SMART ELEVATOR Every lift forming part of the vertical access for disabled people should have an unobstructed depth in front of the lift doors of not less than 1800mm. It should maintain a floor level accuracy within a tolerance of 10mm throughout the range of rated load. The handrail in the car should not be less than 600mm long and 1000mm above the finished floor level and should be fixed adjacent to the control panel. PRINCIPLE & BUILDING REGULATIONS The lift doors should be power operated. A clear opening of not less than 1000mm should be provided. Sensor devices should be provided to ensure that lift car and landing doors would not close while the opening is obstructed. 1. LIFT 2. LIFT DOORS
Prepared by: Izzatul A'lia binti Harjimi HVAC DUCTED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Of all air conditioning systems, ducted air conditioning is considered the quietest and most adaptable. They are perfect for large rooms that need even air circulation throughout, such as households, open-plan offices, shops, schools, restaurants, and other large buildings. When it comes to cooling or heating larger spaces that are beyond of the reach or capability of wall mounted units, which can struggle to evenly distribute air throughout vast spaces, ducted AC units are frequently the most practical option. Retrofitting ducted air conditioning is possible. However, it is ideal to install them as part of a construction or renovation project so that we can plan and collaborate with your architect to make sure there is enough room inside the ceiling void or above the suspended ceiling to accommodate the hidden ducted unit. It is significant to remember that a ducted system does not allow you to operate each grille separately. Either the entire system is "On" or it is "Off." Due to the possibility that different people will prefer different temperatures in different areas, we advise against using a ducted system to cool multiple rooms. We advise putting numerous ducted systems in your ceiling to provide each user individual control over the temperature settings for their space if you still want to enjoy the aesthetic benefits of a ducted system. ABOUT DUCTED AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEM HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) SYSTEM 03 BUILDING SERVICES II
DUCTED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM 03 BUILDING SERVICES II APPLICATION D U C T E D (C E N T R A L A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G) Air is sent through ducts from one central location to heat and cool all rooms. All rooms are air conditioned uniformly at the same temperature settings. HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) SYSTEM
1 2 INSTALLATION PROCESS The air conditioning installer will begin with a detailed inspection of the roof cavity. This allows them to plan the location of the indoor unit, the layout of the ducts, the return air grille location and the best place for the outdoor unit. These plans are done in consultation with the owner to ensure the finished job is perfect. The ceiling hole for the return air grille is cut in preparation for the next stages. The indoor unit needs to be disassembled into 3 parts to enable it to fit into the ceiling cavity. The 3 parts are the air mixing plenum. This is a critical part of the unit and allows fresh air and the exhaust air to be combined via a set of dampers to maximise efficiency. Next is fan deck and lastly is the fan coil unit. Note that the ducted system designer must size the return air grill so that all of the components will fit through the hole and the dimensions for every ducted system vary. DUCTED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM 4 The structure of the roof is used to suspend the indoor unit to eliminate vibrations via the ceiling. Once in place, the safety tray to catch discharge fluids is mounted underneath the suspended indoor unit. The safety tray drain and the condensate drain are then run out to the roof gutter. 03 BUILDING SERVICES II HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) SYSTEM The outdoor unit is placed in position and the refrigeration pipes and the electrical interconnect are run from the outdoor unit to 5 the indoor unit. 3
6 7 INSTALLATION PROCESS Holes then need to be cut for the supply air diffusers and then these diffusers are fitted. The air ducts are laid and connected to the branches and these connect back to the air mixing plenum on the indoor unit. The return air ducts are connected from the indoor unit to the return air box (above the return air grille). This completes the air system installation. DUCTED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM 9 The control cables are run to the zone motors and the cables are run from the wall controllers to the indoor unit. 8 03 BUILDING SERVICES II HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) SYSTEM The ducted air conditioning system is turned on and all 10 functionality must be checked thoroughly.
B E N E F I TS D U C T E D AIR - C O N DITIO NIN G S Y S T E M 1. Energy-efficient Ducted air conditioners are some of the most energy-efficient systems on the market. According to Energy Star, ducted AC units can save homeowners up to 30% on their cooling costs. This is because ducted AC units circulate cool air more efficiently than other types of air conditioners. Additionally, ducted AC units have higher SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) ratings, which means they use less energy to cool spaces. This is possible because ducted air conditioning units have multiple evaporator coils, which can be controlled independently of each other. This means we can keep the downstairs cool while keeping the upstairs warm, or vice versa. Temperature zoning can helps saving energy and money by only cooling the areas that you need to cool. Ducted air conditioners are also known for their quiet operation. This is because the outdoor unit of a ducted AC system is located away from the indoor unit, which means the noise from the condenser is not audible inside your home. Additionally, ducted AC units have sound-dampening features that further reduce the noise level. 03 BUILDING SERVICES II 2. Temperature zoning 3. Quiet operation Ducted air conditioners are also great for commercial buildings, such as office buildings, retail stores, and restaurants. This is because ducted AC units can be installed in the ceiling, which frees up valuable floor space. Additionally, ducted AC units can be used to create different temperature zones in a commercial building, which can improve employee comfort and productivity. 4. Great for commercial buildings HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) SYSTEM
03 BUILDING SERVICES II PROBLEMS OCCURRED 1 2 3 If there are gaps in the return air ducts, they will ultimately force your ducted air conditioning to suck in unwanted elements such as pollen, dirt, dust, and other forms of debris, causing the ducts to become clogged. Dirty air ducts will not only impact your indoor air quality, but will also affect your system’s overall performance and make it less efficient. You’ll have to contact your local ducted air conditioner service technician to help repair or replace the filthy ducts. If your ducted air conditioning unit is poorly maintained, the chances are always high that leaks will occur in the ductwork, providing a gateway for cool air to escape. This can be a costly issue, as it may not only increase your monthly energy bills significantly, but will also cause condensation to occur on the outside of your ductwork. You’ll need the assistance of a qualified HVAC technician to solve this particular issue. As opposed to split systems, where the distance between the outdoor and indoor components is somewhat shorter, there is usually a big distance between the compressor and the ducted air conditioning grilles themselves. Even though this may not look like an issue, the truth of the matter is that long distances translate to more cool air being lost. DUCTED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) SYSTEM FILTHY OR CLOGGED DUCTS AIR LOSS INSULATION PROBLEMS
03 BUILDING SERVICES II HOW IT FUNCTIONS? DUCTED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM Ducted air conditioners create cool airflow through the building from a compressor condensing unit that sits outside of a building, attached to an inside fan coil unit, found inside the roof cavity of your home. Ductwork runs through the residence and delivers the cool air via a group of outlets in each zone. Nowadays, ducted air conditioners are also commonly called ducted reverse-cycle air conditioning units. Ducted air conditioning provides unobtrusive cooling and heating for homes and buildings of almost any size, from a small two bedroom apartment to a vast multi-storey complex. This style of air conditioning is popular due to features such as its super quiet operation, we can barely notice it is on and its gentle distribution of air, as well as the fact that it provides a whole home climate control solution in one compact unit. A ducted air conditioner works using a refrigerant which is moved through the air conditioning system via a small pipe, drawing the heat in the air from one area to another. When you’re trying to cool a building, the system absorbs the heat from the air inside as the fan passes air through the indoor unit and across the very cold evaporator coil of refrigerant pipes. This means the air leaves the indoor unit cooler than when it entered, gradually reducing the temperature of the building as it circulates through the unit. HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) SYSTEM When the refrigerant has passed through the indoor unit, warmed from absorbing the heat inside, it is transferred to the outdoor unit for cooling. Once outside, a fan is used to blow air over the coil of hot refrigerant transferring some of the heat into the outside air. The refrigerant is further cooled by using a compressor to condense the refrigerant releasing the remaining heat. The cooled refrigerant is then recirculated through the indoor unit. This process repeats continuously as long as your air conditioner is running.
The solar PV array, a charge controller, a battery bank, an inverter, a utility meter, and an electric grid are the six main components of a photovoltaic system. The efficiency of the solar panels is dependent on how efficiently each of these components is installed. 03 BUILDING SERVICES II MAIN COMPONENTS DUCTED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM this is where air is pulled into building. THE RETURN AIR GRILLE 01 COMPONENT 2 HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) SYSTEM The filter is located in the return air grille, and helps to filter dust, dirt, and other pollutants. FILTER 02 COMPONENT 2 The thermostat (or sensor) measures the temperature of the area being conditioned, allowing the system to adjust if necessary. THERMOSTAT 03 COMPONENT 3 Controllers are where you adjust the system, and are usually mounted on the wall. If you have a ducted air conditioning system with smart features, you can control the system from other devices such as your phone, tablet, or laptop. CONTROLLERS 04 COMPONENT 4
The air conditioner is not a magic device as it follows a set of physical and chemical phenomena to cool a place very effectively when you turn on an AC and set your desired temperature around 16-32 degrees, the thermostat installed in its senses that there is a difference between the room air temperature and the temperature you choose. 03 BUILDING SERVICES II PRINCIPLES DUCTED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM An air conditioner collects warm air from a given location, processes it with the help of a refrigerant and a series of coils within it, and then releases the cold air to the place where the hot air was initially collected. Virtually all air conditioners system works on this principle. Most people believe that an air conditioner produces fresh air with the help of machines installed inside it, which can cause it to cool a room so quickly. Hence they say why it consumes so much electricity. However, this is a delusion. This hot air is drawn from the base of the indoor unit through the grille; the air flows through some of the pipes through which the refrigerant or the cooling fluid is leaking. As a result, the refrigerant liquid absorbs heat and becomes hotter than before. This way, how the weather is removed from the air falling on the evaporating coil. The evaporator coil absorbs heat and expels moisture from the incoming air, which helps reduce condensation from the room. This hot refrigerant gas is then passed to the compressor located on the external unit in case of split AC. The compressor compresses the cooling gas to heat up because compressing the gas raises its heat. This hot, high-pressure gas then moves to the third section called a condenser. HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) SYSTEM
03 BUILDING SERVICES II In 2018, new legislation was introduced for commercial buildings with air conditioning systems. These pieces of legislation set out guidelines surrounding the following: BUILDING REGULATION DUCTED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM F-Gas: Any business that uses refrigeration products that contain F-Gas (fluorinated greenhouse gases) must meet requirements regarding record keeping and maintenance. Energy Performance Certificate (EPC): All commercial properties that consist of more than 500 m2 of habitable space must hold an EPC by law. TM44 Regulation: As part of the EPBD, building managers of properties that have an air conditioning system with an output of over 12kW are responsible for organising regular inspections. HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC) SYSTEM
BUILDING SERVICES II Conclusion Installing smart services in a building will have you a convenient lifestyle everyday. Smart services are systemised with cordless and hardwired which most of them are operated based on IoT technology based. It has become a major concern that smart services cost us a lot of money for its installation; however, once we build them into our property (house, shopping mall, office, etc.), the benefits of each of the innovations outweigh its drawbacks. That includes the efficiency of doing daily routine such as walking, ensuring safety of every users whether in the event of fire or normal days and more. In relation to the sustainability of the smart building, it surely proves how it contributes in the environment, social and economic sustainability. Suprisingly, with the IoT connection on every smart services, it helps with the less handful control over the devices. In today’s building construction trend, it is possible to transform a traditional building into a smart building by renovating the old services into smart services. You do not have to change every exiating equipment in the building into new ones to include smart services at your property. Even so, there are still a lot of considerations in terms of design, structure, function and economic to installing the smart services. Making your building a smart building is not a new thing anymore. Therefore, the effort to apply the smart services into the environment should be utilised widely as well as to improve quality of the environment.
LIST OF REFERENCES BUILDING SERVICES II Solar Energy Photovoltaic System Definition & Video. Renewable Energy World. (2022, March 15). Retrieved from https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/types-of-renewable-energy/what-issolar-energy/photovoltaic-systems/ Quin, C. (n.d.). Why Shopping Centres are a perfect case study for solar power. LinkedIn. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-shopping-centres-perfect-case-study-solar-powercameron-quin Admin. (2018, November 21). Advantages and disadvantages of Photovoltaic Systems. Sungzu. Retrieved from https://sungzu.com/advantages-disadvantages-photovoltaic-systems/ Menu. Solar photovoltaic Advantages and challenges with solar PV Comments. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sites.lafayette.edu/egrs352-sp14-pv/technology/advantages-and-challenges-with-solarpv/ How solar PV systems work. EWS Solar Power. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ewssolarpower.co.uk/24-how-does-the-system-work - photovoltaic (PV) systems in buildings - building and construction ... (n.d.). Retrieved 2023, from https://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/pv_guide.pdf Solar PV principle. PVinsights. (n.d.). Retrieved January 2023, from http://pvinsights.com/Knowledge/Principle.php Solar Photovoltaic Systems in the UK (2023). GreenMatch. (n.d.). Retrieved January 2023, from https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/solar-energy/photovoltaics/photovoltaicsystem#:~:text=Photovoltaic%20systems%20generally%20consist%20of,efficient%20the%20solar%20p anels%20are. Solar Panel Building Regulations and SAP calculations. The Renewable Energy Hub. (2020, April 2). Retrieved January 2023, from https://renewableenergyhub.co.uk/main/solar-panels/solar-panelbuilding-regulations/