å H-X‑p-§‑n-b‑n-Ã. l‑n-P‑m-k‑n-s‑e
h‑r-¯‑m-´-§Ä I‑n-S-¶‑p-s‑I‑m- P-\-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w h‑n-i‑p-²
ï‑v t‑IÄ-¡‑p-¶-X‑n R‑m³ \‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å X‑oÀ-°‑m-
e-Ö‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-hÀ B-h- S-I t‑k-h-\-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w
i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-s‑X-´‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-I. h‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p. X‑pÀ-¡‑n-s‑b-b‑p‑w
h‑m-b-\ X‑p-S-c‑q... d-k‑q-e‑n-s‑â l‑n-P‑m-k‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w _-Ô‑n-¸‑n-
\‑m-S‑n-s‑\ {‑i-h‑n-¨‑v F-s‑â IÀ- ¡‑p-¶ {‑]-k‑n-²-a‑m-b ‑"l-a‑o-
®-]‑p-S-§Ä k-t‑´‑m-j-]‑q-c‑n- Z‑n-s‑b -l‑n-P‑m-k‑v s‑d-b‑nÂ-t‑h‑'
X-a‑m-h-s‑«". h‑n-i‑p-² `‑q-a‑n-I- \‑nÀ-½‑m-W‑w \-S-¶-X‑v A-¡‑m-
t‑f‑m-S‑p‑w {‑]-h‑m-N-I-t‑c‑m-S‑p-a‑p-Å
/ Pq¬ / 2021 77

e-¯‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1900-þ1908 s‑N-e-h‑v h-¶ C‑u ]-²-X‑n
I‑m-e-¯‑m-W‑v C-X‑v \‑nÀ-½‑n- \‑nÀ-½‑m-W-t‑¯‑m-s‑S h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑n
X-a‑m-b-X‑v. X‑pÀ-¡‑n-b‑n-s‑e k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-
a‑q-¶‑v \-K-c-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S I-S- e-s‑¯ b‑m-{‑X‑m-Z‑p-c‑n-X-¯‑n-\‑v
¶‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ s‑d-b‑nÂ-t‑h ]-c‑n-l‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n.
k‑n-d‑n-b-b‑n l-e-_‑v, l-a‑m‑,
ZÀ-A F-¶‑o {‑]-a‑p-J \-K-c- s‑d-b‑nÂ-t‑h ]‑m-X \‑nÀ-
§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑P‑mÀ-Z‑m-\‑n-t‑e-¡‑v ½‑m-W I‑m-e-¯‑v k‑pÂ-¯‑m³
{‑]-t‑h-i‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w t‑P‑mÀ-Z‑m- k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨ s‑s‑i-e‑n a-l-¯-
s‑â h-S-¡³ A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n h-g‑n c-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-i‑p-² \‑m-S‑n-
k‑u-Z‑n A-t‑d-_‑y-b‑n {‑]-t‑h- t‑\‑m-S‑p‑w {‑]-h‑m-N-I-t‑c‑m-S‑p‑w
i‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w a-Z‑m-b‑n³ k‑z‑m-e‑n- A-t‑±-l‑w h-e‑n-b B-Z-c-h‑v
l‑n-e‑q-s‑S a-Z‑o-\-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-I- ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑n. a-Z‑o-\ t‑Ì-j³
b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑n-d‑n-b-b‑n-s‑e \‑nÀ-½‑m-W-t‑h-f-b‑n k‑m-a-{‑K‑n-
Z-a‑m-k‑v-I-k‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w a-Z‑o-\- I-f‑p-s‑S t‑L‑m-c-i-Ð‑w \‑n-b-
b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å X‑oÀ-°‑m-S-\-¯‑n- {‑´‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶-X‑v A-t‑±-l‑w
\‑p t‑h-ï‑n-b‑m-W‑v C‑u ]‑m-X I-W‑n-i-a‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑p.
{‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n- a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n(k‑z‑) A-´‑y-
c‑p-¶-X‑v. H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ k‑m-{‑a‑m-P‑y- h‑n-{‑i-a‑w s‑I‑m-Å‑p-¶ `‑q-a‑n-I-
¯‑n-s‑â A-X‑p-e‑y-a‑m-b t‑i-j‑n- b‑n i-Ð-t‑I‑m-e‑m-l-e-§-f‑p-
¸‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-b C-X‑n-s‑â ï‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v A-h‑n-S-t‑¯-¡‑v
\‑nÀ-½‑m-W‑w A-X‑o-h k‑m-l- {‑]-b‑m-k-I-c-a‑m-h‑p-t‑a‑m F-¶
k‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. `‑o-a-a‑m-b `‑o-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p I‑m-c-W‑w.
A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v X-s‑¶ k‑m-a-
78 / Pq¬ / 2021

apl½Zv(kz) {‑K‑n-IÄ a-Z‑o-\-¡‑v l-d-a‑n-s‑\ a-t‑\‑m-
A´yhn ]‑p-d-¯‑v \‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑m- l-c-a‑m-b‑n A-e-¦-
{iaw \‑p‑w A-h s‑I‑m-ï‑p- c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w J-Z‑o-P
sImÅp¶ h-¶‑v {‑]-h‑m-N-I _‑o-h‑n(d‑)b‑p-s‑S a-J‑v-
`qanIbn \-K-c‑n-b‑n Ø‑m-]‑n- _-d-b‑p‑w d-k‑q-e‑n-
iÐtImem- ¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ i-Ð-a‑n- s‑â-b‑p‑w ^‑m-¯‑n-a
le§fp@m Ã‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m³ ]‑m-b- _‑o-h‑n(d‑)b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
Ip-¶Xv I-f‑p‑w X‑p-W‑n-I-f‑p‑w h‑o-S‑p-IÄ ]‑p-X‑p-
AhnSt¯¡v h‑n-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w D-¯-c- ¡‑n-¸-W‑n-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w
{]bmkI h‑n-«‑p. s‑d-b‑nÂ-t‑h-b‑p- s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. a‑n-\-b‑n-
camhptam s‑S \‑n-c-¯‑p-I-f‑n s‑e P-e-h‑n-X-c-W
F¶ `oXn B-f‑p-IÄ N-h‑n- i‑r‑w-J-e-b‑pÄ-s‑¸-s‑S
bn aZo\¡v «‑m-\‑m-h‑p-¶ h‑n-[‑w H-«-t‑\-I‑w P-e-]-²-
]pd¯v \n X-s‑â t‑]-c‑v s‑I‑m- X‑n-IÄ \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨‑p.
Àan¨ kma{Kn- ¯‑n-s‑h-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I-A‑v-_-¡‑v k-a‑o-]‑w
IÄ sIm l‑n-P‑m-k‑v s‑d- H-c‑p h-e‑n-b P-e‑m-i-
@p-h¶mWv b‑nÂ-t‑h-¡‑v ]‑p-d-s‑a b‑w Ø‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-I-
lnPmkv sdbn H-«-\-h-[‑n h‑n- b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n.
Âth Hmt«m-a-
·mÀ Øm]n- I-k-\ {‑]-hÀ-¯- l-Ö‑v t‑h-f-b‑nÂ
¡p-¶Xv. \-§Ä A-Ð‑p a-¡-¡‑mÀ X‑oÀ-Y‑m-S-
l-a‑o-Z‑v c-ï‑m-a-s‑â I-s‑c k‑z-´‑w h‑o-S‑p-
I‑m-e-¯‑v \-S-¶‑p. I-f‑n X‑m-a-k‑n-¸‑n-

/ Pq¬ / 2021 79

t‑¡-ï‑n h-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-hÀ \-S-¯‑p-I-
]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w. H‑m- b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
t‑«‑m-a³ k‑pÂ-¯‑m-
·‑mÀ F-Ã‑m {‑]-t‑Z-i- k‑pÂ-¯‑m³
§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p-a‑p-Å k‑p-s‑s‑e-a‑m³ AÂ
X‑oÀ-Y‑m-S-IÀ-¡‑v A-J‑v-k a-k‑v-P‑n-
k‑u-P-\‑y K-Ì‑v-l‑u- Z‑v A-ä-I‑p-ä-¸-W‑n
k‑p-IÄ \‑nÀ-½‑n-¨‑p \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑P-
\Â-I‑n. d‑p-k-t‑e-a‑n-s‑e C‑u
{‑]-t‑Z-i-
IAv_tb P-d‑p-k-t‑e‑w‑, ¯‑n-\‑p N‑p-ä‑p‑w
¡mfpw Xncp AÂ-A-J‑v-k a‑q-¶‑p I‑n-t‑e‑m-a‑o-
\_nbpsS äÀ h‑y‑m-]‑v-X‑n-b‑nÂ
akvPnZn C-c‑p-l-d-a‑p-IÄ- k‑p-c-£‑m a-X‑nÂ
t\¡mfpw Db ¡‑v t‑i-j‑w a‑p-k‑v- \‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-a‑p-
capÅ sI«nS e‑n‑w k-a‑q-l‑w ]-h‑n- ï‑m-b‑n. C‑u a-X‑nÂ-
§fpsS \nÀ {‑X-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑p-¶ s‑¡-«‑p-IÄ C-¶‑p‑w
amWw a¡m {‑]-t‑Z-i-a‑m-W‑v s‑s‑_- \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p-
aZo\Ifn ¯‑p a‑p-J-±-k‑v ï‑v. P-d‑p-k-e-a‑n-t‑e-
Hmt«ma³- A-S-§‑p-¶ P-d‑p- ¡‑v P-e-s‑a-¯‑n-b‑n-
kp¯m k-s‑e-a‑n-s‑â `‑m-K- c‑p-¶ X-S‑m-I-§Ä
³amÀ \ntcm §Ä. C-{‑k‑m-t‑b \-h‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
[n¨ncp¶p. A-[‑n-\‑n-t‑h-i‑w {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b
AXpsIm@v \-S-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n- 6 P-e-[‑m-c-IÄ
Xs¶ Ah c‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑P-d‑p-k- \‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
c@pw Xebp t‑e‑w F-¡‑m-e-¯‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. 1551þÂ
bÀ¯n \n a‑p-k‑v-e‑n‑w-IÄ-¡‑v k‑p-s‑s‑e-a‑m-s‑â
¡p¶Xv A-h-I‑m-i-s‑¸-«- `‑m-c‑y l‑p-t‑d‑w k‑pÂ-
hnZqc¯p X‑m-W‑v. C‑u X‑n-c‑n- ¯‑m³ ]‑qÀ-¯‑o-I-
\n¶pXs¶ ¨-d‑n-h‑v H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ c‑n-¨ ]-Å‑n‑, a-{‑Z-k‑,
ImWmam k‑pÂ-¯‑m-·‑mÀ-¡‑v I‑n-¨¬ F-¶‑n-h-
bncp¶p. F-¶‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p- b-S-§‑n-b {‑K‑m³-
¶‑p. s‑P-d‑p-k-t‑e- U‑v t‑I‑m‑w-¹-I‑v-k‑v
a‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w AÂ- s‑P-d‑p-k-t‑e-a‑n-s‑e
A-J‑v-k-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ \‑nÀ-a‑m-
k‑w-c-£-W-h‑p‑w W-§-f‑n {‑]-[‑m-\-
k‑p-c-£-b‑p‑w F-Ã‑m- s‑¸-«-X‑m-W‑v.
b‑v-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w D-d-¸‑m-
¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-\‑n-h‑m- s‑P-d‑p-k-t‑e-
c‑y-a‑m-b h‑n-I-k-\ a‑n-s‑e {‑]-[‑m-\
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä B-IÀ-j-W-a‑m-b
‑"t‑U‑m‑w H‑m-^‑v Z
t‑d‑m-¡‑v' ]-e I‑m-e-

80 / Pq¬ / 2021

§-f‑n H‑m-t‑«‑m-a-·‑mÀ ]‑p-X‑p- X‑n-t‑b‑m-UÀ s‑lÀ-s‑kÂ
¡‑n-¸-W‑n-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑m-b‑n s‑P-d‑p-k-
^‑v-t‑f‑m-d‑p-I-f‑p‑w Câ‑o-c‑n-bÀ t‑e-a‑n-\‑m-b‑n A-Ð‑pÂ
I-e‑m-k‑r-ã‑n-I-f‑p‑w \‑nÀ-½‑n- l-a‑o-Z‑v c-ï‑m-a-s‑\ k-a‑o-
¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. k‑pÂ- ]‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑mÂ
¯‑m³ s‑a-l-½-Z‑v a‑q-¶‑m-a³‑, A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑v
A-Ò-Z‑v H-¶‑m-a³‑, a‑p-k‑v-X-^ IÀ-¡-i-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. "C‑u
H-¶‑m-a³ F-¶‑n-h-c‑p‑w t‑U‑m‑w {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v \‑n-¶‑v H-c‑n-©‑v
H‑m-^‑v Z t‑d‑m-¡‑v ]‑p-X‑p-¡‑n-¸- Ø-e‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w h‑n-«‑p
W‑n-X‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. A-J‑v-k a‑p-ä-¯‑p X-c‑n-I-b‑n-Ã‑, C‑u c‑m-P‑y‑w
X-s‑¶-b‑p-Å ]-Å‑n-b‑m-b P‑m- F-t‑â-X-Ã. F-Ã‑m H‑m-
a‑n-DÂ l-\‑m-_‑n-e-b‑p‑w 1611þÂ t‑«‑m-a³-a‑m-c‑p-s‑S-X‑p-a‑m-W‑v.
H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³-a‑mÀ \-h‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. R-§-f‑p-s‑S ]‑qÀ-h‑n-IÀ
k‑pÂ-¯‑m³ A-Ð‑p a-P‑o- c-à‑w \Â-I‑n t‑\-S‑n-s‑b-S‑p-
Z‑v AÂ-A-J‑v-k a-k‑v-P‑n-Z‑n-s‑â ¯-X‑m-W‑n-X‑v" F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
\-h‑o-I-c-W-§Ä-¡‑m-b‑n C-c‑p- ¶‑p A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â a-d‑p-
]-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n-c‑w k‑zÀ-®-\‑m-W-b- ]-S‑n. X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p‑w H-«-\-h-[‑n
§-f‑m-W‑v h‑n-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨-X‑v. h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\-§Ä A-t‑±-l-
¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑m-s‑I h-s‑¶-¦‑n-
s‑s‑_-X‑p a‑p-J-±-k-S- e‑p‑w F-Ã‑m‑w \‑n-c-k‑n-¨‑v B
§‑p-¶ s‑P-d‑p-k-t‑e‑w a‑p-k‑v-e‑n‑w- ]‑p-W‑y-`‑q-a‑n-s‑b a‑p-k‑v-e‑n‑w
I-f‑p-t‑S-X‑m-b‑n X-s‑¶ \‑n-e- k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-t‑â-X‑m-b‑n k‑w-
\‑nÀ-¯‑m³ k‑m-{‑a‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â c-£‑n-¨‑p t‑]‑m-¶‑p.
A-h-k‑m-\-I‑m-e‑w h-s‑c k‑pÂ-
¯‑m-·‑mÀ ]-c‑n-{‑i-a‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-¯-c-¯‑nÂ‑, a‑p-k‑v-e‑n‑w
k-b-W‑n-Ì‑v B-N‑m-c‑y-\‑m-b k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-i‑p-²
t‑I-{‑µ-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w N‑n-Ó-
§-s‑f-b‑p‑w kÀ-h k‑u-I-
c‑y-§-f‑p‑w ]‑qÀ-W-X-t‑b‑m-
s‑S-b‑p‑w ]-c‑n-]‑m-e‑n-¨‑m-W‑v
H‑m-t‑«‑m-a³ k‑pÂ-¯‑m³-
a‑mÀ `-c-W‑w \-S-¯‑n-b-X‑v.
B t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-s‑e P-\-
§Ä-¡‑v- k‑p-J-I-c-h‑p‑w
k-a‑m-[‑m-\-]‑qÀ-®-h‑p-a‑m-b
P‑o-h‑n-X‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑p-I-t‑f‑m-
f‑w D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑n A-hÀ
a‑p-t‑¶-d‑n. X‑pÀ-¡‑n k‑m-{‑a‑m-
P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â ]-X-\-s‑¯
X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v 1916H‑m-s‑S h‑n-i‑p-
²-`‑q-a‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S X‑m-f-{‑I-a‑w
\-ã-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.

/ Pq¬ / 2021 81

BtcmKyw

^mänenhÀ
F§s\ XSbmw?

tUm. BCi _n³Xv A¿q_v jmÀP

{‑]-jÀ‑, j‑p-KÀ‑, s‑I‑m- s‑s‑i-e‑o t‑c‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v-. F-f‑p-¸‑w
f-k‑v-t‑{‑S‑mÄ C‑u s‑N-¿‑m-h‑p-¶ P‑o-h‑n-X-s‑s‑i-e‑o
h‑n-ó {‑X‑n-a‑qÀ-¯‑n-I-s‑f I‑p- h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S C‑u
d‑n-¨‑v G-X‑m-s‑ï-Ã‑m-hÀ-¡‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡‑m³
C-t‑¸‑mÄ k‑m-a‑m-\‑y‑w A-d‑n- k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w-.
b‑m‑w. C-h-b‑p-s‑S C-S-b‑n-t‑e-
¡‑v- A-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑S I-b-d‑n-h-¶ A-a‑n-X-h-®‑w‑, a-Z‑y-]‑m-\‑w‑,
a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑n-Ã-\‑m-W‑v- ^‑m-ä‑n {‑]-t‑a-l‑w F-¶‑n-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w
e‑n-hÀ. C-¶‑v ]-e-t‑c-b‑p‑w i-c‑o-c-¯‑n s‑I‑m-f-k‑v-t‑{‑S‑mÄ
A-e-«‑p-¶ {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. D-b-c‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p-
^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-hÀ H-c‑p P‑o-h‑n-X- ¶‑p. N‑n-«-b‑m-b h‑y‑m-b‑m-a-h‑p‑w
B-l‑m-c-\‑n-b-{‑´-W-h‑p‑w s‑I‑m-
82 / Pq¬ / 2021

F-´‑m-W‑v ^‑m-ä‑ne‑n-hÀ?

I-c-f‑n A-a‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n s‑I‑m-
g‑p-¸‑v A-S‑n-ª‑p-I‑q-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w
I-cÄ-t‑I‑m-i-§Ä \-i‑n-¸‑n-¡-
s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ A-h-
Ø-b‑m-W‑v ^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-hÀ.
I-cÄ h‑o-§‑p-I-b‑p‑w I-cÄ-
t‑I‑m-i-§Ä-¡‑v {‑Z-h‑n-¡Â k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p.
I-cÄ k‑n-t‑d‑m-k‑n-k‑n-\‑v C-X‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p.

f-k‑v-t‑{‑S‑mÄ I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p‑w. ^‑m-ä‑n f‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-s‑f C-X‑v
e‑n-hÀ D-Å F-Ã‑m-hÀ-¡‑p‑w a-µ‑o-`-h‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]‑n-¯-
K‑p-c‑p-X-c-a‑m-b t‑c‑m-K‑m-h-Ø k‑w-_-Ô-a‑m-b A-h-Ø‑m-´-
D-ï‑m-I-W-s‑a-¶‑n-Ã. c-§Ä-¡‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w
s‑N-¿‑p‑w. I‑m-e-{‑I-t‑a-W I-cÄ
D-Z-c-k‑w-_-Ô-a‑m-b A-k‑z- t‑I‑m-i-§Ä-¡‑p \‑m-i‑w k‑w-
Ø-X-IÄ a‑q-e-t‑a‑m t‑h-s‑d `-h‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w e‑n-hÀ k‑n-t‑d‑m-
e-£-W-§Ä s‑I‑m-t‑ï‑m k‑n-k‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
USG Abdomen and Pelvis‑ s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. I-c-f‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-¶
s‑N-¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑n-s‑\ i-c‑n-b‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-
kÀ-h-k‑m-[‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n I‑m- b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³
W‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-W‑v ^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-hÀ. ]-ä‑m-s‑X-b‑m-h‑p-I‑, A-a‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n-
X-\‑n-t‑¨‑m a-ä‑v t‑c‑m-K-§-f‑p-s‑S «‑v s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑v D-X‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-
H-¸-t‑a‑m C-X‑v I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p‑w. S‑p-I‑, A-h-s‑b ]‑p-d-´-Å‑m³
a‑n-¡-h-c‑n-e‑p‑w {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v ]-ä‑m-s‑X h-c‑n-I‑, `-£-W-¯‑n-
t‑c‑m-K-e-£-W-§-s‑f‑m-¶‑p‑w e‑q-s‑S I‑q-S‑p-XÂ s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑v
D-ï‑m-I‑m-d‑n-Ã. N‑n-e-c‑n Z-l- i-c‑o-c-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-I X‑p-S-§‑n-
\-k‑w-_-Ô-a‑m-b {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä b-h-b‑m-W‑v I‑m-c-W-§Ä.
I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. K‑y‑m-k‑v,
h‑n-i-¸‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a‑, H‑m-¡‑m-\‑w‑, C-¶‑v {‑]-h‑m-k‑n-I-f‑nÂ
`-£-W-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-Å a-S‑p-¸‑v, [‑m-c‑m-f-a‑m-b‑n ^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-h-
a-e-_-Ô‑w‑, X-e-t‑h-Z-\‑, X-e- d‑p‑w b‑q-d‑n-I‑v B-k‑n-U‑p‑w
I-d-¡‑w‑, h-b-d‑p-t‑h-Z-\ X‑p-S- I-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p. A-a‑n-X-a‑m-b
§‑n-b-h D-ï‑m-I‑m‑w. ^‑m-Ì‑v ^‑p-U‑v t‑{‑]-a-h‑p‑w
D-d-¡-a‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a-b‑p‑w C-X‑n-\‑p
I-c-f‑n A-S‑n-b‑p-¶ s‑I‑m- I‑m-c-W-a‑m-h‑m‑w. C-e-¡-d‑n-
g‑p-¸‑v a‑q-e‑w t‑I‑m-i-§Ä- IÄ‑, ]-¨-¡-d‑n-IÄ e-`‑y-
¡‑v \‑oÀ-s‑¡-«‑v D-ï‑m-I‑p‑w. a‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑p
A-X‑n-s‑\ s‑t‑e-a-t‑o-h-e‑p-a-t‑i- h‑n-c-à‑n-b‑m-W‑v ]-eÀ-¡‑p‑w.
t‑i-s‑ F-¶‑p ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. I-c-
/ Pq¬ / 2021 83

\‑m-S³ `-£-W-§Ä ^‑m-ä‑ne‑n-hÀ
\‑n-d-t‑b-ï \-½‑p-s‑S F-§-s‑\ X-S-b‑m‑w?
A-S‑p-¡-f-b‑n C-¶‑v
c‑m-k-]-Z‑mÀ-°-§Ä 1. h‑y‑m-b‑m-a‑w: B-g‑v-N-b‑n 5 Z‑n-
\‑n-d-ª ^‑p-Í‑p-IÄ- h-k-s‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w I‑p-d-ª-X‑v 30
¡‑m-b‑n a‑p-J‑y-Ø‑m-\‑w. a‑n-\‑n-ä‑v t‑\-c-t‑¯-¡‑v h‑y‑m-b‑m-a‑w
C-X‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w \-½Ä s‑N-¿‑p-I.
a‑m-t‑d-ï-X‑n-t‑Ã? c‑m-{‑X‑n
A-a‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n `-£-W‑w 2. a-Z‑y-]‑m-\‑w D-t‑]-£‑n-¡‑p-I.
I-g‑n-¡‑p-I‑, c‑m-{‑X‑n-b‑n- 3. A-a‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n ]-©-k‑m-c A-S-
s‑e D-d-¡-a‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a‑,
I‑p-¸‑n-s‑h-Å-§-f‑p-s‑S §‑n-b `-£-W-§Ä H-g‑n-h‑m-
A-a‑n-X D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑w ¡‑p-I.
F-¶‑n-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w C-¶‑v 4. t‑{‑]‑m-k-k‑v s‑N-b‑v-X `-£-W
{‑]-h‑m-k‑n-IÄ-¡‑v H-g‑n- k‑m-[-\-§Ä H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑p-I
¨‑p-I‑q-S‑m³ ]-ä‑m-¯-h- (t‑{‑]‑m-k-k‑v s‑N-b‑v-X a‑m‑w-k‑w‑,
b‑m-W‑v. C-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w t‑I-¡‑v, _‑n-k‑v-I-ä‑v, N‑n-]‑v-k‑v t‑]‑m-
^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-hÀ t‑]‑m- e‑p-Å-h‑).
t‑e‑m-¯ A-]-I-S-§-f‑n- 5. s‑s‑l s‑s‑¥-s‑k-a‑n-I‑v I‑mÀ-t‑_‑m
t‑e-¡‑v h-g‑n s‑X-f‑n-b‑n- s‑s‑l-t‑{‑U-ä‑p-IÄ H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑p-I
t‑¨-¡‑m‑w. (s‑h-f‑p-¯ {‑_-U‑v, s‑h-f‑p-¯
A-c‑n a‑p-X-e‑m-b-h‑).
^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-hÀ h-c‑m-
\‑p-Å a‑p-J‑y-I‑m-c-W‑w (NAFLD‑).
a-Z‑y-]‑m-\‑w X-s‑¶- s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑n-s‑\ A-e‑n-b‑n-¡‑m³
b‑m-W‑v. a-Z‑y-]‑m-\‑n-IÄ
A-Ã‑m-¯-hÀ-¡‑n-S-b‑n _‑p-²‑n-a‑p-«‑p-¶-X‑v I‑m-c-W‑w I-c-f‑n-\‑p-
^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-h-d‑n-s‑â {‑]- Å‑n-s‑e S‑n-j‑y‑q-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑p-a‑n-ª‑p-I‑q-
[‑m-\ I‑m-c-W‑w A-a‑n-X SÂ a‑q-e‑w D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ t‑c‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v
h-®-a‑m-W‑v. c-ï‑p-X-c‑w t‑\‑m¬ BÄ-¡-t‑l‑m-f‑n-I‑v- ^‑m-ä‑n
^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-hÀ t‑c‑m-K-§- e‑n-hÀ (NAFL). A-e‑n-b‑m-¯
f‑p-ï‑v:

1. BÄ-¡-t‑l‑m-f‑n-I‑v-
^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-hÀ U‑n-k‑o-
k‑v (ALD‑). a-Z‑y-]‑m-\‑w
a‑q-e-a‑p-Å s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑v
I‑m-c-W‑w D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶
t‑c‑m-K-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.

2. t‑\‑m¬ BÄ-
¡-t‑l‑m-f‑n-I‑v- ^‑m-ä‑n
e‑n-hÀ U‑n-k‑o-k‑v

84 / Pq¬ / 2021

^mänenhÀ X\nt¨m aäv tcmK§fpsS
H¸tam hcpw. an¡hcnepw {]tXyI
e£W§sfm¶pw ImWmdnÃ.
Nnecn Zl\kw_Ôamb
{]iv\§Ä, Kymkv, hni¸nÃmbva,
Hm¡m\w, `£Wt¯mSpÅ aSp¸v,
ae_Ôw, XethZ\, XeId¡w,
hbdpthZ\ XpS§nbh D@mImw.

s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑v I‑m-c-W‑w I-cÄ D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. i-c‑o-c-¯‑n-s‑â
h‑oÀ-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ {‑]-h‑r-¯‑n-I-f‑n-e‑p-Å X‑m-f-`‑w-
t‑c‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v t‑\‑m¬ BÄ- K‑w X-s‑¶ I‑m-c-W‑w. I-c-f‑n-
¡-t‑l‑m-f‑n-I‑v- Steathepatitis‑ s‑â {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« H-c‑p t‑P‑m-
(NASH‑). - e‑n-b‑m-W‑v `-£-W-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S
c-à-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-¶ ¥‑q-t‑¡‑m-
C-t‑¸‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑n-«‑p- k‑n B-h-i‑y-¯‑n I‑q-S‑p-
Å-X‑v NAFLD F-¶ Non X-e‑p-Å-X‑n-s‑\ s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑m-¡‑n
Alcoholic Fatty Liver a‑m-ä‑n k‑q-£‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑v.
Disease B-W‑v. P‑o-h‑n-X A-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e X-s‑¶ s‑I‑m-g‑p-
s‑s‑i-e‑o t‑c‑m-K-§-f‑m-b {‑]-t‑a- ¸‑n-s‑\ Z-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I A-Y-h‑m
l‑w‑, c-à‑m-X‑n-k-½À-±‑w‑, emulsification F-¶-X‑p‑w
A-a‑n-X-h-®‑w‑, D-bÀ-¶ s‑I‑m-f- I-c-f‑n-s‑â t‑P‑m-e‑n-X-s‑¶.
k‑v-t‑{‑S‑mÄ F-¶‑n-h NAFLD

^män enhdns\ t{KUv 1, 2, 3 F¶n§s\ Xcw Xncn¡p¶p.
hbdnsâ kvIm\nepw Liver function test sâ ^e¯nepw
ImWp¶ ]cn-hÀ¯\§Ä¡\pkcn¨v PohnXssienbnepw
`£Wioe¯nepw amä§Ä hcp¯Ww.
Icfn\v hn{iaw sImSp¡emWv {][m\w.

/ Pq¬ / 2021 85

H-ta-K 3 ^m-än
B-kn-Uv A-S-§n-b
]-¨-¡-dn-I-fpw a-Õy-
§-fpw ss{U-{^q-Sv-
kpw \m-cp-I-f-S-§n-b
`-£-W-]-ZmÀ-°-§-fpw
[m-cm-fw I-gn-¨v ^m-än
en-hÀ \n-b-{´n-¡mw.

]‑n-¯-c-k-h‑p‑w A-t‑\-I‑w A-I-e‑w ]‑m-e‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v.
enzyme-s‑D‑w I-c-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p- A-a‑n-X-h-®‑w h‑y‑m-b‑m-a-¯‑n-e‑q-
ï‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m ^‑m-ä‑n s‑S I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-I. P‑o-h‑n-X-s‑s‑i-
e‑n-hÀ A-k-´‑p-e‑n-X‑m-h-Ø-b‑v- e‑o t‑c‑m-K-§-s‑f h-c‑p-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-
¡‑p I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. ¡‑p-I. A-{‑i-² ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v k‑n-
t‑d‑m-k‑n-k‑n-t‑e-¡‑p \-b‑n-¡‑p‑w.
N‑n-e a-c‑p-¶‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S Ø‑n-
c-a‑m-b D-]-t‑b‑m-K-h‑p‑w a-ä‑p a-Z‑y‑w i-c‑o-c-`‑m-c‑w I‑q-«‑p-
I-cÄ t‑c‑m-K-§Ä a‑q-e-h‑p‑w I-b‑p‑w I-c-f‑n s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑v
^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-hÀ D-ï‑m-I‑m‑w. s‑I‑m- A-S‑n-ª‑v ^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-hÀ D-ï‑m-
g‑p-¸‑n-s‑â A-a‑n-X D-]-t‑b‑m-K- ¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w. a-Z‑y‑w
h‑p‑w `-£-W-¯‑n-s‑â A-`‑m- h‑n-L-S‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑m-k-{‑]-hÀ-¯-
h-h‑p‑w (starvation)‑, N‑n-e \-§Ä I-cÄ t‑I‑m-i-§-s‑f
s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-I-f‑p‑w (s‑l-¸-s‑s‑ä-ä‑n- \-i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑n-s‑\
k‑v _‑n‑, k‑n‑) N‑n-e P-\‑n-X-I- Z-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å I-g‑n-h‑v
t‑c‑m-K-§-f‑p‑w ^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-h-d‑n-\‑p I-c-f‑n-\‑p I‑p-d-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑mÂ
I‑m-c-W-a‑m-t‑b-¡‑m‑w. B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-I-c-a‑m-b `-£-W
i‑o-e-§Ä a‑p-d‑p-s‑I-¸‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-I‑,
^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-h-d‑n-s‑\ t‑{‑K-U‑v Preservatives, artificial
1‑, 2‑, 3 F-¶‑n-§-s‑\ X-c‑w colours A-S-§‑n-b tinned or
X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. h-b-d‑n-s‑â k‑v- canned food hÀ-Ö‑n-¡‑p-I.
I‑m-\‑n-e‑p‑w Liver function F-®-b‑n h-d‑p-¯-h-b‑nÂ
test‑s‑â ^-e-¯‑n-e‑p‑w I‑m- I-t‑e‑m-d‑n I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-W‑v. A-h
W‑p-¶ ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡- I-c-f‑n-s‑â t‑P‑m-e‑n-`‑m-c‑w I‑q-
\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v P‑o-h‑n-X-s‑s‑i-e‑n- «‑p‑w. H-t‑a-K 3 ^‑m-ä‑n B-k‑n-
b‑n-e‑p‑w `-£-W-i‑o-e-¯‑n-e‑p‑w U‑v A-S-§‑n-b ]-¨-¡-d‑n-I-f‑p‑w
a‑m-ä-§Ä h-c‑p-¯-W‑w. I-c- a-Õ‑y-§-f‑p‑w s‑s‑{‑U-{‑^‑q-S‑v-k‑p‑w
f‑n-\‑v h‑n-{‑i-a‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡Â \‑m-c‑p-I-f-S-§‑n-b `-£-W-]-
{‑]-[‑m-\‑w. A-X‑n-\‑v A-a‑n-X- Z‑mÀ-°-§-f‑p‑w [‑m-c‑m-f‑w I-g‑n-¨‑v
a‑m-b a-[‑p-c‑w‑, s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑v, D-¸‑v, ^‑m-ä‑n e‑n-hÀ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑m‑w.
A-\‑m-h-i‑y a-c‑p-¶‑p-IÄ‑, H‑mÀ-¡‑p-I‑, i-c‑n-b‑m-b P‑o-h‑n-X-
a-Z‑y‑w‑, a-ä‑p e-l-c‑n-IÄ‑, c‑m-k- {‑I-a-h‑p‑w D-N‑n-X-a‑m-b a-c‑p-¶‑p-
]-Z‑mÀ-°-§Ä‑, a‑m‑w-k‑m-l‑m- I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-¯‑n-s‑â
c‑w‑, X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v I‑m-hÂ-¡‑mÀ.

86 / Pq¬ / 2021

\Xmen _«veÀ, s_¯v knʬkv

\-a‑p-¡‑m-h-i‑y-
a‑m-b h‑n-ä‑m-
a‑n-\‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
[‑m-X‑p-¡-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
a‑n-I-¨ D-d-h‑n-S-a‑m-W‑v
]-g(fruits‑)§Ä.
A-h-b‑n \‑m-c‑n-s‑â
A‑w-i‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-
W‑v. ^‑v-t‑e-h-t‑\‑m-b‑v-
U‑p-IÄ DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S
B-t‑c‑m-K‑y‑w hÀ-²‑n-¸‑n-

/ Pq¬ / 2021 87

¡‑p-¶ Bâ‑n-H‑m-I‑v-k‑n-Uâ‑p-I- ]g§Ä¡v
f‑p‑w A-h-b‑n A-S-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p- hyXykvX§fmb
¶‑p. BtcmKy KpW§fp@v.
Hä¡v Ign¡p¶Xnt\¡mÄ
]-g-§-f‑p‑w ]-¨-¡-d‑n-I-f‑p‑w asäm¶nsâ IqsS tNÀ¯v
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v H-c‑p Ign¡pt¼mfmbncn¡pw Nne
h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-s‑S l‑r-t‑{‑Z‑m-K‑w‑, ]g§Ä IqSpX anI¨
I‑m³-kÀ‑, h‑o-¡‑w‑, {‑]-t‑a-l‑w ^e§Ä XcpI.
F-¶‑o t‑c‑m-K-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑m-
[‑y-X I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p‑w. k‑n-{‑S-k‑v s‑N-d‑p-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-h‑p-Å ^‑v-f-
]-g-§Ä-¡‑p‑w s‑_-d‑n ]-g-§Ä- h-t‑\‑m-b‑n-U‑p-IÄ \‑m-c-§-
¡‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n- b‑n A-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v
¡‑m-\‑p-Å i-à-a‑m-b t‑i-j‑n- K-t‑h-j-IÀ I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-
b‑p-ï‑v. 2014Â ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-¶ ï‑v. B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-¯‑n-\‑v K‑p-W‑w
H-c‑p B-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I ]T-\- s‑N-¿‑p-¶ s‑s‑^-t‑ä‑m-s‑I-a‑n-
¯‑n t‑]‑m-j-I-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w ¡Â-k‑v F-¶ k-P‑o-h L-S-
I-t‑e‑m-d‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w A-S‑n-Ø‑m- I-§-f‑m-b h‑n-ä‑m-a‑n³‑, k‑n-t‑^‑m-
\-¯‑n H-¶‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-a‑p-Å- f‑n-I‑v B-k‑n-U‑v, s‑]‑m-«‑m-k‑y‑w‑,
X‑v \‑m-c-§-¡‑m-W‑v. s‑]-I‑v-ä‑n³ F-¶‑n-h-b‑p‑w C-X‑n-
e-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
1. \‑m-c-§
I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-[‑w: \‑m-c-
B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-]-c-a‑m-b K‑p-W-
§Ä I‑m-c-W‑w ]-c-¼-c‑m-K-X
H‑u-j-[-§-f‑n ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ H-c‑p
k‑n-{‑S-k‑v ]-g-a‑m-W‑v \‑m-c-§.
a-ä‑v k‑n-{‑S-k‑v ]-g-§-s‑f-t‑¸‑m-s‑e
h‑n-ä‑m-a‑n³ k‑n-b‑p‑w a-ä‑v Bâ‑n-
H‑m-I‑v-k‑n-Uâ‑p-I-f‑p‑w C-X‑nÂ
A-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑â
B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-¯‑n-\‑v Bâ‑n-H‑m-I‑v-
k‑n-Uâ‑p-IÄ A-X‑y‑m-h-i‑y-
a‑m-W‑v. C‑u k‑w-b‑p-à-§Ä
i-c‑o-c-¯‑n-s‑e t‑I‑m-i-§-s‑f
\-i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w I‑m³-kÀ
t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å a‑m-c-I t‑c‑m-K-
§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
s‑N-¿‑p-¶ A-]-I-S-I‑m-c‑n-I-s‑f
i-c‑o-c-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑v D-·‑q-e-\‑w
s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. j‑p-KÀ‑, _‑m-I‑v-ä‑o-
c‑n-b‑, I‑m³-kÀ F-¶‑n-h-s‑b

88 / Pq¬ / 2021

§ P‑y‑q-k‑v- A-S‑n-¨‑n-t‑«‑m A-s‑Ã- k‑m-[‑y-X I‑p-d-b‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n ]
¦‑n A-X‑n-s‑â \‑o-c‑v k-e‑m- T-\-§Ä I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
U‑n-t‑e‑m a‑o³‑, C-d-¨‑n F-¶‑n-h
s‑]‑m-c‑n-¨-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e‑m H-g‑n- I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-[‑w: k‑v-
¨‑v I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w. s‑X‑m-ï-t‑h-Z-\ t‑{‑S‑m-s‑_-d‑n H-c‑p s‑s‑h-h‑n-
i-a‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ H-c‑p S‑o-k‑v-]‑q¬ [‑y-a‑mÀ-¶ ]-g-a‑m-W‑v. A-h
t‑X-\‑p‑w \‑m-c-§ \‑o-c‑p‑w X‑n-f- H-ä-t‑¡‑m A-s‑Ã-¦‑n {‑]-`‑m-X-`-
¸‑n-¨ s‑h-Å-¯‑n t‑NÀ-¯‑v £-W-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-¸-t‑a‑m s‑s‑X-c‑n-
I‑p-S‑n-¡‑p-I. s‑s‑P-h-I‑r-j‑n-b‑n- s‑â I‑q-s‑S-t‑b‑m P‑m‑w c‑q-]-¯‑n-
e‑q-s‑S D-ï‑m-¡‑n-b \‑m-c-§-b‑p- t‑e‑m I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w.
s‑S s‑X‑m-e‑n-b‑p‑w I-g‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-
X‑m-W‑v. 3. H‑m-d-©‑v

2. k‑v-t‑{‑S‑m-s‑_-d‑n h‑n-ä‑m-a‑n-\‑p-I-f‑p‑w [‑m-X‑p-
¡-f‑p‑w A-S-§‑n-b a-[‑p-c-h‑p‑w
D-bÀ-¶ P-e‑m‑w-i-a‑p-Å h‑r-¯‑m-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑p-a‑m-b
N‑p-h-¶ ]-g-a‑m-W‑v k‑v-t‑{‑S‑m- k‑n-{‑S-k‑v ]-g-a‑m-W‑v H‑m-d-©‑v.
s‑_-d‑n. B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-I-c-a‑m-b h‑n-ä‑m-a‑n³ k‑n-b‑p-s‑S G-ä-h‑p‑w
h‑n-ä‑m-a‑n-\‑p-I-f‑p‑w [‑m-X‑p-¡- k-¼-¶-a‑m-b H-c‑p t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑v
f‑p‑w C-X‑n A-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p- I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑n-X‑v. i-c‑o-c-¯‑n-s‑e
ï‑v. C-h-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-¯‑p-I-f‑n t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ {‑]-hÀ-¯-
[‑m-c‑m-f‑w \‑m-c‑p-I-f‑p‑w A-S-§‑n- \-¯‑n-\‑v A-X‑y‑m-h-i‑y-a‑m-b
b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n l‑r-Z- Bâ‑n-H‑m-I‑v-k‑n-Uâ‑m-b‑n h‑n-ä‑m-
b‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y‑w hÀ-²‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ a‑n³ k‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ ^‑v-t‑e-h-t‑\‑m- k-k‑y-§-s‑f A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-
b‑v-U‑p-I-f‑m-b anthocyanins ¡‑n-b‑p-Å `-£-W-§-f‑nÂ
C-h-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. \‑m-c‑p-I-f‑p‑w \‑n-¶‑v C-c‑p-¼‑n-s‑â A‑w-i‑w
s‑]‑m-«‑m-k‑y-h‑p‑w l‑r-Z-b‑m-t‑c‑m- B-K‑n-c-W‑w s‑N-¿‑m³ i-c‑o-
K‑y-¯‑n-\‑v k-l‑m-b-I-a‑m-W‑v. c-s‑¯ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑q-
k‑v-t‑{‑S‑m-_-d‑n \‑n-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n I-g‑n- s‑S C-X‑v t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[
¡‑p-¶-h-c‑n l‑r-Z-b‑m-L‑m-X

/ Pq¬ / 2021 89

{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä X‑z-c‑n-X-s‑¸- b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑n-s‑â h‑n-¯‑p-
S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. I-f‑n D-bÀ-¶ t‑X‑m-X‑nÂ
\‑m-c‑n-s‑â A‑w-i-a‑p-ï‑v. I‑p-S-e‑n-
h‑n-ä‑m-a‑n³ k‑n i-c‑o-c-¯‑n- s‑â B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-h‑p‑w l‑r-Z-b‑m-
\‑v k‑z-b‑w \‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑m³ t‑c‑m-K‑y-h‑p‑w s‑a-¨-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m³
I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã. A-X‑n-\‑m C‑u A-h k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p‑w.
h‑n-ä‑m-a‑n³ `-£-W-¯‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑v e-`‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. H‑m- I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-[‑w:
d-©‑p-I-f‑n D-bÀ-¶ A-f- »‑m-¡‑v-s‑_-d‑n H-ä-t‑¡‑m
h‑n A-S-§‑n-b s‑]-I‑v-ä‑n³ {‑]-`‑m-X-`-£-W-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w
I‑y‑m³-k-d‑n-\‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p-¶ s‑s‑X-c‑n t‑NÀ-t‑¯‑m a-[‑p-c-]-
c‑m-k-h-k‑v-X‑p-¡-s‑f h³-I‑p-S- e-l‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-¸-t‑a‑m I-g‑n-
e‑n \‑n-¶‑v \‑o-¡‑w s‑N-¿‑p-I- ¡‑m‑w. X-W‑p-¸‑n-¨‑p‑w I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w.
b‑p‑w A-§-s‑\ h³-I‑p-S-e‑n-s‑\
B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-t‑¯‑m-s‑S \‑n-e-\‑nÀ- 5. B-¸‑nÄ
¯‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p
\‑m-c‑p I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v. \‑m-c‑n-s‑â G-ä-h‑p‑w \-Ã
A‑w-i‑w A-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v
B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-I-c-a‑m-b NÀ-½- B-¸‑n-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v. C-h I-g‑n-¡‑p-
¯‑n-\‑p‑w I‑m-g‑v-N-i-à‑n-¡‑p‑w ¶-X‑v a‑q-e‑w l‑r-Z-b‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y‑w
{‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b H-c‑p k‑w-b‑p- hÀ-²‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w i-c‑o-c-`‑m-
à-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-ä‑m-a‑n³ F b‑p‑w c‑w I‑p-d-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w.
\‑m-U‑n‑, {‑]-X‑y‑pÂ-]‑m-Z-\
k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-
I-c-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑m-\‑p‑w
N‑p-h-¶ c-à‑m-W‑p-¡-s‑f k‑r-
ã‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶
X-b‑m-a‑n³‑, t‑^‑m-t‑f-ä‑v F-¶‑n-h-
b‑pÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ _‑n-h‑n-ä‑m-a‑n-\‑p-I-
f‑p‑w C-X‑n A-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.

I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-[‑w: e-L‑p-
`-£-W-a‑m-b‑n-t‑«‑m A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ
P‑y‑q-k‑v c‑q-]-¯‑n-t‑e‑m H‑m-d-©‑v
I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w. C-X‑n-s‑â s‑X‑m-e‑n
k‑m-e-U‑v, s‑s‑X-c‑v F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-
s‑S I‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w.

4. »‑m-¡‑v-s‑_-d‑n

a-ä‑v \‑m-c-§‑m ]-g-§-s‑f-
t‑¸‑m-s‑e »‑m-¡‑v-s‑_-d‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w
B-t‑c‑m-K‑y‑w hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶
anthocyanin-\‑p-IÄ A-S-§‑n-

90 / Pq¬ / 2021

B-¸‑n-f‑n-s‑e s‑]-I‑v-ä‑n³ I‑p-SÂ D-ï‑v. \‑m-c‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S K‑p-W‑w
B-t‑c‑m-K‑y‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑m-\‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑m³ h‑n-¯‑p-I-f-S-¡‑w
k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ]-X‑n-h‑m-b‑n X-s‑¶ I-g‑n-¡‑p-I.
B-¸‑nÄ I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p a‑q-e‑w
l‑r-Z-b k‑w-_-Ô-a‑m-b A-k‑p- C-h-b‑p-s‑S B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-K‑p-W-
J-§Ä‑, N‑n-e-X-c‑w AÀ-_‑p- §-s‑f I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å H-c‑p ]T-\‑w
Z-§Ä‑, {‑]-t‑a-l‑w F-¶‑n-h k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v X-e-t‑¨‑m-
I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m-s‑a-¶‑v K-t‑h-j-W- d‑v k‑w-_-Ô t‑c‑m-K-§-f‑m-b
§Ä s‑X-f‑n-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. AÄ-j‑n-t‑a-g‑v-k‑v, ]‑mÀ-¡‑n³-
k¬-k‑v F-¶‑n-h-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v
B-¸‑n-f‑n D-bÀ-¶ A-f- \-s‑½ k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑m³ C-X‑v
h‑n-e‑p-Å s‑I‑zÀ-s‑k-ä‑n³ F-¶ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-h-b‑nÂ
^‑v-t‑e-h-t‑\‑m-b‑v-U‑v D-ï‑v. D-bÀ-¶ A-f-h‑n t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑^-
A-X‑n I‑m³-k-d‑n-s‑\ {‑]-X‑n- t‑\‑mÄ A-S-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-
t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ L-S-I-§-f‑p-ï‑v. \‑m-e‑m-I‑m‑w C-X‑v. t‑{‑]‑m-t‑Ì-ä‑v
A-a‑n-X h-®‑w I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m-\‑p‑w
B-¸‑nÄ D-¯-a H‑u-j-[-a- ]gw Ign¡p¶XneqsS
t‑{‑X. \½psS icoc¯n\v
{]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb
I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-[‑w:
B-¸‑nÄ H-ä-¡‑v I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w. kp{][m\ hnäman\pIfpw
F-¶‑m _-Z‑m‑w _-«-d‑p-a‑m-b‑n Bâ nHmIv-knUâpIfpw
t‑NÀ-¯‑v I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v i-c‑o- \mcpIfpw e`n¡p¶p.
c-¯‑n-s‑e t‑{‑]‑m-«‑o-\‑p‑w s‑I‑m- lrZbmtcmKyw, Zl\w,
g‑p-¸‑p‑w k-´‑p-e‑n-X-a‑m-¡‑m³
k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p‑w. t‑h-h‑n-¨-t‑X‑m `mc \nb{´Ww,
]-¨-t‑b‑m B-b B-¸‑nÄ s‑s‑X- NÀamtcmKyw F¶nh¡v
c‑n t‑NÀ-¯‑p I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w
\-Ã-X‑m-W‑v. ]‑m-N-I-¯‑n CXv hfsc
B-¸‑nÄ t‑k‑m-k‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n- KpWw sN¿pw.
¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m‑w.
/ Pq¬ / 2021 91
6. D-d‑p-a‑m-¼-g‑w

]-e-c‑p‑w D-d‑p-a‑m-¼-g-s‑¯
(a‑m-X-f-\‑m-c-I‑w‑) H-c‑p ‑'k‑q-¸À-
^‑p-U‑v' B-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v I-W-¡‑m-
¡‑p-¶-X‑v. t‑c‑m-K-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶
H‑m-I‑v-k‑n-t‑U-ä‑o-h‑v k-½À-
±-s‑¯ t‑\-c‑n-S‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-
¡‑p-¶ Bâ‑n H‑m-I‑v-k‑n-Uâ‑p-
I-f‑p‑w t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑^-t‑\‑m-f‑p-I-f‑p‑w
C-h-b‑n I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑n

I‑m³-k-d‑n-s‑â t‑I‑m-i-§-f‑p-s‑S ¡‑m³ {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-{‑]-Z-a‑m-W‑v.
h-fÀ-¨-s‑b \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-[‑w: H-ä-
C-X‑n-\‑m-h‑p‑w.
t‑¡‑m {‑^‑q-«‑v k-e‑m-U‑nÂ
I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-[‑w: D-d‑p- t‑NÀ-t‑¯‑m C-X‑p I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w.
a‑m-¼-g‑w H-ä-b‑v-¡‑v X-s‑¶ ]‑p-Í‑n‑w-K‑v, s‑U-t‑kÀ-«‑v, P‑m‑w
I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w. I‑p-k‑v-I‑p-k‑v t‑]‑m- F-¶‑o c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑p‑w I-g‑n-¡‑m-
t‑e‑m-¯ A-c‑n h‑n-`-h-§Ä- h‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v.
s‑¡‑m-¸-t‑a‑m A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ
k-e‑m-U‑p-I-f‑n t‑NÀ-t‑¯‑m 8. h‑m-g-¸-g‑w
I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w. C-X‑v a-[‑p-c-a‑p-Å-
X‑n-\‑m s‑s‑X-c‑n-t‑e‑m {‑^‑q-«‑v l‑r-Z-b-a‑n-S‑n-¸‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w
k-e‑m-U‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e‑m t‑NÀ-¯‑p‑w c-à-k-½À-±-s‑¯-b‑p‑w \‑n-b-
I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w. {‑´‑n-¡‑m³ i-c‑o-c-s‑¯
k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑]‑m-«‑m-k‑y‑w
7. s‑s‑]-\‑m-¸‑nÄ h‑m-g-¸-g-¯‑n [‑m-c‑m-f‑w A-S-
§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. l‑r-Z-b-a‑n-S‑n-¸‑p‑w
i-c‑o-c `‑m-K-§-f‑n-e‑p-ï‑m- c-à-k-½À-Z-h‑p‑w \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-
I‑p-¶ ]-g‑p-¸‑v, h‑r-W‑w t‑]‑m- ¡‑m³ s‑]‑m-«‑m-k‑y‑w k-l‑m-b‑n-
t‑e‑m-¯-h I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m-\‑p‑w ¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑m-g-¸-g-¯‑n-e-S-§‑n-b
B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-I-c-a‑m-b i‑m-c‑o-c‑n-I \‑m-c‑p-IÄ a-e h‑n-kÀ-Ö-\‑w‑,
h-fÀ-¨-¡‑p‑w k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶
H-c‑p ]-g-a‑m-W‑v s‑s‑]-\‑m-¸‑nÄ. D-Z-c k‑w-_-Ô‑n-b‑m-b {‑]-i‑v-\-
C-X‑n t‑{‑_‑m-s‑a-s‑s‑e³ §Ä‑, AÄ-kÀ‑, h³-I‑p-SÂ
F-¶ k-P‑o-h k‑w-b‑p-à‑w ]‑p-®‑v F-¶‑n-h-s‑b {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-
A-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. [‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w ^-e-{‑]-Z‑w.

a‑q-¡‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ h‑o-¡‑w I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-[‑w: H-ä-¡‑v
I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m³ t‑{‑_‑m-s‑a-s‑s‑e³ X-s‑¶ I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w. A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ
k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p‑w. s‑s‑]-\‑m-¸‑n-f‑n-e- P‑y‑q-k‑v- c‑q-]-¯‑n-t‑e‑m ]‑m³-t‑I-
S-§‑n-b a‑m‑w-K-\‑o-k‑v F-Ã‑n-s‑\- ¡‑p-IÄ D-ï‑m-¡‑n-t‑b‑m t‑_-
b‑p‑w t‑I‑m-i-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w \‑nÀ-a‑n- ¡‑n‑w-K‑v s‑N-b‑v-t‑X‑m D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
¡‑m‑w.

92 / Pq¬ / 2021

9. A-t‑h‑m-¡‑m-t‑U‑m e‑p-ï‑v.
I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-[‑w: H-ä-
C-X‑n-s‑â B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-I-c-
a‑m-b K‑p-W-§Ä I‑m-c-W‑w t‑¡‑m k‑m-[‑m-c-W k-e‑m-U‑p-I-
]-e-c‑p‑w A-t‑h‑m-¡‑m-t‑U‑m-I-s‑f f‑n t‑NÀ-t‑¯‑m A-t‑h‑m-¡‑m-
k‑q-¸À-^‑p-U‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v h‑n- t‑U‑m I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w. A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ
f‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑I‑m-f-k‑v-t‑{‑S‑mÄ
I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ / Pq¬ / 2021 93
H-e‑n-I‑v B-k‑n-U‑v F-¶ s‑I‑m-
g‑p-¸‑v A-t‑h‑m-¡‑m-t‑U‑m-I-f‑nÂ
A-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-
I-c-a‑m-b s‑I‑m-g‑p-¸‑p-I-f‑p-]-
t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v s‑I‑m-f-k‑v-t‑{‑S‑mÄ
\‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v l‑r-t‑{‑Z‑m-
K-þ-l‑r-Z-b‑m-L‑m-X k‑m-[‑y-X
I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³
l‑mÀ-«‑v A-t‑k‑m-k‑n-t‑b-j³
]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.

h‑m-g-¸-g‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e A-t‑h‑m-
¡‑m-t‑U‑m-b‑n-e‑p‑w s‑]‑m-«‑m-k‑y‑w
[‑m-c‑m-f-a‑p-ï‑v. B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-a‑p-Å
I-®‑p-IÄ-¡‑p‑w NÀ-½-¯‑n-\‑p‑w
{‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b e‑y‑q-«‑n³ F-¶
Bâ‑n-H‑m-I‑v-k‑n-Uâ‑p‑w A-h-b‑n-

\‑m-c-§‑, s‑h-f‑p-¯‑p-Å‑n‑, k‑w-{‑K-l‑w
X-¡‑m-f‑n F-¶‑n-h t‑NÀ-
¯‑p-Å k-e‑m-t‑U‑m I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w. ]-g-§Ä-¡‑v h‑y-X‑y-
a-ä‑v F-®-IÄ-¡‑p ]-I-c‑w k‑v-X-§-f‑m-b B-t‑c‑m-K‑y
A-t‑h‑m-¡‑m-t‑U‑m H‑m-b‑n D-]- K‑p-W-§-f‑p-ï‑v. H-ä-¡‑v
t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m‑w. I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ
a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑n-s‑â I‑q-s‑S t‑NÀ-
10. »‑q-s‑_-d‑n ¯‑v I-g‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-f‑m-b‑n-c‑n-
¡‑p‑w N‑n-e ]-g-§Ä I‑q-
[‑m-c‑m-f‑w B-t‑c‑m-K‑y K‑p-W- S‑p-X a‑n-I-¨ ^-e-§Ä
§Ä \Â-I‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ X-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p k‑q-¸À-^‑p-U‑m-W‑v
»‑q-s‑_-d‑n. k‑v-t‑{‑S‑m-s‑_-d‑n ]-g‑w I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑q-
t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, »‑q-s‑_-d‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w s‑S \-½‑p-s‑S i-c‑o-c-¯‑n-\‑v
anthocyanin A-S-§‑n-b‑n-«‑p- k‑p-{‑]-[‑m-\ h‑n-ä‑m-a‑n-\‑p-I-
ï‑v. C-X‑v i-à-a‑m-b Bâ‑n-H‑m- f‑p‑w Bâ‑n-H‑m-I‑v-k‑n-Uâ‑p-
I‑v-k‑n-Uâ‑m-W‑v. l‑r-t‑{‑Z‑m-K‑w‑, I-f‑p‑w `-£-W \‑m-c‑p-I-f‑p‑w
l‑r-Z-b‑m-L‑m-X‑w‑, AÀ-_‑p-Z‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. l‑r-Z-b‑m-t‑c‑m-
t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å t‑c‑m-K-§-f‑n K‑y‑w‑, Z-l-\‑w‑, `‑m-c \‑n-b-
\‑n-¶‑v i-c‑o-c-¯‑n-\‑v C-X‑v k‑w-c- {‑´-W‑w‑, NÀ-a‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y‑w
£-W‑w \Â-I‑p‑w. F-¶‑n-h-¡‑v C-X‑v h-f-s‑c
K‑p-W‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w. B-t‑c‑m-
I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï h‑n-[‑w: K‑y‑w s‑a-¨-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-
»‑q-s‑_-d‑n {‑]-`‑m-X-`-£-W-¯‑n- \‑p‑w h‑o-¡‑w‑, l‑r-t‑{‑Z‑m-K‑w‑,
s‑\‑m-¸-t‑a‑m a-[‑p-c-]-e-l‑m-c-§- I‑y‑m³-kÀ‑, A-a‑n-X-h-®‑w‑,
f‑p-s‑S I‑q-s‑S-t‑b‑m s‑s‑X-c‑n {‑]-t‑a-l‑w F-¶‑n-h I‑p-d-
t‑NÀ-t‑¯‑m I-g‑n-¡‑m‑w. ¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w ]-g-§Ä
I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v A-X‑y‑p-¯-a-
94 / Pq¬ / 2021 a‑m-W‑v. I-S‑n-¨‑p X‑n-¶‑p-X‑m-
W‑v P‑y‑q-k‑m-¡‑n I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶-
X‑n-s‑\-¡‑mÄ \-Ã-X‑v.

\nco-£Ww XmPp±o³ AÂIq¯n

Úm\imkv{Xw
aX¯nepw

X¯zNn´bnepw

{‑]-]-©-¯‑n-s‑e k‑r-ã‑n-s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y-§-f‑n G-s‑d {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-
X-b‑p-Å-h-c‑m-W‑v a-\‑p-j‑yÀ. C-X-c k‑r-ã‑n-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w
A-h-s‑\ {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v h‑n-t‑h-N-\-_‑p-²‑n-b‑m-W‑v. A-X‑m-W-
h-s‑\ A-t‑\‑z-j-W X-X‑v-]-c-\‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w. a‑m-\‑p-j N-c‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w h‑n-
I‑m-k-h‑p‑w \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y‑w t‑_‑m-[‑y-s‑¸-S‑p‑w.

C-k‑v-e‑m‑w A-d‑n-h‑n-s‑\ t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. t‑I-h-e‑m-t‑\‑z-j-
W-a-Ã a-X‑w B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. I‑r-X‑y-h‑p‑w h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-h‑p-a‑m-b
I‑m-c‑y-§Ä ]T‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m-\‑m-W‑v \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑w. A-X‑m-I-s‑« {‑k-ã‑m-h‑m-b
A-Ã‑m-l‑p-h‑n-s‑\ A-d‑n-b‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w \‑m-Y-s‑â X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-¯‑n-\-\‑p-k-
c‑n-¨‑v P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-a‑m-W‑v.

/ Pq¬ / 2021 95

h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-]-c-a‑m-b I‑m-c‑y-§Ä «‑m-e‑p‑w A-X‑v k‑z‑o-I‑m-c‑y-a-Ã.
`‑u-X‑n-I I‑m-c‑y-§Ä t‑]‑m-s‑e a‑p-X-h‑m-X‑nÀ (\‑n-t‑h-Z-\‑w s‑N-¿-
A-{‑X e-f‑n-X-a-Ã. a-X‑m-S‑n-Ø‑m- s‑¸-S‑p-¶ H‑m-t‑c‑m L-«-¯‑n-e‑p‑w
\-¯‑n ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ H-c‑p \‑n-e-¡‑p‑w I-f-h‑m-I‑m³ k‑m-
C-k‑v-e‑m-a‑n-s‑\ h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-]-c-h‑p‑w [‑y-X-b‑n-Ã‑m-¯ \‑n-t‑h-Z-I-c‑n-e‑q-
IÀ-½-]-c-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p- s‑S s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑n h-¶-X‑v) B-b
¯‑m‑w. A-h-e‑w-_ t‑b‑m-K‑y-a‑m-b l-Z‑o-k‑v I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b Ú‑m-\‑w
h‑n-Ú‑m-\ t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-IÄ \Â-I‑p‑w. F-¶‑m i-c‑n-b‑m-h‑m³
B-g-¯‑n a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b I‑q-S‑p-X k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p-Å l-Z‑o-
t‑b‑m-K‑y-c‑m-b ]-Þ‑n-X t‑I-k- k‑m-s‑W-¦‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w C-k‑v-e‑m-
c‑n-IÄ t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n s‑h-¨-h- a‑n-I h‑n-i‑z‑m-k I‑m-c‑y-§-f‑nÂ
b‑m-W‑v A-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w. k‑z‑o-I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑n-Ã. A-X‑n-
\‑m X-s‑¶ \‑n-t‑h-Z-I-c‑n H‑m-
h‑n-i‑z‑m-k k‑w-_-Ô‑n-b‑m-b t‑c‑m-c‑p-¯-c‑p-t‑S-b‑p‑w N-c‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w
I‑m-c‑y-§Ä-¡‑v I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b h‑n- ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y-h‑p‑w k‑q-£‑v-a-X-t‑b‑m-s‑S
i-I-e-\ a‑m-\-a‑p-ï‑v. B ]‑m-X- ]T‑n-¨‑v t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n s‑h-¡‑m³
b‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w AÂ-]-s‑a‑m-¶‑v ]-Þ‑n-X-·‑mÀ I‑m-W‑n-¨ X‑y‑m-K‑w
s‑X-¶‑n-b‑m t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w h-e‑n-b k‑v-a-c‑y-a‑m-W‑v.
A-]-I-S-§-f‑m-W‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-I.
{‑K‑o-¡‑v ^‑n-t‑e‑m-k-^‑n-b‑p-s‑S a-d- {‑]-]-©-¯‑n-s‑e ]-e h-k‑v-
h‑n N‑n-e s‑X-ä‑m-b X-X‑z-N‑n-´- X‑p-¡-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v A-X
IÄ {]N-cn¨-t‑¸‑mÄ ]‑n-g-h‑p-IÄ -t‑\‑z-j‑n-¨‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-a‑m-b‑n s‑X-
]-c‑n-l-c‑n-¨‑v b-Y‑mÀ-° h‑n-i‑z‑m- f‑n-b‑n-¨‑v h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w I-s‑ï-¯‑m-
k‑w A-c-¡‑n-«‑p-d-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v \‑m-W‑v J‑pÀ-B³ B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-
A-J‑o-Z (h‑n-i‑z‑m-k i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w‑) ¶-X‑v. F-¶‑m A-a‑qÀ-¯-a‑m-b
F-s‑¶‑m-c‑p ]T-\-i‑m-J X-s‑¶ N‑n-e I‑m-c‑y-§-f‑m-I-s‑«‑, I‑r-X‑y-
D-Û-h‑n-¨-X‑v. a‑m-b X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w J‑pÀ-B³
{‑]-X‑n-]‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑v
l-Z‑o-k‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m- ]-c‑o-£-W \‑n-c‑o-£-W-¯‑n-e‑q-
\-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w‑, \‑n-t‑h-Z-I-c‑p-s‑S s‑S I-s‑ï-¯‑p-I k‑m-[‑y-a-s‑Ã-
k-X‑y-k-Ô-X‑, A-h-c‑p-s‑S P‑o- ¶-X‑p X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v I‑m-c-W‑w.
h‑n-X N-c‑n-{‑X ]T-\-§Ä X‑p-S-
§‑n-b K-t‑h-j-W-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S- C-§-s‑\ h-k‑v-X‑p-X-]-c-a‑m-b
b‑m-W‑v l-Z‑o-k‑n-s‑â I‑r-X‑y-X h‑n-j-b-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p-Å h‑n-i‑z‑m-
a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. H-c‑p l-Z‑o-k‑v k‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-b‑m-W-s‑¯ t‑{‑]‑m-
a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v F-X‑n-c‑m-h‑m-X‑n- Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p C-k‑v-e‑m‑w.
c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w t‑aÂ-¸-d-ª I‑m- F-¶‑m A-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑n-s‑b k‑w-
c‑y-§-s‑f-Ã‑m‑w I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w _-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑m-f‑w A-d‑n-h‑v t‑\-
s‑N-b‑v-X‑m A-X‑v k‑z‑o-I‑m-c‑y- S‑p-I F-¶-s‑X‑m-c‑p t‑{‑]-c-I‑w a‑m-
a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v ]-d-b‑m‑w. F-¶‑m {‑X-a‑m-W‑v. B-I-b‑m i-c‑n-b‑m-b
C-X‑n-\‑v A-]-h‑m-Z-a‑m-b‑n h-Ã-X‑p‑w N‑n-´-b‑p-s‑S a‑q-e-[‑m-X‑p F-¶-X‑v
k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑m-e‑p‑w \‑n-t‑h-Z-\ ]-c-¼- h-k‑v-X‑p-X‑m-]-c-a‑m-b A-S‑n-Ø‑m-
c-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p I-®‑n \-ã-s‑¸- \‑w X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v.

96 / Pq¬ / 2021

apl½Zv- BinJv ]n. ]Xn\mdp§Â ]T\w

A¶qdp apl½Zn:
DZbhpw {]IS\hpw

"\‑n-Ý-b-a‑m-b‑p‑w A-Ã‑m- ]-c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-X‑v a‑p-l-
l‑p-h‑n \‑n-¶‑v ½-Z‑v \-_‑n(k‑z‑) F-¶ {‑]-I‑m-
{‑]-I‑m-i-h‑p‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-b i-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑m-W‑v. ‑"\‑qÀ‑'
{‑K-Ù-h‑p‑w \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v h-¶‑n-c‑n- F-¶-X‑v A-Ã‑m-l‑p-h‑n-s‑â
¡‑p-¶‑p" (a‑m-C-Z/15‑). B-Z‑y k‑r-ã‑n-b‑m-b l-J‑o-J-
¯‑p a‑p-l-½-Z‑n-¿/ d‑q-l‑pÂ
k‑n-d‑m-P‑p³- a‑p-\‑oÀ A-Y- AÀ-h‑m-l‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑m-W‑v.
h‑m {‑]-I‑m-i‑n-¡‑p-¶ Z‑o-]‑w a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n(k‑z‑)b‑p-s‑S
F-¶ h‑n-t‑i-j-W‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v tIhew {‑]-I‑m-i-s‑¯ A-Ã
{‑k-ã‑m-h‑v J‑pÀ-B-\‑n-e‑q-s‑S
/ Pq¬ / 2021 97

b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑n A-¶‑qÀ _‑m-l‑p-e‑y‑w K‑p-W-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
F-¶‑v C-h‑n-s‑S ]-d-b‑p-¶- a-l-X‑z-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w-  _‑m-l‑p-
X‑v. a-d‑n-¨‑v, ]-Z‑mÀ-Y t‑e‑m-I- e‑y-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-W-
¯‑n-\‑p a‑p-t‑¼-b‑p-Å B-Z‑y t‑Ã‑m.
k‑r-ã‑n-b‑m-b A-h‑n-S-s‑¯
d‑q-l‑n-s‑â \‑m-a-§-f‑n H-¶‑m- ]-Z‑mÀ-Y t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑p
W-X‑v. -B-Z‑y‑w D-· \Â-I-s‑¸-« a‑p-¼‑p-Å B-ß‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S
k‑r-ã‑n-b‑m-b-X‑n-\‑m X-s‑¶ t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v X-s‑¶ a‑p-l-½-Z‑v
k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑m-b‑p‑w k‑r-ã‑n-I- \-_‑n(k‑z‑) {‑]-h‑m-N-I-\‑m-b‑n-
f‑n ]-c-t‑a‑m-¶-X Ø‑m-\-¯‑p- c‑p-¶‑p. B-ß‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S k-Z-
Å-X‑v a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n(k‑z‑) Ê‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w a-l-X‑z-t‑a-d‑n-b
X-s‑¶-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v \‑n-Ê‑w-i-b‑w B-ß‑m-h‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p \‑q-d‑pÂ- 
]-d-b‑m‑w. a‑p-l-½-Z‑n. C-a‑m‑w K-k‑m-e‑n(d‑)
B-ß‑m-¡-s‑f 5 C-\-a‑m-b‑n
-{‑]-Y-a d‑q-l‑v(d‑q-l‑p AÀ- ‑'a‑n-i‑v-I‑m-¯‑p A³-h‑mÀ‑'
h‑m-l‑v) F-¶-X‑n-\‑p ]‑p-d-t‑a F-¶ {‑K-Ù-¯‑n d‑q-l‑pÂ
\‑q-d‑n-\‑v J-e‑w‑, A-J‑v-e‑v, Z‑p-d- J‑p-Z‑v-k‑n-s‑\ {‑]-X‑n-]‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-
X‑v, -AÂ- P‑u-l-d-X‑v, l-J‑o- S-¯‑v A-¼‑n-b‑m-¡Ä a‑p-g‑p-h³
J-¯‑p a‑p-l-½-Z‑n-¿-¯‑v, Z‑o-]-§-f‑m-s‑W-¶‑p‑w A-h-b‑nÂ
Z‑m-X‑p a‑p-l-½-Z‑n-¿-¯‑v, k‑n-d‑m-P‑p³ a‑p-\‑oÀ F-¶‑v \‑m-a-
d‑q-l‑p A-A‑v-f‑w‑, d‑q-l‑p I-c-W‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-« {‑]-Y-a
J‑p-Z‑v-k‑n-¿‑v X‑p-S-§‑n H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v Ø‑m-\-s‑¯ d‑q-l‑m-W‑v a‑p-l-
t‑]-c‑p-I-f‑p-ï‑v. t‑]-c‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S ½-Z‑v(k‑z‑) F-¶‑p‑w k-aÀ-°‑n-

98 / Pq¬ / 2021

]ZmÀY temI¯n\p ap¼pÅ Bßm¡fpsS temI¯v
Xs¶ apl½Zv \_n(kz) {]hmNI\mbncp¶p. Bßm¡fpsS
kZÊn Gähpw alXztadnb Bßmhmbncp¶p \qdp 
apl½Zn.

¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. \‑n-¨-X‑n-s‑\ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
B-Z‑n-b‑n A-Ã‑m- a-\‑p-j‑y-hÀ-¤-s‑¯ X-s‑â k‑r-ã‑n-
I-f‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w DÂ-I‑r-ã-a‑m-¡‑n
l‑p A-Ã‑m-¯ H-¶‑p‑w A-h³ _-l‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
D¬-a-b‑n-Ã‑m-¯ H-c‑p s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
A-h-Ø D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p. A-¶‑v I‑m-e-t‑a‑m C-l-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
k-a-b-t‑a‑m Ø-e-t‑a‑m ¶-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ k-¼‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b
a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑p-t‑a‑m D-ï‑m- c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p {‑]-I‑m-i
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. "]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v {‑]-`‑m-h-a‑m-b a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n(k‑z‑)
R‑m³ A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑m³ s‑b B-Z‑y‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨-X‑v. {‑]-`-t‑b‑m-
C-ã-s‑¸-«‑p‑' F-¶ S‑v I‑q-s‑S-b‑p-Å A-t‑X c‑q-]-¯‑nÂ
{‑]-t‑b‑m-K-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v A-h‑n-S-s‑¯ ]‑n-¶‑o-
{‑k-ã‑m-h‑v X-s‑¶ S‑v C‑u `‑q-a‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-
B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n A-¶‑q-d‑p ¶‑n-c‑p-¶-s‑X-¦‑n C‑u `‑q-a‑n-t‑b‑m
a‑p-l-½-Z‑n(k‑z‑)s‑b k‑q-c‑y-t‑\‑m A-h-t‑i-j‑n-¡‑p-a‑m-
k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m³ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m- b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ
k‑q-c‑y-s‑â k‑r-ã‑n-¸‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w
A-h‑n-S-s‑¯ {‑]-I‑m-i-¯‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w s‑N-d‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p A‑w-i‑w
s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v. d‑q-l‑m-b a‑p-l-½-Z‑v-
\-_‑n(k‑z‑)¡‑v \‑qÀ F-¶‑v \‑m-a-I-
c-W‑w s‑N-¿‑m³ I‑m-c-W‑w ]‑n-¶‑o-
S‑v B \‑q-d‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m-W‑v kÀ-Æ
k‑r-ã‑n-I-f‑p‑w C-c‑p-«‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w
D¬-a-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w a-A‑v-c‑n-^-¯‑n-
s‑â-b‑p‑w {‑]-I‑m-i-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
F-¯‑m³ I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b-s‑X-¶-X‑p-
s‑I‑m-ï‑v I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v. B \‑q-d‑n-
s‑â D¬-a C-Ã‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑nÂ
]‑n-s‑¶ {‑k-ã‑m-h-Ã‑m-¯ H-¶‑n-\‑p‑w
D¬-a-b‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã.

A-Ã‑m-l‑p B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n-«‑v k‑r-ã‑n-
¨-X‑v J-e‑w B-W‑v, s‑h-Å-s‑¯
k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p a‑p-¼‑v a-s‑ä‑m-
¶‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w A-h³ ]-S-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã"

/ Pq¬ / 2021 99

e£¡W¡n\v hÀj§Ä A¶qdp apl½Zn am{Xta
krãnbmbn«p@mbncp¶pÅq. As¶Ãmw hyXykvXamb
aJmapIfnte¡v B \qdns\  amäns¡m@ncp¶p.

F-s‑¶-Ã‑m‑w h-¶-X‑v B-t‑]- §Ä A-¶‑q-d‑p a‑p-l-½-Z‑n
£‑n-I-a‑m-W‑v. a‑p-l-½-Z‑v(k‑z‑) a‑m-{‑X-t‑a k‑r-ã‑n-b‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-
F-¶ \‑q-d‑m-W‑v B-Z‑y‑w k‑r-ã‑n- b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-Å‑q. A-s‑¶-Ã‑m‑w
¨-X‑v F-¶-X‑n-\‑v C-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b a-J‑m-a‑p-I-
F-X‑n-c-Ã. C-¡‑m-c‑y‑w C-a‑m‑w f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \‑q-d‑n-s‑\-  a‑m-ä-s‑¸-
C-_‑v-\‑p l-P-d‑p s‑s‑l-X- «‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-§-s‑\
a‑n(d‑) AÂ-a‑n-\-l‑p a-¡‑n-¿- A-h‑n-S‑p-¶‑v a-J‑m-a‑pÂ-l-b‑m-C-
b‑n t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-t‑¸‑mÄ A-h‑n-S-s‑¯
a‑m-{‑X-a-à \‑q-d‑n-s‑â a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p {‑]-I‑m-i-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w c‑q-]-
t‑]-c‑m-b‑n-«‑p‑w J-e‑w h-¶‑n-«‑p- ¯‑n a-b‑n-e‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v- -k‑m-Z‑r-i‑y-
ï‑v. \‑q-d‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w B-Z‑y‑w a‑m-b H-c‑p s‑h-f‑p-¯ a‑p-¯‑n-s‑\
s‑h-Å‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑p F-¶‑m-W‑v d-º‑v ]-S-¨‑p. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v l-J‑o-
c-ï‑m-a-s‑¯ {‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑w s‑I‑m- J-¯‑p a‑p-l-½-Z‑n-¿-s‑b
ï‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-t‑¡-ï-X‑v. {‑k-ã‑m-h‑v B a‑p-¯‑n-\‑p-Å‑nÂ
X‑m-a-k‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. A-s‑X‑m-c‑p t‑{‑i-
 -e-£-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v hÀ-j- j‑vT-a‑m-b a-c-¯‑n³-t‑a \‑n-¶‑v

100 / Pq¬ / 2021