Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human PARTITIVES/CLASSIFIERS Sebiji (Classifier; singular small 2D dimension inanimate noun) --- --- √ (e.g., Kalau tekak berasa panas, saya makan sebiji telur ayam kampung secara mentah). (If I feel the heat in my throat, I eat a raw farm-raised egg). Seorang (Classifier; an identified singular animate [human] noun) √ (e.g., Menurutnya, guru bukan saja perlu melengkapkan diri sebagai seorang ilmuwan tetapi juga mesti mempunyai adab terpelihara dan boleh dicontohi). (According to him/her, teachers are not only academics but must also have well-kept and exemplary manners). --- --- Seseorang (Classifier; an unidentified singular animate [human] noun) √ (e.g., Sebenarnya kita tidak boleh memaksa seseorang pelajar untuk meminati dan memahami perjuangan dan sumbangan sesebuah parti). (A student cannot be forced to be keen on or understand the struggle and contribution of a political party). --- --- 44
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural PARTITIVES/CLASSIFIERS 8 --- --- --- --- 9 --- --- --- --- 10 --- --- --- ---
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human PARTITIVES/CLASSIFIERS Sebuah (Classifier; singular big 3D dimension and abstract inanimate noun) --- --- √ (e.g., Pastinya antara kriteria yang diberikan keutamaan ialah bagaimana bahasa Melayu yang menjadi bahasa ibunda berjaya membina sebuah negara Malaysia seperti hari ini). (Certainly the main criterion that has been given priority is how Bahasa Melayu which is the mother tongue has succeeded to build a country like Malaysia, as it is today). Sebatang (Classifier; singular long animate [tree] and inanimate noun) --- √ (e.g., Perlahan-lahan kami meletak Saari di bawah sebatang pokok kecil). (We slowly put Saari under a small tree). √ (e.g., Datuk nenek bapa penghuni asal kampung tidak ada kemudahan asas, kecuali sebatang jalan kampung yang ditar). (Ancestors of the village did not have any facilities except for a tarred road). Seekor (Classifier; singular animate [animal] noun) --- √ (e.g.,Saya memerhatikan seekor semut mengeluarkan benih disimpan untuk dimakan kemudian). (I am observing an ant which is taking out stored seeds to be eaten later). --- 46
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY 11 Hundreds of (A quantity of plural countable nouns; more than one hundred) --- √ (e.g., I was nine at the time of the wedding and you just could not imagine how foolish I felt, dressed as a bride in all her finery, standing beside a six-yearold and with hundreds of people looking on). --- 12
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY Ratusan (A quantity of animate and inanimate nouns; more than one hundred) √ (e.g., Darus atau Cikgu Darus adalah diantara ratusan guru Melayu yang memerah keringat .....untuk menegakkan bahasa dan sastera Melayu berada di tahap yang gemilang...). (Darus or known as Darus teacher is among the hundreds of Malay teachers who worked hard to establish a glorious position for Bahasa Melayu and its literature). √ (e.g., Bagi menceriakan suasana, pengunjung jangan lupa membawa kacang goreng untuk diberi kepada ratusan monyet hutan yang jinak sambil bergambar). (To enliven the moment, visitors should not forget to bring some fried peanuts to be given to hundreds of tame forest monkeys while taking pictures). √ (e.g., Walaupun kehebatannya pada skala yang lebih kecil, sesiapa pun tidak boleh menyangkal bahawa jutaan manusia mati dan menjadi mangsa akibat ratusan peperangan kecil dan sederhana yang meletus di sana sini). (Although small in scale, the fact that millions of human beings are dying and becoming the victims of hundreds of small wars which occur everywhere is undeniable). Beratus-ratus (A quantity of animate and inanimate nouns; more than one hundred) √ (e.g., Beratus-ratus penduduk yang kehilangan rumah selepas dilanda ombak besar, masih ketakutan untuk terus berada dalam rumah). (Hundreds of residents who lost their homes after being hit by huge waves, are still afraid to stay in their homes). √ (e.g., Aku lihat di dalam tasik itu beratus-ratus ikan emas yang besar-besar berenang hilir mudik). (I saw in the lake hundreds of big gold fish swimming back and forth). √ (e.g., Kebenaran, keadilan dan kemanusiaan itu bukanlah istilah-istilah yang mudah ditakrif dan ditafsirkan ikut selera manamana pihak. Lagipun telah beratus-ratus tahun ia diperdebatkan oleh ahli-ahli falsafah, pengarang dan cendekiawan). (Truth, justice and humanity are not terms that are easily defined and interpreted according to the taste of any party. After all, it has been debated by philosophers, authors and scholars for hundreds of years). 48
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY 13 Thousands of (A quantity of plural countable nouns; more than one thousand) --- √ (e.g., The final decision will be made by military doctors before the event, expected to raise thousands of pounds in sponsorship for needy families of ex members of the airborne forces). --- 14
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY Ribuan (A quantity of animate and inanimate nouns; more than one thousand) √ (e.g., Kawan rasa niat murni Halimah mesti disambut baik semua lapisan masyarakat, lebih-lebih lagi ahli Pemadam di Johor sudah mencapai angka ribuan orang). (Halimah’s noble intention should gain good support from the society especially the members of ‘Pemadam’ in Johor who have reached thousands of people). √ (e.g., Dia sampai ke sebuah gua yang terang-benderang, dipenuhi oleh ribuan kunangkunang). (He came to a brightly lit cave, filled with thousands of fireflies). √ (e.g., Bagi mereka yang gemarkan bidang fotografi di dasar laut pasti tidak akan melepaskan peluang merakamkan ribuan gambar menarik di situ). (Those who are really interested in photography at the bottom of the sea will definitely not miss the chance to snap thousands of interesting pictures). Beribu-ribu (A quantity of animate and inanimate nouns; more than one thousand) √ (e.g., Beribu-ribu rakyat kita dan pasukan keselamatan kita telah mengorbankan nyawa melawan penjajah dan komunis supaya generasi akan datang dapat hidup dalam keamanan, kesejahteraan dan tidak dijajah). (Thousands of our people and our security forces have sacrificed their lives against the colonialists and communists so that future generations can live in peace, prosperity and not be colonized). √ (e.g., Setelah ulama itu dibunuh, beribu-ribu ikan todak menyerang Singapura). (After the cleric was killed, thousands of swordfish attacked Singapore). √ (e.g., Pada masa yang sama, industri kenderaan negara giat berkembang dengan beriburibu kereta baru dikeluarkan setiap bulan). (At the same time, the country's auto industry is booming with thousands of new cars being produced every month). 50
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY 15 Millions of (A quantity of plural countable nouns; more than one million) --- √ (e.g., I saw millions of stars but there was no life in the Galaxy except us humans). --- 16 Sackfuls of (Partitive; sackfuls of plural countable and non-count/mass nouns; [large quantity]) --- √ (e.g., As presenter of the BBC television programme, Praise Be, for 17 years, she gets sackfuls of mail and gifts). √ (e.g., As presenter of the BBC television programme, Praise Be, for 17 years, she gets sackfuls of mail and gifts).
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY Jutaan (A quantity of animate and inanimate nouns; more than one million) √ (e.g., Kedua-dua penyanyi itu dikatakan mempunyai jutaan pengikut setia yang turut membenci satu sama lain kerana perbalahan itu). (Both singers are believed to have millions of supporters who have turned out to hate one another due to the quarrel). √ (e.g., Dalam hatinya berteriak, bumi Malaysia ini mewah bagaikan seketul gula besar yang digilai oleh jutaan semut kerana kemanisannya!). (In his heart he shouted, the land of Malaysia is luxurious like a big piece of sugar that millions of ants are crazy about because of its sweetness!). √ (e.g., Jutaan tahniah diberikan kepada Kementerian yang diharap terus membela dan menjaga nasib guru yang banyak berkorban demi negara tercinta). (Millions of words of congratulations are given to the Ministry which is expected to continue to defend and protect the fate of teachers who have sacrificed a lot for the sake of their beloved country). Berguni-guni (Classifier; sackfuls of inanimate mass nouns; [large quantity]) --- --- √ (e.g., Ketika itu, di sekeliling tembok sekolah kami telah dipenuhi berguni-guni pasir). (At that time, the walls of our school were filled with sandbags). 52
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY 17 Many (Indefinite big quantity of plural countable nouns) --- √ (e.g., There also remains the abiding risk that this virus or a bird flu virus could mutate to a more aggressive form - but that threat is no greater now than it has been for many years). --- 18 19
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY Banyak (Indefinite large quantity of animate and inanimate nouns) √ (e.g., Untuk membendung lebih banyak rakyat di negara ini, khususnya remaja daripada terpedaya..., ibu bapa disarankan memantau aktiviti media sosial anak mereka...). (e.g., To prevent more people in this country, especially teenagers from being deceived...., parents are advised to monitor their children's social media activities...). √ (e.g., Tadi adinda lihat ada banyak ikan yang berenang di tepi tasik ini," kata Si Isteri). (I saw a lot of fish swimming by the lake," said the wife). √ (e.g., Semua orang tahu pihak mereka ada banyak perkara yang perlu diuruskan tetapi itu tidak bermakna mereka ambil mudah...). (Everyone knows their side has a lot to take care of but that doesn't mean they take it lightly....) Para (Indefinite large quantity of animate [human] nouns; generic reference to the crowd) √ (e.g., Bagaimana kita hendak mengetahui para pelajar benarbenar menggunakan Bahasa Inggeris kerana mereka cuma menulis jawapan pilihan 'A hingga D'). (How do we know if the students are really using the English language as they only choose between A to D for multiple choice questions). --- --- Ramai (Indefinite large quantity of animate [human] nouns; generic reference to the crowd) √ (e.g., Malah ada yang berpendapat ramai pelajar Melayu luar bandar bakal menjadi mangsa kepada dasar itu). (Some believe that many Malay students who live in rural areas will fall victim to the policy). --- --- 54
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY 20 A large number of (Indefinite bigger quantity of plural countable nouns; greater than many) --- √ (e.g., But more damaging are the potential medical and social costs of a large number of people taking the antiviral drug when they show no symptoms of the illness). --- 21 A large amount of (Indefinite bigger amount of uncountable nouns; greater than much) --- --- √ (e.g., Once they have finished their paid work, women in developing countries spend a large amount of time on domestic tasks such as cooking). 22 A great number of (A very large quantity of plural countable nouns) --- √ (e.g., Again, it is something which affects a great number of people). --- 23 A great deal of (A very large amount of uncountable nouns) --- --- √ (e.g., In fact where there is a great deal of evidence of use, this could be a substitute for poor employment practice which has failed to take account of matching manpower patient needs). 24 The majority of (Almost all / the entire plural countable and uncountable nouns) --- √ (e.g., Little wonder that, as another recent survey showed, it is treasured by the majority of Britons). √ (e.g., The majority of the writing is Standard English; with no swear words or slang and sounds like Received Pronunciation).
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY 56
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY 25 An abundance of (An excessive large quantity of plural countable and uncountable nouns) --- √ (e.g., The trick is easy if there are birch tress about then there is always an abundance of dead twigs which can be snapped easily off the trunks). √ (e.g., To begin with, the lake would be of salt water, but as the water from the various rivers flowed into it, it would become fresh and provide an abundance of water for all the country’s foreseeable requirements). 26 Plenty of (Indefinite large quantity of plural countable and uncountable nouns) --- √ (e.g., In terms of our city coverage for example, we always seem to talk to men with red, blue or black braces – yet there are plenty of expert women). √ (e.g., That is plenty of time because the prison is only ten kilometres from here). 27 A lot of (Indefinite big quantity of plural countable and uncountable nouns) --- √ (e.g.,One woman - an American, working at one of the big hotels - had written in a lot of online forums arguing that it was bad and getting worse, so I called her to arrange a meeting). √ (e.g., There is a lot of hypocrisy in this). 28 Lots of (Indefinite big quantity of plural countable and uncountable nouns) --- √ (e.g., ...it is a jolly good thing for lots of young people to go to university, but it is up to each individual student to decide if they want to). √ (e.g., I do hope you enjoy reading them and have lots of fun trying out new ideas). 29 Much (Indefinite big amount of uncountable nouns) --- --- √ (e.g., Nor does the process, as announced, inspire much confidence).
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY 58
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY 30 More (Indefinite bigger quantity of plural countable and uncountable nouns; greater than usual) --- √ (e.g., In the 18th century slightly more humane values evolved as children became useful earners, and in the 19th century the state in many countries stepped in to stop cruel child labour). √ (e.g., This newspaper believes that the solution to almost any problem is to publish more information rather than less). 31 Most (Almost all / the entire plural countable and uncountable nouns) --- √ (e.g., Most school systems today maintain a system of cumulative records of pupils). √ (e.g., It is perhaps the detailed pigment chapter which holds most information that will prove valuable to working artists). 32 Numerous (A very large quantity of plural countable nouns) --- √ (e.g., There are numerous good restaurants in Zakopane and similarly in the places where we travel for optional excursions). --- 33 Various (Indefinite large quantity of different types of plural countable nouns) --- √ (e.g., We have seen various ways in which programs can behave unpredictably...) ---
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF LARGE ENTITY Pelbagai (Indefinite large quantity of different types of animate and inanimate nouns) √ (e.g., Ragnarok ialah game online jenis MMORPG (game online pelbagai pemain) yang sedang berkembang pesat di tanah air, bahkan seluruh dunia). (Ragnarok is an MMORPG-type online game (multi-player online game) that is growing rapidly in the country, even around the world). √ (e.g., Barangkali lebih baik mereka bersepakat untuk memajukan semula kawasan itu dengan pelbagai jenis tanaman yang memberikan pulangan lumayan...). (Perhaps it would be better if they agreed to redevelop the area with various types of crops that provide good returns). √ (e.g., Program stesen KBS Chit chat with beautiful ladies mengundang wanita asing dari seluruh pelosok dunia membicarakan pelbagai topik sepenuhnya dalam bahasa Korea). (KBS station program Chit chat with beautiful ladies invites foreign women from all over the world talking about various topics completely in Korean language). 60
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF SMALL ENTITY 34 A little (Indefinite small amount of uncountable nouns) --- --- √ (e.g., As before, a little water was used to thin the acrylic to the consistency of cream and most of it was gone over twice to get an even coverage of bright intense colour). 35 A bit of (Indefinite small amount of uncountable nouns) --- --- √ (e.g., Then I picked up a bit of naan bread and mopped up my curry sauce). 36 Less (Indefinite smaller amount of uncountable nouns; lesser than usual) --- --- √ (e.g., ...we need to increase the amounts of public sector cash which is made available, across the world, for using GM to discover how to grow those staple food crops on which the world's poorest people depend - and with less water,...). 37 Least (Almost none of the uncountable nouns) --- --- √ (e.g., She should begin by allocating days off, allowing the maximum numbers to be away on the days of least workload).
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF SMALL ENTITY Sedikit (Indefinite small amount of inanimate nouns) --- --- √ (e.g., Kata-katanya walaupun begitu beremosi, masih ada sedikit kebenaran dalam pandangannya itu). (Although his words are full of emotions, there is a grain of truth in his point of view). 62
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF SMALL ENTITY 38 Some (Certain members of the group of countable and uncountable nouns) --- √ (e.g., During the following week, six tons of hay belonging to one rancher were burned; some buildings, farm tools, two horses, plows, and hay owned by Bonito Lavato, a friendly interpreter for the company, and Pedro Chavez' hay were stolen or destroyed). √ (e.g., He went down through the lower hall to the kitchen, drank some water). 39 Several (Indefinite small number of plural countable nouns) --- √ (e.g., If you want to start rebalancing - as we should - then you need to tackle the issue on several fronts). ---
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF SMALL ENTITY Sesetengah (Certain members of the group of animate and inanimate nouns) √ (e.g., Maka itu tidak hairanlah mengapa sesetengah pengarang mereka berpeluang menjadi jutawan meskipun menjadikan penulisan kreatif sebagai kerjaya sepenuh masa). (So it's no wonder why some authors have the opportunity to become millionaires despite making creative writing a full-time career). √ (e.g., Tahukah anda bahawa otak manusia walaupun tidak seberapa besarnya jika dibandingkan dengan otak sesetengah haiwan, namun ia mempunyai keunikan yang tersendiri). (Did you know that the human brain is not as big as compared to the brain of some animals, but it has its own uniqueness). √ (e.g., Seterusnya, sesetengah produk menggunakan input yang tidak didagangkan). (Next, some products use non-traded inputs). Beberapa (Indefinite small number of animate and inanimate nouns) √ (e.g., Barangkali aspek ini yang dibimbangi oleh beberapa ahli akademik berhubung dengan Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains dan Matematik dalam Bahasa Inggeris [PPSMI]). (Perhaps this aspect is the concern of some academics regarding the Teaching and Learning of Science and Mathematics in English [PPSMI]). √ (e.g., Ada beberapa ekor belalang sedang bertelur pada daun keladi itu). (There were several locusts laying their eggs on the taro leaves). √ (e.g., Begitu juga beberapa gerai yang terletak di sepanjang lorong tengah pasar raya tersebut). (The same applies to several stalls located along the middle alley of the supermarket). 64
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF SMALL ENTITY 40 A few (Indefinite small number of plural countable nouns) --- √ (e.g., Many of us have children who have been sick and run a high temperature for a few days). --- 41 Fewer (Indefinite smaller number of plural countable nouns; lesser than usual) --- √ (e.g., The fact that there are fewer young workers could mean that people have to retire later in the future). --- 42 Fewest (Almost none of the plural countable nouns) --- √ (e.g., Carribean women have the fewest children, and in Cuba the average is 1.7). --- 43 A couple of (Indefinite small number of plural countable nouns) --- √ (e.g., It has a couple of fully formed battalions, the rest organised in individual companies, two of which are devoted to maintaining public order). --- 44 A number of (Indefinite small number of plural countable nouns) --- √ (e.g., Accordingly, a number of migration theories and general statements have been formulated over the years). ---
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF SMALL ENTITY 66
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural CARDINAL NUMBERS 45 One (Cardinal number; a singular item of countable noun) √ (e.g., Mohammed tells me he was born in Dubai to a fisherman father who taught him one enduring lesson: Never follow the herd). --- --- 46 Two (Cardinal number; definite quantity of plural countable nouns; more than one but less than three) --- √ (e.g., After walking for two days, she found it, but they told her she had to get her passport back from Madam). --- 47 Twenty (Cardinal number; definite quantity of plural countable nouns; twice a ten) --- √ (e.g., Fourteen of the first twenty mosaics are from town sites). ---
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human CARDINAL NUMBERS Satu/Se (Cardinal number; a single item of animate and inanimate nouns) √ (e.g., Hal ini tidak sukar dilakukan kerana urusetia memilih hanya satu panel penilai untuk menghakimi 14 pasukan negeri yang bertanding itu). (This is not difficult to be done as the secretariat of the programme will choose only one evaluator to judge all the teams from 14 states). √ (e.g., Sebatang pokok kelapa sawit boleh menghasilkan 50 peratus gentian). (A/one palm tree can produce 50 percent fiber). √ (e.g., Satu sistem mengutip cukai pusat yang moden telah dilaksanakan, bersama dengan satu sistem wang yang baharu). (A modern central tax collection system was implemented, along with a new monetary system). Dua (Cardinal number; definite quantity of animate and inanimate nouns; more than one but less than three) √ (e.g., Projek yang dipelopori oleh dua pensyarah UKSBB itu, dijangka mampu menyumbang terhadap usaha pencegahan masalah banjir kilat di seluruh Malaysia). (The project pioneered by the two UKSBB lecturers, is expected to be able to contribute to the prevention of flash floods throughout Malaysia). √ (e.g., Biasanya, ia berbentuk bilangan, penjodoh bilangan benda, seperti ‘dua ekor burung’, ‘tiga biji telur’, dan ‘dua pokok kelapa’.). (e.g., Usually, it is in the form of a number, classifiers such as 'two birds', 'three eggs', and 'two coconut trees'). √ (e.g., "Ketika ditahan, lelaki itu membawa dua kad pengenalan yang satu daripadanya beralamat di Jengka, Pahang). ("When arrested, the man brought two identification cards, one of which was addressed in Jengka, Pahang). Dua puluh (Cardinal number; definite quantity of animate and inanimate nouns; twice a ten) √ (e.g., Jika ada di antara kamu dua puluh orang yang sabar, nescaya mereka dapat menewaskan dua ratus orang daripada pihak musuh). If there are twenty patient people among you, they will be able to defeat two hundred enemies). √ (e.g., Populasi burung ini di Pulau Kalumpang amat kecil, iaitu kurang daripada dua puluh ekor.) The population of this bird on Kalumpang Island is very small, which is less than twenty birds. √ (e.g., Kumpulan antara disiplin dan jangka panjang projek ini (hampir dua puluh tahun) menghasilkan data statistik dan bukan statistik..). (e.g., This interdisciplinary group and long-term project (almost twenty years) produces statistical and nonstatistical data..). 68
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural CARDINAL NUMBERS 48 Three hundred (Cardinal number; definite quantity of plural countable nouns; thrice a hundred) --- √ (e.g., Although Scotland has been part of the United Kingdom for nearly three hundred years, it has never lost its identity as a separate nation). --- 49 Ten thousand (Cardinal number; definite quantity of plural countable nouns; ten times a thousand) --- √ (e.g., More than ten thousand people died in the town). ---
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human CARDINAL NUMBERS Tiga ratus (Cardinal number; definite quantity of animate and inanimate nouns; thrice a hundred) √ (e.g., Perompak dan lanun itu dapat dihapuskan oleh Nikosa bersama tiga ratus askarnya, kemudian bergelar Panglima Nikosa). (The robbers and pirates were able to be eliminated by Nikosa together with his three hundred his soldiers, then titled Commander Nikosa). √ (e.g., Bermula dengan sepuluh ekor kambing yang diternak di belakang rumah, sekarang dia memanjatkan rasa syukurnya kerana berjaya membiakkan lebih tiga ratus ekor kambing). (Starting with ten goats reared in the backyard, now he expresses his gratitude for successfully breeding over three hundred goats). √ (e.g., Tetapi mereka ini akan berfikir banyak kali untuk membeli sebuah novel Melayu yang tebalnya sekitar dua hingga tiga ratus halaman, meskipun harganya sama mahal dengan sekeping tiket memasuki stadium untuk menonton bola sepak). (But these people will think many times to buy a Malay novel which is about two to three hundred pages thick, despite the price as expensive as a ticket to enter the stadium to watch football). Sepuluh ribu (Cardinal number; definite quantity of animate and inanimate nouns; ten times a thousand) √ (e.g., Kira-kira sepuluh ribu orang telah tercedera semasa hendak menawan salah satu kedudukan yang penting iaitu 203 Metre Hill). (About ten thousand people were injured while trying to capture one of the important positions which is 203 Meter Hill). √ (e.g., "...tak tidur hingga pagi, kalau ayam-ayam yang lebih sepuluh ribu ekor ini hendak diperiksa semua," kata Jaya dalam hati). ("...won't be able to sleep until morning, if the more than ten thousand chickens were to be examined," said Jaya in her heart). √ (e.g., Jika penganjur enggan atau gagal mematuhi subseksyen (1), ini merupakan satu kesalahan; jika sabit kesalahan, penganjur boleh didenda tidak melebihi sepuluh ribu ringgit). (If the organiser refuses or fails to comply with subsection (1), this is an offence; if found guilty, the organizer can be fined not more than ten thousand ringgit). 70
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural CARDINAL NUMBERS 50 One million (Cardinal number; definite quantity of plural countable nouns; thousand times a thousand) --- √ (e.g., It appeared to have an irresistible momentum for growth demanded by its one million employees and supported by public opinion). ---
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human CARDINAL NUMBERS Sejuta (Cardinal number; definite quantity of animate and inanimate nouns; thousand times a thousand) √ (e.g., Permohonan untuk mendapatkan kad itu kini dibuka kepada kira-kira sejuta pelanggan Celcom sedia ada). (Applications for the card are now open to about a million existing Celcom customers). √ (e.g., Dalam hal ini, agensi itu berhasrat untuk melihat kirakira sejuta lembu dapat diternak di kawasan pentadbirannya yang dikendalikan petani dalam tempoh 20 tahun). (In this regard, the agency aims to see about a million cows raised in its administrative area managed by farmers for 20 years). √ (e.g., Jumlah yang dimaksudkan di sini melebihi sejuta unit saham). (The amount referred to here exceeds one million share units). 72
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF FRACTIONS 51 Two-thirds (Fraction; two-thirds portion of the countable and uncountable nouns) √ (e.g., Even if Swapo fails to get the two-thirds of the vote it needs to write its own constitution, it will have little difficulty in persuading one or another of the smaller parties to work with it). √ (e.g., As table 7.3 shows, almost three-quarters of the 51 CASE students were classified as in employment, compared to two-thirds of the non-CASE students in the constituent assembly). √ (e.g., Given the fact that two-thirds of Germany's electricity is generated by fossil-fuelled power stations, this could lead to an overall 20 per cent rise in carbon dioxide, as well as increases in sulphur dioxide). 52 Half (Fraction: definite equal portion of the countable and uncountable nouns) √ (e.g., About half a dozen Gilbertine novices lived there, studying theology and philosophy, and the school was possibly attended by other town students). √ (e.g., Nearly half the 1,000 respondents to the MAFF questionnaire took" a great deal" or" quite a lot" of notice of what was written on the labels). √ (e.g., "Half the fun of gardening is changing things around”, said Jenny). 53
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF FRACTIONS Dua pertiga (Fraction; definite two-thirds portion of the inanimate and a group of animate nouns) √ (e.g., Dua pertiga wanita di negara Asia Selatan tidak berpelajaran). (Two-thirds of women in South Asian countries are illiterate). √ (e.g., Dua pertiga ikan yang dipancing akan dijual dan selebihnya untuk dimakan sendiri). (Two-thirds of the fish caught will be sold and the rest is for personal consumption). √ (e.g., Langkah itu selaras Dasar Pertanian Negara Ketiga (DPN3), bertujuan merangsang penyertaan sektor swasta dalam bidang pertanian, yang menetapkan sasaran dua pertiga pelaburan dalam pertanian diterajui sektor itu.. (The move is in line with the Third National Agricultural Policy, aimed at stimulating private sector participation in agriculture, which sets a target of two-thirds of investment in agriculture led by the sector). Setengah (Fraction; definite equal portion of the inanimate and a group of animate nouns) √ (e.g., Setengah pemberita menelefon ke pejabat dari rumah mereka dan diberitahukan apa yang mesti dilakukan). (Half of the reporters called the office from their homes and were told what to do). √ (e.g., Menurut cerita Hans Christian Andersen, ikan duyung sebenarnya setengah manusia dan setengah ikan). (According to the story of Hans Christian Andersen, mermaids are half human and half fish). √ (e.g., Beliau juga ialah saksi sejarah Mesir sejak setengah dekad lalu). (Half the people in the society is very reluctant to donate even some money or property to people in need). Separuh (Fraction; definite equal portion of the inanimate and a group of animate nouns) √ (e.g., “Percayalah, hampir separuh daripada kami kesal dan untuk makluman semua, separuh penduduk Ohio kesal dan jangan benci kami.” (“Believe us, almost half of us are regretful and for your information, half the residents of Ohio is regretful and do not hate us”). √ (e.g., Akibatnya, separuh kambingnya dibaham harimau.). (Due to that, half of the goat was devoured by a tiger). √ (e.g., Lebih menyedihkan ialah lebih daripada separuh kesalahan berkenaan dilakukan remaja Melayu). (It is more sad that more than half of the offenses are committed by Malay teenagers). 74
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF INDIVIDUAL ENTITY 54 Each (Specific reference from a group of singular countable nouns) √ (e.g., Around 4,000 lives are lost to suicide each year, many of them young). --- --- 55 Every (Generic reference of individual singular countable noun) √ (e.g., My mother used to go to the well and get a bucket of water every morning). --- ---
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF INDIVIDUAL ENTITY Tiap-tiap (Specific reference from a group of singular animate and inanimate nouns / generic reference of singular animate and inanimate nouns) √ (e.g., Ternyata kadar kematian kanak-kanak dan bayi bagi tiaptiap seribu penduduk di Malaysia lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan negara-negara Asia Tenggara yang lain kecuali Singapura). (It turns out that the child and infant mortality rate for every thousand people in Malaysia is smaller compared to other Southeast Asian countries except Singapore). √ (e.g., Tiap-tiap jenis pokok ditanam sebatang dua sahaja). (Each type of tree is planted only one or two). √ (e.g., Setelah menghadapi masalah ini tiap-tiap negara akan cuba memperolehi seberapa banyak pendapatan daripada perniagaan itu). (After encountering this problem each country will strive to maximise their income from the business). Setiap (Specific reference from a group of singular animate and inanimate nouns / generic reference of singular animate and inanimate nouns) √ (e.g., Menurutnya, aturcara program dirancang supaya setiap peserta dapat berinteraksi dan berkenalan di antara satu sama lain dan sehubungan itu, ia bermula dengan salam perkenalan menerusi beberapa permainan mengenal diri). (According to him, the program is designed so that each participant can interact and get to know each other and accordingly, it starts with greetings through a few games to get to know each other). √ (e.g., Apakah perbezaan yang dapat kamu perhatikan pada setiap tumbuhan tersebut?) (What differences can you notice in each of the plants?) √ (e.g., Purata setiap tahun lebih sejuta pelancong mengunjungi Kuala Perlis untuk ke Langkawi menerusi Terminal Feri Penumpang berharga RM28 juta). (There is an average of more than a million tourists who pay a visit to Kuala Perlis every year, before heading to Langkawi through the Passenger’s Ferry Terminal that costs RM28 million). 76
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF INDIVIDUAL ENTITY 56
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF INDIVIDUAL ENTITY Masing-masing (Specific reference of single animate and inanimate nouns) √ (e.g., Para pelajar tidak akan mempunyai penguasaan bahasa yang baik dalam Bahasa Inggeris malah merosakkan bahasa ibunda masing-masing). (The students will not have a good command of the English language and even damage their mother tongue). √ (e.g., Burung- burung telah mula pulang ke sarang masingmasing). (e.g., The birds have started to return to their nests). √ (e.g., Usul itu dibuat oleh Jawatankuasa tadi kerana didapatinya terlalu banyak dan berjenis-jenis pula sekolah dalam tanah jajahan itu, masing-masing dengan sistemnya sendiri dengan tidak dibetulkan oleh penyeliaan kerajaan). (The proposal was made by the Committee earlier because it found that there were too many and different types of schools in the colony, each with its own system without being corrected by government supervision). 78
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF THE WHOLE ENTITY 57 All (The whole of the countable and uncountable nouns) √ (e.g., Unfortunately, a few activities can be shut down for set periods, most being operational all the year round). √ (e.g., All the people who couldn't succeed in their own countries end up here, and suddenly they're rich and promoted way above their abilities and bragging about how great they are). √ (e.g., It's like all the liquid comes out through your skin and you stink). 58
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF THE WHOLE ENTITY Semua (The whole of the animate and inanimate nouns; inclusive of individual entity) √ (e.g., Dan pastikan semua pemimpin politik bercakap terutamanya di Parlimen dalam bahasa kebangsaan yang sempurna bukannya cacamarba). (And make sure all political leaders speak especially in Parliament in the perfect national language). √ (e.g., Semua ayam yang akan dijadikan bukti dikatakan mengalami luka di kepala, tubuh dan ia tidak boleh disimpan lebih lama kerana bimbang akan mati sebelum tarikh perbicaraan, 21 Jun ini). (All chickens that will be used as evidence are said to have wounds on the head, body and it cannot be kept longer for fear of dying before hearing date, this June 21). √ (e.g., Golongan ini sepatutnya mendesak agar bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa kebangsaan digunakan dalam semua acara rasmi kerajaan dan swasta!). (This group should insist that Bahasa Malaysia which is the national language is used in all official occasions held by both the public and private sectors). Segala (All kinds of inanimate nouns) --- --- √ (e.g., Anak-anak ini juga akan mengucapkan terima kasih kepada kerajaan kerana mendirikan Jaring dan segala infrastruktur yang membolehkan Malaysia menjadi negara berteknologi maklumat). (These children will also thank the government for establishing the Net and all the infrastructure that enables Malaysia become an information technology nation). 80
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF THE WHOLE ENTITY 59
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF THE WHOLE ENTITY Sekalian (The whole of the animate and inanimate physically discrete referents as a single thing) √ (e.g., Saya mengucapkan setinggi-tinggi terima kasih, terutama kepada Datuk Zainuddin Maidin serta Tan Sri Kamarul Ariffin kerana bersusah-payah mengatur majlis pelancaran itu di bangunan Perpustakaan Negara serta sekalian sahabat dan teman yang begitu ramai menyerikan majlis itu). (I say a big thank you, especially to Datuk Zainuddin Maidin and Tan Sri Kamarul Ariffin for working hard arranging the launching ceremony at the National Library building as well as all friends and so many friends who graced the occasion). √ (e.g., "Tugas khalifah tidaklah terbatas di kalangan manusia saja, malah mencakupi sekalian makhluk Allah). (The duty of the caliph is not limited to humans, but includes all of God's creatures). √ (e.g., Allah berfirman yang bermaksud: "Dan tiadalah Kami mengutuskan engkau (wahai Muhammad), melainkan untuk menjadi rahmat bagi sekalian alam"). (Allah said which means: "And We did not send you (O Muhammad) except to be a mercy for all the worlds). 82
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF THE WHOLE ENTITY 60 61 Both (All two plural countable nouns) --- √ (e.g., Baker was busier than Ironside although both goalkeepers were forced to bring off vital saves). ---
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF THE WHOLE ENTITY Seluruh (The whole of the animate [human] and inanimate nouns; physically discrete referents as a single thing) √ (e.g., Setiap kali dia pulang, seluruh keluarga bergembira. (Every time he came home, the whole family was happy). --- √ (e.g., Melalui Internet, mereka boleh mengakses pelbagai bahan bacaan dari seluruh dunia). (Through the Internet, they can access various reading materials from whole world). Kedua-dua (All two animate and inanimate nouns) √ (e.g., Mereka ditahan pada pukul 4 pagi, setelah menyamun dua pelajar perempuan berusia 14 tahun semasa kedua-dua mangsa menunggu bas di Sungai Gau, Temerloh, kelmarin). (They were arrested at 4 am, after robbing two 14-year-old female students while the two victims were waiting for a bus in Sungai Gau, Temerloh, yesterday). √ (e.g., Setelah beberapa hari, kedua-dua ekor kuda penegak kehidupan mereka terus terbaring di lantai, tanpa nafas.). (After a few days, the two life support horses continued to lie on the floor, breathless). √ (e.g., Yang lebih menarik, di kedua-dua kejohanan itu, dia mengalahkan pemenang pingat emas Sukan Olimpik). (Through the Internet, they can access various reading materials from whole world). 84
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF RANDOM ENTITY 62 Some (Random reference to indefinite quantity of countable and uncountable nouns) √ (e.g., Actually, I was surprised when looking through some book a couple of years ago to find that players like Gray played relatively few game per season, often being injured). √ (e.g., Teaching methods, learning materials, and promotion policies may inhibit learning and lead to maladjustments for some children). √ (e.g., ...we must at least provide him some opportunity to adjust to people of another race within the school namely, to a teacher of another race.). 63 Any (Random reference to indefinite quantity of countable and uncountable nouns) √ (e.g., A prohibited steps order means an order that no step which could be taken by a parent in meeting his parental responsibility for a child and which is of a kind specified in the order shall be taken by any person without the consent of the court). √ (e.g., Heads of departments and institutions are indemnified by the University in respect of any claims made against them under civil law in connection with safety duties). √ (e.g., We apologise for any trouble caused). INDICATORS OF OPTIONAL ENTITY 64 Either (One of the options between two singular countable nouns) √ (e.g., There is a clear analogy to computers here which are only as good as the individuals who are responsible for their programs. An error in either case results in chaos). --- ---
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF RANDOM ENTITY Sesetengah (Random reference to indefinite quantity of animate and inanimate nouns) √ (e.g., Satu lagi akibat sampingan yang saya anggap mendukacitakan ialah semakin meluasnya budaya "bermukamuka" atau "berpura-pura" dalam kalangan sesetengah pegawai tinggi kerajaan). (Another side effect that I find disappointing is that some government officers have the attitude of being ‘insincere’). √ (e.g., Asid formik ialah asid tanpa warna yang dahulunya diperoleh daripada sesetengah serangga). (Formic acid is a colorless acid formerly obtained from some insects). √ (e.g., Kesatuan Eropah dijangka menyeragamkan coklat sejajar dengan amalan sesetengah negara yang menerima kemasukan lima peratus CBE). (The European Union is expected to standardize chocolate in line with the practice of some countries that accept a 5 percent CBE import). --- --- --- --- INDICATORS OF OPTIONAL ENTITY --- --- --- --- 86
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural INDICATORS OF ZERO ENTITY 65 Any (None of the plural countable and uncountable nouns) --- √ (e.g., We are showing how to be a modern Muslim country. We don't have any fundamentalists here). √ (e.g., I keep thinking about a woman who told me she hadn't eaten any fruit in four years). 66 Neither (None of the options between two singular countable nouns) √ (e.g., Neither position, however, contains more than part of the truth). --- --- 67 No (None of the countable and uncountable nouns) √ (e.g., No child is born evil). √ (e.g., You had these amazing big apartments, you had a whole army of your own staff, you pay no taxes at all). √ (e.g., Sheikh Maktoum built his showcase city in a place with no useable water).
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human INDICATORS OF ZERO ENTITY --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 88
English Quantifiers and their BM Equivalents: and animate and inanimate nouns English A Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Count Non-count Singular Plural 68 Another (An additional / a different countable noun) √ (e.g., Eventually, another worker breaks the silence by adding: "I miss my country, my family and my land). √ (e.g., In townships outside Durban another three deaths were reported yesterday in continued fighting between supporters...). --- 69 Enough (Sufficient quantity of plural countable and uncountable nouns) --- √ (e.g., Mr Major won enough useful points in support of Britain’s well-advertised aversion...). √ (e.g., Most of the Vietnamese in Hong Kong arrive in tiny boats with barely enough space to stretch out while sleeping on the decks). 70 Twice (Double the amount of countable and uncountable nouns) √ (e.g., As a guide, the depth of the swag and inner edges of the tails should be approximately one sixth the overall curtain length, but the outer edge of the tails should be at least twice this depth). √ (e.g., If unchecked, carbon dioxide levels will continue to rise to twice their preindustrial levels by 2028). √ (e.g., By 1946, the total of marketable government stock comfortably exceeded annual national income while the total national debt (including non-marketable debt and short-term instrument(s) was well in excess of twice national annual income).
Basic Meaning and Use (singular/plural/non-count Bahasa Melayu (BM) Quantifier and its Basic Meaning Animate Inanimate Human Non-Human --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 90
Conclusion The groups of quantifiers presented in the book are based on the author's previous works which studied hundreds to thousands of language samples (via corpora and newspaper articles). The basic meaning of the demonstratives and quantifiers was identified through synthesising, matching and classifying of items into respective groups based on their real use. It is hoped that this e-book inspires the learning of determiners (i.e., demonstratives and quantifiers) through nouns. The contrastive presentation (i.e., English versus BM) of meanings and examples of use in real context by highlighting the varied noun properties (i.e., singular/ plural/ count/ non-count/ animate/ inanimate) of the two languages may alleviate ESL learners' understanding and use of determiners in a second language context. 91
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