Multi-Storey Smart Building 2-STOREY SHOPPING MALL SEMESTER OCTOBER 2022 - FEBRUARY 2023 PREPARED FOR: MR. ABDUL HADI BIN AHAMAD PREPARED BY: AP2244E - GROUP 1 BQS554 - BUILDING SERVICES II COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA (UITM) SHAH ALAM CAMPUS BACHELOR’S IN QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS) ASSIGNMENT 1
BUILDING SERVICES II Alia Sabrina binti Mahmud Fuadi 2022787281 Izzatul A'lia binti Harjimi 2022942909 Nur Aqilah binti Azman 2022779735 Nuur Faqihah binti Mohammad Khairudin 2022745411 Meet Our Team
01 Introduction 02 Background Case Study 03 Fire Protection System 04 Electrical Supply System 05 Special Services Installation 06 Mechanical Handling System 07 Heating, Ventilating and AirConditioning System (HVAC) 08 Conclusion 09 References BUILDING SERVICES II Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION BUILDING SERVICES II For this assignment, we have chosen a shopping mall as the location for implementing our smart technology. A shopping mall is an excellent location for testing out new building services technology. This is because a lot of people like to go window shopping and take long strolls at shopping malls with their friends and families. Building services technology can improve the customer experience in a retail mall by providing convenience, ease, comfort, and even entertainment to those who frequent the establishment. MULTI STOREY SMART BUILDING - SHOPPING MALL 01 WHAT IS SMART BUILDING? What makes a building "smart" is its use of technology to improve energy efficiency, safety, and comfort for its occupants. A "smart building" is one that makes use of multiple types of technology and is designed or updated such that it can easily incorporate any future innovations. Sensors connected to the Internet of Things (IoT), building management systems, artificial intelligence (AI), and augmented reality (AR) are just a few examples of the mechanisms and robotics that might be used to govern and improve the performance of a smart building (Bell, 2021). As stated by Tracy (2016), creating or transforming a structure into a smart building has advantages for the owner and the businesses that occupy it. The benefits range from greater productivity and long-term sustainability to reduced energy costs. Energy efficiency, productivity of facility workers, efficiency of building operations, support for sustainability programmes, and overall decision quality may all increase with the implementation of smart building technology.
BUILDING SERVICES II The building that we have chosen for our case study is Billion Shopping Centre Seri Iskandar. It is a 2-storey shopping mall located in Lot 526, Lebuh SIBC, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan. It is a retail company established in the year 1985. In this assignment, we are going to propose smart building technologies that can be adapted in this building as an improvement towards making it a smart building. As of now, this shopping mall is still using common and basic technologies. Background Case Study Billion Seri Iskandar 02
Prepared by: Nur Aqilah Binti Azman 2022779735 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM Introduction towards this system >> Water mist fire suppression system is a system that utilizes very fine pressurized droplets of H2O in order to control, suppress or extinguish fire through the process of evaporation and cooling the flame and its surrounding area. The water evaporation process creates an environment in which oxygen is displaced, which helps a lot in the process of suppressing the fire. In brief, the fire is controlled by high-pressure water mist penetrating it in liquid form which results in cooling and evaporation. Water mist system is highly efficient in providing control for Class A fire and preventing re-ignition of Class B and Class C fires. The standard on water mist system is NFPA 750 which can be defined as a general guideline for installation, testing and maintenance of water mist systems in overall. It requires a performance-based testing of water mist systems which means that it is compulsory for this system to go through testing against real fire in applicationspecific test situations. Generally, water mist systems offer up low-pressure systems, intermediate pressure systems and high pressure systems. However, low-pressure systems in water mist fire suppression systems work at the same pressure level as common sprinkler systems. Intermediate pressure systems work at pressure level of 175psi to 500psi. These systems differ in terms of the droplet sizes they produce.
The water in its vapour state occupies 1,600 times more volume than as a liquid and displaces an equivalent volume of oxygen, thus creating a smothering effect. If both the water vapour generated and the temperature in the hazard is high enough, the concentration of oxygen can fall drastically in the whole room. APPLICATIONS OF WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS COOLING SMOTHERING ATTENUATION Water spray in droplets of micron size produces a large surface area for heat absorption. Once in contact with hot bodies and gases, these droplets convert to vapour absorbing a large quantity of heat, equivalent to 540 calories per gram. The water mist cloud generated will attenuate radiation to limit the propagation of fire to other areas while at the same time diminishing the overall heat radiation throughout the room. Water mist consists of very small water droplets. The superior fire suppression capability of water mist is based on evaporation: when tiny water mist droplets turn into vapour, a great amount of energy is absorbed from the fire. This makes water mist an excellent choice for fire protection. Water mist fights fire in three ways. Each of these methods affect the three elements in the “fire triangle”, which consists of oxygen, heat, and fuel.
Fire suppression systems are considered to be very important in every building to ensure the safety of the occupants and limits damage due to fire. Water mist fire suppression system is an arising active fire protection system that is being used in the market today. Historically, this system was initially developed for protection of lumber drying kilns and system. Originally, another suppression system namely Halon suppression systems were deemed environmentally unsafe in the year 1995, leading water mist fire protection system being the candidate for its replacement. Today, water mist systems are used primarily to suppress fires related to gas turbines, machine rooms and ships. It has also been used in computer rooms and laboratories to protect the equipment. Water mist consists of very small water droplets. The superior fire suppression capability of water mist is based on evaporation: when tiny water mist droplets turn into vapour, a great amount of energy is absorbed from the fire. This makes water mist an excellent choice for fire protection. Water mist fights fire in three ways. Each of these methods affect the three elements in the “fire triangle”, which consists of oxygen, heat, and fuel. PRINCIPLES OF WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS
FUNCTIONS OF EACH COMPONENTS NOZZLES SECTION VALVE The deluge type of nozzles can be used for water mist fire suppression system. It will generally be open all the time, so when water flows through it, it will automatically go off. Other than that, automatic nozzles can also be used for this system. This type of nozzles commonly have thermal element in them, resulting in bursting due to temperature increase, allowing water to flow. The most common used nozzles are made up of stainless steel to prevent rusting as water is a main element involved in this situation. Electric valve as core control pad, avoiding interference of solenoid valve or useless of pneumatic valve. lt can be open automatically, manually and by button. LIQUID POWER 9-piston pump with 10MP. It has high kinetic energy, stable pressure, selflubrication, maintenance free and long working life.
FUNCTIONS OF EACH COMPONENTS SPRAY GUN PIPE TSpray directry to fire source with high density. Easy to operate without recoil. Extinguish A, B and E fire with good atomization. Save room, easy to install and reorganization. Stainless anti-erosion, free maintenance, easy bending and saving connectors. CONTROL PANEL LWell designed control pannel makes sure pump unit maintain pressure, activate and stop at in time and thus can serive projects with good quality.
Benefits of water mist systems 01 02 03 Less Water Utilization Instant Activation Supply Tank Size Water mist fire suppression system is highly effective as it utilizes a lot less water than conventional sprinkler systems while performing at a similar or even higher level. Other than that, in comparison to gaseous agents and conventional sprinkler system, the usage of water mist fire suppression system can provide instant activation, great efficiency in putting out variety of fires and eco-friendly criteria with no toxicity issues at all. Water mist system consumes 80% less water as compared to sprinklers. Custom water mist systems use a pump connected directly to the mains to ensure a constant flow to the troubled area in the event of fire. When it is not operated, the pump does not consume water at all. Therefore, it occupy less space which is an important factor for someone installing it in a building.
Benefits of water mist systems 04 05 06 Ability To Control Variety of Fires No Toxicity Issues Reduced Water Damage Water mist fire suppression system is highly effective in controlling, suppressing and extinguishing a variety class of fires such as Class A, Class B and Class C. Water mist system has zero toxicity issues as it does not produce any toxic fumes, which makes it health-friendly and suitable to be used in public spaces as active fire protection Water mist systems prevent water damage to essential equipment and information in your workplace by using less water than traditional sprinkler systems. This reduces the financial and emotional cost of a fire for your business and employees.
PROBLEMS REGARDING WATER MIST SYSTEMS Although water mist fire suppression system has many advantages, it also has its own disadvantages. First of all, the water mist nozzles may not function properly if the temperature in the room is not considerably increased by the fire. For instance, the nozzles might now work well in a case of small fire accident or in area with large volume of space. Other than that, this system requires heat for the evaporation of the droplets. If the fire does not have the power to heat the room temperature considerably, the necessary amount of water vapor cannot be created. This may cause a huge trouble as it may cause the fire to be bigger, affecting a larger area of the building if it is not suppressed at the early stage. Last but not least, the operation of water mist fire suppression system cannot be applied outdoor or in ventilated rooms as the supply of air from the environment may prevent oxygen from reducing below the necessary level to put out the fire.
SPACE IMPLICATIONS OF WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (COMMERCIAL AREAS) Offices need to be equipped to properly contain a fire situation. High rise buildings pose unique problems for fire fighters. Water mist systems control fire growth to assist with occupant exit and the safety of the rescue services attending the fire. It concealed nozzles offer architects aesthetically pleasing solutions to the more conventional exposed water mist nozzles. Smaller pipe diameters ensure space in OFFICES ceiling voids is kept to a minimum CARPARKS More and more car parks are being built in underground areas, water mist fire suppression system tested to the latest car park protocol offers the best security needed to ensure these high risk areas areas are protected. It dry systems ensure that freezing pipe in unheated areas is never a problem. HOTELS Owners and operators of hotels need to ensure that the safety of their guests is paramount at all times. Water mist systems are specially designed with hotel rooms in mind, they offer discreet protection to sleeping areas. This kind of sprinklers ensure corridors and other public areas are protected to ensure a safe escape in the event of a fire.
SPACE IMPLICATIONS OF WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (COMMERCIAL AREAS) With the growing reliance on processing data, reliability and operational continuity has taken center stage. Water mist is an essential element of risk mitigation. Water mist system is available as a preaction system or preaction sprinkler for added safety in the unlikely event of a system release. Dry pipework and closed nozzles result in only the activated heads discharging over the fire. DATA CENTERS
SPACE IMPLICATIONS OF WATER MIST FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (INDUSTRIAL AREAS) Conveyor fires can can cause huge amounts of disruption to any manufacturing process. Downtime costs business and subsequently there is always a knock on effect in the supply chain. Conveyor protection with open nozzles along with flame detectors and deluge valves, reduce the risk of a fire growing out of control and limit the risk associated with a complete conveyor loss. CONVEYORS CABLE TRAYS Slow burning, smoldering fires can be a challenge to protect with conventional systems. Water mist nozzles offer the perfect solution to protect cable trays and electrical rooms. LOCAL APPLICATIONS Generator and turbine fires can cause untold damage to the environment and infrastructure they feed. Loss of power can effect manufacturing processes and power generation. Water mist system deluge protection, locally or in a machinery space, can reduce the risk.
WATER MIST SYSTEMS
Prepared by: Izzatul A'lia binti Harjimi ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Sunlight is immediately converted into electricity by solar cells. Watches and calculators are frequently powered by solar cells. They are constructed of semiconductive substances similar to those found in computer chips. These materials absorb sunlight, which causes electrons to get released from their atoms and flow through the substance to generate electricity. The photovoltaic (PV) effect is the conversion of light (photons) to electricity (voltage). Solar modules, which can contain up to 72 cells, are often made of many solar cells and mounted in PV arrays that can reach lengths of several meters. These flat-plate PV arrays can either be fixed at an angle facing south or put on a tracking system that moves with the sun to maximize their daily solar energy production. A household can be powered by a few connected PV arrays; for large industrial or electric utility uses, hundreds of arrays can be joined to create one very large PV system. Layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick are used in thin-film solar cells. Solar cells can now function as building facades, roof shingles, roof tiles, skylight or atria glass due to thin film technology. The solar cell variant of products like shingles provides the same level of security and durability as regular asphalt shingles. The ability of a solar cell to convert sunlight into electricity is how well it performs. Only sunlight with specific energies will function well to produce electricity, and most of this sunlight is reflected or absorbed by the components of the cell. As a result, a typical commercial solar cell in 2021 will have an efficiency of between 19 and 23 percent, which means that around one-fifth of the sunlight that hits the cell will result in the production of energy. Low efficiency necessitate larger arrays, which are more expensive. ABOUT SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 03 BUILDING SERVICES II
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 03 BUILDING SERVICES II APPLICATION Shopping malls often are open every day of the week, including holidays and Sundays. As a result, if a mall has solar panels, there will always be a need for the energy produced, and it may be consumed right away. In other words, there are no days when production is idle and must be exported to the grid at a price that is less than the retail price of power. Homes are frequently empty around midday since most residents are away for work or school, and many companies are closed on holidays and weekends, so they are not always able to use all the energy produced when they install a solar power system. When there is constant demand for the energy that it produces, as there is in the case of shopping centers, solar power offers the best return on investment. The project is still financially viable when supply and demand are out of balance, but the return on investment is lower. The full retail price of electricity is saved if solar energy is being used right away, but if it is exported to the power grid, it only results in a reduced feed-in tariff, provided one has been negotiated with the retailer. Batteries can be utilized to store energy and use it as needed, allowing for complete cost savings but also raising the project's cost. In the first case, energy savings are decreased, whereas they are maintained in the later case but necessitate a more costly project. In other words, when there is constant demand for the energy produced by a solar photovoltaic system, the return on each dollar invested upfront is higher. Solar energy's financial appeal will only grow in the future. ROOFTOP AND BUILDING INTEGRATED SYSTEMS Buildings frequently have photovoltaic arrays attached to them, either as part of the structure itself, on top of it, or nearby on the ground. The majority of the time, rooftop PV systems are retrofitted into already-existing structures and are often put on top of the existing roof structure or on the existing walls. Alternately, a power source for the building could be provided by an array that is situated apart from the building but connected by a cable. As a primary or secondary source of electricity, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are increasingly being built into the walls or roofs of new residential and commercial structures. PV cell-integrated roof tiles are also occasionally employed. Rooftop installed solar panels can keep accumulated heat in during the night and passively cool buildings during the day, provided there is an open gap in which air can circulate. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
1 2 INSTALLATION PROCESS To ensure safety when performing the installation while on the roof, you must first create scaffolding. The solar panel mounting system must then be installed. The solar panels' base will be supported by this. To receive the most sunlight, the entire mounting structure must be inclined at an angle of 18 to 36 degrees. The solar panel itself needs to be mounted on the mounting structure after the mounts are set up. To ensure that it remains stable, make sure to tighten all the bolts and nuts. Install Solar Panel Mounts SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 4 Wire the Solar Panels The installation of the electrical wire is the following stage of the installation process. MC4 connectors are typically utilized since they are appropriate for all types of solar panels. Make sure to turn off the home's electricity supply while installing the wiring. Set Up Scaffolding 3 Install the Solar Panels 03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
INSTALLATION PROCESS 03 BUILDING SERVICES II SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 5 The solar inverter must then be attached to the system after that. Usually installed close to the main panel, it may be either indoors or outside. If kept in a colder environment, inverters operate more effectively. If the inverter is outside, it needs to be protected from the afternoon sun. If it is installed indoors, the garage or utility room are typically the best locations because they have airflow and stay cool for the majority of the year. Install Solar Inverter 6 The solar battery must then be attached to the solar inverter. W on't have to worry about running out of useful energy during cloudy weather due to the solar battery storage, which can also help cut installation costs for solar battery storage systems. To produce electricity, the inverter must be connected to the consumer unit. To track the exact amount of electricity the solar panels generate, a generation meter must also be connected. You can assess the performance of your solar system using a computer or other gadget. Bond Solar Inverter and Solar Battery 7 Connect the Inverter to the Consumer Unit 8 Start and Test Solar Panels The newly installed solar panel system must be tested and powered on as the last stage. The installation of the solar panels is then completed.
B E N E F I TS S O L A R P H O T O V O L T AIC S Y S T E M 1. High reliability Even in difficult circumstances, photovoltaic systems remain highly reliable. Critical power supplies run continuously and without interruption due to photovoltaic arrays. The majority of PV system modules have a guarantee period of up to 25 years and continue to function even after a lot of time has passed. In contrast to conventional fuel systems, photovoltaic systems only need periodic inspections and occasional repairs, which are extremely affordable. 03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 2. Strong persistence 3. Low maintenance costs The costs of fuel procurement, storage, and transportation are not necessary with photovoltaic systems. 4. Zero fuel consumption
B E N E F I TS S O L A R P H O T O V O L T AIC S Y S T E M 5. Noise pollution is small The photovoltaic system has a low mechanical noise level and may operate silently. Photovoltaic systems could require minor module additions to increase energy efficiency. After adequate design and installation, photovoltaic systems can be safely operated and do not require fuel. 03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM 6. There is photovoltaic supervision 7. Strong security Since photovoltaic systems preserve the independence of energy production and are not impacted by utilities, they are being used in many residential areas. 8. Strong independence
03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM PROBLEMS OCCURRED 1 2 3 Solar PV is typically a cost-effective option to supply substantial quantities of needed electricity. But producing electricity generates more electricity. Even though the price of solar PV electricity has drastically dropped, additional reductions are still required for this technology to be accessible to all consumers. Given that the weather can occasionally change, solar photovoltaic systems have difficulties with relation to the uncertainty of how much sunlight they will receive. This would make it difficult to calculate how much energy should be stored for later use. It is obvious that sunlight is not available at night when there is still a need for electricity. Additionally, the demand for peak electricity may not coincide with the peak radiation availability. Location can be an issue. Location can have an impact on the amount of solar radiation produced. There is much more sun radiation in some regions than others, such as the Southwest and the Northeast. This would imply that certain locations where the systems would need to be put are necessary for the production of solar energy. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM HOW IT FUNCTIONS? SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels harness the power of the sun and transform solar radiation into electricity using cells made of a semi-conductor material. Silicon, an abundant natural resource found in sand, is the most widely utilized semi-conductor material. A portion of the energy from the light that strikes the cell is absorbed by the semiconductor material, which releases the electrons—the negatively charged particles that are the building blocks of electricity. The most of PV cells have two semiconductor layers, one of which is positively charged and the other negatively charged. The electric field across the junction between these two layers allows electricity to flow when light shines on the semi-conductor, producing direct current (DC). We can remove that current for usage outside of the PV cell by connecting metal contacts to its top and bottom. Solar PV electric panels may produce power even on cloudy days because they don't need direct sunlight to work. However, in general, the higher the light intensity, the higher the electricity flow. Though days with a little cloudiness can produce more energy than days with a clear sky because of the reflection of sunlight. It is crucial to understand that you can only use your free solar energy when it is being generated. As a result, unless you additionally invest in batteries to store energy for usage at night and in the evenings, you will need to pay for your energy use during those times.
The solar PV array, a charge controller, a battery bank, an inverter, a utility meter, and an electric grid are the six main components of a photovoltaic system. The efficiency of the solar panels is dependent on how efficiently each of these components is installed. 03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM MAIN COMPONENTS SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM A collection of electrically connected solar PV panels make up a solar photovoltaic array. The solar PV array uses sunlight to produce DC electricity. Regardless of how big or small the installation area is, PV systems can accommodate a wide range of electrical needs due to the flexibility of modular solar arrays. Remember that solar systems need to be mounted on sturdy supports that can hold up to the array's weight and withstand adverse weather conditions including wind, rain, and corrosion for several decades. Solar Photovoltaic Array 01 COMPONENT 1 Charge controllers control the DC coming from the solar panels to prevent overcharging of the batteries. When the batteries are fully charged, a charge controller can determine whether current flow should be halted in order to protect the batteries from long-term damage. Charge Controller 02 COMPONENT 2 By storing the energy that is being produced by the PV array but is not immediately consumed, a battery bank ensures that none of your unused energy is wasted. It can then, for instance, provide electricity to your home at night or during extremely cloudy weather when there isn't enough sunlight. Battery Bank 03 COMPONENT 3
The solar PV array, a charge controller, a battery bank, an inverter, a utility meter, and an electric grid are the six main components of a photovoltaic system. The efficiency of the solar panels is dependent on how efficiently each of these components is installed. 03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM MAIN COMPONENTS SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM Any solar photovoltaic system needs a solar power inverter since it transforms electricity from DC to AC. This is essential because your appliances require AC electricity to function. Inverter 04 COMPONENT 4 A building has a power meter that measures the electricity consumption per building or unit, regardless of whether you have a solar PV system. You will feed back into the electrical grid any electricity produced by your photovoltaic panels that is not stored or utilised. Utility Meter 05 COMPONENT 5 Even though solar battery solutions made living off the grid possible due to renewable technologies, most people might still decide to use a mix of solar and grid-based electricity. Electric Grid 06 COMPONENT 6
The PV cells in a PV system perform this effect. The PV cell's semiconductor components are doped to create a P-N structure that acts as an internal electric field. While the n-type (negative) silicon tends to receive electrons, the p-type (positive) silicon tends to give up electrons and acquire holes. When light from the sun strikes the cell, some of the semiconductors' electrons are excited and turn into electronhole (negative-positive) pairs. 03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM PRINCIPLES SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM Its basis is the photovoltaic effect principle. Through the photovoltaic effect, visible light from the sun is converted into electricity by a light-sensitive semiconductor. All semiconductors constructed to absorb energy engage in this action. These pairs are induced to separate because to the internal electric field. The result is that the holes migrate to the positive electrode and the electrons move to the negative electrode. A circuit is created by joining the negative electrode, the load, and the positive electrode together in series with a conducting wire. Consequently, an electric current is produced in order to operate the external load. This is how a solar cell's PV effect operates.
03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM SPACE IMPLICATIONS SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM PV systems can be installed in buildings in a variety of ways. The most common technique for retaining an existing building's structure without significantly altering its look is to put the PV modules on a frame on the roof. In order to lower module temperature by air circulation, they are typically positioned above and parallel to the roof surface with a standoff of a few centimeters (recommended 10 cm). To receive the most solar energy, they should ideally be put with a north-south orientation. The compass orientation of the module is not important because Malaysia is near the equator. The modules will receive the most sun exposure if they are laid flat. It is preferable to place the modules at an angle (10-15° for framed modules or as little as 3-5° for unframed modules) to allow rain water to drain off effectively because flat-mounted modules may become dirty from trapped rain water and dust. Shade shouldn't cover the PV modules. A module's output can be significantly reduced by shading just one of its cells. Therefore, it is best to stay out of the shadows cast by large trees and nearby structures particularly those that are currently being erected.
03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM The installation of your solar panels is still subject to standard building regulations whether or not planning approval is needed for that installation. You must ensure that the additional weight brought on by the solar panels can be supported by your roof. Additionally, you will be required to make any necessary adjustments to make it safe. BUILDING REGULATION SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM You may need to provide evidence to your local planning authority that your property completely complies with these special criteria in addition to adhering to all other standard health and safety procedures.
03 BUILDING SERVICES II ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM
Prepared by: Alia Sabrina binti Mahmud Fuadi SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION CLOSE-CIRCUIT TELEVISION
06 CCTV, or closed-circuit television as it is more often called, is used for video surveillance. The term "closed-circuit" refers to transmissions that are frequently sent to a small (closed) set of monitors, as opposed to "regular" television, which is broadcast to the entire public. Although CCTV networks are typically used to detect and deter criminal activities, as well as to record traffic offences, they have additional uses. It is a video system comprised of strategically placed video cameras that record footage before transferring it to a display monitor or displays for playback and real-time viewing. This technology would be great for increasing the security of our shopping mall as well as providing continuous monitoring of critical locations. This would be especially useful for large facilities or one’s housing expensive equipment, products, or data. A CCTV system would be great for improving the security of our shopping mall and enabling continuous monitoring of key locations. This would be especially useful for large facilities or one’s housing expensive equipment, products, or data. In addition to recording video footage, this system may inform you if there is activity or movement on a certain camera at a set period. For example, after business hours have concluded and staff have left for the day. This alert may suggest that someone is nearby or actively attempting to break into the shopping Centre. A CCTV system can be used to monitor activities on the premises, particularly at a shopping mall, both during and after business hours, but it can also be used to identify wanted criminals and discourage potential assailants. CCTV SYSTEM SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION
CCTV surveillance may discourage potential offenders. After a crime has been committed, video evidence can aid law enforcement in their investigation and later serve as evidence in court. When utilized in conjunction with CCTV, audio, thermal, and other types of sensors can alert authorities to odd events such as a fire or gunshots. Businesses can use CCTV cameras to track and record internal illegal activities. Security cameras can maintain a close check on sites like the store in a shopping complex or difficult-to-access rooftops. APPLICATION & SYSTEM OF CCTV SYSTEM CRIME PREVENTION 05 SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION RETAIL INTELLIGENCE Market intelligence obtained from customer video surveillance is being used to study purchasing trends and enable better strategizing, such as how individuals’ shop, which aisles they frequent, and how likely they are to respond to calls to action within different store layouts. Heat maps can indicate the highs and lows of shopper activity at specific locations in a store, assisting stores in identifying peak buying times, preferred promotion kinds, and peak shopping staffing requirements. BEHAVIOURAL ANALYSIS These are currently used to warn monitor watchers of potential behavioral or suicidal incidents based on CCTV footage. This is because many attempted suicides occur in multi-story buildings, particularly higher-rise buildings. Researchers also use surveillance networks to monitor crowd activities in public places and prevent antisocial behavior. For example, for security purposes and to record any behavior from people wherever they are. Using CCTV cameras, emergency services and rescue personnel can assess and monitor occurrences in real time and relay a "situation" to disaster management teams via video. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
CCTV INSTALLATION PROCESS Consider the appropriate field of vision first, but avoid pointing your CCTV cameras directly towards light sources such as windows, doorways, and lamps. Despite the fact that appropriate lighting is required, too much light degrades image quality. As a result, the most critical aspect of designing a CCTV camera system is determining the best positions for your cameras and DVR. It improves camera coverage while shortening cable length. 06 SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION STEP 1 CHOOSE CAMERA LOCATION Then, in each site for the camera, connect one of the pregerminated cables provided between the location of the camera and the control equipment (DVR). RUN THE CABLES STEP 2 Then, it is critical to note that both the DVR and the cameras are powered by a single power supply. As a result, use the same cable to connect the power connectors of each CCTV camera to the power supply's 4/5/8-way power supply splitter lead. STEP 3 TURN ON THE CAMERA
CCTV INSTALLATION PROCESS Connect your DVR's power supply input next. After that, connect the power supply for the DVR, monitor, and camera to the primary power source. This is the most crucial phase in CCTV system installation since it assures a safe security system for your home or office. 06 SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION STEP 4 TURN ON THE DVR A BNCBNC cable, a Scart lead, or even a VGA lead can be used to link the display to the DVR. When using a TFT monitor, however, it is critical to follow the manufacturer's connection requirements. The outer covering of the video cable should be removed by about 1.5 cm to show the braiding. Slide the crimping barrel in the direction of the cable, with the larger diameter towards the cable's end. The white insulation that covers the innermost cable should then be removed. Next, connect a monitor or screen to a video feed using the DVR's output connector. CONNECT THE MONITOR TO THE DVR STEP 5 Finally, continue setting up the DVR according to the manual's recommendations. While some manuals may state that you must install the hard drive, others may have you set up and ready to go. DVR instructions are typically given in the booklet or CD that is sent with the device after purchase. Before begin programming the DVR, you must first turn on your cameras, then the display, and finally the DVR. Configure the DVR according to the user manual that came with it. It's critical to go over each camera's feed to ensure it's working properly and providing the necessary viewing angle. STEP 6 SET UP THE DVR
BENEFITS OF CCTV SYSTEM MONITOR EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOUR 04 SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION In a retail store, that employs scores or even hundreds of employees, it is difficult to keep track of their activities. At the end of the day, employees are people. They are prone to different behaviors, habits, and patterns. They may resort to criminal behavior or less severe problems such as not discharging their duties. They may not be operating or using the store’s facilities properly. An employer or operations manager can easily catch such behavior via a surveillance camera. This can help you improve your productivity and business operations. CHILDREN LOST IN MALLS Many customers always bring their family with them while they shop. Due to the high volume of visitors at shopping malls, it is frequent to hear of misplaced children. A variety of gorgeous and appealing things at the mall may catch children's attention. CCTV monitoring systems can always save a life by reducing the stress and difficulties of physically locating lost youngsters in a shopping mall. EMERGENCY SITUATIONS CRIME PREVENTION Criminologists and law enforcement agencies vehemently agree and encourage the use of surveillance cameras. Security camera monitoring, as per them, reduces crime to a large extent. Most criminals understand what a security camera is. The very presence of a security camera in the vicinity deters their criminal behavior. Criminals are uneasy when targeting retail stores fortified with security cameras because they understand that the risks of being caught increases, with massive fines and even jail time enough of an incentive to keep your store safe. Large stores are never without incident. By it, an intruder, criminal, or just innocent mistakes that lead to damages, retail stores must capture all evidence to claim insurance and minimize costs. If it goes undetected or uncaptured, the store would be required to pay damages caused to the shopper in case of accidents or would have to bear the price of damaged goods. On the other hand, if there was a camera that caught the act, the retail store management could point to the negligent individual, or point out those responsible for the damage. Thus, the retail store is spared from all the hassle of paying compensation.
11 P R O B L E M S SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION HACKERS There are hackers all over the world and CCTV cameras are very much keen on becoming the victim of such misdeeds which again leads to a corrupted security system. There are people who can easily get information that are preloaded in this CCTV software by just hacking the entire device thus getting a lead on the footage that might be very important in terms of security. EXPENSIVE A CCTV surveillance system will not be pricey. It costs a lot of money. People may claim that because CCTV is inefficient at preventing crime and theft, why would anyone spend money on it? However, CCTV violates our right to privacy, thus risking both our safety and our rights. THE VIEW OF THE CCTV IS LIMITED This means that once these are installed, they are capable of keeping track of a certain angle and certain area of that particular area. The area is certainly very limited. If the vandals plan to disrupt the condition of a particular place, they might just change the direction of the camera or simply can put something like a chewing gum on the camera to hide the view so that they can continue disrupting the normal state of that place.
CAMERA If you're setting up a CCTV camera system, your two camera options are Internet Protocol (IP) cameras or analogue cameras. IP is often the preferred solution due to its compatibility with the vast majority of devices. It is possible to install a variety of cameras, including dome cameras, bullet cameras, and stealth cameras. MONITORING STATION Examining collected images and video is the most important application of a security camera, and one that a monitor arguably facilitates. The number of monitors required depends on what and where you are monitoring. If you are not working in a large facility, three to five screens should enough. However, if your requirements change, you can easily add or subtract monitors at any time to match the compatibility of your camera. CABLES & ROUTERS Depending on the sort of surveillance system and cameras you select, your system will require supporting technologies such as cables and routers for a smooth connection. For example, wired systems do not require a router, whereas wireless systems must. Select your cameras and displays first, followed by the connectors and wires based on your specific needs. VIDEO RECORDER The footage recorded by the camera is processed for storage and viewing on the video recorder. DVRs (Digital Video Recorders) and NVRs (Network Video Recorders) are the two types of video recorders. DATA STORAGE The hard disc that powers your CCTV surveillance system impacts its effectiveness. The storage unit of a security camera system should be capable of continually capturing, storing, and replaying videos from several feeds. Hard discs included in PCs and laptops are insufficient for storing CCTV data. As a result, adopting a dependable storage solution is critical for secure data storage. 12 FUNCTIONS INCLUDING CONNECTION AND POSITIONS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF CCTV SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION
The use of a surveillance camera system must always be for a specific purpose that is required to meet a recognized compelling need. When using a surveillance camera system, think about how it will influence people's privacy and how often it will be examined to see if it is still essential. A surveillance camera system's operation should be as open and transparent as possible, with a public point of contact for questions and complaints. Before implementing a surveillance camera system, clear rules, regulations, and processes must be established and explained to those who must follow them. The disclosure of images and information should occur only when such disclosure is required for such a purpose or for law enforcement purposes; access to retained images and information should be restricted, with clearly defined rules governing who can gain access and for what purpose such access is granted. Operators of surveillance camera systems should take into account any established operational, technical, and competency standards that are relevant to the system and its function, and endeavor to adhere to and uphold such standards. To prevent illegal access and use, images and data from surveillance camera systems should be subject to appropriate security measures. To ensure that legal duties, rules, and standards are followed in practice, effective review and audit procedures should be in place, and regular reports should be made public. PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM OF CCTV 03 SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION
15 SPACE IMPLICATION & POSITION OF CCTV SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION PUBLIC PLACES PRIVATE PLACES It works on several levels. It is difficult to find a legal principle today that forbids an institutional agency from using audiovisual evidence acquired in public settings as testimony in court. The presence of cameras has changed the kind of crime as well as how it is investigated. They allow for the tracking of criminals and the targeting of large groups of people for surveillance. CCTV cameras are a good deterrent to potential intruders due to the increased chance of being recognized by the film captured by the cameras. Having an obvious CCTV system, alarm, or other security feature makes locations like a house, school, and retail mall appear to be a more difficult target, so if someone is looking through an affluent neighborhood for the easiest spot to get into, they will likely go on to the next property. Thanks to mobile phone apps, modern CCTV systems can show live footage of a person's house from anywhere there is internet connectivity. Using the motion detection functionality of some systems, a motion alarm can be delivered to a phone.
BUILDING REGULATIONS OF CCTV 21 SPECIAL SERVICES INSTALLATION Video recordings from any closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras in public or private areas may be subject to the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 if the owner is registered with the Department of Personal Data Protection (Act 709). (JPDP). It is a popular misconception that the PDPA is a law that protects "private rights." Although privacy and personal data are commonly linked, the PDPA has a limited scope because it solely covers personal data privacy rather than privacy rights in general. In contrast, the right to privacy refers to the freedom from public criticism and the right to be left alone. So, what does the PDPA cover? The PDPA effectively provides regulations that restrict how personal data can be acquired, processed, and used by organizations dealing with personal data of their employees, suppliers, and consumers. As a result, the PDPA governs data protection and privacy.
Prepared by: Nuur Faqihah binti Mohammad Khairudin MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM SMART ELEVATOR
BUILDING SERVICES II MHS: ELEVATOR Ever since the elevator was first invented, it is conventionally operated with simple up and down buttons for "hall calls", and destinations are not known until passengers placed "car calls" from inside an elevator (DIsha Chandankhede, 2017). Generally an elevator is utilised in most high rise and large buildings, for instance shopping malls, multistorey residential buildings, hospitals and skyscrapers, to enhance the transportation efficiency. This includes transporting people and goods in vertical direction from a floor to another floor. Its operation mode during emergency event changes from its normal operation mode where when smoke is detected in any of the floors, all elevators built in the building will move to a particular floor at faster motion. Hence, the conventional elevator system needs a destination entry system before the elevator systems make its decisions. THE SMART ELEVATOR SYSTEM We propose Smart Elevator System in our shopping mall to improve the transportation efficiency and flexibility of the conventional elevator. According to Rise Above Elevator (RAE), smart elevators are monitored and controlled through forms of online and offline connectivity such as Bluetooth, LTE and WiFi either it from phones or other gadgets. Few improvements by researchers have been made and to be applied to our smart elevator system. In line with advance transformation era, we propose a human hand gesture recognition system to the conventional operation without touching the buttons and arrive the designated floor. The system involve Infrared sensor, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Direct Current motor and smoke sensor to operate efficiently. WIth only hand gesture recognition, we will no longer need to press button or select floor from a device. Our smart elevator can recognize different gestures of human by its camera. To preprocess the image input, our elevator use gesture segmentation and gesture tracking. The interface for computer and human interaction is designed similar as the facial door access system. It is proven that the elevator camera depicts 98.1% accuracy of static images.
BUILDING SERVICES II APPLICATION: SMART ELEVATOR CONTROL SYSTEM The operation of smart elevators in a multi-storey building such as shopping mall is futuristic and magnificent. In most smart elevators, you can see there is no more traditional numbered button being used to move up or down. Neither you will have the access to go to any floors unless you have the access card to the specific floor especially in private residential condominiums. Today, the system has move forward to a modern and more efficient design. When a passenger walks up to the elevator banks, there is a touch screen with numbers on it and the passenger presses the floor number to which they wish to travel. Another new feature is to improve the touch screen feature with human hand gesture recognition so that passenger will not consume much time to manually select their desired floor to go to. The elevator comes to the ground floor, preprogrammed to travel to the requested floor only. So when the passenger gets on the "car", there is no numbered buttons inside it because the elevator already "knows" where to go. This smart elevator system begins to understand its algorithms not to stay on or close to the same levels when they are not in use, and if a floor has seen a lot of traffic in the past, they may even "remember" to be there at a specific time. In worst event where fire is detected by smoke detector in any of the floors, the elevator will move quicker than the normal mode to that particular floor. As smart as it can be, this fascinating elevator is able to "beep warning" whenever it tracks an overweight of total passengers in the car at a time. The way its technology monitors the number of passengers in each elevator proves that every time it is full, it would not stop hanging when it is reaching to higher floor. SMART ELEVATOR
CONNECTIVITY It is equipped with IoT where it connects with a controller through a Wi-Fi or LAN interface. The machines are now connected to a "home base" that will automatically notified the elevator manufacturer when it is functioning incorrectly. It means that these new elevators decrease the chance of a breakdown or getting stuck. For instance, if a door is closing quicker or slower than usual, the system will shut down and dispatch a technician to troubleshoot. Step 1 Plan a proper workspace for installing your elevator (e.g.: enough overhead, sturdy enough to support the elevator system when loaded). Install rail brackets as straight as possible to keep the elevator moves in a straight line. The rail brackets are to be installed starting at the top and checked for three times to make sure the elevator is safe to use. BUILDING SERVICES II INSTALLATION PROCESS SMART ELEVATOR BENEFITS PREDICT DESTINATION The destination floor of the passenger is determined by the Machine Learning algorithm by reviewing past data. In other words, whenever the same passenger wanted to go to the same floor, he/she will need not to "tell" the elevator the desired floor every single time; in turn, it saves time for passengers. Voice over Internet Protocol will be activated to allow passenger define their destination floor via voice command if his/her data show visits to multiple floors. This message will be recorded Step 2 Install the elevator drive type. It controls the up and down movement of the elevator. Two major drive types are traction and hydraulic drives. A traction drives utilizes a counterweight and pully system to precisely moves the elevator car while a hydraulic drive uses pressurized oil to move the carriage. Step 3 Install wiring and magnets to make sure the carriage moves properly so that the people who ride in it are safe. Next, install gates so that it encloses the elevator shaft when the carriage is moving and stopping at a different floor. Carriage and gates should be operate in tandem as well as to make a smooth floor transition. Step 4 Install the electrical wiring to prepare the elevator for commercial use. First, the technicians will need to wire the major components and then test all components to make sure the elevator is operating safely and efficiently.
THE PROBLEM NOT USER FRIENDLY the additional design of pre-determined touch screen button to their destinations have removed the ability for a user to make last-minute changes. They now have no controls for optional button to various floors since it has been removed from the interior elevator cabin. The only action of a user can do is to exit and begin over again. Also, some users find this smart elevator cut-off their interaction with other users because they have no chance to meet or bump into their colleagues or neighbours in the same elevator to any floors. COST RESTRAINT The installation of the smart elevator control systems require high cost which in turn will likely to obstruct the growth of smart elevator market. Customers do not have the willingness to pay for the high-end access control systems since its installation and integration need the service from skilled technical consultants. BUILDING SERVICES II SMART ELEVATOR
FUNCTIONS, CONNECTION & POSITION SMART ELEVATOR There are a lot of elevators type manufactured by elevator manufacturers nowadays namely, hydraulic elevator, home elevator and freight elevator. Smart elevator is one of them too but what makes it distinct from the rest is its additional in its component design and system. Smart elevator is built in with similar general components and innovative system such as IoT to engineer its control system to way more independent. Below are the basic components of smart elevator: Speed Governor A speed regulating system that controls the speed of elevator from running exceeding its speed limit. It is often installed attached to the bottom of the governor rope. Electric Motor Helps in avoiding any serious condition occur in the elevator by providing a smooth functioning of elevator. It is located on top of the governor. Elevator Rails It is installed in the elevator shaft or between floors of two or more columns of vertical or tilted rigid track. Stabilize the rail operation within the shaft by sliding up and down during routine use and as a safety system for emergency stops. Cabin An elevator car that is designed for shipment of goods and services or the passage of persons. It is the main design of an elevator. Elevator Shaft Elevator cabin moves in this pit depth of a 4 feet deep. Its location can be varied depending on the types of elevator. Doors Act as an entry and exit to an elevator, Consists of manual and automatic doors. Drive Unit Contains a motor that drives the elevator. Buffers An apparatus located at the bottom of elevator designed to protect people. It can stop a car that is moving downward by accumulating the kinetic energy of the car. Safety Device Usually located on the home button inside of the elevator for instance the alarm button, emergency lighting and overload device.