The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.

เส้นสร้างสรรค์ - ทุกคนทำได้ ทช33023 (แผนการเรียนเพื่อพัฒนาคุณภาพชีวิต)

Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search
Published by Ritdhiphong Wongsee, 2023-05-08 02:15:00

เส้นสร้างสรรค์ - ทุกคนทำได้ ทช33023 (แผนการเรียนเพื่อพัฒนาคุณภาพชีวิต)

เส้นสร้างสรรค์ - ทุกคนทำได้ ทช33023 (แผนการเรียนเพื่อพัฒนาคุณภาพชีวิต)

 :     33023 187  ­ ‰v§˜±˜ª—ŽŒ§|µvš˜§—œ©§±Ÿ Ø ŽŸ˜ Ø §|Ÿ˜˜y Û : Œ ­ vyŽŒ¾§µ‰Ø ˜ ¦Ÿ˜§—œ©§Œ33023}¾§ŽœŽ2  Ž×œ—v©Š ˜¥‰¦–¦—–«vž§Š¢Žš§— ĀšćöÝĞćĀîŠć÷ ßčéÖćøđøĊ÷îìćÜĕÖúđúŠöîĊĚÝĆéìĞćêšîÞïĆïĒúąÝĆéóĉöóŤéšü÷đÜĉîÜïðøąöćè×ĂÜĒñŠîéĉî úĉ×ÿĉìíĉĝđðŨ î×ĂÜÿĞćîĆÖÜćîǰÖýî. ÿĞćîĆÖÜćîðúĆéÖøąìøüÜýċÖþćíĉÖćøǰ ­™µ´œ„µ¦«¹„¬µšµŠÅ„¨ ­Îµœ´„еœ„«œ. ­Îµœ´„еœž¨´—„¦³š¦ªŠ«¹„¬µ›·„µ¦ „¦³š¦ªŠ«¹„¬µ›·„µ¦


978 616 202 590 7


 :     33023 189


 :     33023 190


 :     33023 191 ®œoµ ‡ÎµœÎµ ­µ¦´ ‡ÎµÂœ³œÎµÄœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ ǦŠ­¦oµŠ—„µ¦Á¦ » ¸¥œšµŠÅ„¨¦µ¥ª·µÁ­œo ...­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r : 𻄇œšÎµÅ—o (š 33023) 1 š—­°„°œÁ¦ n ¸¥œ 3 ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É 1 „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ 13 ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É 2 ¦nµŠ£µ¡„n°œ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ 43 ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É 3 ­ŠÂ¨³ÁŠµÄœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ 77 ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É 4  f„ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ®œœ»n ·ÉŠ 101 ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É 5  f„ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš·ªš´«œ 121 r ¦¦–µœ»„¦¤ 147 š—­°®¨´ŠÁ¦¸¥œ 147 ÁŒ¨¥Âš—­°Â¨³„·‹„¦¦¤ 159 - ÁŒ¨¥Âš—­°„n°œÁ¦¸¥œ – ®¨´ŠÁ¦¸¥œ 161 - ÁŒ¨¥®œª¥„µ¦Á¦ n ¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É 1 „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ 162 - ÁŒ¨¥®œª¥„µ¦Á¦ n ¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É 2 ¦nµŠ£µ¡„n°œ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ 165 - ÁŒ¨¥®œª¥„µ¦Á¦ n ¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É 3 ­ŠÂ¨³ÁŠµÄœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ 170 - ÁŒ¨¥®œª¥„µ¦Á¦ n ¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É 4 f„ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ®»nœœ·ÉŠ 174 - ÁŒ¨¥®œª¥„µ¦Á¦ n ¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É 5 f„ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš·ªš´«œ 177 r £µ‡Ÿœª„ - ‡Îµ­´ÉŠ­™µ´œ„µ¦«¹„¬µšµŠÅ„¨ š¸É 80/2554¨Šª´œš¸É 7 ¤·™»œµ¥œ2554 183 - ‡–³Ÿ‹¼o´—šÎµ 184 - ‡–³Ÿ¼oÁ…¥œ¸ 185 - ‡–³¦¦–µ›·„µ¦ 185 ¥– ¤ €


 :     33023 192


 :     33023 193


 :     33023 194 „µ¦«¹„¬µ‡ o œ‡ª o µÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤ œ´„«¹„¬µ°µ‹«¹„¬µ®µ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤Å—o‹µ„®¨nŠÁ¦¸¥œ¦¼o°ºÉœÇÁnœ„µ¦«¹„¬µ˜Îµ¦µ®¦º°­ºÉ°°ºÉœÇ š¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª…o°Š„´¦µ¥ª·µœ¸Ê„µ¦«¹„¬µ‹µ„°·œÁ˜°¦rÁœÈ˜„µ¦«¹„¬µ‹µ„¡·¡·›£´–”rœ·š¦¦«„µ¦„µ¦Â­—Š˜nµŠÇ „µ¦«¹„¬µ‹µ„Ÿ¼o¦¼o®¦º°Ÿ¼oš¸É¦¼o‹´„Áž}œ˜oœ „µ¦ª´—Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ Ĝ˜n¨³¦µ¥ª·µœ´„«¹„¬µ˜o°Šª´—Ÿ¨­´¤§š›·ÍšµŠ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ—´Šœ¸Ê 1. ¦³®ªnµŠ£µ‡šÎµ…o°­°°´˜œ´¥š¸É­™µ´œ„µ¦«¹„¬µšµŠÅ„¨‹´—­nŠÄ®oץčo¨µ¥¤º°…°Š œ´„«¹„¬µÁ°Š¨³‹´—­nŠ„¨´Åž˜µ¤Áª¨µš¸É­™µ´œ„µ¦«¹„¬µšµŠÅ„¨„ε®œ— 2. ž¨µ¥£µ‡Á¤ºÉ°­·Êœ£µ‡„µ¦«¹„¬µœ´„«¹„¬µ‹³˜o°ŠÁ…oµ­°ž¨µ¥£µ‡˜µ¤ª´œÁª¨µ¨³ ­™µœš¸Éš¸É­™µ´œ„µ¦«¹„¬µšµŠÅ„¨„ε®œ—Ž¹ÉŠ‹³Â‹oŠÄ®oœ´„«¹„¬µš¦µšµŠÅž¦¬–¸¥r×¥œ´„«¹„¬µ‹³˜o°Š œÎµ´˜¦ž¦³‹Îµ˜´ªœ´„«¹„¬µ¨³´˜¦ž¦³‹Îµ˜´ªž¦³µœ®¦º°´˜¦…oµ¦µ„µ¦Åž—oª¥®µ„Ťn¤¸ÅžÂ­—Š œ´„«¹„¬µ°µ‹Å¤nŗo¦´­·š›·ÍĜ„µ¦Á…oµ­°œ°„‹µ„œ´Êœœ´„«¹„¬µ˜o°ŠÂ˜nŠ„µ¥­»£µ¡Á¦¥¦ ¸ o°¥˜µ¤¦³Á¸¥ ®oµ¤Ä­n¦°ŠÁšoµÂ˜³


 :     33023 1 ǦŠ­¦o µŠ»—„µ¦Á¦ ¸¥œšµŠÅ„¨ ¦µ¥ª·µÁ­oœ...­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡ r : 𻄇œšÎµÅ—o¦®´­¦µ¥ª·µš33023 ¦³—´¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µ˜°œž¨µ¥ ­µ¦³„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o­µ¦³š¸É4 𴄬³„µ¦—εÁœ·œ¸ª·˜ ¤µ˜¦“µœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ¤µ˜¦“µœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É4.3 ¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹𴄬³Â¨³Á‹˜‡˜·š¸É—¸Á„¸É¥ª„´«·¨ž³Â¨³ ­»œš¦¸¥£µ¡ ­µ¦³­Îµ‡´ ‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´¨³¦¼žÂ…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ„µ¦‹´—°Š‡rž¦³„°«·¨žmĜ „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ f„ž’·´˜·Äœ„µ¦¦nµŠ£µ¡„n°œªµ—„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ¡ºÊœ“µœ„µ¦Ä®o­ŠÂ¨³Áе „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ®»nœœ·ÉŠÂ¨³„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš·ªš´«œr Ÿ¨„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É‡µ—®ª´Š 1. °›·µ¥‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 2. °›·µ¥¦¼žÂ…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 3. °„„µ¦‹´—°Š‡rž¦³„°«·¨žmĜеœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 4. °›·µ¥¦¼žÂª·›¸„µ¦‡´—Á¨º°„¤»¤ª·›¸„µ¦¦nµŠ£µ¡„n°œªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 5. °›·µ¥š´«œ¸¥£µ¡ÄœŠµœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 6. ªµ—¨µ¥Á­oœœ·—˜nµŠÇš¸ÉÁž}œ¡ºÊœ“µœÄœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 7. °›·µ¥‡»–‡nµ…°Š‡ªµ¤°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áеš¸É„¦³š¦¼žš¦ŠÄœ£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 8. ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš¸É­—ŠœÊ宜´„‡ªµ¤°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³ÁеŽ¹ÉŠ„¦³š¦¼žš¦ŠÂ¨³ ‹´—¨Îµ—´‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 9. °›·µ¥‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥…o°—¸‡nµœÊ宜´„…°Š¦¼žš¦Š¦¼ž¦nµŠ…°Š®»nœœ·ÉŠÅ—o 10. ªµ—£µ¡®»nœœ·ÉŠ˜µ¤®¨´„š´«œ¸¥£µ¡¨³‹»—š¸É˜´ÊŠÄœ„µ¦ªµŠ¦¼žš¦ŠÁ¡ºÉ°ªµ—£µ¡®»nœœ·ÉŠÅ—o 11. °›µ¥‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥¦ · ¼ž¨´„¬–³¦³¥³Â¨³‡nµœÊ宜´„…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡š·ªš´«œrŗo 12. ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš·ªš´«œr˜µ¤®¨´„š´«œ¸¥£µ¡3 Å—o …°…nµ¥ÁœºÊ°®µ ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É1 „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É2 ¦nµŠ£µ¡„n°œ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É3 ­ŠÂ¨³ÁŠµÄœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É4  f„ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ®»nœœ·ÉŠ ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É5  f„ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš·ªš´«œr


 :     33023 2 ­ºÉ°ž¦³„°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o »—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œšµŠÅ„¨¦µ¥ª·µÁ­oœ...­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r :𻄇œšÎµÅ—o¦®´­ª·µš33023 ‹Îµœªœ®œnª¥„·˜ 2 ®œnª¥„·˜(80 ´ÉªÃ¤Š) „·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o 1. šÎµÂš—­°„n°œÁ¦¸¥œÄœ»—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œšµŠÅ„¨¨³˜¦ª‹­°‡Îµ˜°‹µ„ ÁŒ¨¥šoµ¥Á¨n¤ 2. «¹„¬µÁœºÊ°®µ­µ¦³Äœ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o𻄮œnª¥ 3. šÎµ„·‹„¦¦¤˜µ¤š¸É„ε®œ—Ĝ˜n¨³®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o¨³˜¦ª‹­°Âœª˜° ‹µ„ÁŒ¨¥šoµ¥Á¨n¤ 4. šÎµÂš—­°®¨´ŠÁ¦¸¥œÄœ»—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œšµŠÅ„¨¨³˜¦ª‹­°‡Îµ˜° ‹µ„ÁŒ¨¥šoµ¥Á¨n¤ „µ¦ž¦³Á¤·œŸ¨ 1. „µ¦šµÂš—­°„ Î n°œy®¨´ŠÁ¦¸¥œ 2. „µ¦šÎµ„·‹„¦¦¤ÄœÂ˜n¨³®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o


 :     33023 3 š—­°„n°œÁ¦¸¥œ ‡Îµ­´ÉŠ‹ŠšÎµÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š®¤µ¥ªŠ„¨¤ 2¨o°¤¦°‡Îµ˜°š¸É™¼„š¸É­»—Á¡¸¥Š‡Îµ˜°Á—¸¥ª 1. …o°Ä—¤¸‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥™¹Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ „. £µ¡‹·˜¦„¦¦¤ µŸœ´Š­¸ »iœÄœª´—˜nµŠÇ …. £µ¡Á…¸¥œ­¸¦³µ¥­¸œ¡ºÊœ¦³œµ˜nµŠÇ ‡. £µ¡š¸ÉÁ„·—‹µ„„µ¦¨µ„…»—…¸——oª¥ª´­—»˜nµŠÇ Š. £µ¡š¸ÉÁ„·—‹µ„„µ¦Äo­·ÉŠÄ—„Èŗo¨³Á¨Š­¸Ä®oÁ„·—£µ¡š¸Éž¦³š´Ä‹ 2. ª·›¸„µ¦ f„Äœ…o°Ä—ÄœªŠ„µ¦«·¨ž³™º°ªnµÁž}œ‹»—Á¦·É¤˜oœš¸É­Îµ‡´…°ŠŸ¼oš¸É­œÄ‹«¹„¬µ«·¨ž³ „.  f„‹·˜Ä®oœ·ÉŠÂ¨³¤¸­¤µ›· ….  f„ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÃ—¥„µ¦…¼—…¸—ªµ—¨µ„™¼„²¨² ‡.  f„„µ¦Ÿ­¤­¸čo¡¼n„´œ¨oµŠ¡¼n„´œ¦³µ¥­¸Áš‡œ·‡˜nµŠÇ Š.  f„œÎµª´­—»˜nµŠÇĜ›¦¦¤µ˜·¤µ‹´—šÎµ°»ž„¦–rÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°ªµ—£µ¡ 3. Á®˜»Ÿ¨Ä—š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ¦µ™nµ¥š°—­·ÉŠš¸É¤°ŠÁ®Èœš´ÉªÅžÁž}œ¦¼žš¦Š3 ¤·˜·Ä®o¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„ªnµÁž}œ¦¼žš¦Š 3 ¤·˜·Ánœ„´œ¨Šœ¡ºÊœ¦³œµÂœÇš¸Éªµ—¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o „. Á­oœš¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—¦¼ž¦nµŠ …. Á­oœš¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—œÊ宜´„°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áе ‡. Á­oœš¸ÉšµÄ® Î oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤®œ´„ÁµÄœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ Š. Á­oœš¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—¡ºÊœŸ·ª˜nµŠÇĜеœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ 4. „·‹„¦¦¤Äœ…o°Ä—š¸Éœ·¥¤Äo f„ œÁºÊ°Š˜oœÁ¡ºÉ°Á¡·É¤š´„¬³Äœ„µ¦‡ª‡»¤„µ¦Äo¤º°¨³­µ¥˜µ Ä®o­´¤¡´œ›r„´œÄœ„µ¦™nµ¥š°—¦¼žš¦Š „. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ …. „µ¦Á…¸¥œ£µ¡¦³µ¥­¸ ‡. „µ¦ž{œ„µ¦Â„³­¨´„ Š. „µ¦ f„„µ¦™nµ¥£µ¡°´—£µ¡™nµ¥ 5. …o°Ä—Áž}œ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡š¸É™nµ¥š°—¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦Š…œµ—­´—­nªœ­ŠÂ¨³Áе˜µ¤š¸É˜µ¤°ŠÁ®Èœ‹¦·Š „. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ÂÁ¦¸¥¨·­˜·„ (Realistic) …. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ÂÁޤ·Â°pž­Â˜¦„(Semi y Abstract) ‡. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ÂÂ°pž­Â˜¦„(Abstract) Š. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ÂÅ°Á—¸¥¦·­Ž¹É¤(Idealism)


 :     33023 4 6. …o°Ä—ŤnÁ…oµ„¨»n¤„´„µ¦‹´—£µ¡Ä®oÁž}œÁ°„£µ¡ (Unity) „. ‹´—£µ¡Âš´Žo°œ„´œ …. ‹´—£µ¡ÂŽoµ¥ y…ªµÁ®¤º°œ„´œ ‡. ‹´—£µ¡ÂÄoÁ­oœ¦°œ°„ Š. ‹´—£µ¡ÂÄoÁ­oœÁºÉ°¤¦³®ªnµŠ£µ¡¦¼žš¦Š2 y 3 ¦¼žš¦ŠÁ…oµ—oª¥„´œ 7. …o°Ä—Áž}œÁš‡œ·‡Äœ„µ¦Áœoœ£µ¡‹»—­œÄ‹Ä®oÁ—nœ´—…¹Êœ¤µ„š¸É­»— „. „µ¦Äo¦³¥³Â¨³­´—­nªœÁœoœ …. „µ¦Äo¡ºÊœŸ·ªÂ¨³Á­oœÁœoœ ‡. „µ¦Äo‹»—¨³n°ŠªnµŠÁœoœ Š. „µ¦Äo…œµ—…°Š¦¼žš¦ŠÂ¨³Â­ŠÁеÁœoœ 8. „¦³—µ¬š¸É¤¸¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁnœÅ¦‹¹Š‹³Á®¤µ³Â„n„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÂ­—ŠœÊ宜´„°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áе ˜¨°—‹œ­µ¤µ¦™Á„ȝ¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—…°Š£µ¡Å—oœ»n¤œª¨š¸É­»— „. „¦³—µ¬¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ¦¸¥ …. „¦³—µ¬¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ¦¸¥žµœ„¨µŠ ‡. „¦³—µ¬¡ºÊœŸ·ª®¥µ Š. „¦³—µ¬¡ºÊœŸ·ª®¥µ¤µ„Ç 9. ¤»¤¤°ŠÄœ¦³—´Ä—š¸Éœ·¥¤ÄoĜ„µ¦ f„ œ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ…´Êœ¡ºÊœ“µœ„n°œ¤»¤¤°Š°ºÉœÇ „. ¤»¤¤°ŠÂ«·¨ždœ …. ¤»¤¤°ŠÂ˜µœ„¤°Š ‡. ¤»¤¤°ŠÂ˜µ‡œ¤°Š Š. ¤»¤¤°ŠÂ˜µ¤—¤°Š 10. ª·›¸Ä—š¸Éœ·¥¤ÄoĜ„µ¦‡´—Á¨º°„¤»¤ªµ—£µ¡š¸Éž¦³®¥´—Á®¤µ³­¤˜n°„µ¦®µ¤»¤š¸É°Â¨³ ž¦³š´Ä‹Äœ„µ¦˜´—­·œÄ‹ªµ—£µ¡Äœ¤»¤˜nµŠÇ „. „µ¦Á—·œ­°—­nµ¥­µ¥˜µÅžÄ®oš´ÉªÁ¡ºÉ°®µ¤»¤š¸É­ª¥Šµ¤ …. „µ¦Äo„¨o°Š™nµ¥¦¼ž™nµ¥£µ¡¤»¤š¸É­ª¥Šµ¤¤µÄoĜ„µ¦‡´—Á¨º°„¤»¤ªµ—£µ¡ ‡. „µ¦…°‡ÎµÂœ³œÎµÄœ„µ¦‡´—Á¨º°„¤»¤š¸É­ª¥Šµ¤‹µ„‡¦¼«·¨ž³ Š. „µ¦Äo„¦³—µ¬Â…ÈŠÁ‹µ³Áž}œn°Š­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤ŸºœŸoµÄo­n°Š®µ¤»¤˜nµŠÇĜ›¦¦¤µ˜· š¸É­ª¥Šµ¤


 :     33023 5 11. Ÿ¨Šµœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÂÁ®¤º°œ‹¦·Š (Realistic) ‹³ž¦³­‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹˜o°Š°µ«´¥ž{‹‹´¥ Ĝ…o°Ä—Áž}œ­Îµ‡´Äœ„µ¦¦nµŠ£µ¡ „. Á‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°ªµ—£µ¡Â¨³ª´­—»š¸Éčo¤¸‡»–£µ¡­¼Š …. ǦŠ­¦oµŠ…°Š£µ¡š¸É™¼„­´—­nªœ ‡. œÊ宜´„°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áеš¸É™¼„˜o°Š Š. ª·›¸„µ¦¦nµŠ£µ¡ÂÁµÇœ»n¤œª¨Äœ¦³¥³Á¦·É¤˜oœªµ—£µ¡ 12. ª·›¸Ä—Áž}œ„µ¦ª´—­´—­nªœ…°Š£µ¡š¸É™¼„˜o°Š„n°œ¨Š¤º°¦nµŠ£µ¡ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš¸Éœ·¥¤œÎµ¤µÄo Ĝ„µ¦ f„ œªµ—£µ¡ „. „µ¦ž¦³¤µ–—oª¥­µ¥˜µÃ—¥Äo—·œ­°ªµ—£µ¡nª¥Äœª·›¸„µ¦ž¦³¤µ– …. „µ¦ª´—¦³¥³…œµ—…°Š¦¼žš¦Š‹¦·Šš¸É‹³ªµ— ‡. „µ¦‡Îµœª–—oª¥Á‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°ª´—…œµ—­´—­nªœ…°Š£µ¡ Š. „µ¦Äo𴄬³‡ªµ¤ÎµœµÁŒ¡µ³˜´ª…°ŠŸ¼oªµ—£µ¡ 13. …o°Ä—Ťnčnª·›¸„µ¦ª´—­´—­nªœ…°Š¦¼žš¦ŠÃ—¥„µ¦Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥­´—­nªœÄœ£µ¡š¸É¤°ŠÁ®Èœ „. „µ¦ª´—­´—­nªœ®µ˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ„¨µŠ£µ¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤­¼Š…°Š¦¼žš¦Šš¸É‹³ªµ—£µ¡ …. „µ¦ª´—­´—­nªœÃ—¥ÄoÁ­oœ˜´ÊŠŒµ„¨³Á­oœÂœªœ°œ ‡. „µ¦ª´—­´—­nªœÃ—¥„µ¦Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥­nªœÄ—­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠÄœ£µ¡„´œ­nªœ°ºÉœÇĜ£µ¡ Š. „µ¦ª´—­´—­nªœÃ—¥ÄoÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°ª´—…œµ—­´—­nªœ…°Š£µ¡˜µ¤š¸É­µ¥˜µ¤°ŠÁ®Èœª´˜™» 14. ®¨´„„µ¦Äœ…o°Ä—š¸Énª¥­¦oµŠ£µ¡Ä®o¤¸¤·˜·¦³¥³Ä„¨oyń¨Ĝ„µ¦¤°Šš¸É™¼„˜o°Š „. ­µ¥˜µš¸É‡¤´—…°ŠŸ¼o¤°Š£µ¡¦´¦¼o—oª¥˜œÁ°Š …. „µ¦‡Îµœª–¦³¥³…°Š£µ¡—oª¥­µ¥˜µ ‡. š´«œª·­´¥Äœ„µ¦Â­—а°„ Š. š´«œ¸¥£µ¡ª·š¥µ 15. …o°Ä—Áž}œ„µ¦¤°ŠÁ®Èœ¦¼žš¦Šš¸Éªµ—‡n°¥ÇÁ¨È„¨ŠÁ…oµ®µ‹»—¦ª¤­µ¥˜µ (VP) „. Áž°¦r­Áž„š¸¢Â‹»—Á—¸¥ª …. Áž°¦r­Áž„š¸¢Â­°Š‹»— ‡. Áž°¦r­Áž„š¸¢Â­µ¤‹»— Š. Áž°¦r­Áž„š¸¢Â­¸É‹»—


 :     33023 6 16. ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r­Îµ‡´Äœ…o°Ä—Áž}œ„µ¦ f„ œ„µ¦ÄoÁ­oœÂ˜nµŠÇĜ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÃ—¥ Ťnčo°»ž„¦–rėǤµnª¥Äœ„µ¦ f„ „. Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤¤´ÉœÄ‹Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ …. Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oÁ„·—¤µ˜¦“µœÂ¨³„µ¦ž¦³®¥´—Äœª·›¸„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ ‡. Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r…°Š¤º°­µ¥˜µÂ¨³­¤°Š Š. Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤‡»oœÁ‡¥¨³‡ªµ¤ºÉœ°Äœ„µ¦ÄoÁ­oœÂ˜nµŠÇĜ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ 17. …o°Ä—‡º°‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥…°Šv‡»–‡nµw(Value)Ĝеœ«·¨ž³ „. ‡ªµ¤—¸‡ªµ¤­ª¥ÄœŠµœ«·¨ž³ …. ‡ªµ¤¤¸‡»–‡nµšµŠ¤¼¨‡nµ…°ŠŠµœ«·¨ž³ ‡. ‡ªµ¤Á…o¤…œÄœ„µ¦Ä o o°Š‡rž¦³„°«·¨žm Š. ‡ªµ¤°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áеš¸É„¦³š¦¼žš¦Š 18. £µ¡š¸É—¼Â¨oª¦¼o­¹„ªnµ¤¸¦³¥³¤¸‡ªµ¤¨¹„¨ŠÅžÄœ£µ¡¦³¥³„¨µŠÂ¨³¦³¥³®¨´ŠÄœŠµœªµ—£µ¡ Á¦¸¥„£µ¡¨´„¬–³œ¸Êªnµ£µ¡°³Å¦ „. £µ¡¨ªŠ‹·˜ …. £µ¡¨ªŠ˜µ ‡. £µ¡¨ªŠÄ‹ Š. £µ¡Ä˜o‹·˜­Îµœ¹„ 19. ­Šœ·—Ä—š¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®¤µ³­¤Â¨³œ·¥¤š¸É­»—Á¤ºÉ°Á„·—„µ¦˜„„¦³š¨Šœª´˜™»˜nµŠÇš¸ÉÁž}œÂ Ĝ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ „. ­Š‹µ„˜³Á„¸¥ŠÅ¢ …. ­Š‹µ„®¨°—Å¢¢jµ ‡. ­Š‹µ„—ªŠ‹´œš¦r Š. ­Š‹µ„—ªŠ°µš·˜¥r 20. ­µ¥˜µ‡œÁ¦µ˜µ¤ž„˜·­µ¤µ¦™Â¥„Â¥³‡ªµ¤°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áеš¸ÉÁ„·—œ¦¼žš¦Šª´˜™»˜nµŠÇ ŗo„¸É¦³—´ „. 3 ¦³—´ …. 6 ¦³—´ ‡. 9 ¦³—´ Š. 12 ¦³—´


 :     33023 7 21. …o°Ä—Áž}œª·›¸„µ¦‹´—š·«šµŠ…°ŠÂ­ŠÁ…oµ„¦³š¦¼žš¦Š…°Šª´˜™»Å—o´—Á‹œÂ¨³œ·¥¤‹´—­ŠÁ¡ºÉ° „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ „. ­ŠÁ…oµšµŠ—oµœ®œoµÁŒ¸¥Š45 °Š«µ…°Š¦¼žš¦Šª´˜™» …. ­ŠÁ…oµšµŠ—oµœ®œoµ˜¦Š…°Š¦¼žš¦Šª´˜™» ‡. ­ŠÁ…oµ—oµœ®¨´Š…°Š¦¼žš¦Šª´˜™» Š. ­ŠÁ…oµ‹µ„—oµœœ¨Š¨nµŠ…°Š¦¼žš¦Šª´˜™» 22. Á®˜»Ÿ¨Äœ…o°Ä—š¸Énª¥­œ´­œ»œÄ®oŸ¼o f„ªµ—£µ¡‹ÎµÁž}œ˜o°Š¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹Â¨³¤¸š´„¬³ „µ¦Ä®oœÊ宜´„°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áеœ¦¼žš¦Š…°Šª´˜™»š¦Š„¨¤Ÿ·ªÁ¦¸¥¤´œ „. Á¡¦µ³Â­ŠÂ¨³Áеš¸É¤µ„¦³šª´˜™»š¦Š„¨¤Ÿ·ªÁ¦¸¥¤´œ¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®¤º°œ„´ª´˜™»˜nµŠÇ Ĝ›¦¦¤µ˜· …. Á¡¦µ³Â­ŠÂ¨³Áеš¸É¤µ„¦³šª´˜™»š¦Š„¨¤šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—­ŠÂ¨³Áе𻄦³—´Šnµ¥˜n° „µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o¨³ f„𴄬³ ‡. Á¡¦µ³œÊ宜´„°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áе‹³Á„·—œª´˜™»š¦Š„¨¤Ášnµœ´Êœš¸ÉÁ¦¸¥œ¦¼o¨³  f„𴄬³Å—o Š. Á¡¦µ³¦¼žš¦Š°ºÉœÇŤnÁ„·—œÊ宜´„°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áеš¸Énª¥Ä®oÁ„·—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o¨³  f„𴄬³ 23. Áеš¸ÉÁ„·—…¹Êœœ¦¼žš¦Š…°Šª´˜™»Á¤ºÉ°Áš¸¥„´‡nµ‡ªµ¤°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áеš¸É­µ¥˜µ¤œ»¬¥r ­µ¤µ¦™Â¥„Â¥³Å—o‡º°¦³—´Ä— „. ¦³—´0 …. ¦³—´1 ™¹Š3 ‡. ¦³—´4 ™¹Š7 Š. ¦³—´8 ™¹Š9 24. Á¡¦µ³Á®˜»Ÿ¨Ä—š¸ÉŸ¼o f„ªµ—£µ¡˜o°Šª·Á‡¦µ³®r­ŠÂ¨³Áеœ¦¼žš¦Š…°Šª´˜™»š¸É‹³ªµ—Ä®oÁž}œ ¡ºÊœ¦³œµ„n°œ¨Š¤º°ªµ—£µ¡ „. Á¡¦µ³Áž}œ…´Êœ˜°œ…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡š¸Éœ·¥¤„´œ¤µ„ …. Á¡¦µ³¡ºÊœ¦³œµ„n°Ä®oÁ„·—­ŠÂ¨³Áе„¨¤„¨ºœ„´œÅ—o ‡. Á¡¦µ³¡ºÊœ¦³œµœ¦¼žš¦Š…°Šª´˜™»„n°Ä®oÁ„·—œÊ宜´„°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áе Š. Á¡¦µ³‹³šÎµÄ®o¤°ŠÁ®Èœ‡»–‡nµ‡ªµ¤°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÁеœª´˜™»Å—o´—Á‹œ¥·ÉŠ…¹Êœ


 :     33023 8 25. Á®˜»Ÿ¨Äœ…o°Ä—š¸Énª¥­œ´­œ»œŸ¼o f„ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ‡ª¦ f„ªµ—£µ¡®»nœœ·ÉŠÄ®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤¦¼o ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹¨³š´„¬³ÁºÊ°Š˜oœÄœ„µ¦™nµ¥š°—¦¼žš¦Š3 ¤·˜·¨Šœ¡ºÊœ¦³œµ2 ¤·˜·Å—o „. Áž}œ£µ¡š¸Éªµ—Å—oŠnµ¥ªµ—Å—o¦ª—Á¦Èª¨³­ª¥Šµ¤ …. Áž}œ£µ¡Å¤nÁ‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª­³—ª„Äœ„µ¦‹´—®µÂÂ¨³„µ¦ f„ªµ— ‡. Áž}œ„µ¦¨Šš»œš¸Éœo°¥Ÿ¨š¸Éŗo¤µ„„ªnµÄœšµŠ«·¨ž³ Š. Áž}œ£µ¡š¸ÉŤn˜o°ŠÄo„µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜¤µ„Äœ„µ¦™nµ¥š°—¦¼ž¨³¡ºÊœ­ŠÂ¨³Áе 26. ®¨´„„µ¦­Îµ‡´Äœ…o°Ä—Áž}œ„µ¦«¹„¬µ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¦¼žš¦Š…°Š®»nœœ·ÉŠ „. ¦¼ž¦nµŠ¨³…œµ—­´—­nªœ…°Šª´˜™» …. ‹»—Á­oœ­¸­ŠÁе ‡. ÂŸœ…°Š¦¼žš¦ŠÂ¨³‡nµœÊ宜´„…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áе Š. ÂŸœ…°Š„µ¦‹´—ªµŠ®»nœÂ¨³„µ¦„ε®œ—š·«šµŠ…°ŠÂ­Š 27. ­·ÉŠÂ¦„Äœ„µ¦¤°Š¦¼žš¦Š…°Š®»nœœ·ÉŠÁ¡ºÉ°nª¥„ε®œ—…œµ—­´—­nªœ¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦ŠÅ—oŠnµ¥‡º° „µ¦¤°Š¦¼žš¦Š°¥nµŠÅ¦ „. ¤°ŠÄ®oÁ®¤º°œ›¦¦¤µ˜·š¸É­»— …. ¤°ŠÄ®oÁž}œ¡ºÊœ¦³œµš¸Éœ¦µ ‡. ¤°ŠÄ®oÁ®ÈœÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ£µ¥Äœ…°Š¦¼žš¦Šª´˜™»š¸Éªµ— Š. ¤°ŠÄ®oÁž}œ¦¼žš¦ŠÁ¦…µ‡–·˜ 28. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡®»nœœ·ÉЇª¦ªµ—Ä®oÁ„·—¤·˜·Ä„¨oń¨‹Îµœªœ„¸É¦³¥³Áž}œ°¥nµŠœo°¥Äœ£µ¡ªµ—¨µ¥Á­oœ „. 1 ¦³¥³ …. 2 ¦³¥³ ‡. 3 ¦³¥³ Š. 4 ¦³¥³ 29. …o°Ä—Áž}œ®¨´„„µ¦‹´—ªµŠ°Š‡rž¦³„°…°Š£µ¡®»nœœ·ÉŠš¸É—¸Â¨³Á®¤µ³­¤¤µ„š¸É­»— „. „µ¦‹´—ªµŠ¦¼žš¦ŠÂ„¦³‹µ¥Á˜È¤¦·Áª– …. „µ¦‹´—ªµŠ¦¼žš¦ŠÂÁšnµ„´œš´ÊŠ­°Š—oµœ ‡. „µ¦‹´—ªµŠ¦¼žš¦Šš¸ÉÁž}œ‹»—Á—nœ°¥¼n˜¦Š„¨µŠ£µ¡ Š. „µ¦‹´—ªµŠ¦¼žš¦ŠÄ®o¤¸‹»—Á—nœšµŠ—oµœÄ——oµœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š£µ¡


 :     33023 9 30. …o°Ä—Áž}œ…´Êœ˜°œÂ¦„…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡®»nœœ·ÉŠš¸É‹´—ªµŠ®»nœÂŽ´Žo°œ¤µ„ „. „µ¦¦nµŠÁ­oœ¦¼ž¦nµŠ…°Šª´˜™»Â¦ª¤Ç°¥nµŠ‡¦nµªÇ …. „µ¦­´ŠÁ„˜¦¼žÂ…°Š¦¼žš¦ŠÃ—¥¦ª¤Äœ„µ¦„·œ¡ºÊœš¸Éœ¡ºÊœ¦³œµš¸É‹³ªµ—£µ¡ ‡. „µ¦Á¦·É¤˜oœ¨Š¤º°ªµ—£µ¡‹»—Á—nœÄ®oÁž}œ˜ÎµÂ®œnŠš¸É1 Ĝ£µ¡ Š. „µ¦‡·—ª·Á‡¦µ³®r„µ¦¨ŠœÊ宜´„°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³ÁŠµÄœ£µ¡ 31. ‹µ„…o°‡ªµ¤˜n°Åžœ¸Êvª´˜™»…œµ—Ášnµ„´œ¤¸®¨µ¥·Êœ˜nªµŠÄœ‹»—˜nµŠ„´œšÎµÄ®o¤°ŠÁ®Èœª´˜™»¤¸ …œµ—Ä®n„ªnµÄœ‹»—¦³¥³®œoµ¨³¤°ŠÁ®Èœª´˜™»…œµ—Á¨È„„ªnµÄœ‹»—š¸É°¥¼n¦³¥³®¨´Šw‹µ„ …o°‡ªµ¤—´Š„¨nµªnŠ°„™¹Š®¨´„„µ¦Äœ…o°Ä— „. ®¨´„š´«œ«¹„¬µÄœ„µ¦‹´—ªµŠ …. ®¨´„š´«œ«¹„¬µÄœ„µ¦¦´¦¼o ‡. ®¨´„š´«œª·­´¥Äœ„µ¦¤°ŠÁ®Èœ Š. ®¨´„š´«œ¸¥£µ¡ª·š¥µ 32. „µ¦ªµŠ¦¼žš¦Š…°ŠÂ„oªÄ­nœÊεš¸É°¥¼n˜É優nµÁ­oœ¦³—´­µ¥˜µ¤µ„ÁšnµÄ—‹³¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦¤°ŠÁ®Èœ £µ¡Â„oªÄ­nœµÄ— ÊÎ ´Š„¨nµªÁž}œÁnœÅ¦ „. …. ‡. Š.


 :     33023 10 33. …o°Ä—Á„¸É¥ª…o°Š„´v£µ¡£¼¤·ž¦³Áš«¦·Áª–Ä—¦·Áª–®œ¹ÉŠš¸ÉÁ„·—…¹ÊœÁ°Š˜µ¤›¦¦¤µ˜·Â¨³°µ‹‹³¤¸ ­·ÉŠš¸É¤œ»¬¥r­¦oµŠ…¹Êœ—oª¥w „. ‹»¨š´«œr …. š´«œª·­´¥ ‡. š·ªš´«œr Š. 脚´«œr 34. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡›¦¦¤µ˜·­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤˜nµŠÇš¸É¤œ»¬¥r­¦oµŠ…¹Êœ‹³—¸¤¸‡ªµ¤™¼„˜o°Š­¤¼¦–rĜ „µ¦¤°ŠÁ®Èœ˜o°Š°µ«´¥®¨´„„µ¦Ä—Áž}œ­Îµ‡´ „. ®¨´„„µ¦¤°Š‡ªµ¤‹¦·Š …. ®¨´„š´«œ¸¥£µ¡ª·š¥µ ‡. ®¨´„­´‹›¦¦¤ Š. ®¨´„„µ¦¦´¦¼o 35. …o°Ä—Áž}œ£µ¡š¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª…o°Š„´£¼¤·ž¦³Áš«¦·Áª–…°Š¡ºÊœ—·œÁž}œ­Îµ‡´°µ‹¤¸‡œ­´˜ªr­·ÉŠ…°Š ˜µŠÇĜ£µ¡— n oª¥ „. Landscape …. Seascape ‡. Architectural Landscape Š. Skayscape 36. Ĝ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡š·ªš´«œrž¦³Á£šÄ—š¸ÉÄ®o‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´„´®¨´„š´«œ¸¥£µ¡ª·š¥µÁ‡¦nЇ¦´—¤µ„„ªnµ š·ªš´«œrž¦³Á£š°ºÉœÇ „. £µ¡š·ªš´«œršo°Š¢jµ …. £µ¡š·ªš´«œršµŠ„ ‡. £µ¡š·ªš´«œr­·ÉŠ„n°­¦oµŠ Š. £µ¡š·ªš´«œrš³Á¨ 37. ­·ÉŠš¸Énª¥Á­¦·¤­¦oµŠ¦¦¥µ„µ«°µ¦¤–r‡¨o°¥˜µ¤Ä®oÁ„·—…¹ÊœÂ„nŸ¼o¤£µ¡š·ªš´«œr¤¸­·ÉŠÄ—š¸Énª¥ ­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r£µ¡Ä®oÁ„·—¨´„¬–³—´Š„¨nµªÁ„·—…¹ÊœÁž}œ­Îµ‡´ „. ¦³¥³Â¨³‡nµœÊ宜´„…°ŠÂ­ŠÁе …. ÁœºÊ°®µ­µ¦³š¸ÉŸ¼oªµ—­—ŠÄœ£µ¡ ‡. Á­oœ¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦Š Š. …œµ—š·«šµŠÂ¨³¤»¤Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡


 :     33023 11 38. „µ¦„ε®œ—‡nµœÊ宜´„°n°œÂ„n…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³ÁŠµÄœ£µ¡š·ªš´«œr‡ª¦Ä®oÁ„·—…¹ÊœÄœ¦³¥³Ä— …°Š£µ¡‹¹Š‹³Áž}œ„µ¦nª¥Áœoœ‹»—­œÄ‹Äœ£µ¡ „. ¦³¥³®¨´Š …. ¦³¥³®œoµ ‡. ¦³¥³Ä—„Èŗo Š. ¦³¥³Ä„¨o‹»—¦ª¤­µ¥˜µ 39. ™oµ‹³ªµ—£µ¡š·ªš´«œrÄ®o¦³¥³„¨µŠ…°Š£µ¡Áž}œš¸É˜´ÊŠ‹»—­œÄ‹Äœ£µ¡Â¨oª¦³¥³®œoµ…°Š£µ¡ ‹³ªµ—°¥nµŠÅ¦ „. ªµ—Ä®o¤¸‡ªµ¤‡¤´—…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áе …. ªµ—Ä®o¤¸ÁœºÊ°®µ­µ¦³Áž}œÁ°„£µ¡ ‡. ªµ—Ä®oÁž}œÁ¡¸¥Š‹»—œÎµ­µ¥˜µÅž­¼n¦³¥³°ºÉœÇĜ£µ¡ Š. ªµ—Ä®o¤¸„µ¦ÁœoœÄœ„µ¦ÄoÁ­oœ¡ÊœŸº ·ªÁœºÊ°®µ­µ¦³Äœ£µ¡ 40. ‹µ„‡Îµ„¨nµªš¸Éªnµv„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡š·ªš´«œr˜o°Š¥¹—®¨´„š´«œ¸¥£µ¡ª·š¥µ°¥nµŠÁ‡¦nЇ¦´—˜nšÎµÅ¤Ÿ¼oªµ— £µ¡Áª¨µ¦nµŠ£µ¡‹³Å¤nčoŤo¦¦š´—®¦º°°»ž„¦–rėǤµnª¥­¦oµŠ£µ¡š¸É™¼„˜o°ŠÅ—o¤µ˜¦“µœ šµŠš´«œ¸¥£µ¡w „. Á¡¦µ³„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Áœoœ‡ªµ¤Šµ¤¦¦¥µ„µ«…°Š£µ¡Áž}œ­Îµ‡´Â¨³„ÈÁ…oµÄ‹®¨´„ š´«œ¸¥£µ¡—oª¥ …. Á¡¦µ³„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Áœoœ‡ªµ¤™¼„˜o°Š…°Š®¨´„š´«œ¸¥£µ¡Áž}œ­Îµ‡´„ªnµ­·ÉаºÉœÄ— ‡. Á¡¦µ³„µ¦ÄoÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°¤µ­¦oµŠª´—¦³¥³…¸—Á­oœÄœ£µ¡ªµ—Ä®o™¼„˜o°ŠÅ—o¤µ˜¦“µœÄœ еœš´«œ¸¥£µ¡‹³šÎµÄ®o£µ¡ªµ—°n°œo°¥¤µ„…¹Êœ Š. Á¡¦µ³Ÿ¼oªµ—…µ—‡ªµ¤¦¼o‡ªµ¤ÎµœµÄœ®¨´„„µ¦šµŠš´«œ¸¥£µ¡ª·š¥µÄœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡


 :     33023 12


 :     33023 13 ®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦ ¸ ¥œ¦¼o š ¸É1 „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Áo œ ǦŠ­¦o µŠ…°Š®œnª¥ ¤µ˜¦“µœ„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ¤µ˜¦“µœš¸É4.3 ¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o‡ªµ¤Á‹oµÄ‹𴄬³Â¨³Á‹˜‡˜·š¸É—¸Á„¸É¥ª„´«·¨ž³Â¨³­»œš¦¸¥£µ¡ Ÿ¨„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É‡µ—®ª´Š 1. °›·µ¥‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 2. °›·µ¥¦¼žÂ…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 3. °„„µ¦‹´—°Š‡rž¦³„°«·¨žmĜеœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o 4. °„™¹ŠÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°Â¨³ª´­—»š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o ¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—…°…nµ¥ÁœºÊ°®µ ˜°œš¸É1 ¡ºÊœ“µœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ Á¦ºÉ°Šš¸É1.1 ‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ Á¦ºÉ°Šš¸É1.2 ¦¼žÂ…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ ˜°œš¸É2 „µ¦‹—°Š‡ ´ rž¦³„°«·¨žÄœŠµœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­ m oœ Á¦ºÉ°Šš¸É2.1 „µ¦‹´—°Š‡rž¦³„°«·¨žmĜ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ Á¦ºÉ°Šš¸É2.2 Á‡¦ºÉ°Š¨³ª´­—»Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ Áª¨µš¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦«¹„¬µ 13 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ­ºÉ°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o 1. »—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œšµŠÅ„¨¦µ¥ª·µÁ­oœ...­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r: 𻄇œšÎµÅ—o¦®´­¦µ¥ª·µš33023 ¦³—´¤´›¥¤«¹„¬µ˜°œž¨µ¥ „·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o 1. «¹„¬µ¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—…°ŠÁœºÊ°®µª·µ‹µ„®œnª¥„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼oš¸É1 „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ 2. ž’·´˜·„·‹„¦¦¤ÄœÂ˜n¨³˜°œ˜µ¤š¸É„ε®œ— 3. «¹„¬µ®µ‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ¡É¤Á˜ · ·¤‹µ„°·œÁš°¦rÁœÈ˜Äœ®´ª…°v£µ¡ªµ—¨µ¥Á­ o oœ…°Š®»nœœ·ÉŠ®¦º° £µ¡ªµ—¨µ¥Á­oœš·ªš´«œrw


 :     33023 14 ž¦³Á¤·œŸ¨ ž¦³Á¤·œŸ¨—oª¥˜œÁ°Š‹µ„„µ¦šÎµ„·‹„¦¦¤„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o¨³šÎµÂš—­°Äœ»—„µ¦Á¦¸¥œšµŠÅ„¨ ¨oª˜¦ª‹­°‡Îµ˜°‹µ„‡ÎµÁŒ¨¥šoµ¥Á¨n¤


 :     33023 15 ˜°œš ¸É1 ¡ ºÊœ“µœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Áo œ Á¦ ºÉ°Šš¸É1.1 ‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Áo œ „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ‡º°„µ¦ªµ—Á…¸¥œ—oª¥ª·›¸˜nµŠÇš¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—Áž}œ¨µ¥Á­oœ°µ‹—oª¥ª·›¸„µ¦…¼—…¸— ¨µ„ªµ—™¼²¨²¤¸ª·›¸„µ¦Â¨³°»ž„¦–rš¸ÉŤn¥»nŠ¥µ„ª´­—»°µ‹Äo—·œ­°Á„¦¥°ŠµÃ‡¨šnŠ™nµœ²¨²„µ¦ªµ— £µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÁž}œ‹»—Á¦·É¤˜oœ¡ºÊœ“µœš¸É­Îµ‡´…°ŠŸ¼oš¸É­œÄ‹šÎµŠµœ«·¨ž³š»„Â…œŠ(¨µ£°ÎµÅ¡¦´˜œr. 2547 : 4) °µ¦¸­»š›·¡´œ›»r (2519 : 1 y 2) „¨nµªªnµv„µ¦ªµ—Á…¸¥œw®¤µ¥™¹Š„µ¦¨µ„…¼—…¸—Á…¸¥œ—oª¥ª´­—» ®¦º°Á‡¦ºÉ°ŠÁ…¸¥œœ·—˜nµŠÇœ¦³œµÁ¡ºÉ°Ä®oÁ®ÈœÁž}œ¦¼ž¦nµŠ˜µ¤š¸É˜o°Š„µ¦¨³­µ¤µ¦™­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹ ¦³®ªnµŠ¤œ»¬¥r—oª¥„´œÅ—oÁ¡ºÉ°°„„¨nµªÁ­œ°Âœ³¤¸‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„Äœ‡ªµ¤Šµ¤ºÉœ¤Äœ‡»–‡nµ—oµœ˜nµŠÇ…°Š £µ¡¨³£µ¡ªµ—Á…¸¥œž¦³„°—oª¥Áš‡œ·‡ª·›¸„µ¦¦¼žÂ˜nµŠÇ¤µ„¤µ¥„µ¦«¹„¬µ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ ˜o°Š«¹„¬µš´ÊŠš§¬‘¸Â¨³ž’·´˜·‡ª‡¼nŞ¡¦o°¤Ç„´œ ­¤Ã£œr°»ž°·œš¦r (2527 : 1 y 2) „¨nµªªnµ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ‡º°„µ¦™nµ¥š°—­·ÉŠš¸É¤°ŠÁ®Èœ®¦º° ž¦³š´Ä‹¤µÁž}œ­´¨´„¬–rĜ›¦¦¤µ˜·Å¤n¤¸Á­oœÁ¤ºÉ°Á¦µ¦¼o­¹„Äœ­·ÉŠÄ—­·ÉŠ®œ¹ÉŠÁ¦µ¦´¦¼oªnµ¤´œÁž}œ­·ÉŠ­µ¤¤·˜· Á¦µšÎµÅ—oÁ¡¸¥ŠÂž¨‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥Á·Š­µ¤¤·˜·ÄœÁŠºÉ°œÅ……°ŠÁ­oœ¦°œ°„×¥¦³…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³ÁŠµÄœ‡»–‡nµ ˜nµŠÇÁ¦µ­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³™nµ¥š°—‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„Äœ¦¼žš¦Š—´Š„¨nµª¨ŠœÂŸnœ„¦³—µ¬Å—o „µ¦ªµ—Á…¸¥œ‡º°„µ¦¨µ„Á­oœ¨³„µ¦„ªµ—œÊ宜´„—oª¥­ºÉ°ª´­—»Åž¤µœ¦³œµÄ®oÁ„·—Áž}œ£µ¡ (Áš¸¥œ´¥˜´ÊŠ¡¦ž¦³Á­¦·“, 2544 : 2) vª´—Á‹¤¡·˜¦w×¥œµ¥ª·ª´•œrō¥‹´œšœr­»‡œ›r—·œ­°—ε…œµ—£µ¡21 u 30 ޤ. ªµ—Á¤ºÉ°5 „.‡. 2554 „µ¦ªµ—Á…¸¥œ ˜µ¤®œ´Š­º°¡‹œµœ»„¦¤Œ´¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœŗoÄ®o‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥ªnµª·µªnµ—oª¥„µ¦ Á…¸¥œ¦¼ž£µ¡˜nµŠÇ‡Îµªnµªµ—®¤µ¥™¹ŠÁ…¸¥œ®¦º°¨µ„Á­oœÁž}œ¨ª—¨µ¥®¦º°¦¼ž£µ¡˜nµŠÇ (¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ. 2538 : 761)


 :     33023 16 ‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ v˜oœÅ¤owŸ¨Šµœ…°Šœµ¥‹ÎµœŠª´œª·´¥žµ„„µ®¤¹„—ε…œµ—£µ¡24 u 26 ޤ. ªµ—Á¤ºÉ°¤.·¥. 2554 „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ®¦º°„µ¦ªµ—Á…¸¥œÁž}œª·µ¡ºÊœ“µœ­Îµ‡´Â„nŸ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ«·¨ž³¨³„µ¦°°„ Á„º°š»„Â…œŠÁ¡¦µ³Áž}œ„µ¦ f„𴄬³…´Êœ¡ºÊœ“µœÄœ—oµœ„µ¦‡ª‡»¤„µ¦Äo¤º°¨³­µ¥˜µÄ®o­´¤¡´œ›r„´œ „µ¦¦nµŠ£µ¡Ä®o¤¸‡ªµ¤™¼„˜o°Š¤nœ¥ÎµÄœ¦¼ž¦nµŠ…œµ—­´—­nªœ„µ¦Â¦Â­Š¦ÁеĮo™¼„˜o°Š˜µ¤Âª´˜™»š¸É ¤°ŠÁ®Èœ‹¦·Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÁž}œ‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™š¸Éčo¦nª¤„´„µ¦«¹„¬µ«·¨ž³ž¦³Á£š°ºÉœÇ𻄭µ…µ Ÿ¼o¤¸š´„¬³Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÁž}œ‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™nª¥Äœ„µ¦ªµŠÂŸœŠµœ«¨ž³… · ´Êœ˜oœ„n°œ¨Š¤º°ž’·´˜·‹¦·Š nª¥Äœ„µ¦¦nµŠ£µ¡­Îµ®¦´Á¡ºÉ°­¦oµŠŠµœ˜n°ÅžÄ®o­¤¼¦–r®¦º°Á¡ºÉ°ÄoĜ„µ¦°°„ÄœŠµœ˜nµŠÇ˜n°Åž ­¦»ž­µ¦³­Îµ‡´ „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ®¤µ¥™¹Š„µ¦ªµ—Á…¸¥œ—oª¥ª·›¸„µ¦˜nµŠÇš¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ—oª¥ ª·›¸„µ¦¨µ„…¼—…¸—Á…¸¥œªµ—™¼—oª¥ª´­—»®¦º°Á‡¦ºÉ°ŠÁ…¸¥œœ·—˜nµŠÇ¨Šœ¡ºÊœ¦³œµÁ¡ºÉ°Ä®oÁ®ÈœÁž}œ ¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦Š˜µ¤š¸É˜o°Š„µ¦­µ¤µ¦™­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„Äœ‡ªµ¤Šµ¤ºÉœ¤Äœ‡»–‡nµ—oµœ ˜nµŠÇ…°Š£µ¡„µ¦«¹„¬µ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ˜o°Š«¹„¬µš´ÊŠ£µ‡š§¬‘¸Â¨³£µ‡ž’·´˜·‡ª‡¼nŞ ¡¦o°¤Ç„´œ ‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÁž}œª·µ¡ºÊœ“µœš¸É­Îµ‡´­Îµ®¦´Ÿ¼oÁ¦¸¥œ«·¨ž³¨³„µ¦ °°„Áž}œ„µ¦ f„𴄬³Äœ—oµœ„µ¦‡ª‡»¤„µ¦Äo¤º°Â¨³­µ¥˜µÄ®o­´¤¡´œ›r„œ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³„µ¦¦ ´ nµŠ £µ¡Ä®o™¼„˜o°ŠĜ¦¼ž¦nµŠ…œµ—­´—­nªœ˜¨°—‹œ„µ¦Ä®o­ŠÁŠµÄœ£µ¡Å—o™¼„˜o°Š˜µ¤‡ªµ¤‹¦·Š˜µ¤š¸É ˜µ¤°ŠÁ®Èœª´˜™»˜nµŠÇŗo


 :     33023 17 Á¦ ºÉ°Šš¸É1.2 ¦¼žÂ…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­o œÂnŠÅ—oÁž}œ3 ¦¼žÂ‡º° 1.2.1 ¦¼žÂÁ®¤º°œ‹¦·Š (Realistic)‡º°„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš¸É™nµ¥š°—¦¼žš¦Š¦¼ž¨´„¬–³˜µ¤š¸É ž¦µ„’‹¦·ŠÄœ›¦¦¤µ˜·ŤnªnµÁž}œ£µ¡‡œ­´˜ªr­·ÉŠ…°Šª´˜™»˜nµŠÇŸ¼oªµ—™nµ¥š°—Ä®o¤¸…œµ—­´—­nªœ­Š ¨³ÁеĮo‡¨oµ¥…°Š‹¦·Š˜µ¤š¸É­µ¥˜µ¤°ŠÁ®Èœª´˜™»Á®¨nµœ´ÊœÄ®o¤µ„š¸É­»— vŤoÁš¡šµÃ¦„¨¹Šw×¥œµ¥­§¬—·Í´¥«·¦·¡¦—·œ­°—εœ„¦³—µ¬…µª…œµ—£µ¡14 u 20 ޤ. ªµ—Á¤ºÉ°8 ­.‡. 2554 1.2.2 ¦¼žÂ„¹ÉŠœµ¤›¦¦¤ (Semi y Abstact)‡º°„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš¸É™nµ¥š°—¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦Š…°Š ­·ÉŠ˜nµŠÇš¸É¤¸®¦º°Á®Èœ°¥¼nĜ¸ª·˜ž¦³‹Îµª´œŤnªnµ‹³Áž}œ›¦¦¤µ˜·ª´˜™»­·ÉŠ…°ŠÄ®o¤¸¦¼ž¨´„¬–³š¸ÉŸ·—Á¡¸Ê¥œ Ş‹µ„…°Š‹¦·Š×¥„µ¦˜´—š°œ®¦º°Á¡·É¤Á˜·¤˜n¥´Š­µ¤µ¦™°„Å—oªnµ¤µ‹µ„£µ¡°³Å¦Ĝ›¦¦¤µ˜·®¦º° ª´˜™»˜nµŠÇš¸É¤¸‹¦·ŠÄœ›¦¦¤µ˜· £µ¡ªµ—„¹ÉŠœµ¤›¦¦¤v„µ¦­¼o¦ÄœÁ„°¦rœ·„oµw×¥žµÃž¨žd„´­ÃŽ£µ¡¦nµŠ—·œ­°—εœ„¦³—µ¬…µª …œµ—£µ¡24 u 45 ޤ.


 :     33023 18 1.2.3 ¦¼žÂœµ¤›¦¦¤(Abstract)‡º°„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš¸É™nµ¥š°—‡ªµ¤Šµ¤Äœ¦¼žÂš¸É…¹Êœ°¥¼n „´Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦Š‹´Š®ª³…°ŠÁ­oœ­¸œÊ宜´„²¨²…°Šª´˜™»®¦º°­nªœ¥n°¥µŠ­nªœ…°Š›¦¦¤µ˜· ¨³ª´˜™»¤µ™nµ¥š°—ץŤn­œÄ‹‡ªµ¤Áž}œ‹¦·Š˜µ¤š¸Éž¦µ„’š´ÊŠ®¤—Ÿ¼o¤Šµœ«·¨ž³œµ¤›¦¦¤¨³«·¨ždœŸ¼o ­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡rеœ‹³¦´¦¼o¨³ŽµŽ¹ÊŠÄœ‡ªµ¤Šµ¤ÄœŠµœ«·¨ž³Âœµ¤›¦¦¤Å—o˜µ¤Â˜n¨³»‡‡¨‹³‡·— ‹·œ˜œµ„µ¦Á°µÁ°Š‹µ„£µ¡š¸ÉÁ®Èœ­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r £µ¡Âœµ¤›¦¦¤v®·ŠÁž¨º°¥¨Š´œÅ—w×¥—¼µ¤žm­¸œÊε¤´œ ­¦»ž­µ¦³­Îµ‡´ ¦¼žÂ…°Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœnŠÅ—o3 ¦¼žÂ‡º° 1. ¦¼žÂÁ®¤º°œ‹¦·Š (Realistic) ®¤µ¥™¹ŠÁž}œ£µ¡ªµ—¨µ¥Á­oœš¸É™nµ¥š°—£µ¡…°Š›¦¦¤µ˜· ¨³ª´˜™»Áž}œ£µ¡˜µ¤‡ªµ¤‹¦·Š˜µ¤š¸É˜µ¤°ŠÁ®ÈœÁœoœ¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦Š­ŠÂ¨³Áе˜µ¤‡ªµ¤ Áž}œ‹¦·Š 2. ¦¼žÂ„¹ÉŠœµ¤›¦¦¤(Semi y Abstract)®¤µ¥™¹ŠÁž}œ£µ¡ªµ—¨µ¥Á­oœš¸É™nµ¥š°—¦¼ž¦nµŠ ¦¼žš¦Š…°Š­·ÉŠ˜nµŠÇÄ®oŸ·—Á¡¸Ê¥œÅž‹µ„‡ªµ¤Áž}œ‹¦·Š˜n¥´Š­ºÉ°Ä®oÁ®Èœ¦n°Š¦°¥…°Š˜oœ Á—·¤°¥¼n 3. ¦¼žÂœµ¤›¦¦¤ (Abstract)®¤µ¥™¹ŠÁž}œ£µ¡ªµ—¨µ¥Á­oœš¸É™nµ¥š°—‡ªµ¤Šµ¤Äœ¦¼žÂ ǦŠ­¦oµŠ¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦Š²¨²…°Š›¦¦¤µ˜·Â¨³ª´˜™»Ã—¥Å¤n­œÄ‹‡ªµ¤Áž}œ‹¦Š®¦ · º° ‡ªµ¤Á®¤º°œ‹¦·Š…°Šª´˜™»Â¨³›¦¦¤µ˜·…¹Êœ°¥¼n„´‡ªµ¤‡·—‹·œ˜œµ„µ¦…°ŠŸ¼oªµ—­—Š ¦¼ž¨´„¬–r®nµŠ‹µ„‡ªµ¤Áž}œ‹¦·Š¤µ„š¸É­»—


 :     33023 19 vÁ¦º°„°Â¨³w×¥œµ¥´¥¥´œ˜r¤–¸­³°µ—žµ„„µ—εœ„¦³—µ¬…µª…œµ—£µ¡16 u 20 ޤ. ªµ—Á¤ºÉ°¡.«. 2549


 :     33023 20 „·‹„¦¦¤š¸É1 ‹Š˜°‡Îµ™µ¤˜n°Åžœ¸Ê 1. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ®¦º°„µ¦ªµ—Á…¸¥œ¤¸‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥°¥nµŠÅ¦ .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´°¥nµŠÅ¦ .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................


 :     33023 21 „·‹„¦¦¤š¸É2 ‹Š˜°‡Îµ™µ¤˜n°Åžœ¸Ê 1. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ‹ÎµÂœ„°°„Áž}œ„¸É¦¼žÂ¨³Â˜n¨³¦¼žÂ¤¸ÂœªšµŠÄœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ °¥nµŠÅ¦ .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................


 :     33023 22 ˜°œš ¸É2 „µ¦‹´—°Š‡ rž¦³„°«·¨žmĜеœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­o œ Á¦ ºÉ°Šš¸É2.1 „µ¦‹´—°Š‡ rž¦³„°«·¨žmĜеœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­o œ Ĝ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ˜o°Š¤¸„µ¦‹´—ªµŠ¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦Š…°Š£µ¡š¸É‹³ªµ—¨Šœ¡ºÊœ¦³œµ®¦º°¨Š œÂŸnœ„¦³—µ¬š¸É‹³ªµ—Ä®o—¼Á®¤µ³­¤„´®œoµ„¦³—µ¬‡º°£µ¡š¸Éªµ—ŤnÁ¨È„ŤnÄ®nŤnÁ°¸¥ŠÅžšµŠŽoµ¥ ®¦º°šµŠ…ªµŤnÁ°¸¥ŠÅžšµŠ—oµœœ®¦º°—oµœ¨nµŠ¤µ„Á„·œÅž‹³šÎµÄ®o—¼­ª¥Šµ¤‹¹Š˜o°Š°µ«´¥®¨´„„µ¦‹´— °Š‡rž¦³„°«·¨žmnª¥Äœ„µ¦‹´—ªµŠ£µ¡„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÃ—¥Äo®¨´„„µ¦‹´—°Š‡rž¦³„°«·¨žm ž¦³„°—oª¥®¨´„„µ¦‹´——´Šœ¸Ê‡º° 2.1.1 „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ã—¥„µ¦‹´—£µ¡ÂÁ°„£µ¡ (Unity) „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÃ—¥‹´—£µ¡ÂÁ°„£µ¡ v—°„´ªw×¥œµ¥ª·ª´•œrō¥‹´œšœr­»‡œ›r—·œ­°—εœ„¦³—µ¬„pµ—¨µ¥Ÿoµ…œµ—£µ¡ 19 u 21 ޤ. ªµ—Á¤É° º 3 „.‡. 2554 „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ã—¥„µ¦‹´—£µ¡ÂÁ°„£µ¡‡º°„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ä®o¤¸„µ¦¦ª¤­·ÉŠ˜nµŠÇš¸É„¦³‹´—„¦³‹µ¥°¥¼n š´ÉªÅžÁ…oµ—oª¥„´œ®¦º°Á¦¸¥„ªnµ¦ª¤Áž}œ®œnª¥Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¦ª¤„´œÁž}œ„¨»n¤Á—¸¥ª„´œ…°Š‹»—Á—nœ(ž¦³›µœ Ĝ£µ¡) ¨³‹»—¦°ŠÅ¤nÄ®o°¥¼n„¦³‹´—„¦³‹µ¥Áž}œ2 £µ¡ „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ä®oÁž}œÁ°„£µ¡¤¸ª·›¸„µ¦‹´—ªµŠ£µ¡—´Šœ¸Ê


 :     33023 23 „. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ä®oÁž}œÁ°„£µ¡Ã—¥ª·›¸š´Žo°œ„´œ £µ¡Â­—Š„µ¦‹´—£µ¡ÂÁ°„£µ¡Ã—¥ª·›¸š´„´œŽo°œ„´œ v¦nµŠ£µ¡®»nœœ·ÉŠw×¥œµ¥­§¬—·Í´¥«·¦·¡¦—·œ­°—εœ„¦³—µ¬…µª…œµ—£µ¡20 u 20 ޤ. ªµ—Á¤ºÉ°9 ­.‡. 2554 …. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ä®oÁž}œÁ°„£µ¡Ã—¥ª·›¸ÄoÁ­oœ¦°œ°„…°Š£µ¡„ε®œ—°Š‡rž¦³„°…°Š£µ¡¦ª¤Áž}œ„¨»n¤ Áž}œ„o°œ £µ¡Â­—Š„µ¦‹´—£µ¡ÂÁ°„£µ¡Ã—¥ª·›¸ÄoÁ­oœ¦°œ°„…°Š£µ¡„ε®œ—°Š‡rž¦³„°Áž}œ„¨»n¤Áž}œ„o°œ v‹˜»‡µ¤¦µ¤Áš¡w×¥œµ¥´¥¥´œ˜r¤–¸­³°µ—žµ„„µ—εœ„¦³—µ¬…µª…œµ—£µ¡16 u 20 ޤ. ªµ—Á¤ºÉ°¡.«. 2550


 :     33023 24 ‡. „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ä®oÁž}œÁ°„£µ¡Ã—¥ª·›¸„µ¦ÄoÁ­oœÁºÉ°¤¤ª¨­·ÉŠ2 ®¦º°3 ¤ª¨Á…oµ—oª¥„´œ £µ¡Â­—Š„µ¦‹´—£µ¡ÂÁ°„£µ¡Ã—¥ª·›¸ÄoÁ­oœÁºÉ°¤¤ª¨­·ÉŠ2 ®¦º°3 ¤ª¨Á…oµ—oª¥„´œv£µ¥Äœ®o°Šw °µ¦¸­»š›·¡´œ›»r. 2519 : 21 2.1.2 „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ã—¥„µ¦‹´—£µ¡Â­¤—»¨ (Balance) ‡º°„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ä®o¤¸¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦Š…°Š£µ¡š¸Éªµ—Ä®o¤¸­£µ¡­nªœ¦ª¤…°ŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š¦µªš¸Éž¦µ„’Äœ Ÿ¨Šµœ—oµœŽoµ¥Â¨³…ªµž¦³¤µ–ªnµÁšnµ„´œ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Â­¤—»¨¤¸2 ª·›¸‡º° „. ‡ªµ¤­¤—»¨…°Š£µ¡Žoµ¥…ªµÁšnµ„´œ £µ¡Â­—Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Â­¤—»¨Žoµ¥…ªµÁšnµ„´œ


 :     33023 25 …. ‡ªµ¤­¤—»¨—oª¥‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„š¸É¤°ŠÁ®ÈœÅ—o—oª¥˜µ‡º°„µ¦­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤­¤—»¨ÂŽoµ¥…ªµŤnÁšnµ„´œ˜nÁž}œ „µ¦­¦oµŠ—oª¥œÊ宜´„…°ŠÁ­oœ¦¼žš¦ŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š¦µª²¨²Ä®oÁ„·—Äœ£µ¡¨³­µ¤µ¦™™nªŠ„´œÅ—o—oª¥‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„ ªnµĜ£µ¡¤¸‡ªµ¤­¤—»¨…¹Êœš´ÊŠŽoµ¥Â¨³…ªµ £µ¡Â­—Š„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Â­¤—»¨Žoµ¥…ªµŤnÁ®¤º°œ„´œ˜n¦¼o­¹„ªnµÁ„·——»¨¥£µ¡ £µ¡Áš¸¥œ´¥˜´ÊŠ¡¦ž¦³Á­¦·“. 2526 : 340. 2.1.3 „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ã—¥„µ¦‹´—£µ¡Â‹»—Á—nœÂ¨³„µ¦Áœoœ (Dominance & Emphasis) ‹»—Á—nœ‡º°­nªœš¸É­Îµ‡´Äœ£µ¡¤¸‡ªµ¤´—Á‹œ­³—»—˜µÁž}œÂ®nŠÂ¦„¤¸ª·›¸„µ¦­¦oµŠ‹»—Á—nœÄœ£µ¡ªµ— ¨µ¥Á­oœ4 ª·›¸—´Šœ¸Ê


 :     33023 26 „. ‹»—Á—nœ—oª¥¦¼žš¦Š (Form)‡º°ªµ—Ä®o¦¼žš¦Š¤¸ž¦·¤µ˜¦Ä®n„ªnµ¦¼žš¦Š°ºÉœÇĜ¦¼žÁ—¸¥ª„´œ £µ¡Â­—Š‹»—Á—nœ…°Š£µ¡—oª¥¦¼žš¦Š…œµ—Ä®n„ªnµ¦¼žš¦Š°ºÉœÇĜ¦¼žÁ—¸¥ª„´œ …. ‹»—Á—nœ—oª¥„µ¦ªµŠ‹»—Á—nœÅªo„¨µŠ£µ¡Áž}œž¦³›µœ­nªœ°ºÉœÇªµŠÅªo—oµœŽoµ¥…ªµÁž}œ­nªœ¦°Š £µ¡Â­—Š„µ¦ªµŠ‹»—Á—nœÅªo„¨µŠ£µ¡


 :     33023 27 ‡. ‹»—Á—nœ—oª¥„µ¦ÄoÁ­oœœÎµ­µ¥˜µÅž®µ‹»—Á—nœ…°Š£µ¡ £µ¡Â­—Š„µ¦ÄoÁ­oœœÎµ­µ¥˜µÅž®µ‹»—Á—nœ…°Š£µ¡ªµ—×¥œµ¥¦¦‹Š«´„—·Í¡·¤¡rš°Š. 2554 : 31 Š. ‹»—Á—nœ—oª¥„µ¦Äo‡»–‡nµ…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áе­nªœš¸ÉÄ®oÁž}œ‹»—Á—nœ…°Š£µ¡Ä®o­ŠÂ¨³Áе˜„„¦³š¨Šœ ¦¼žš¦Š…°Š‹»—Á—nœš¸É´—Á‹œ­nªœ°ºÉœÇ„ÈÁž}œ­nªœ¦°Š¨ŠÅžÂ­ŠÂ¨³ÁеŤn´—Á‹œ £µ¡Â­—Š‹»—Á—nœš¸ÉÁœoœ—oª¥Â­ŠÂ¨³Áеš¸É´—Á‹œÄœ£µ¡ ­nªœ„µ¦Áœoœ„ȇº°„µ¦„ε®œ—®¦º°Á‹˜œµšÎµÄ®o¦·Áª–š¸É˜o°Š„µ¦ÁœoœÁ—nœ´—…¹Êœ ­µ¦³­Îµ‡´ „µ¦‹´—°Š‡rž¦³„°«·¨žmĜеœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÁ¡ºÉ°„µ¦‹´—ªµŠ¦¼ž¦nµŠ¦¼žš¦Š…°Š£µ¡¨Šœ ¡ºÊœ¦³œµÄ®o‡ªµ¤Á®¤µ³­¤­ª¥Šµ¤×¥„µ¦‹´—£µ¡ÂÁ°„£µ¡(Unity)Ž¹ÉŠÄoª·›¸š´Žo°œ„´œ®¦º° ª·›¸ÄoÁ­oœ¦°œ°„…°Š£µ¡„ε®œ—°Š‡rž¦³„°…°Š£µ¡¦ª¤Áž}œ„¨»n¤®¦º°Äoª·›¸ÄoÁ­oœÁºÉ°¤¤ª¨­·ÉŠ 2 y 3 ¤ª¨Á…oµ—oª¥„´œ„µ¦‹´—£µ¡Â­¤—»¨ץčoª·›¸­¤—»¨…°Š£µ¡Žoµ¥…ªµÁšnµ„´œ®¦º°Äoª·›¸­¤—»¨ —oª¥‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„š¸É¤°ŠÁ®Èœ—oª¥˜µªnµ­¤—»¨„´œ„µ¦‹´—£µ¡Â‹»—Á—nœÂ¨³„µ¦Áœoœ—oª¥¦¼žš¦Š„µ¦‹´— ªµŠÅªo„¨µŠ£µ¡, „µ¦ÄoÁ­oœœÎµ­µ¥˜µÅž®µ‹»—Á—nœ, „µ¦Áœoœ—oª¥Â­ŠÂ¨³Áе


 :     33023 28 Á¦ ºÉ°Šš¸É2.2 Á‡¦ ºÉ°Š¤ º °Â¨³ª´­—»Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­o œž¦³„°—oª¥ 1. —·œ­°—ε (Pencil)—·œ­°—ε¤¸2 œ·—‡º° 1.1 —·œ­°Å­o°n°œ(Soft Pencil)¤¸Å­o°n°œœ»n¤¤¸¦³—´‡ªµ¤—εœo°¥Åž™¹Š‡ªµ¤—夵„Á¦·É¤˜´ÊŠÂ˜n Á„¦—BŞ™¹Š6B®¦º°™¹Š EB®¦º°™¹ŠEE (—ε­»—) —·œ­°ž¦³Á£šœ¸ÊÁ®¤µ³­Îµ®¦´„µ¦¦nµŠ£µ¡¨ŠœÊ宜´„…°Š ­ŠÂ¨³ÁŠµÄœ£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ £µ¡š¸É­—Š—·œ­°—ε EEš¸Éčoªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ 1.2 —·œ­°—εŭo…Ȋ (Hard Pencil)¤¸Å­o…Ȋ¤¸¦³—´…°ŠÅ­o—·œ­°Á¦·É¤‹µ„Á„¦—HŞ™¹Š9HÁ®¤µ³ ­Îµ®¦´„µ¦ªµ—Á­oœ¦°œ°„¤µ„„ªnµ¨ŠœÊ宜´„…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³ÁŠµÄœ£µ¡ ª·›¸„µ¦‹´—·œ­°Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ¤¸2 ª·›¸ „) „µ¦‹´—·œ­°Âž„˜·‡º°‹´ÂÁ…¸¥œ®œ´Š­º°š´ÉªÅž‹´—·œ­°Ä®o°¥¼n¦³®ªnµŠž¨µ¥œ·Êª„¨µŠœ·Êª¸Ê¨³ œ·Êª®´ªÂ¤n¤º°Ä®o—·œ­°„¦³´¤´Éœ‡Ščoœ·Êª„o°¥šÎµ®œoµš¸ÉªµŠœ„¦³—µ¬š¸Éªµ— £µ¡Â­—Š„µ¦‹´—·œ­°ªµ—£µ¡ÂÁ…¸¥œ®œ´Š­º°š´ÉªÅž …) ª·›¸‹´—·œ­°Â‡ªÉε¤º°Áž}œª·›¸š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦¦nµŠ£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÂ‡¦nµªÇ®¦º°Äo„ε®œ—œÊ宜´„…°Š ­ŠÂ¨³ÁеÁºÊ°Š˜oœ¤¸ª·›‹¸´—·œ­°—oª¥œ·Êª®´ªÂ¤n¤º°œ·Êª¸Ê¨³œ·Êª„¨µŠ‡ªÉε‹´—·œ­°Ä®o¤´Éœ‡Š­nªœ œ·ÊªœµŠ¨³œ·Êª„o°¥nª¥šÎµ®œoµš¸Éž¦³‡°Š—·œ­°Ä®o¤´Éœ‡Š


 :     33023 29 £µ¡Â­—Šª·›¸„µ¦‡ªÉε¤º°‹´—·œ­°Á¡ºÉ°ÄoĜ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Â‡¦nµªÇ —oµ¤˜n°—·œ­°(Pencil Extention)čo­Îµ®¦´˜n°—·œ­°š¸Éªµ—£µ¡‹œ—·œ­°Á®¨º°­´Êœ¨Š‹œÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™®¦º°Å¤n ­³—ª„Äœ„µ¦‹´—·œ­°ªµ—£µ¡˜n°ÅžÅ—o¨oªœÎµ¤µÄ­nĜ—oµ¤˜n°—·œ­°‹³Äoªµ—£µ¡˜n°ÅžÅ—o ‹œ—·œ­°Äo®¤—šnŠnª¥ž¦³®¥´—ÁŠ·œ‡nµŽºÊ°—·œ­° £µ¡Â­—Š—oµ¤˜n°—·œ­° 2. —·œ­°­ (Coloured Pencils) ¸ ¤¸2 œ·—‡º° 2.1 —·œ­°­¸š´ÉªÅž (Coloured Pencils)čoªµ—¨µ¥Á­oœ¨³¨ŠœÊ宜´„…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³ÁŠµÄœ£µ¡ªµ— ¨µ¥Á­oœ 2.2 —·œ­°­¸¨³¨µ¥œÊε(Water Soluble Pencils)Á¤ºÉ°ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ¨³¨ŠœÊ宜´„…°ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³ ÁŠµÄœ£µ¡Á­¦È‹Â¨oªčo¡¼n„´œ‹»n¤œÊ夵¦³µ¥Ä®o­¸¨³¨µ¥Á…oµ®µ„´œÅ—o 3. ™nµœµÃ‡¨(Charcoal)¤¸¨´„¬–³Áž}œÂšnŠ¥µªÇÁœºÊ°œ»n¤®¨»—Šnµ¥šnŠš¸ÉŸ°¤Á®¤µ³­Îµ®¦´„µ¦¦nµŠ £µ¡šnŠš¸É°oªœÁ®¤µ³­Îµ®¦´ªµ—¡ºÊœš¸ÉÄ®nÇŗo¦ª—Á¦ÈªŸŠÁžg°œŠnµ¥Á¤ºÉ°ªµ—£µ¡Á­¦È‹‡ª¦¡nœœÊε¥µÁ‡¨º° £µ¡Åªo„µ¦ªµ——oª¥™nµœµÃ‡¨˜o°Š‹´ÂšnŠ™nµœÄœ¨´„¬–³‡ªÉε¤º°¨ŠÄ®ož¨µ¥ÂšnŠ™nµ¥„´ž¨µ¥œ·Êª„o°¥Â˜³ ¨Šœ¡ºÊœ„¦³—µ¬¨oª‹¹Šªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÅ—o


 :     33023 30 £µ¡ÂšnŠ™nµœµÃ‡¨ £µ¡š¸Éªµ——oª¥ÂšnŠ™nµœµÃ‡¨Ã—¥œµ¥¦¦‹Š«´„—·Í¡·¤¡rš°Š. 2554 : 164 4. ‡°œÁ˜Á‡¦¥°Š(Conte Crayons)‡¨oµ¥™nµœµÃ‡¨Áž}œÂšnŠž¦·¤µ˜¦­¸ÉÁ®¨¸É¥¤ŸºœŸoµ„ªoµŠ¼œ·Êª ¤¸‡ªµ¤¥µªž¦³¤µ–2 y 3 œ·Êª¤¸œ·—ÁœºÊ°°n°œžµœ„¨µŠÂ¨³Â…ÈŠÁ¤ºÉ°ªµ—£µ¡Â¨oª¨‡n°œ…oµŠ¥µ„„ªnµ™nµœ µÃ‡¨¤¸®¨µ¥­¸Ánœ­¸—ε­¸Â—а¤œÊ嘵¨­¸…µª­¸œÊ嘵¨Á…o¤ª·›¸ªµ—ץčo¤º°‹´Á‡¦¥°ŠÂ‡ªÉε¤º° ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´‹´™nµœµÃ‡¨čo—oµœÂœžµ—…¸—Á…¸¥œÁž}œœÊ宜´„°n°œ„n®¦º°Áž}œ¡ºÊœš¸É„ªoµŠÇčo¤»¤­´œ …¸—Áž}œÁ­oœÅ—oœ·¥¤œÎµ¤µªµ—œ„¦³—µ¬­¸˜nµŠÇš¸ÉŤn­—¤µ„œ´„Ánœ­¸°n°œ®¦º°­¸…µª £µ¡‡°œÁ˜Á‡¦¥°Š


 :     33023 31 £µ¡š¸Éªµ——oª¥‡°œÁ˜Á‡¦¥°Š°oµŠ°·Šš¸É¤µ…°Š£µ¡ 5. žµ„„µÂ¨³®¤¹„(Pen & Ink) 5.1 ®¤¹„(Ink)š¸Éčoªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœœ·¥¤Äo®¤¹„—宦º°Á¦¸¥„ªnµ®¤¹„°·œÁ—¸¥°·Š‡r®¤¹„—εÁž}œ­ºÉ°Äœ „µ¦ªµ—š¸Éčožµ„„µž¦Š¨³¡¼n„´œ 5.2 žµ„„µ(Pen)Áž}œÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ¨³ÄoÁ…¸¥œ˜´ª°´„¬¦čožµ„„µ„´œÊ室¹„ œ·—…°Šžµ„„µ¤¸2 œ·—‡º° 5.2.1 žµ„„µšÎµ—oª¥¤º° ŗo„n „. žµ„„µÅ¤o°o°(Reed & Cane Pens) £µ¡žµ„„µÅ¤o°o° …. žµ„„µ…œœ„ (Quill Pens) £µ¡žµ„„µ…œœ„


 :     33023 32 5.2.2 žµ„„µž¨µ¥Ã¨®³ (Metal Pens)ŗo„n „. žµ„„µ®¤¹„޹¤ (Fountain Pens) £µ¡žµ„„µ®¤¹„޹¤ …. žµ„„µ‹»n¤®¤¹„(Dip Pens) £µ¡žµ„„µ‹»n¤®¤¹„ ‡. žµ„„µÁ…¸¥œ˜´ª°´„¬¦ (Lettering Pens) £µ¡žµ„„µÁ…¸¥œ˜´ª°´„¬¦


 :     33023 33 Š. žµ„„µ¨¼„¨ºÉœ (Ball Point Pens) £µ¡žµ„„µ¨¼„¨ºÉœ 6. ¡¼n„´œž¦Š (Brush)„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ—oª¥¡¼n„´œ®¦º°Âž¦Ščoª·›¸„µ¦…¸—Á…¸¥œ¦³µ¥žµ—­¸®¦º° ®¤¹„¨Šœ¡ºÊœ¦³œµ„¦³—µ¬š¸É˜o°Š„µ¦ªµ—¡¼n„´œž¦ŠÂnŠÅ—o®¨µ¥œ·——´Šœ¸Ê „. ž¦Š…œÂ…ÈŠž¨µ¥ÂœÁ®¤µ³­Îµ®¦´ªµ—£µ¡—oª¥­¸œÊε¤´œ £µ¡Âž¦Š…œÂ…ÈŠž¨µ¥Âœ …. ¡¼n„´œ„¨¤ž¨µ¥Á¦¸¥ªÂ®¨¤…œ°n°œœ»n¤¤¸2 œ·—‡º°¡¼n„´œ„¨¤…œ­´˜ªršÎµ¤µ‹µ„…œ®¤¼…œª´ª …œ„¦³¦°„²¨²čoªµ—š´ÊŠ­¸œÊε¤´œ¨³­¸œÊ娳¡¼n„´œ„¨¤…œÄ¥­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®rŜ¨°œœ·¥¤Äoªµ—Á­oœ—oª¥ ­¸°³‡¦¸¨·„ £µ¡¡¼n„´œ„¨¤ž¨µ¥Á¦¸¥ªÂ®¨¤


 :     33023 34 7. „¦³—µ¬(Paper)šÎµ¤µ‹µ„Ä¥¡ºÁnœĥŤoÄ¥…°ŠŸoµ¨·œ·œ¨³ jµ¥²¨²¡ºÊœŸ·ª…°Š„¦³—µ¬ ¤¸3 ¨´„¬–³‡º° 7.1 „¦³—µ¬¡ºÊœŸ·ªÁ¦¸¥(Smooth Texture)Á®¤µ³„´Šµœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœš¸É˜o°Š„µ¦¨ŠœÊ宜´„ ­ŠÁе¨³Á„ȝ¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—Å—o—¸ŗoœ»n¤œª¨ž¦³–¸˜„¦³—µ¬ž¦³Á£šœ¸ÊÁnœ„¦³—µ¬—oµœ(Bond Paper) „¦³—µ°µ¦r˜¤´œ„¦³—µ¬„µ¦r—„¦³—µ¬¦¼p¢¨³„¦³—µ¬™nµ¥Á°„­µ¦(čo f„ œ) 7.2 „¦³—µ¬Ÿ·ª®¥µžµœ„¨µŠ(Tooth Texture)Ánœ„¦³—µ¬80 ž°œ—rÁ¦¸¥¤¸¦°¥…¦»…¦³ Á¨È„œo°¥ 7.3 „¦³—µ¬¡ºÊœŸ·ª®¥µ (Rough Texture)Á®¤µ³­Îµ®¦´¦³µ¥£µ¡­¸œÊε „µ¦Á¨º°„„¦³—µ¬Á¡ºÉ°Äo„´Šµœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ „. „¦³—µ¬š¸ÉÁ®¤µ³„´„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ—oª¥—œ­° · ‡ª¦Á¨º°„„¦³—µ¬Ÿ·ª®œoµÁ¦¸¥šÎµÄ®o¨ŠœÊ宜´„­Š Áе¨³Á„ȝ¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—…°Š£µ¡Å—o—¸Ánœ„¦³—µ¬ž°œ—rŸ·ªÁ¦¸¥„¦³—µ¬¦¼p¢²¨² …. „¦³—µ¬š¸ÉÁ®¤µ³„´„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ—oª¥—·œ­°­¸‡ª¦Äo„¦³—µ¬Ÿ·ª®œoµÁ¦¸¥¨³Ÿ·ª®œoµ®¥µžµœ „¨µŠ ‡. „¦³—µ¬š¸ÉÁ®¤µ³„´„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ—oª¥™nµœµÃ‡¨‡º°„¦³—µ¬¡ºÊœŸ·ª­¸…µª¤¸Ÿ·ª®œoµš¸É­µ¤µ¦™¥¹— Á„µ³ŸŠ »iœ…°Š™nµœµÃ‡¨Å—o‡º°¤¸Ÿ·ªÁ¦¸¥žµœ„¨µŠÅž‹œ™¹ŠŸ·ª®¥µ Š. „¦³—µ¬š¸ÉÁ®¤µ³„´„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ—oª¥žµ„„µÂ¨³®¤¹„‡ª¦Áž}œ„¦³—µ¬š¸É¤¸Ÿ·ª®œoµÁ¦¸¥­¸…µªÁœºÊ° „¦³—µ¬Âœnœ޹¤Ž´œÊεŗožµœ„¨µŠ ‹. „¦³—µ¬š¸ÉÁ®¤µ³„´„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ—oª¥Âž¦ŠÂ¨³®¤¹„‡ª¦Áž}œ„¦³—µ¬š¸É¤¸Ÿ·ª®œoµ®¥µ 8. ­¤»—ªµ—£µ¡ (Sketch Book)¤¸®¨µ¥…œµ—…œµ—Á¨È„‡º°4u6 œ·Êª…œµ—„¨µŠ‡º°9 u12 œ·Êª¨³ …œµ—Ä®n‡º°14 u17 œ·Êª®¦º°18 u24 œ·Êª 9. „¦³—µœ¦°Šªµ—£µ¡ (Drawing Board)œ·¥¤ÄoŸnœÅ¤o°´—®¦º°„¦³—µ¬°´—Ÿ·ª®œoµÁ¦¸¥¤¸¤»¤Œµ„ ¤¸‡ªµ¤®œµ3 y4 ¤·¨¨·Á¤˜¦čo­Îµ®¦´¦°ŠŠµœªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ‡ª¦¤¸‡ªµ¤„ªoµŠy¥µª…œµ—40 u 60ޤ. …¹ÊœÅž


 :     33023 35 10. ¥µŠ¨(Eraser)čo¨Á­oœ—·œ­°¨³¦°¥­„ž¦„˜nµŠÇœ„¦³—µ¬°°„¥µŠ¨‡»–£µ¡—¸šÎµ‹µ„ ¥µŠÅ¤o(Gum Eraser)Á¤ºÉ°¨Â¨oªÅ¤nšÎµÄ®oŸ·ª®œoµ„¦³—µ¬Áž}œ¦°¥Á­¸¥®µ¥ 11.˜´ª®œ¸„¦³—µ¬ (Bulldog Clip)čo®œ¸ÂŸnœ„¦³—µ¬ªµ—Á…¸¥œÄ®o°¥¼nœÂŸnœ„¦³—µœ¦°Šªµ—£µ¡ Ĝ­£µ¡š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥×¥„µ¦®œ¸¤»¤ÂŸnœ„¦³—µ¬š´ÊŠ4 ¤»¤®¦º°°µ‹‹³®œ¸Á¡¸¥Š2 ¤»¤—oµœœ‡ª¦Á¨º°„čo ˜ª®œ ´ ¸„¦³—µ¬š¸É¤¸…œµ—ŤnÄ®nÁ„·œÅžÁ¡¦µ³‹³šÎµÄ®oŤn­³—ª„Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¤º°°µ‹‹³­³—»— ˜ª®œ ´ ¸„¦³—µ¬Å—o…–³ªµ—£µ¡ £µ¡˜´ª®œ¸„¦³—µ¬ªµ—£µ¡ ª·›¸„µ¦®œ¸„¦³—µ¬‡ª¦®œ¸„¦³—µ¬œÂŸnœ„¦³—µœ¦°Šªµ—£µ¡Ä®o¤¸¡ºÊœš¸ÉÁ®¨º°ÅªoÁ¨È„œo°¥Á¡ºÉ°Äo ‹´˜¦Š—oµœ…oµŠ…–³ªµ—£µ¡‹³nª¥Ä®o„¦³—µ¬Å¤nÁžg°œ £µ¡Â­—Š„µ¦®œ¸„¦³—µ¬Ã—¥Áªoœ…°Åªo‹´ÂŸnœ„¦³—µ¬¦°Šªµ—£µ¡ 12. ¤¸—Á®¨µ—·œ­°®¦ º °‡´˜Á˜°¦ (Knives or Cutter) r čoÁ®¨µ—·œ­°ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ¨ŠÂ­ŠÂ¨³Áе Ĝ£µ¡ 13. „¦³—µ¬š¦µ¥čo„¦³—µ¬š¦µ¥ œÅ­o—·œ­°š¸ÉÁ®¨µÁ°µÁœºÊ°Å¤o®»o¤—·œ­°°°„¨oªÁ¡ºÉ°Ä®oŗož¨µ¥…°Š —·œ­°š¸É®¨¤Å¤nš¼o‹³­³—ª„¨³ž¦³®¥´—Áª¨µÄœ„µ¦Á®¨µž¨µ¥—·œ­°¤µ„Á®¤µ³Â„n„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡


 :     33023 36 ¨µ¥Á­oœš¸ÉÁœoœÁ­oœ‡¤´—…°Š£µ¡ªµ—˜°—‹œÂ­ŠÂ¨³ÁŠµÄœ£µ¡„¦³—µ¬š¦µ¥nª¥ œÄ®ož¨µ¥—·œ­° ®¨¤ 14. „¨n°ŠÄ­n—·œ­°čoÄ­n—·œ­°¥µŠ¨¤¸—²¨²šÎµÄ®oÁž}œ­´—­nªœ¨³nª¥¦´„¬µž¨µ¥—·œ­°Å¤nÄ®o®´„ ŗoŠnµ¥Á¡¦µ³Á¤ºÉ°Ä­n„¨n°Š—·œ­°‹³Å¤n¤¸­·ÉŠÄ—¤µš´Ä®ož¨µ¥—·œ­°®´„Å—o £µ¡„¨n°ŠÄ­n—·œ­°¤¸—¥µŠ¨


 :     33023 37 ­¦»ž­µ¦³­Îµ‡´ Á‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°Â¨³ª´­—»š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœž¦³„°—oª¥—·œ­°—εŽ¹ÉŠÄo—·œ­°—εŭo°n°œÁ¦·É¤ ˜´ÊŠÂ˜nÁ„¦—B y 6B®¦º° EB®¦º°EEÁ®¤µ³­Îµ®¦´Äoªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœÄ®o­ŠÂ¨³Áе­nªœ—·œ­°—εŭo …ȊÁ¦·É¤˜´ÊŠÂ˜nÁ„¦— H y 9HÁ®¤µ³ªµ—Á­oœ¦°œ°„¤µ„„ªnµ¨ŠÂ­ŠyÁŠµÄœ£µ¡„µ¦‹´—·œ­°Äœ„µ¦ªµ— £µ¡2 ª·›¸‡º°„µ¦‹´—·œ­°Âž„˜·Á…¸¥œ®œ´Š­º°¨³„µ¦‹´—·œ­°Â‡ªÉε¤º°­nªœª´­—»°ºÉœÇĜ „µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ánœ—·œ­°­¸, ™nµœµÃ‡¨, ‡°œÁ˜Á‡¦¥°Š, žµ„„µÂ¨³®¤¹„˜nµŠÇ, ¡¼n„´œÂž¦Š, „¦³—µ¬ ªµ—£µ¡Â˜nµŠÇÁnœ„¦³—µ¬Ÿ·ª®œoµÁ¦¸¥Äo„´ªµ—£µ¡—oª¥—·œ­°—ε, „¦³—µ¬Ÿ·ªÁ¦¸¥Â¨³Ÿ·ª®¥µ žµœ„¨µŠčoªµ——oª¥—·œ­°­¸, „¦³—µ¬Ÿ·ª­¸…µªÂ¨³Ÿ·ª®¥µžµœ„¨µŠčoªµ——oª¥™nµœµÃ‡¨, „¦³—µ¬ Ÿ·ª®œoµÁ¦¸¥­¸…µªčoªµ—£µ¡—oª¥žµ„„µÂ¨³®¤¹„, „¦³—µ¬Ÿ·ª®œoµ®¥µÄoªµ—£µ¡—oª¥Âž¦ŠÂ¨³®¤¹„, ­¤»—ªµ—£µ¡, „¦³—µœ¦°Šªµ—£µ¡, ¥µŠ¨, ˜´ª®œ¸„¦³—µ¬, ¤¸—Á®¨µ—·œ­°, „¦³—µ¬š¦µ¥Äo œž¨µ¥ —·œ­°Ä®o®¨¤, „¨n°ŠÄ­n—·œ­°


 :     33023 38 „·‹„¦¦¤š¸É3 ‹Š˜°‡Îµ™µ¤˜n°Åžœ¸Ê 1. Á¡¦µ³Á®˜»Ä—‹¹Š˜o°Š¤¸„µ¦‹´—°Š‡rž¦³„°«·¨žmĜ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2. „µ¦‹´—£µ¡ÂÁ°„£µ¡‡º°°³Å¦¤¸ª·›¸„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Ä®oÁž}œÁ°„£µ¡„¸Éª·›¸¨³Â˜n¨³ª·›¸¤¸„µ¦ªµ—Ä®oÁž}œ Á°„£µ¡°¥nµŠÅ¦ .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................


 :     33023 39 3. „µ¦‹´—£µ¡Â­¤—»¨‡º°°³Å¦„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡Â­¤—»¨¤¸„¸Éª·›¸˜n¨³ª·›¸¤¸„µ¦‹´—£µ¡Ä®o­¤—»¨ÁnœÅ¦ .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4. „µ¦‹´—£µ¡Â‹»—Á—nœÂ¨³„µ¦Áœoœ‡º°°³Å¦¤¸ª·›¸„µ¦­¦oµŠ‹»—Á—nœ„¸Éª·›¸˜n¨³ª·›¸­¦oµŠ‹»—Á—nœÄœ£µ¡ ¤¸ª·›¸„µ¦­¦oµŠ‹»—Á—nœ°¥nµŠÅ¦ .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................


 :     33023 40 „·‹„¦¦¤š¸É4 ‹Š˜°‡Îµ™µ¤˜n°Åžœ¸Ê 1. —·œ­°—ε¤¸„¸Éœ·—˜n¨³œ·—¤¸Á„¦—°³Å¦oµŠ¨³Â˜n¨³œ·—Á®¤µ³Â„n„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡ÁnœÅ¦ .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2. ª·›¸‹´—·œ­°Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¤¸„¸Éª·›¸˜n¨³ª·›¸¤¸ª·›¸„µ¦‹´—·œ­°ÁnœÅ¦ .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................


 :     33023 41 3. „µ¦Á¨º°„čo„¦³—µ¬Äœ„µ¦ªµ—£µ¡¨µ¥Á­oœ—oª¥ª´­—»°»ž„¦–rÁ‡¦ºÉ°ŠÁ…¸¥œš¸ÉÁ®¤µ³­¤„´Ÿ·ª…°Š„¦³—µ¬ °¥nµŠÅ¦oµŠ .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................................


Click to View FlipBook Version