MI Undergraduate Research Day 23

MEDICALIMAGINGSTUDENT RESEARCH DAY 2223 22nd & 25th JUNE

ِبْسِمِهَّللا الَّرْحَمِن الَّرِحيم WELCOME 2022/2023 Imam Al Ghazali Menuntut ilmu adalah taqwa. Menyampaikan ilmu adalah ibadah. Mengulang-ulang ilmu adalah zikir. Mencari ilmu adalah jihad.

Report the data analysis and findings of the research project in written thesis and oral presentation. Discuss with supervisors regarding data collection and analysis relevant to the research field on regular basis. Prepare a scientific report to communicate the findings of the research via written thesis and oral presentation. Evaluate the findings of the research in the form of a thesis and oral presentation. The course needs student to conduct a research project individually. Through this project, students are able to integrate knowledge, ethics and professionalism. communication and numeracy skills which acquired to conduct the research project. This course requires students to work on data collection, data analysis and evaluation and writing the research report. Student also will go through active discussion with assigned supervisor throughout the research project. At the end of the semester, student are require to present the research finding in the thesis and through oral presentation. Learning Outcomes: RESEARCH PROJECT II DBP41206 Introduction

PROGRAM

Chair: Dr Elza & Dr Hayati Examiner 1 Examinar 2 1 9.00 - 9.30 Saranya A/P Haridas Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound as an imaging tool for pre-operative assessment of thyroidectomy: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis Dr Hayati Dr Elza 2 9.30 - 10.00 Thiviya Darishini A/P Baskaran Working memory deficits in children with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder: a systematic review Dr Elza Dr Azlinawati 3 10.00 - 10.30 Nur Aisyah Binti Kori The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in the evaluation of female infertility: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis Dr Hayati Dr Azlinawati 4 10.30 - 11.00 Vinosha Nair A/P Suresh Role of rapid magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of children with hydrocephalus: a systematic review Dr Elza Dr Hayati 5 11.00 - 11.30 Farah Islah Binti Mohamd Tarmizi Benefits of physical exercise on working memory performance: a systematic review of functional MRI studies Dr Elza Dr Hayati 6 11.30 - 12.00 Thania Elisha Binti Hafizi The role of MRI in the assessment of paediatric traumatic brain injury: a systematic literature review Dr Hayati Dr Elza 7 2.00 - 2.30 Nur Liana Binti Amran Estimation of intelligence quotient (IQ) in healthy individuals using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a systematic review Dr Elza Dr Hayati 8 2.30 - 3.00 Nur Syaamila Farhanah binti Sha’ari Accuracy of Ultrasound in Diagnosing Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a systematic literature review Dr Fadhlina Dr Elza 9 3.00 - 3.30 Nurul Syazwina Binti Mat Lazim The potency of 'through glass window' technique of portable chest x-ray during COVID-19 era: a systematic literature review Dr Fadhlina Dr Elza 10 3.30 - 4.00 Nor Maiza Azirah binti Nor Zaidi Safety of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in adults with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator devices (ICDs): a systematic review Dr Elza Dr Fadhlina Final Year Project Presentation Sem II Session 2022-2023 Day 1, Thursday, 22nd June 2023 | Perpusatakaan Al Wathiqu Billah Theme: Systematic Literature Review Room 1: Smart Classroom Lunch Break

Chair: Dr Kamarul & Dr Azlinawati Examiner 1 Examinar 2 1 9.00 - 9.30 Nur Anisa Binti Abdul Halim CT finding and pattern of e-cigarette or vaping products use-associated lung injury ( EVALI): systematic literature review Dr Kamarul Dr Hamizah 2 9.30 - 10.00 Nor Aishah Binti Azuha Efficacy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in diagnosing early stage of knee osteoarthritis (OA): a systematic literature review Dr Kamarul Dr Fadhlina 3 10.00 - 10.30 Nurul Azmina Binti Othman Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of low-dose computed tomography versus standard-dose computed tomography for acute appendicitis: A systematic review Dr Kamarul Dr Fadhlina 4 10.30 - 11.00 Irsyaduddin Ilmam Bin Mohd Zaini Ability of scrotal ultraound modes (B - mode ultrasound and doppler ultrasound to evaluate testicular volume and testicular blood perfusion in azoospermia patients: systematic litera review Dr Fadhlina Dr Kamarul 5 11.00 - 11.30 Nur Iman Najwan Bin Mohd Yusoff Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: The Role of High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) in Correlation with Pulmonary Function Test (PFT): A Systematic Literature Review Dr Fadhlina Dr Hamizah 6 11.30 - 12.00 Zetty Baity Binti Abd Aziz Comparative study of quantification of cardiac calcium methodologies in CT: a systematic review Dr Kamarul Dr Hamizah 7 2.00 - 2.30 Sarigadevi A/P Paramasivam Spot Sign, Blend Sign and Black Hole Sign as Imaging Predictors of Hematoma Expansion (HE) in Patient with Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH): A Systematic Literature Review Dr Azlinawati Dr Hamizah 8 2.30 - 3.00 Davamunisvari A/P Rames Diagnostic Value of Conventional Ultrasound (US) Compared to Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Diagnosing Liver Tumours: A Systematic Literature Review Dr Azlinawati Dr Kamarul 9 3.00 - 3.30 Nurul Huda Binti Hussin The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) In Evaluation of Traumatic Spinal Injury (TSI): A Systematic Literature Review Dr Azlinawati Dr Kamarul 10 3.30 - 4.00 Nurshafiqa Binti Norizan The advantages of bismuth shielding in CT and the effects to image quality (SLR) Dr Azlinawati Dr Fairuz Day 1, Thursday, 22nd June 2023 | Perpusatakaan Al Wathiqu Billah Theme: Systematic Literature Review Room 2: Bilik Perbincangan LC 8 Final Year Project Presentation Sem II Session 2022-2023 Lunch Break

Chair: Dr Nazifah & Dr Hamizah Examiner 1 Examinar 2 1 9.00 - 9.30 Niveta A/P Dave Ananda Raj Assessment of knowledge and practice on radiation protection in radiological imaging among healthcare professionals at HPUniSZA Dr Hamizah Dr Fairuz 2 9.30 - 10.00 Tuan Nur Illia Natasha Binti Tuan Adnan Development and validation of questionnaire for electromagnetic radiation (EMR) for assessment of awareness, knowledge and practice among residents living nearby the cellular base station Dr Nazifah Dr Syazwina 3 10.00 - 10.30 Nur Syifa Aqilah Binti Zakaria Knowledge, attitude and practices of infection control and standard precautions among medical imaging students in UniSZA Dr Syazwina Dr Nazifah 4 10.30 - 11.00 Mas Farhana Binti Norjasmani @Hang Tuah Awareness about Hazards of X-ray Imaging and Perception Regarding Radiation Protection During Xray Imaging Procedures Among Academic Staff in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Dr Nazifah Dr Hamizah 5 11.00 - 11.30 Iman Aisyah Binti Norazam Stress Management Among UniSZA Medical Imaging Students During COVID-19 Pandemic Dr Hamizah* Dr Nazifah 6 11.30 - 12.00 Siti Madihah Binti Basir Knowledge and Awareness of Computed Tomography (CT) Radiation Dose and Risk Among Patients at PUSRAWI Hospital, Malaysia: A Cross-sectional Study Dr Nazifah Dr Syazwina 7 2.00 - 2.30 Nur Naemah Binti Sahferi Indoor radon survey in Radiology Department in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) and Hospital Pengajar Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (HPUniSZA) Dr Fairuz Dr Suffian 8 2.30 - 3.00 Zulianis Binti Mat Isa Indoor radon measurement in buildings of Faculty of Health Science at UniSZA Dr Fairuz Dr Suffian 9 3.00 - 3.30 Vishalini A/P Aigambaram Occupational radiation dose assessment among UniSZA radiation workers: a retrospective study Dr Suffian Dr Fairuz 10 3.30 - 4.00 Sarah Syafiqah binti Abd Rani Challenges of Radiographers in Paediatric Imaging - Deciding on Different Immobilisation Strategies During Radiological Examinations: A Systematic Literature Review Dr Hamizah Dr Hayati *Dr Hamizah (Chairperson) cover Dr Suffian (Supervisor) Theme: Observational Study Room 3: Bilik Perbincangan LC 11 Lunch Break Final Year Project Presentation Sem II Session 2022-2023 Day 1, Thursday, 22nd June 2023 | Perpusatakaan Al Wathiqu Billah

Chair: Dr Azlinawati & Dr Fadhlina Examiner 1 Examinar 2 1 9.00 - 9.30 Nur-Aina Shahira Binti Husin Evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) versus knee arthroscopy in diagnosing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears: systematic literature review Dr Azlinawati Dr Fadhlina 2 9.30 - 10.00 Nurul Ashikin Binti Roslan The Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Scar Segmentation in Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) Imaging: A Systematic Literature Review and meta-analysis Dr Hayati Dr Kamarul 3 10.00 - 10.30 Siti Zulaikha Binti Ramle Diagnostic accuracy of chest X-ray and chest CT in diagnosis COVID-19: a systematic literature review Dr Hayati Dr Azlinawati 4 10.30 - 11.00 Aina Sabrina Binti Suria The impact of COVID-19 pandemic to medical imaging students: a systematic literature review. Dr Fadhlina Dr Azlinawati 5 11.00 - 11.30 Istifa Ajwa Binti Jahiddin Diffusion weighted MRI as the primary tool in following up urinary bladder carcinoma after transurethral resection Dr Fadhlina Dr Azlinawati 6 2.00 - 2.30 Nur Fatihah Binti Zakaria The diagnostic ability of portable magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing brain abnormalities for critically ill patients in intensive care unit or emergency department: a systematic review Dr Elza Dr Kamarul 7 2.30 - 3.00 Abdullah Imtiyaaz Bin Muhammad Evaluation of Myocardial Fibrosis using T1 Mapping as an early marker of heart failure in Diabetic Patients: a systematic literature review Dr Hayati Dr Elza Final Year Project Presentation Sem II Session 2022-2023 Day 2, Sunday, 25th June 2023 | Bangunan Akademik Theme: Systematic Literature Review Room 1: BA 212 Lunch Break

Chair: Dr Suffian & Dr Syazwina Examiner 1 Examinar 2 1 9.00 - 9.30 Siti Nur Wahidah Binti Mohd Faizal Effect of added filtration on patient dose and image quality on anteroposterior (AP) pelvis radiograph: A phantom study Dr Syazwina Dr Nazifah 2 9.30 - 10.00 Nur Syarfa Sahira Binti Mohammed Nazim Effect of using stationary grid and air gap technique on image quality and entrance skin dose (ESD) in AP pelvis radiography: A Phantom study Dr Syazwina Dr Suffian 3 10.00 - 10.30 Nur Fazlin Najwa Binti Nor Azman Calculation of X-Ray absorbed dose distribution in phantom materials by Using Monte Carlo Method Dr Suffian Dr Syazwina 4 10.30 - 11.00 Siti Nur Alia Binti Ismail Backscattering Factor From Phantom Material: a Monte Carlo study Dr Suffian Dr Syazwina 5 11.00 - 11.30 Nur Hamizah Binti Shaiful Anuar Effect of collimation and exposure factor on entrance surface dose (ESD) in AP and lateral knee radiography: a phantom study Dr Syazwina Dr Suffian 7 2.00 - 2.30 Muhammad Hanif Hakimi Bin Zainudin Mitigating Umbrella Artifact: Exploring Alternative Coupling Agent for Improved Abdominal Skin Ultrasound. Dr Kamarul Dr Suffian 8 2.30 - 3.00 Muhammad Zulhilmi Bin Abd Wahab Comparative Analysis of Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI) and B-mode Ultrasound for Fatty Liver Assessment in Obese Patients Dr Kamarul Dr Hayati 9 3.00 - 3.30 Nur Ain Syuhada Binti Rosli Study of Anode Heel Effect on Entrance Skin Dose of Radiosensitivity Organ And Image Quality of AP Pelvis Radiography: A Phantom study Dr Syazwina Dr Fairuz 10 3.30 - 4.00 Muhammad Zafran Danial Bin Ahmad Nazri Bismuth oxide nanoparticles as a contrast agent in evaluating image quality Dr Hamizah Dr Elza Final Year Project Presentation Sem II Session 2022-2023 Day 2, Sunday, 25th June 2023 | Bangunan Akademik Theme: Experimental Study Room 2: BA 213 Lunch Break

Chair: Dr Fairuz & Dr Nazifah Examiner 1 Examinar 2 1 9.00 - 9.30 Shahrul Hafizi Bin Samsudin The knowledge, attitude and awareness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among faculty of health sciences students at UniSZA Dr Fairuz Dr Fadhlina 2 9.30 - 10.00 Nur Maisarah Binti Ali @ Wahab The knowledge and awareness of caregivers about their children's exposure to radiation during computed tomography examination: a cross sectional study Dr Nazifah* Dr Fairuz 3 10.00 - 10.30 Rabiatul Adawiah Binti Ramly Perception on online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic among medical imaging and radiography UniSZA students. Dr Nazifah Dr Hamizah 4 10.30 - 11.00 Nurfatihah Binti Abd Salam Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Radiography Education from the Perspectives of students: A Questionnaire Study Dr Fairuz Dr Nazifah 5 11.00 - 11.30 Anis Farhana Binti Mohd Adli Knowledge and awareness to radiation hazards on pregnant women among non-healthcare students in UniSZA Dr Fairuz Dr Nazifah 6 11.30 - 12.00 Nurul Annisa Binti Din Knowledge and awareness of pysiotherapy students in Malaysia about the importance of diagnostic imaging prior to physiotherapy treatment: a survey study Dr Fairuz Dr Kamarul 7 2.00 - 2.30 Norshahezah Binti Mohd Nasir Knowledge and awareness of radiation protection among medical imaging students in UniSZA Dr Hamizah Dr Syazwina 8 2.30 - 3.00 Faqihah Najidah Binti Salahuddin Radiation safety awareness among nursing students in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA): a survey study Dr Hamizah Dr Syazwina 9 3.00 - 3.30 Mohd Atik Bin Kassim The efficiency of using P-Care to maximize the radiation protection for paediatric patient Dr Nazifah Dr Suffian 10 3.30 - 4.00 Nur Haziyah Binti Mohamad Zwawi The Use of Medical Imaging Applications as an Alternative Learning Method Among Medical Imaging and Radiography Students in UniSZA Dr Nazifah Dr Suffian *Dr Nazifah (Chairperson) cover Dr Hamizah (Supervisor) Lunch Break Final Year Project Presentation Sem II Session 2022-2023 Day 2, Sunday, 25th June 2023 | Bangunan Akademik Theme: Observational Study Room 3: BA 214

MEET THE EXAMINERS Lecturer Medical Imaging BSc (Hons) Medical Radiation (USM) MSc in Medical Physics (USM) Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering (Tohoku University, Japan) Email: [email protected] Research Interest: Medical Physics Dr. Fairuz Binti Mohd Nasir BSc (Hons) in Medical Imaging (UiTM) MRes in Bioimaging Sciences (Imperial College London) Ph.D. in Cardiovascular Imaging (University College London) Email: [email protected] Coordinator of Academic Program (PPA) Research Interest: Cardiovascular Imaging, MRI Dr. Nur Hayati Binti Jasmin BSc (Hons) in Medical Radiation (USM) MSc in Medical Physics (USM) Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering (SOKENDAI, Japan) Email: [email protected] Research Interest: Radiation Dosimetry, Radiation Protection Dr. Suffian Bin Mohamad Tajudin BSc (Hons) in Medical Radiation (USM) MSc in Medical Physics (USM) Ph.D. in Medical Imaging (Nuclear Medicine) (IIUM) Email: [email protected] Research Interest: Nuclear Imaging, Radiation Physics Dr. Nazifah Binti Abdullah Head Centre of Medical Imaging (KPP)

BSc (Hons) Medical Radiation (USM) MSc in Medical Physics (USM) Ph.D. in Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection (Newcastle Univesity, UK) Email: [email protected] Research Interest: Medical Physics, Radiation Physics Dr. Nurul Syazwina Binti Mohamed BSc (Hons) in Medical Radiation (USM) MSc in Medical Physics (USM), Ph.D. in Medical Physics (Radiotherapy) (Germany) Email: [email protected] Research Interest: Medical Physics Dr. Juliana Binti Mohd Radzi BSc (Hons) Medical Radiation (USM) MSc in Medical Physics (USM) PhD in Radiation Biology (USM) Email: [email protected] Research Interest: Medical Physics, Nanoparticles, Radiation Biology Dr. Nur Hamizah Binti Mohd Zainudin BSc (Hons) in Medical Imaging (UiTM), MSc in Medical Radiation Sciences (USM), Ph.D. (University of Nottingham, UK) Email: [email protected] Research Interest: Medical Imaging Dr. Azlinawati Binti Ali MEET THE EXAMINERS Lecturer Medical Imaging

BSc (Hons) in Medical Imaging (UiTM) MSc in Medical Radiation Sciences (USM) Ph.D. (Univesity of Sheffield, UK) Email: [email protected] Research Interest: Medical Imaging, MRI Dr. Nurul Fadhlina Binti Ismail BSc (Hons) in Radiography & Diagnostic Imaging (IIUM) MSc in Neuroimaging (King's College London, UK) Ph.D. in Diagnostic Imaging (UKM) Email: [email protected] Research Interest: Neuroimaging, Functional MRI Dr. Elza Azri Bin Othman BSc (Hons) in Medical Imaging (UiTM) MSc in Medical Imaging (UiTM) Ph.D. in Medical Imaging (University of Sydney, Australia) Email: [email protected] Research Interest: Medical Imaging, Digital Image Processing, Health Sciences Dr. Kamarul Amin MEET THE Bin Abdullah " Abu Bakar EXAMINERS Lecturer Medical Imaging

No Students Roles Remarks 1 Nurfatihah Binti Abd Salam Supervisor 2 Nur Naemah Binti Sahferi Supervisor 3 Nurul Annisa Binti Din Supervisor 4 Shahrul Hafizi Bin Samsudin Supervisor 5 Zulianis Binti Mat Isa Supervisor 6 Nurshafiqa Binti Norizan Examiner 7 Niveta A/P Dave Ananda Raj Examiner 8 Vishalini A/P Aigambaram Examiner 9 Nur Ain Syuhada Binti Rosli Examiner 10 Anis Farhana Binti Mohd Adli Examiner Supervisee Dr Juliana 11 Nur Maisarah Binti Ali @ Wahab Examiner 12 Rabiatul Adawiah Binti Ramly Examiner No Students Roles Remarks 1 Iman Aisyah Binti Norazam Supervisor 2 Nur Fazlin Najwa Binti Nor Azman Supervisor 3 Siti Nur Alia Binti Ismail Supervisor 4 Vishalini A/P Aigambaram Supervisor 5 Nur Hamizah Binti Shaiful Anuar Examiner 6 Nur Naemah Binti Sahferi Examiner 7 Zulianis Binti Mat Isa Examiner 8 Nur Syarfa Sahira Binti Mohammed Nazim Examiner 9 Mohd Atik Bin Kassim Examiner 10 Nur Haziyah Binti Mohamad Zwawi Examiner 11 Muhammad Hanif Hakimi Bin Zainudin Examiner No Students Roles Remarks 1 Nur Ain Syuhada Binti Rosli Supervisor 2 Nur Hamizah Binti Shaiful Anuar Supervisor 3 Nur Syarfa Sahira Binti Mohammed Nazim Supervisor 4 Nur Syifa Aqilah Binti Zakaria Supervisor 5 Siti Nur Wahidah Binti Mohd Faizal Supervisor 6 Siti Madihah Binti Basir Examiner 7 Tuan Nur Illia Natasha Binti Tuan Adnan Examiner 8 Nur Fazlin Najwa Binti Nor Azman Examiner 9 Siti Nur Alia Binti Ismail Examiner 10 Faqihah Najidah Binti Salahuddin Examiner 11 Norshahezah Binti Mohd Nasir Examiner LIST SUPERVISORS AND EXAMINERS FINAL YEAR PROJECT PRESENTATION SEM II SESSION 2022-2023 Dr Fairuz Binti Mohd Nasir Dr Suffian Bin Mohamad Tajudin Dr Nurul Syazwina Binti Mohamed

No Students Roles Remarks 1 Mas Farhana Binti Norjasmani @Hang Tuah Supervisor 2 Nur Haziyah Binti Mohamad Zwawi Supervisor 3 Rabiatul Adawiah Binti Ramly Supervisor 4 Siti Madihah Binti Basir Supervisor 5 Tuan Nur Illia Natasha Binti Tuan Adnan Supervisor 6 Anis Farhana Binti Mohd Adli Examiner 7 Iman Aisyah Binti Norazam Examiner 8 Nur Syifa Aqilah Binti Zakaria Examiner 9 Siti Nur Wahidah Binti Mohd Faizal Examiner 10 Nurfatihah Binti Abd Salam Examiner 11 Mohd Atik Bin Kassim Examiner Supervisee Dr Juliana No Students Roles Remarks 1 Aina Sabrina Binti Suria Supervisor 2 Irsyaduddin Ilmam Bin Mohd Zaini Supervisor 3 Istifa Ajwa Binti Jahiddin Supervisor 4 Nur Syaamila Farhanah binti Sha’ari Supervisor 5 Nurul Syazwina Binti Mat Lazim Supervisor 6 Nur Iman Najwan Bin Mohd Yusoff Examiner Supervisee Dr Juliana 7 Nor Maiza Azirah binti Nor Zaidi Examiner 8 Nor Aishah Binti Azuha Examiner 9 Nurul Azmina Binti Othman Examiner 10 Nur-Aina Shahira Binti Husin Examiner 11 Shahrul Hafizi Bin Samsudin Examiner No Students Roles Remarks 1 Muhammad Hanif Hakimi Bin Zainudin Supervisor 2 Muhammad Zulhilmi Bin Abd Wahab Supervisor 3 Nor Aishah Binti Azuha Supervisor 4 Nur Anisa Binti Abdul Halim Supervisor 5 Nurul Azmina Binti Othman Supervisor 6 Zetty Baity Binti Abd Aziz Examiner Supervisee Dr Juliana 7 Davamunisvari A/P Rames Examiner 8 Nur Fatihah Binti Zakaria Examiner 9 Nurul Ashikin Binti Roslan Examiner 10 Nurul Annisa Binti Din Examiner 11 Irsyaduddin Ilmam Bin Mohd Zaini Examiner 12 Nurul Huda Binti Hussin Examiner Dr Nazifah Binti Abdullah Dr Nurul Fadhlina Binti Ismail Dr Kamarul Amin Bin Abdullah LIST SUPERVISORS AND EXAMINERS FINAL YEAR PROJECT PRESENTATION SEM II SESSION 2022-2023

No Students Roles Remarks 1 Davamunisvari A/P Rames Supervisor 2 Nurshafiqa Binti Norizan Supervisor 3 Nur-Aina Shahira Binti Husin Supervisor 4 Nurul Huda Binti Hussin Supervisor 5 Sarigadevi A/P Paramasivam Supervisor 6 Thiviya Darishini A/P Baskaran Examiner 7 Nur Aisyah Binti Kori Examiner 8 Aina Sabrina Binti Suria Examiner 9 Siti Zulaikha Binti Ramle Examiner 10 Istifa Ajwa Binti Jahiddin Examiner No Students Roles Remarks 1 Faqihah Najidah Binti Salahuddin Supervisor 2 Muhammad Zafran Danial Bin Ahmad Nazri Supervisor 3 Norshahezah Binti Mohd Nasir Supervisor 4 Nur Maisarah Binti Ali @ Wahab Supervisor 5 Sarah Syafiqah binti Abd Rani Supervisor 6 Nur Iman Najwan Bin Mohd Yusoff Examiner 7 Sarigadevi A/P Paramasivam Examiner 8 Mas Farhana Binti Norjasmani @Hang Tuah Examiner 9 Zetty Baity Binti Abd Aziz Examiner 10 Niveta A/P Dave Ananda Raj Examiner Supervisee Dr Juliana 11 Nur Anisa Binti Abdul Halim Examiner No Students Roles Remarks 1 Farah Islah Binti Mohamd Tarmizi Supervisor 2 Nor Maiza Azirah binti Nor Zaidi Supervisor 3 Nur Fatihah Binti Zakaria Supervisor 4 Nur Liana Binti Amran Supervisor 5 Thiviya Darishini A/P Baskaran Supervisor 6 Vinosha Nair A/P Suresh Supervisor 7 Nur Syaamila Farhanah binti Sha’ari Examiner 8 Nurul Syazwina Binti Mat Lazim Examiner 9 Thania Elisha Binti Hafizi Examiner 10 Abdullah Imtiyaaz Bin Muhammad Examiner 11 Muhammad Zafran Danial Bin Ahmad Nazri Examiner Examiner Dr Juliana 12 Saranya A/P Haridas Examiner Dr AzlinawaƟ BinƟ Ali LIST SUPERVISORS AND EXAMINERS FINAL YEAR PROJECT PRESENTATION SEM II SESSION 2022-2023 Dr Nur Hamizah BinƟ Mohd Zainudin Dr Elza Azri Bin Othman

No Students Roles Remarks 1 Abdullah Imtiyaaz Bin Muhammad Supervisor 2 Nur Aisyah Binti Kori Supervisor 3 Nurul Ashikin Binti Roslan Supervisor 4 Thania Elisha Binti Hafizi Supervisor 5 Saranya A/P Haridas Supervisor 6 Siti Zulaikha Binti Ramle Examiner Supervisee Dr Juliana 7 Vinosha Nair A/P Suresh Examiner 8 Farah Islah Binti Mohamd Tarmizi Examiner 9 Sarah Syafiqah binti Abd Rani Examiner 10 Nur Liana Binti Amran Examiner 11 Muhammad Zulhilmi Bin Abd Wahab Examiner LIST SUPERVISORS AND EXAMINERS FINAL YEAR PROJECT PRESENTATION SEM II SESSION 2022-2023 Dr Nur Hayati Binti Jasmin

SEM II SESSION 22/23 RESEARCH PROJECT II Day 1

ABSTRACT DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF ULTRASOUND AS AN IMAGING TOOL IN PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT FOR THYROIDECTOMY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS Haridas Saranya1 , Mohamed Afifah2 , Jasmin Nur Hayati1* 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia 2 Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography (TLUS) as a preoperative imaging tool for thyroidectomy and explore factors influencing its accuracy, including the identification of the optimal TLUS technique. MATERIALS & METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed and Scopus for studies published between 2015 and 2021. This study followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocols. The risk of bias and applicability concern in the included studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. The meta-analysis, including the creation of a forest plot, was performed using Microsoft Excel 2019. RESULTS A total of 13 studies were eligible for the final review. Forest plot analysis of 9 studies assessing sensitivity and specificity demonstrated low heterogeneity (Sensitivity: Q = 14.81; Specificity: Q = 0.43) based on a significance level of α < 15.507. Using a random-effects model, TLUS demonstrated favorable diagnostic accuracy in preoperative assessment for thyroidectomy, with a pooled sensitivity of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.90) and specificity of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.00). Factors such as male patients (84.6%), operator skills (76.9%), and older age (69.2%) were found to significantly influence TLUS diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, the use of the lateral approach demonstrated improved diagnostic accuracy, particularly for challenging vocal cord visualisation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that TLUS should be used in combination with laryngoscopy for accurate results in preoperative assessment for thyroidectomy. Further research investigating factors impacting TLUS accuracy and exploring different techniques are needed. TLUS shows promise as a valuable tool, enhancing patient care and surgical outcomes in thyroidectomy procedures. Keywords: Diagnostic Accuracy, Transcutaneous Laryngeal Ultrasonography, Preoperative, Thyroidectomy

ABSTRACT WORKING MEMORY DEFICIT IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVE DISORDER Baskaran Thiviya Darishini 1 , Othman Elza Azri1* 1 School Of Medical Imaging, Faculty Of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and hyperactivity in where the working memory (WM) performance is reduced. However, the possible strategy to enhance WM performance in children with ADHD, have not been thoroughly summarized. This study was done in order to discover the potential use of WN and the optimal level required in order to enhance WM performance in ADHD children. MATERIALS & METHODS A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Electronic search engines like PubMed and Scopus were employed. A total of five articles with publication dates ranging from 2013 to 2022 were eligible to be reviewed. RESULTS All five articles includes 111 participants with a history of ADHD and with mean or median age ranged from 7 to 10 years. The articles demonstrated the positive effects of WN and the optimal level of WN applied in boosting WM performance in ADHD children. CONCLUSION The WM can be further enhanced by reducing off-task behaviour in children and also by increasing the speech recognition threshold (SRT) which can be done in WN condition in a range between 65 and 80 dB. WN can potentially be used as a non-invasive option to enhance WM performances in ADHD children. Furthermore, this review provides an understanding of the optimal spectrum of the WN applications to improve the WM of children and it aids in assisting healthcare providers. Keywords: ADHD, white noise, children

i ABSTRACT THE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF ULTRASOUND IN THE EVALUATION OF FEMALE INFERTILITY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Nur Aisyah Kori1*, Nur Hayati Jasmin1 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Female infertility can result from issues with the fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix. Therefore, transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) is preferred for diagnosing and planning due to its widespread availability, cost-effectiveness, and non-invasive nature. This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of TVS in evaluating female infertility and determine the types of abnormalities found in female infertility. MATERIALS & METHODS The systematic search in this study followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) and Meta-Analyses. The electronic databases PubMed and ScienceDirectwere utilized. Paperspublishedbetween 2012 and 2022 were chosen and subjected to analysis following the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS). The outcomes of the studies encompassed the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ultrasound. RESULTS In the initial search strategy, a total of 217 articles were discovered. By applying specific criteria for inclusion and exclusion, a set of five studies involving 770 patients were chosen for analysis. The forest plot analysis of these five studies, which evaluated sensitivity and specificity, revealed that the studies were consistent (homogeneity) in terms of sensitivity (Q = 4.574), but exhibited variation (heterogeneity) in terms of specificity (Q = 20.771). Employing a random-effects model, transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) demonstrated a favorable overall accuracy for evaluating female infertility. The pooled sensitivity was 0.79, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of [0.60, 0.99], and the specificity was 0.96, with a 95% CI of [0.76, 1.17]. Among infertile females, the most commonly observed abnormalities were endometrial polyps and uterine fibroids, while uterine cancer and adenomyosis were the least frequently observed abnormalities. CONCLUSION Transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) offers a cost-effective and non-invasive approach to assessingfemale infertility.Itserves as a valuable diagnostic toolforidentifyingspecific causes of female infertility, although its accuracy may vary dependingon the particular condition being evaluated and other contributing factors. TVS is particularly valuable when used in conjunction with hysteroscopy, as it demonstrates high accuracy in detecting and characterizing abnormalities. Keywords: diagnostic accuracy, ultrasound, female infertility

ABSTRACT ROLE OF RAPID MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN WITH HYDROCEPHALUS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Suresh Vinosha Nair1 , Othman Elza Azri1* 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to discuss the role of rapid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in assessing children who suffer from hydrocephalus. MATERIALS & METHODS A systematic review was performed by searching articles published from the year 2017 till 2022 in electronic databases such as PubMed and Scopus. This systematic search method was used in the present study based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. These articles were then recorded in an Excel sheet for the screening process which was reviewed by two independent researchers. RESULTS A total of three articles were eligible for the final review. From 2017 to 2019, all three articles were published. This study included 2832 paediatric participants with a history of hydrocephalus. The participants' mean or median age ranged from 4.7 to 18 years. Two of the three studies used T1WI, T2WI and FLAIR sequences to acquire images, whereas the third did not specify the sequences used. On the other hand, the optimum scan duration acquired by all three studies were less than five minutes. CONCLUSION Researchers should be aware of the literature that provides appropriate sequences and parameters for using rapid MRI because it will make replication easier. Rapid MRI also allows for faster image acquisition, which allows healthcare professionals to evaluate patients more quickly. Therefore, the results suggest that rapid MRI is an effective approach that removes motion artefacts and the requirement for sedation. Keywords: rapid MRI, sequences, hydrocephalus

ABSTRACT BENEFITS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON WORKING MEMORY PERFORMANCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL MRI STUDIES Farah Islah Mohamd Tarmizi1* , Elza Azri Othman1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Studies found that physical exercises can improve working memory (WM) performance. WM is the ability to temporarily maintain and manipulate information in mind. However, the types of physical exercise that can improve WM performance and the effect of physical exercises on WM related brain region have not been systematically summarized. Therefore, this review aims to identify which types of physical exercise that can improve WM performance and how does physical exercises affect WM related brain region. MATERIALS & METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was conducted in this systematic review. Electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) are used to search articles between 2018 until 2022. There are two reviewers to prevent bias. RESULTS Five articles included in this review. Types of physical exercise that can improve WM performance are open-skill and closed-skill exercises. Open-skill like basketball and badminton require high cognitive demand to adapt with fast changing external stimuli in unpredictable environment. Meanwhile, closed-skill like jogging and running require few cognitive demand as the exercises are simple and only need repetitive movement in predictable environment. Open-skill showed greater brain activity in WM related brain regions than closedskill exercises. Interestingly, closed-skill exercises can increase brain activity in WM related brain regions when performed at moderate intensity. CONCLUSION Physical exercises regardless types can improve WM performance by increased brain activity in WM related brain regions like left inferior frontal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, right posterior parietal lobe, hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Keywords: physical exercise, working memory, brain activity

ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE ASSESSMENT OF PAEDIATRIC TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Thania Elisha Hafizi1 , Nur Hayati Jasmin2* 1 Faculty of Health Science, University Sultan Zainal Abidin Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu 2 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, University Sultan Zainal Abidin Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) often uses computed tomography (CT) scan as their main imaging modalities because of the high sensitivity and specificity. However, CT scan is an ionizing radiation and may have risk to paediatric. In this review, the author compared the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the sequences that can be utilize in TBI. MATERIALS & METHODS A systematic review was performed by the author. Two databases were used. Eleven studies met the study inclusion criteria. The search strategy was done by using PICO. Population – paediatric aged 0 to 21. Intervention – Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Comparator – Computed Tomography Outcome - The roles of MRI and CT scan, MRI sequences and image appearances. RESULTS The initial search strategy identified 2,349 articles; after inclusion/exclusion criteria is applied resulted with 11 studies and a total of 1,563 patients. Most of the patients GCS score were below 15, categorized as mild TBI. From 11 studies, 9 sequences were found and categorized into two categories; Basic Pulse Sequences and Advanced Sequences. Out of 9 sequences (100%), 3 sequences (30%) were chosen as the preferred sequences for paediatric TBI. CONCLUSION TBI is the leading cause of death and disability in paediatric. This study identifies the assessment of MRI to improve the roles of imaging modalities. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) alongside with Rapid MRI (rMRI) and Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) should be use together to increase the diagnostic roles of MRI. keywords: paediatric, traumatic brain injury, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging sequences

ABSTRACT ESTIMATION OF INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENCE (IQ) IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI): A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Amran Nur Liana1 , Othman Elza Azri1 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu [email protected] INTRODUCTION This systematic review aims to investigate the estimation of intelligence quotient (IQ) in healthy individuals using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by identifying the association between brain structures and IQ, also to discuss the effects of brain structural changes on IQ in healthy individuals. This is because most conventional IQ tests are not systematic. However, they often produce inconsistent results and are not sensitive to brain structural changes d ue to healthy aging. METHOD Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in the PUBMED database, focusing on studies that reported the brain structures associated with IQ in healthy individuals and the effects of brain structural changes on IQ. A total of 22 studies met the eligibility criteria which were discussed between two researchers to avoid bias and were included in the review. RESULTS Key brain regions associated with IQ included grey matter (GM), white matter (WM), caudate nucleus, left hemisphere, frontal and parietal cortices, limbic system, frontoparietal (FP), and default-mode network (DMN), and interhemispheric connectivity. The brain structure changes are the total brain volume which includes the GM and WM, and ventral temporal cortices volume and thickness. CONCLUSION This systematic review highlights the potential of MRI in estimating IQ by examining brain structures and functions. Consistent findings suggest that specific brain regions influence IQ and age-related changes in brain volume and thickness impact IQ. Further research should consider other factors that can influence the results to improve the accuracy of IQ estimation. Keywords: Intelligence Quotient, IQ estimation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI, brain structures, brain functions.

ABSTRACT SENSITIVITY & SPECIFICITY OF ULTRASOUND AMONG WOMEN IN DIAGNOSING POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS): A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Nur Syaamila Farhanah Sha’ari1 , Nurul Fadhlina Ismail1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu [email protected] INTRODUCTION Due to hormonal imbalance and anovulation, women are now at an increased risk of developing polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). To detect this disease, ultrasound has been known for its advantages in providing essential information about the size, number of follicles and its position. However, the accuracy of the modality is still a questionable topics among researchers and therefore more studies is needed. This study is performed to investigate the ability of ultrasound in diagnosing PCOS which include the modality’s specificity and sensitivity. MATERIALS & METHODS This study will perform systematic literature review which will summarize the results of several primary research studies. The scope of review of this study is developed based on the PICO. Terms and syntax were used for the search in Pubmed. The main keyword was developed are “ultrasound”, “PCOS”, “sensitivity” and “specificity” were used as a tool to find some pertinent articles that appeared to represent the topic of the research. The literature search process was documented in the PRISMA flow degree. RESULTS Based on the finding, 202 articles had been identified and only three articles were accepted to finalized the data. Of the three articles, the largest ovarian volume of 13cm3 have the highest sensitivity of 100% while 50% specificity. To discuss, the larger the ovarian volume, the higher the sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal ultrasound in diagnosing PCOS thus made the ovarian volume as one of the best parameter in ultrasound to detect the pathology. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, transvaginal ultrasound remain the gold standard in diagnosing PCOS. Also, increased ovarian volume was one of the reliable diagnostic criteria for PCOS. The accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosing PCOS is important in determining its value as a diagnostic tool. This would have a direct impact on clinical practice by influencing diagnostic guidelines and protocols. Keywords: ultrasound, PCOS, sensitivity, specificity

ABSTRACT THE POTENCY OF ‘THROUGH GLASS WINDOW’ TECHNIQUE OF PORTABLE CHEST X-RAY DURING COVID-19 ERA: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Nurul Syazwina Mat Lazim1* , Nurul Fadhlina Ismail1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Mobile Chest X-ray (CXR) has received high request to be performed at patient bedside during pandemic of COVID-19. The protocol of this procedure somehow reduces the efficiency of workflow because of time consuming and tiring sanitizing process. A few health institutions have encountered a new technique which is ‘through glass window’ technique of portable CXR, but the technical factors being used to produce image quality and radiation dose similar to conventional technique were varied from each other due to several factors such as patient’s body habitus and mobile unit’s brand. There is no specific guideline about this new technique to be followed by other health institutions. Thus, this review aims to study the image quality and radiation dose to patient and staff in ‘through glass window’ technique by comparing to conventional technique when the technical factors are varied. MATERIALS & METHODS This systematic review study was carried out based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines version 2020. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar search engine electronic databases for original articles other than systematic review written in English from December 1st 2019 until March 31st 2023. A manual references search was also performed to add comprehensiveness. Studies that met inclusion and exclusion criteria were reviewed. The quality of studies included was assessed by using Joanna Briggs Institution (JBI) tool. RESULTS The initial studies identified was 1935 articles. A thorough literature reading has been done, and a total of seven articles were eligible to be included in this review. DI is used to indirectly assess the image quality and patient’s dose in this review. The best DI produced (closest to 0) in ‘through glass window’ technique is using technical factors 100 kVp, 4.0 mAs and subjectimage distance (SID) 180 cm, which is 0.11 and 0.22 for Carestream and Konica image receptor, respectively. These values are comparable to conventional technique. Meanwhile, the radiation exposure to staff was highest when staff standing inside patient’s room, 45 ° 2 meters from patient (0.22 µSv), and reduced when distance increase. CONCLUSION ‘Through glass window’ technique has the potency to be performed for COVID-19 patients without significant difference in image quality and patient and staff dose compared to conventional technique of portable CXR. Keywords: through glass window, COVID-19, portable x-ray, chest x-ray

ABSTRACT SAFETY OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) IN ADULTS WITH IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR (ICD) DEVICES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Nor Zaidi Nor Maiza Azirah1*, Othman Elza Azri1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia [email protected] INTRODUCTION Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) devices is limited due to the risk of adverse events effects through electromagnetic interference. This study aims to discuss the efforts contribute to the safety of patients with ICDs during MRI examination and to evaluate the possible harmful effects of MRI on patients with MRI-conditional ICDs. MATERIALS & METHODS This systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, was done in the PubMed electronic database. The search focused on studies from 2015 to 2022 that reported the studies following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the articles were evaluated by two researchers to prevent selection bias. RESULTS Data from 15 studies were included, with a total of 2237 adult patients with ICDs performing MRI examinations involving various anatomical parts. The safety efforts that were found were device interrogation and programming, MRI protocols, and post-MRI monitoring. The possible harmful effects of MRI including the asynchronous pacing, heating sensations, changes in battery voltage, increase in capture threshold, pulling sensations, over-sensing effects and arrhythmia. CONCLUSION This systematic review focused on the efforts that contribute to the safety of patients with ICDs and the possible harmful effects of MRI in patients with MRI-conditional ICDs. These findings may serve to support current guidelines and provide evidence to guide future studies. Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, ICD, harmful effects, safety efforts

ABSTRACT CT FINDING AND PATTERN OF E-CIGARETTE OR VAPING PRODUCT USEASSOCIATED LUNG INJURY (EVALI): A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Nur Anisa Binti Abdul Halim1* , Kamarul Amin Abdullah @ Abu Bakar1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) or vaping products use-associated lung injury (EVALI) is a significant public health issue with significant morbidity and mortality, especially among young people. The purpose of this study was to systematically review published articles about the findings and pattern of EVALI and the most affected part of the lungs seen in computed tomography (CT) as the imaging modality. MATERIALS & METHODS The literature search was conducted from 2019 to 2023. A total of three electronic databases namely PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used based on the main keywords “E-cigarettes”, “Vaping”, “EVALI” and “CT scan”. Only original articles were included and published in English. The search was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 strategy. RESULTS The initial preliminary result was 497 articles, and after duplication, 445 remained. After reading the abstract, only 48 articles meet the objectives. Then, 32 articles were not eligible based on full articles. 16 articles were evaluated on exclusion and inclusion criteria. Finally, only six articles were included in this study. Comprising six articles, a total of 210 patients with a mean age of 26 years old were discovered. The majority were male (n=155, 74%). The most common features and patterns on computed tomography (CT) were ground-glass opacities (n=146, 69.5%), followed by lobular sparing (n=95, 45.2%), septal thickening (n=85, 40.5%), diffuse (n=45, 21.4%) and subpleural sparing (n=42, 20%). The highest distributions were in the centrilobular area (n= 61, 29%). Both sides of the lower lobe were the most affected parts of the lungs (n=90, 42.9%). CONCLUSION Chest CT findings of EVALI can vary but the most common include hazy gray areas indicating increased density inside the lungs which were the ground-glass opacities that are usually centrilobular with lower lobe predominance. Keywords: EVALI, CT scan, electronic cigarettes, vape

EFFICACY OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) IN DIAGNOSING EARLY STAGE OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA): A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Nor Aishah Binti Azuha1* , Abdullah, K. A.2 , 1 School of Medical Imaging,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Email: [email protected]/[email protected] INTRODUCTION Risk of suffering Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) has been rises due to ageing and obesity. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most preferred choice of imaging modality in diagnosing early stage of knee OA due to the inability of plain radiograph in visualize joint tissue such as cartilage and meniscus as it is the location of early development of knee OA. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the diagnostic utility of MRI in early stage of knee OA through systematic review of published studies. MATERIALS & METHODS A literature search was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines by using two databases, Pubmed and Scopus. The search terms that is developed from the keywords which are ‘MRI’, ‘early osteoarthritis’, ‘knee’, ‘diagnosis’ and their synonyms. The duplication of the article was checked by using excel. The remaining articles were screened for their title and abstract. The inclusion criteria are the publication years of studies from 1980 until 2023 which only include mild stage knee OA in adult patient. The exclusion criteria are studies that include patient with moderate and chronic stage OA and use artificial intelligence technique. RESULTS The initial preliminary results are 950. After duplication checks, 907 articles were obtained. Finally, seven articles were included in this study. Two different value of SNR were reported from two article which are 2 and 30 while one article reported about the value of CNR which is 15. Four articles reported the T1 relaxation time (ms) value are 64±13, 458.0 ±55.9, 58.2±11.15 and 478±64.5. The T2 relaxation time (ms) value are 46 ±12, 44.0±8.5, 62.87±10.61 and 51.1±6.9. CONCLUSION MRI able to provide good diagnostic utility of knee OA based on the SNR value and the sequence used. The 3D GRE sequence and Sagittal multi-echo is the best sequence in providing

the features of early knee OA. However, these findings must be further investigated due to lack of evidence Keywords: early knee osteoarthritis, MRI, image quality, sequence

ABSTRACT EVALUATION OF DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF LOW DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY VERSUS STANDARD DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Nurul Azmina Othman 1 , Kamarul Amin Abdullah 2 1. Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin,Terengganu, Malaysia. [email protected] INTRODUCTION Low-dose computed tomography (CT) shows increasing interest in reducing radiation dose, but it has yet to be accepted as an alternative to standard-dose CT in clinical practice. This study aims to compare the diagnostic accuracy of low- and standard-dose CT in diagnosing acute appendicitis and to analyze the effect of radiation dose reduction in low-dose CT on image quality. MATERIALS & METHODS For this systematic review, Pub Med, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science Direct and Springer Link were searched from 2004 to 2023 to identify studies that compared diagnostic accuracy between low- and standard-dose CT for acute appendicitis. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) strategy guidelines. Statistical test was used to perform a statistical comparison of low-dose and standard-dose CT. RESULTS Of 463 studies, a total of ten studies evaluating a total of 1658 patients were included in this review. The diagnostic accuracy of low- and standard-dose showed a significant difference (p>0.05). The mean ± standard deviation difference percentage of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy were 2.63 ± 1.75%, 0.52 ± 0.04%, 0.92 ± 1.36%, 0.54 ± 1.03%, and 2.35 ± 1.31%, respectively. The assessment of radiation dose showed a significant effect on the dose-length product (p = 0.005) and effective dose (p = 0.0007) but did no shows a significant effect on the CT dose index (p = 0.09). The image quality analysis showed no significant effect between low- and standard-dose CT (p = 0.44). CONCLUSION Low-dose CT presented comparable diagnostic accuracy to standard-dose CT for diagnosing acute appendicitis. This review demonstrated an 82% dose reduction with the application of iterative reconstruction for maintaining image quality while reducing radiation dose. Keywords: diagnostic accuracy, acute appendicitis, low-dose, standard-dose, computed tomography.

ABSTRACT ABILITY OF SCROTAL ULTRASOUND MODES TO EVALUATE TESTICULAR VOLUME AND TESTICULAR BLOOD PEFUSION IN AZOOSPERMIA PATIENTS: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Irsyaduddin Ilmam Mohd Zaini1 , Nurul Fadhlina Ismail1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Differential diagnosis of azoospermia is important, due to different ways to treat each type. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) has been used conventionally, however diagnostic value of scrotal ultrasound is not yet fully established. Hence, the purpose of the study is to assess the ability of different scrotal ultrasound modes which are B – mode and Doppler to evaluate testicular volume and testicular blood perfusion in azoospermia patients. MATERIALS & METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed and Scopus for studies published between January 1 st 2005 to March 31st 2023. This study was conducted based on the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocols. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools was used to assess the quality of study included studies. RESULTS The initial studies identified was 606 articles, and only four studies met the inclusion criteria. B – mode is useful to measured testicular volume while doppler is essential to evaluate blood perfusion. Eventhough the data revealed mean and median, the data indicate the testicular volume in obstructive azoospermia (OA) is significantly higher than in nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients as the spermatogenesis is normal in this patient. Meanwhile, testicular blood perfusion was recorded in two indicators which are peak systolic velocity (PSV) that is higher in OA and testicular resistive index (RI) which is higher in NOA patient, because OA patients tends to have normal vascularization in the seminal tract. CONCLUSION B – mode and doppler both are essential to evaluate the diagnosis of azoospermia. Our studies suggest that testicular volume and testicular blood perfusion is effective parameters to differentiate azoospermia, However, considering the limited studies regarding about this topic, future research should focus more by using these parameters. Keywords: azoospermia, ultrasound, sonography

ABSTRACT PULMONARY SARCOIDOSIS: THE ROLE OF HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (HRCT) IN CORRELATION WITH PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST (PFT): A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Nur Iman Najwan Mohd Yusoff1* , Juliana Mohd Radzi1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. [email protected] INTRODUCTION Pulmonary sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by enlarged lymph nodes and small nodules in the lungs. It can be diagnosed using conventional radiography, pulmonary function tests (PFT) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). However, the correlation between HRCT and PFT has not been systematically summarized. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the correlation between HRCT patterns and PFT results in diagnosing pulmonary sarcoidosis. MATERIALS & METHODS The articles were retrieved through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, along with manual searching by following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Duplicate studies were removed, and eligibility was assessed according to the guidelines. The inclusion criteria for this study were English-published articles that utilised both HRCT technique and PFT, and specifically focused on HRCT patterns and PFT outcomes. All types of study designs were considered, except for reviews, single cases, and survey studies. RESULTS Seven articles were selected for this research. These articles revealed four HRCT patterns that indicated active inflammation and two indicated fibrotic pulmonary sarcoidosis, which is associated with different lung function outcomes. Air trapping and architectural distortion were linked to airflow obstruction, while ground glass opacification and honeycombing were associated with airflow restriction and reduced diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. However, conflicting correlational outcomes were reported for nodules and consolidation. CONCLUSION HRCT is the best method for diagnosing pulmonary sarcoidosis as it provides valuable information about the extent and severity of the disease. The correlation between HRCT patterns and PFT outcomes enhances the understanding of lung function and aids in differentiating pulmonary sarcoidosis from other lung diseases, offering a comprehensive evaluation of the disease, facilitating treatment planning, and helping in ruling out alternative diagnoses. Further research in this field will contribute to advancements in diagnosing, managing, and prognosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Keywords: Pulmonary sarcoidosis, HRCT, PFT, diagnosis, correlation, outcomes

ABSTRACT COMPARATIVE STUDY OF QUANTIFICATION OF CARDIAC CALCIUM METHODOLOGIES IN CT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Zetty Baity Abd Aziz1* , Juliana Mohd Radzi1 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION With the rise of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, calcium scoring is now a common diagnostic method done to quantify calcium. This systematic literature review aims to explain the state-of-art of quantification of cardiac calcium methods in computed tomography. MATERIALS & METHODS Search was conducted on PubMed from December 2022 on PubMed and SCOPUS for published papers including clinical studies, observational studies, cohort studies and systematic reviews. RESULTS 601 papers were shortlisted and screened for eligibility. Five papers were chosen, and evaluated for quality. Out of the five papers, two were clinical studies, two were observational studies and one was a prospective cohort study. Findings were described in terms of reproducibility and variability in all papers. The mass score was found to be the most reproducible with the least variability compared to Agatston score and calcium volume score. However, the reproducibility and variability amongst all three methods have little to no difference. CONCLUSION The Agatston score is still the most efficient method to quantify cardiac calcium for its lack of need to readjust technical aspects on most computed tomography scanners. One way to improve the quantification of cardiac calcium is by automating the technique with artificial intelligence, although more studies must be done before utilizing it in medical centres for diagnostic purposes. Keywords: Computed Tomography, calcium scoring, cardiac

SPOT SIGN, BLEND SIGN, AND BLACK HOLE SIGN AS INDEPENDENT PREDICTORS OF HEMATOMA EXPANSION IN PATIENT WITH INTRACEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ABSTRACT Paramasivam Sarigadevi1 , Ali Azlinawati1* 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences in University Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION It is still undetermined how predictor signs independently affect their ability to forecast hematoma expansion (HE). Following the concern, this research was conducted to explore the radiological definition, diagnostic accuracy and types of predictors of spot sign (SS), blend sign (BS), and black hole sign (BHS) in Computed Tomography (CT) image predictors of HE in a patient with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH). MATERIALS AND METHOD A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted by searching reliable databases. This study conducted by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Quality Assessment of Primary Test Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)-2 and its signalling questions were utilized to evaluate risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 16 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for SS were found to be 40.04% and 72.85% respectively, with a 95% Confidence Interval(CI). The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the BS were determined to be 17.64% and 49.62% respectively, with a 95% CI. Furthermore, BHS's pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated as 31.75% and 90.27% respectively, with a 95% CI. The risk of bias and applicability concerns of studies were evaluated. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this systematic review highlights the radiological definitions and diagnostic accuracy of SS, BS and BHS in CT images for predicting HE in patients with SICH. The review found that each sign exhibited unique radiological features, demonstrated comparable diagnostic accuracy, and appeared to be reliable indicators of hematoma growth. Further research and validation are required to confirm these findings and determine their clinical utility in guiding treatment decisions and improving patient outcomes in SICH. Keywords: spot sign, blend sign, black hole sign, imaging predictor, hematoma expansion.

ABSTRACT DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF CONVENTIONAL ULTRASOUND (US) COMPARED TO CONTRAST ENHANCED ULTRASOUND (CEUS) IN DIAGNOSING LIVER TUMOURS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Rames Davamunisvari1*, Ali Azlinawati1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The accurate diagnosis of liver tumours is essential for effective treatment. This study is aimed at comparing the diagnostic accuracy of conventional ultrasound (US) and contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for detecting and characterizing liver tumours. There is still an unsolved problem regarding diagnosing liver tumours accurately and distinguishing small and large nodules of liver tumours as well as differentiation of benign and malignant liver tumours. MATERIALS & METHODS This study followed the PRISMA guidelines in conducting a systematic review. A search of relevant databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library) was conducted from inception to March 31, 2023 using specific keywords. Among the studies included, diagnostic performance was assessed and data was extracted. Using the extracted data, average weighted sensitivity, specificity, positive predicative value (PPV) and negative predicative value (NPV) for conventional US and CEUS were calculated. The selected studies were evaluated for reliability using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Performance Studies (QUADAS-2). RESULTS A total of 18 studies involving 2848 patients were included in the study, with publication years ranging from 2003 to 2022. A comparison of CEUS and conventional US showed that CEUS demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing liver tumours. Based on the weighted average of diagnostic accuracy, liver tumour diagnosis for primary liver tumours (CEUS: sensitivity: 92.66%, specificity: 95.95%, conventional US: sensitivity: 57.59%, specificity: 93.18%) and secondary liver tumours (CEUS: sensitivity: 92.32%, specificity: 84.88%, conventional US: sensitivity: 76.08%, specificity: 77.16%), differentiation of small nodule (CEUS : sensitivity: 69.10%, specificity: 93.25% and conventional US : sensitivity: 51.70%, specificity: 66.70%) and large nodule (CEUS : sensitivity: 85.89%, specificity: 98.48% and conventional US : sensitivity: 70.00%, specificity: 78.8%), and differentiation of benign and malignant tumours (CEUS : sensitivity: 89.41%, specificity: 79.89% and conventional US : sensitivity: 58.09%, specificity: 44.12%).

CONCLUSION It is clear from this study that CEUS has a significant role to play in clinical practice. These results indicate its value in detecting and characterising liver tumours, resulting in better outcomes for patients. Keywords: contrast enhanced ultrasound, conventional ultrasound, liver tumours, diagnostic accuracy, systematic review

ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) IN EVALUATION OF TRAUMATIC SPINAL INJURY (TSI): A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Nurul Huda Hussin1* , Azlinawati Ali2 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION TSI occur when the spinal cord sustains severe damage from an external physical impact such as motor vehicle accident, fall, sports injury and violence. Current method to characterize the severity of spinal injury based on the neurological examination are limited thus, there is need for objective measurement by clinical practice. The current gold standard in imaging of soft tissue is MRI however, there are association with expenses and risk to neurological function. This study was conduct to evaluate the role of MRI in the evaluation of TSI in terms of its diagnostic accuracy, preferred MRI sequence and MRI findings of TSI. MATERIALS & METHODS For this systematic review, PubMed was used to collect all related data based on the following PICO formulation and were recorded by using PRISMA from 1985 to 2023. Population of study- patients with TSI. Intervention- MRI. Comparison- intraoperative findings. Outcome- diagnostic accuracy of MRI (sensitivity and specificity), MRI sequence and MRI findings. All studies included were analysed by using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS). RESULTS The initial search strategy identified 232 articles and with the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria resulted in eight studies from 1993 to 2017. Only two studies provide the comparison between MRI findings and intraoperative findings and another six studies were included for the information on the MRI sequence and MRI findings. All related data from different study was compared. CONCLUSION Until now, MRI served as the only imaging modality to detect spinal soft tissue injury due to its sensitivity but when comparing to intraoperative findings, certain soft tissue injuries have a tendency to be overestimated by MRI. In surgical planning or to determine the severity of spinal injury, caution should be taken and MRI should be paired with supplementary information such as physical examination and other imaging modality such as x-rays. Keywords: Role, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Evaluation, Diagnosing, Traumatic Spinal Injury, Spinal Cord Injury

ABSTRACT THE ADVANTAGES OF BISMUTH SHIELDING IN REDUCING DOSE IN CT SCAN AND THE EFFECTS TO THE IMAGE QUALITY: A SYSTEMAIC LITERATURE REVIEW Nurshafiqa Norizan1*, Azlinawati Ali1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidi, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Computed tomography (CT scan) is well-known for its advantages but has also raised questions about high radiation exposure and its potential effects on patients, particularly radiosensitive organs. To reduce needless radiation exposure, it is absolutely vital to deploy effective and practical dose reduction measures. This study aims to identify the advantages and Bismuth shielding effectiveness as one of the dose reduction techniques utilized in CT scan procedure. However, when using shielding, there might be attenuation from it and may affects the image quality. Solutions are needed to overcome them in order to get high quality of images in the future. MATERIALS & METHODS One online database and references lists from previous articles were used as a tool to conduct this study. PICO framework was utilized as a guidance. Population-patients undergo CT scan of head, chest and neck. Intervention-Bismuth shielding. Comparison/control- with and without Bismuth shielding, other reduction dose technique. Outcome-dose reduction percentage, image quality evaluation, solutions to improve image quality. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist used as a tool to assess this review’s quality. RESULTS 44 articles were identified during the initial search. After screening by inclusion and exclusion criteria, six studies were matched. The advantages of Bismuth shielding as an effective dose reduction technique is identified by dose reduction percentage. 40.53% of breast dose reduced using the shielding alone is higher compared to its combination with Iterative Reconstruction (IR) and Organ-Based Tube Current Modulation (OBTCM); 32% and 37.5% respectively. Other benefits for utilizing Bismuth shielding are patient-friendly and simple to handle. Bismuth shielding gives none to significantly higher in noises level, yet the use of foam pad, axial scanning and shielding placement after scout image can improve the image quality.

CONCLUSION Bismuth shielding is identified as an advantageous reduction dose method, yet degrades the image quality. In order to expand the recommendation of Bismuth shielding, some remedies such as using foam pad as a spacer can improve it. Keywords: computed tomography, bismuth shielding, dose reduction, image quality

ABSTRACT ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES ON RADIATION PROTECTION IN RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING AMONG HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS AT HPUNISZA Dave Ananda Raj Niveta1 , Mohd Radzi Juliana 1* 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu, Malaysia. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Ionizing radiation aids in diagnosing and treating diseases. However, without proper knowledge and practice of radiation protection, it can be harmful, especially among healthcare professionals. This study aims to examine the knowledge and practice of radiation protection among healthcare workers at the HPUniSZA. MATERIALS & METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in the HPUniSZA from March 2022 to June 2023 for healthcare professionals in HPUniSZA. The questionnaire was distributed online and through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze sociodemographics, knowledge, and practice of radiation protection while Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between knowledge and practice of radiation protection among the respondents. RESULTS A total of 60 healthcare professionals in HPUniSZA participated in this study. The mean knowledge level was found to be 6.20 (SD, 2.905). The mean knowledge level was found to be 6.20, with a standard deviation of 2.905. The median practice level was 8.00 (IQR, of 3.00). A positive and fair correlation (r = 0.48, p < 0.001) was demonstrated between knowledge and practice levels on radiation protection in radiological imaging. CONCLUSION There is a correlation between knowledge and practice of radiation protection among healthcare professionals in HPUniSZA. Assessing the knowledge and practice of radiation protection among healthcare professionals is of utmost importance to ensure patient safety, minimize radiation risks, and facilitate effective and efficient healthcare delivery both now and in the future. Keywords: Knowledge, Practice, Radiation Protection, Healthcare Professionals

ABSTRACT INDOOR RADON SURVEY IN RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT AT HOSPITAL UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA (HUSM) AND HOSPITAL PENGAJAR UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN (HPUniSZA) Nur Naemah Sahferi1* , Fairuz Mohd Nasir1 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu *[email protected] INTRODUCTION: Radon decay for a certain long period effect human health, one of them is lung cancer. In 2019, there is a study in the workplace in Malaysia exceeded the indoor reading level. Radiology department is a place where healthcare workers and patients were already exposed to manmade ionizing radiation. Therefore, this study is to determine the indoor radon levels in Radiology Department at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) and Hospital Pengajar Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (HPUniSZA), compare those two workplaces and calculated the estimated annual effective dose. MATERIALS & METHODS: A digital indoor radon detector, Corentium Home by Airthings was used to determine the average indoor radon for five days in selected rooms in HUSM and HPUniSZA. The average readings were recorded and the estimated annual dose was calculated from both hospitals. RESULTS: In HUSM, the average reading from six rooms is 0.315 pCi/L meanwhile HPUniSZA shows the average of indoor radon 0.98 pCi/L from two rooms. From this direct measurement, HPUniSZA has a higher average reading compared to HUSM with a 74.67% of percentage difference. This might be due to the new building of HPUniSZA compared to HUSM and its location which is closer to Tok Jembal Beach than HUSM to the Kelantan River. The estimated annual effective dose was calculated where HUSM has an estimated 0.294mSv/y of indoor radon meanwhile HPUniSZA is 0.747mSv/y which is still within the annual limit per year of radon. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, indoor radon survey in a workplace is very crucial as radon cannot be seen and its effect on human health, especially workers. Future research can be done by using a more detailed detector to observe the radon concentration with a correlation of other factors such as room area, temperature and humidity to get more precise results.

Keywords: Indoor Radon, Workplace, Radiology Department

ABSTRACT INDOOR RADON MEASUREMENTS IN BUILDINGS OF FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES AT UNISZA Zulianis Mat Isa 1* , Fairuz Mohd Nasir 2 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Radon is radioactive gas produced from radioactive decay of uranium. Radon gas one of the factor that cause breathing complication which lead to lung cancer. The source of most radon is soil, including radon emanate from building material which could give rise to high indoor levels. This study aims to monitor indoor radon concentration in building of FSK at UNISZA at different altitude as well as to investigate the correlation of radon concentration with temperature, humidity and pressure in indoor space. MATERIALS & METHODS Ground floor and second floor at block Maimunah and Hafsah was selected as study area. Radon concentration, temperature, humidity and pressure was collected daily for five days using radon detector, altimeter and humidity detector. RESULTS Average indoor radon concentration obtained in block Maimunah and block Hafsah range from 0.29 to 0.78 pCi/l and 0.24 to 0.30 pCi/l respectively. Ground floor has higher radon concentration than second floor for both block. At block Maimunah, negative correlation obtained between radon concentration over temperature and positive correlation over humidity and pressure. The result is vice versa for second floor. At block Hafsah, negative correlation obtained between radon concentration over pressure and positive over humidity for both floor. The correlation were positively correlate over temperature for second floor but negatively correlated at ground floor. CONCLUSION The values of indoor radon concentration in study area were considerably less than references level of indoor radon concentration in Malaysia. Lower altitude has highest radon concentration. Also, result indicate that radon concentration in building were positive correlated over pressure and negative correlate over temperature and humidity. Keywords: Radon, Altitude, Temperature, Humidity, Pressure

ABSTRACT OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION DOSE ASSESSMENT AMONG UniSZA RADIATION WORKERS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY Aigambaram Vishalini1 , Mohamad Tajudin Suffian1* 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu, Malaysia. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Any workplace installed with radiation generating equipment such as x-ray machines has the potential to cause hazards to workers, which necessitates regular personal and workplace monitoring. The purpose of this study is to assess the occupational radiation dose of UniSZA radiation workers as per the annual dose limit set by the International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP). This study also revises the classification of the controlled area of the X-ray laboratory at the medical campus, UniSZA, into supervised area based on guidelines established by AELB, Malaysia. MATERIALS & METHODS Personal monitoring of radiation workers was performed using film badge (2010-2014) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (OSLD) (2016-2021) on monthly basis. The monthly dose assessment reports issued by the Nuclear Agency of Malaysia were obtained from the Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) of UniSZA. Similarly, the workplace monitoring report of 2021 was also acquired from RPO. Then, the data analysed using IBM SPSS software and AELB workplace classification guidelines. RESULTS The highest annual mean of Hp(10) and Hp(0.07) were found to be 0.257 ± 0.028 mSv and 0.296 ± 0.027 mSv respectively in 2017. The radiation dose rate at controlled area was 1.83 µSv per hour. Both the personal and workplace dose monitoring values are far less than the dose range for a supervised area (1 - 6 mSv). CONCLUSION The annual mean effective dose of UniSZA radiation workers is less than 6 mSv including 2019 to 2021 as required for supervised area. Therefore, the controlled area of the x-ray laboratory at the medical campus is possible to be classified as a supervised area during the next license renewal. Keywords: Occupational radiation exposure, effective dose, ionizing radiation, controlled area, supervised area.

ABSTRACT STRESS MANAGEMENT AMONG UNISZA MEDICAL IMAGING STUDENTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC Iman Aisyah Norazam1* , Suffian Mohamad Tajudin 2 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 2 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Medical imaging students are facing challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the need for hands-on training and practical experience to develop their skills. With the shift to remote learning and limited clinical opportunities, these students may experience increased stress levels, which could impact their academic performance. It is crucial to understand the relationship between stress management and academic performance in medical imaging students during the pandemic to develop effective interventions and support systems tailored for their specific needs. MATERIALS & METHODS A set of questionnaires was distributed online via link provided through WhatsApp to Year 2 to Year 3 Diploma and Year 2 to Year 4 Degree in Medical Imaging students at UniSZA. The questionnaire consists of three sections: socio-demographic information for the first section, effects of stress on second section and stress management on the last section. The second section consists of multiple response question and section three is Likert scale questions. The responses were collected and analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. RESULTS A total of 140 medical imaging students participated in the study. The results showed that there is no association between stress management and academic performance. There is also no association between socio-demographic factors and effects of stress. CONCLUSION In summary, this study contributes to the body of literature by arguing that, among medical imaging students during the COVID-19 epidemic, stress management may not be the only factor affecting academic success. It highlights the significance of taking into account a variety of variables and applying various strategies to promote students' academic progress in situations of crisis. Keywords: Stress management, academic performance, effects of stress, medical imaging students

ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) RADIATION DOSE AND RISK AMONG PATIENTS AT PUSRAWI HOSPITAL, MALAYSIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Siti Madihah Basir1*, Dr. Nazifah Abdullah1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The rapid development of computed tomography (CT) imaging causing it to become the firstline diagnostic tool as CT radiographic images provide more-detailed information and higher spatial resolution than plain X-rays do, and it also widely available in most medical centres. However, it provides greater amount of ionizing radiation exposure to patients, which can be hazardous. Since there is no similar study about CT radiation conducted among patients in Malaysia, thus the aim of this study is to learn about the radiation knowledge and awareness of CT patients at PUSRAWI hospital, Malaysia. MATERIALS & METHODS This comparative cross-sectional study used hardcopy questionnaires, which were distributed to 97 CT patients in radiology department of PUSRAWI hospital, Malaysia between November 2022 and January 2023. The questionnaire consists of four sections, which are demographic information, general radiation knowledge, radiation risk awareness and radiation protection. The ethics approval from UniSZA (UHREC) was obtained in this study. The collected data were analysed using Spearman’s rho correlation, frequency test and Fisher’s exact test. RESULTS Over a 3-months period, a total of 97 patients, 45 (46.4%) men and 52 (53.6%) women, presenting for CT diagnostic imaging in the PUSRAWI’s radiology department, completed a 27-point questionnaire. The study findings found that CT patients had a fair general radiation knowledge and poor level of awareness regarding radiation risk and radiation protection. Furthermore, there is an association between patients’ level of education and their general radiation knowledge, while there is no association between patients’ academic level and their awareness of radiation risk and radiation protection. CONCLUSION The overall knowledge and awareness regarding CT radiation and its associated risk among patients is low. It is recommended for physicians to provide appropriate radiation information and have efficient communication with patients prior to CT examination. Keywords: Computed tomography (CT), ionizing radiation, patient knowledge and awareness

ABSTRACT DEEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR) FOR ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE AMONG RESIDENTS LIVING NEARBY THE CELLULAR BASE STATION IN KUALA NERUS, TERENGGANU Illia Natasha Adnan1*, Nazifah Abdullah2 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus Terengganu, Malaysia. [email protected] INTRODUCTION Mobile phone radio waves, like visible light and x-rays are electromagnetic waves that have both an electric and a magnetic component that varies periodically in time. Telecommunication companies must deploy more base stations in strategic areas. However, the majority of these spots are in densely populated regions near residential areas. This study aims to develop and validate the questionnaire for electromagnetic radiation (EMR) for assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice among residents living nearby the cellular base station in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. MATERIALS & METHODS A cross sectional, the randomization is not applicable due to the study is not an interventional trial and only an observational study. The sampling method will be used in this study is nonprobability sampling which classified as convenience sampling method. In this type of sampling, participants are not randomly chosen and are drawn from a targeted group. The method of distribution of the questionnaire is through face to face with respondents. The questionnaire consists of 36 items on knowledge, attitude and practice of electromagnetic radiation among residents living nearby the cellular base station. A total of 150 respondents were received. RESULTS Overall findings indicate the validity and reliability test of the questionnaire was tested by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cronbach’s Alpha test using the IBM SPSS software version 21. For validity test, the variables of the questionnaire in each domain were extracted by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation into certain components. Validity test was interpreted first by the Kaise-Meyer-Olkin Test and also Barlett’s Test. CONCLUSION This study enables further research pertaining to the knowledge, attitude and practice of electromagnetic radiation among residents living near the telecommunication base station. This study only produces little variables from the total of thirty-six variables, thus to ensure more variable are valid, the questionnaire need to be revised and data collection need to be collected again.

ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF INFECTION CONTROL AND STANDARD PRECAUTION AMONG MEDICAL IMAGING STUDENTS IN UNISZA Zakaria Nur Syifa Aqilah1* , Mohamed Nurul Syazwina2 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Healthcare associated infections risk in health care settings has caused a great concern to medical imaging students during clinical attachment due to high interaction rate with patients. Students may spread infections through inadequate knowledge and poor practice, which may then degrade the standard of care. Preventive measures and infection control policies have been developed to prevent the spread of infections, lower morbidity and medical care costs. However, recent evidence revealed poor level of health science students’ knowledge regarding infection control. This cross-sectional survey-based study is aimed to determine level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards infection control. This study is also aimed to determine the association between knowledge, attitude, and practice level of infection control and standard precautions among uniSZA medical imaging students. MATERIALS & METHODS The sampling method used was purposive sampling. An online questionnaire was distributed using social media platforms, Whatsapp from 21th March to 22th April 2023. The questionnaire consists of 12 items on knowledge, 7 items on attitude and 10 items on practice about infection control. RESULTS A total of 136 medical imaging students participated in this study, 98 Bachelor’s degree students and 38 Diploma students. Overall knowledge, attitude and practice level among students were good. The percentage of respondents had good knowledge, positive attitude and good practice were 100% (n=136), 100% (n=136) and 98.5% (n=134) respectively. Fisher’s exact test shows there was no association between attitude level and practice level of infection control among respondents (p =1.00). CONCLUSION Continuous infection control training and education program are still required to enhance awareness of standard precautions and thus reduce infection exposure. Future recommendations are to include all health science students and medical students to participate in the survey. Further studies to assess the extent of public knowledge regarding infection control may also be conducted.