Keywords: Medical imaging students, infection prevention and control, standard precautions, knowledge, attitude, practice
ABSTRACT AWARENESS ABOUT HAZARDS OF X-RAY IMAGING AND PERCEPTION REGARDING RADIATION PROTECTION DURING X-RAY PROCEDURES AMONG ACADEMIC STAFF IN UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN (UniSZA) Norjasmani Mas Farhana, Abdullah Nazifah School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu [email protected] INTRODUCTION Medical imaging procedures involving radiation have increased significantly over the past decade. However, radiation exposure causes hazardous effects. Previous research has shown healthcare professionals and the general population have a poor level of awareness about the issue. This cross-sectional survey is aimed to assess the awareness of the hazards of X-ray imaging and the perception regarding radiation protection during X-ray imaging procedures among the academic staff of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA). MATERIALS & METHODS The sampling method used was convenience sampling. An online survey was conducted using Google Forms through email between 27th March to 17th May 2023. The questionnaire consists of 14 items on awareness of hazards of X-ray imaging and 3 items on perception regarding radiation protection during X-ray imaging procedures. A total of 74 respondents were received. RESULTS Overall the findings of the study among the academic staff were good. The Pearson Chi-square test shows there was a comparison between the level of awareness of the hazards of X-ray imaging among academic staff in different faculties (p= 0.026) while there is no difference between perception regarding radiation protection during X-ray imaging procedures among academic staff in different faculties (p=0.382). This test also shows there is no significant association between gender with the level of awareness of the hazards of X-ray imaging and perception regarding radiation protection during X-ray imaging procedures (p= 0.674) and (p= 0.803) respectively. CONCLUSION The population involved in this study did not reflect the whole population of academic staff in UniSZA as the optimum sample size was not achieved. Paper-based surveys should be used for future research to ensure more reliable results and involve all campuses of UniSZA. Keywords: Awareness, X-ray imaging, Perception, Radiation Protection, Academic staff
ABSTRACT CHALLENGES OF RADIOGRAPHERS IN PAEDIATRIC IMAGING – DECIDING ON DIFFERENT IMMOBILISATION STRATEGIES DURING RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Sarah Syafiqah Abd Rani1* , Nur Hamizah Mohd Zainudin1 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia * [email protected] INTRODUCTION In paediatric imaging, immobilisation may be essential to guarantee patient safety and examination efficiency. There is little guidance available for radiographers in regards to the selection of various immobilisation techniques. This study explored into the immobilisation techniques that radiographers choose for paediatric imaging and the factors that influenced their choices. METHODS Literature search was carried out using a Preferred Reporting Item for Sytematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) strategy. A systematic approach was employed to identify relevant studies from PubMed and Science Direct. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened for their relevance and resulted in four articles to address the objectives of this literature review. RESULTS The final review included only four articles published between the year 2004 and 2020 discussing about immobilisation and restraint in paediatric imaging. Each of the literatures included were critically analysed. According to the findings, the different categories of immobilisation techniques used by radiographers in paediatric imaging include mechanical, physical, psychological, and chemical immobilisation techniques. Then, age was found as the most influential factors while workload/staffing pressure was discovered as the least influential factors that influence radiographer’s decision to restraint a child during imaging procedures. CONCLUSION Radiographers face numerous challenges when deciding on different immobilisation strategies during paediatric imaging. The review emphasises the significance of understanding the unique needs of paediatric patients and the importance of tailoring immobilisation strategies accordingly. Keywords: Radiographers, Paediatrics, Immobilisation, Restraint, Medical Imaging
SEM II SESSION 22/23 RESEARCH PROJECT II Day 2
ABSTRACT THE DIAGNOSTIC ABILITY OF PORTABLE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN DIAGNOSING BRAIN ABNORMALITIES FOR CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT OR EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Nur Fatihah Zakaria1* , Elza Azri Othman1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Portable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a more practical diagnostic option than conventional MRI for neuroimaging critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) or emergency department (ED). This review aims to identify the type of brain abnormalities that can be diagnosed using portable MRI for critically ill patients in the ICU or ED and evaluate its feasibility features. MATERIALS & METHODS A systematic review was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus, then supplemented by a search from the Hyperfine website. RESULTS Only nine articles were considered for the review, which involved 410 adult and 14 neonate participants from ICU and ED. Of these participants, 386 had brain abnormalities or were suspected of having them, and 38 were healthy controls. Brain haemorrhage, stroke, infections, injury, neoplasms and neonatal brain abnormalities were the brain disorders found by portable MRI during brain imaging of critically ill patients in ICU and ED. Compared with conventional MRI, this review also demonstrated that portable MRI significantly differed regarding safety, scanning duration and mobility in neuroimaging critically ill patients. CONCLUSION Notably, portable MRI can diagnose more than one type of brain abnormalities and is more feasible than conventional MRI due to its different features. Although portable MRI technology shows promise, additional research is necessary to validate its effectiveness, especially in situations involving neonates and emergencies. Keywords: portable magnetic resonance imaging, brain, critically ill patients
THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON SCAR SEGMENTATION IN CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND META-ANALYSES. Roslan Nurul Ashikin1 , Azwa Abdul Aziz2 , Jasmin Nur Hayati1* 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia 2 Faculty Informatics and Computing, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methodologies for scar segmentation in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and its performance evaluation. MATERIALS & METHODS Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed and Science Direct was undertaken from 2012 to 2022 to search for full-text publications that implemented AI methods on scar segmentation in CMR in patients with cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS A total of 21 articles out of 475 articles were selected for the final review. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) were implemented in 17 (81%) and 4 (19%) articles respectively. This indicates a preference for deep learning methods in the scar segmentation. In terms of favoring learning method, it was identified that ML employed unsupervised learning, while DL utilized supervised learning. Furthermore, both ML and DL were further categorized into different approaches based on their manufacture and purpose. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) value was used as measures of the performance of AI methods in 19 articles. Forest plot analysis of 19 articles assessing DSC value demonstrated moderate heterogeneity between individual study with Q = 30.70 is higher than 28.869, the critical value for 18 degree of freedom and showed AI had fairly good DSC compared to manual segmentation with a score of 70.06%, 95% confidence interval (CI) [63.27, 76.81]. The application of AI has been advanced with the emerging of sophisticated algorithms allowing for quantification of border zone and microvascular obstruction regions. The performance of AI method is highly depending on the network architecture, training strategies, and data set used for training. CONCLUSION The presence of AI methods in scar segmentation demonstrated high feasibility with good performance evaluation for quantifying myocardial scar. This study can have a huge impact on clinicians in health care by improving their experiences with scar segmentation and enhancing clinically validated application of AI in CMR imaging. [314 words]
ABSTRACT DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF CHEST X-RAY AND CHEST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) IN DIAGNOSIS COVID-19: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Ramle Siti Zulaikha1 , 1 Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 outbreak has caused a worldwide health emergency. To diagnose COVID-19, doctors rely on clinical symptoms and laboratory tests, such as RT-PCR testing of respiratory samples. However, RT-PCR had a few of limitation that contributes to false negative result. In order to detecting COVID-19, medical professionals have utilized chest X-rays (CXR) and chest CT as one of methods for diagnosing COVID-19. The objective of the study was to rule out the best imaging modality for a patient suspected of COVID-19 by comparing the performance of chest X-ray (CXR) and chest CT related with image finding and diseases symptoms severities. MATERIALS & METHODS A systematic study conducted a thorough search using specific keywords on a database: PubMed, and manual citation searching. The literature search was carried out using the PRISMA strategy, while the process of screening and removing duplicate studies and assessing eligibility using Microsoft Excel 2019. RESULTS A total of 14 studies were included in the review analysis. The result of the review found that chest CT had great sensitivity but its specificity is not significantly different from that of CXR. Chest CT can be used for all types of symptom severities patients but CXR only detect COVID19 in mild, moderate, and severe patients. The common image findings were glass ground opacities, lung consolidation and pleural effusion CONCLUSION CXR is useful in resource-limited settings or when CT is unavailable, but CT scans are more accurate and sensitive for lung abnormalities. CXR and CT should be chosen based on patient condition and resource availability, with future research needed to improve COVID-19 diagnosis. Keywords: diagnostic accuracy, chest x-ray, computed tomography, CT scan, COVID-19, sensitivity, specificity
ABSTRACT THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MEDICAL IMAGING STUDENTS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Aina Sabrina Suria* , Nurul Fadhlina Ismail1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted healthcare systems worldwide, affecting the education and clinical experiences of healthcare students, including those pursuing Medical Imaging (MI). Limited research exists on the impact of COVID-19 on this specific student population. This literature review aims to analyse the positive and negative impacts of the pandemic on the clinical experiences and on the theoretical education of MI students. MATERIALS & METHODS A systematic search with the use of developed keywords was conducted by using 3 databases, namely Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The literature review was carried out using a Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) strategy, the process of screening and removing duplication as well as eligibility was present using the PRISMA 2020. The criteria selection in the study includes MI students of all ages and genders that faced the COVID-19 pandemic during their clinical training and theoretical learning. A total of 7 studies were included in the review analysis. RESULTS The results of this review found that there are positive, negative, and mixed impacts of COVID19 to MI students clinical experiences and theoretical studies. Out of 7 articles reviewed, most of the impacts for both clinical experience and theoretical experience were negative (72%), while the rest are positive and mixed impacts. The study also shown that the clinical training is the most impacted (32%) among 5 categories of impacts. Meanwhile for the theoretical studies, interestingly there are more positive impacts than the negative ones. CONCLUSION This systematic literature review reveals the diverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on MI students, encompassing disruptions, challenges, and opportunities faced by students. Keywords: COVID-19, Medical Imaging students
ABSTRACT DIFFUSION WEIGHTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) AS THE PRIMARY TOOL IN FOLLOWING UP URINARY BLADDER CARCINOMA AFTER TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION VERSUS CYSTOSCOPY : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Istifa Ajwa Jahiddin 1 , Nurul Fadhlina Ismail1 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Most of patient with urinary bladder carcinoma will be classified into non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is the standard treatment. However, recurrence of tumor can occur to the patient after TURBT and this require follow up. Cystoscopy is currently the gold standard for follow-up which is invasive and undesirable procedure for patients. Diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI is a non-invasive technique which can help in characterization of various abnormalities. Therefore, this study will focus on the sensitivity and specificity of DW-MRI in follow up recurrent of bladder tumor. MATERIALS & METHODS A systematic search with the use of related keywords was conducted by using a PubMed database. The literature review was carried out using guideline of Prefered Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). RESULTS A total of 3 articles were included in the review analysis. The selected articles reported that DW-MRI has an excellent number of sensitivity and specificity in detecting recurrent tumor which range from 91.6% to 100% and 81.8% to 91.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION DW-MRI has a high value of sensitivity and specificity in following recurrent bladder tumor however, cystoscopy remains as the gold standard. This non-invasive method could be used efficiently in future for follow-up of this patient group and may obviate the need of routine cystoscopy; however, further studies are required to confirm these results and still we are a long way from having DW-MRI supplant cystoscopy. Keywords: Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging, transurethral resection, recurrence of bladder tumor
ABSTRACT DIFFUSION WEIGHTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) AS THE PRIMARY TOOL IN FOLLOWING UP URINARY BLADDER CARCINOMA AFTER TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION VERSUS CYSTOSCOPY : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Istifa Ajwa Jahiddin 1 , Nurul Fadhlina Ismail1 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Most of patient with urinary bladder carcinoma will be classified into non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is the standard treatment. However, recurrence of tumor can occur to the patient after TURBT and this require follow up. Cystoscopy is currently the gold standard for follow-up which is invasive and undesirable procedure for patients. Diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI is a non-invasive technique which can help in characterization of various abnormalities. Therefore, this study will focus on the sensitivity and specificity of DW-MRI in follow up recurrent of bladder tumor. MATERIALS & METHODS A systematic search with the use of related keywords was conducted by using a PubMed database. The literature review was carried out using guideline of Prefered Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). RESULTS A total of 3 articles were included in the review analysis. The selected articles reported that DW-MRI has an excellent number of sensitivity and specificity in detecting recurrent tumor which range from 91.6% to 100% and 81.8% to 91.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION DW-MRI has a high value of sensitivity and specificity in following recurrent bladder tumor however, cystoscopy remains as the gold standard. This non-invasive method could be used efficiently in future for follow-up of this patient group and may obviate the need of routine cystoscopy; however, further studies are required to confirm these results and still we are a long way from having DW-MRI supplant cystoscopy. Keywords: Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging, transurethral resection, recurrence of bladder tumor
ABSTRACT EVALUATION OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) VERSUS KNEE ARTHROSPCOPY IN DIAGNOSING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (ACL) TEARS: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Husin Nur-Aina Shahira1* , Ali Azlinawati1 , 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences in University Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The most frequently injured ligament in the knee is the ACL, and this condition cannot be cured. The knee frequently suffers joint injuries since it is involved in the movement. The latest "gold standard" for the diagnosis of ACL tears is arthroscopy, which has a 100% accuracy rate. However, arthroscopy is an intrusive procedure that carries some complications for the patients. As a result, a lot of patients are hesitant to use this procedure while getting a diagnosis. Hence, this study focuses on the MRI evaluation of ACL tear in order to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the MRI compared to the knee arthroscopy. MATERIALS & METHODS A Systematic Literature Reviews was conducted by searching reliable database. The This study conducted by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. QUADAS-2 and its signalling questions was utilized to evaluate risk of bias. RESULTS 17 articles are selected for this review that being access through the PubMed. The diagnostic accuracy of the MRI is significantly high in detecting ACL tears with the sensitivity within the range of 81% to 98.60%, the specificity collected within 79% to 100%, the PPV range between 80.55% to 100%, NPV within the range of 74.50% to 100% and AUC above 0.9. The risk of bias and applicability concerns of each study were evaluated. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of ACL injury using MRI has high diagnostic accuracy but knee arthroscopy remains as the gold standard in evaluating ACL tears. MRI has established as the non-invasive, radiation free, have great cost effectiveness, quick and no risk of complications. Nevertheless, no explicit outcome of what the best sequences for ACL tears detection but T2-weighted images are commonly used to visualise ACL. Additional sequences can be used such as volume sequences of DESS and FLASH. Keywords: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Knee Arthroscopy, ACL tears.
ABSTRACT EFFECT OF ADDED FILTRATION ON PATIENT DOSE AND IMAGE QUALITY ON ANTEROPOSTERIOR (AP) PELVIS RADIOGRAPHY: A PHANTOM STUDY Siti Nur Wahidah Mohd Faizal1*, Nurul Syazwina Mohamed2 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 2 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu [email protected] INTRODUCTION This study aims to measure the entrance skin dose (ESD and evaluate image quality with different thicknesses of additional filtration during AP pelvis radiography as it is the most frequent examination. The pelvis area is a thick body part that required high radiation doses hence could be harmful to the radiosensitive organs. Additional filtration was proven to be a functioning tool to reduce radiation dose while maintaining image quality. MATERIALS & METHODS The measurements of ESD and evaluation of image quality were done using whole-body phantom PBU-31 Kyoto Kagaku. The phantom was positioned in the Ap pelvis position with constant collimation field. The ESD readings were collected from Cobia Smart. Then, images were evaluated using Software ImageJ and were calculated using a formula to get the value of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). The thickness of additional filtration will be added to the current level in 1mm increments up to 3mm. the exposure used for this study were 66kVp, 16 mAs, 70 kVp 20 mAs, and 73 kVp 25 mAs. RESULTS The result represents a clear trend of decreasing ESD with regard to the increasing thickness of additional filtration by 24% to 58%. The value of SNR and CNR were inconsistent but was recorded the highest with 1mm additional filtration and medium exposure CONCLUSION Overall, this study strengthens the idea that added filtration does affect ESD and image quality. Appropriate thickness of added filtration was proven useful in reducing radiation dose while maintaining the image quality of Ap pelvis radiography.
ABSTRACT EFFECT OF USING STATIONARY GRID AND AIR GAP TECHNIQUE ON IMAGE QUALITY AND ENTRANCE SKIN DOSE (ESD) IN AP PELVIS RADIOGRAPHY: A PHANTOM STUDY Nur Syarfa Sahira Mohammed Nazim1* , Nurul Syazwina Mohamed2 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Anti-scatter grids have been utilized in pelvic examination to enhance image contrast but could result in substantial increase of patient radiation exposure that could harm the radiosensitive organ. However, there is an existing method that has potential to reduce the amount of scattered x-ray radiation which is by introducing air Gap technique. The study aims to determine the Entrance skin dose (ESD) between stationary grid and air gap technique. Besides, it aims to determine distance in air gap technique that produce the optimal image quality. MATERIALS & METHODS An experimental phantom study is conducted in obtaining the measurement of the entrance skin dose and Image quality. The Kyoto Kagaku PBU-31 phantom is positioned in AP position on the table for grid technique and introduce differences air gap thickness ranging from 5 – 25 cm using air gap devices. The ESD is measured using cobia SMART R/F X-ray meter and the image is evaluated using ImageJ software to get value for signal-noise ratio (SNR). RESULTS There is a differences value of ESD between stationary grid and air gap technique. The value of entrance skin dose using air gap technique is lower than using stationary grid. Based on the value of the signal-noise ratio (SNR), the distance of gap that produce optimal image quality is at 15 cm where it recorded the highest value. CONCLUSION The use of air gap technique can reduce the entrance skin dose (ESD) compared to using the stationary grid and the distance air gap of 15 cm produce high Signal-noise ratio value that could produce optimal image quality. Keywords: Entrance skin dose (ESD), Signal-noise ratio (SNR), Antero-posterior (AP).
ABSTRACT CALCULATION OF X-RAY ABSORBED DOSE DISTRIBUTION IN PHANTOM MATERIALS BY USING MONTE CARLO METHOD Nur Fazlin Najwa Nor Azman1*Suffian Mohamad Tajudin2* School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Most phantom studies are for high-energy photon (MeV) irradiation. Thus, in this study, the absorbed dose distribution for X-ray (kVp) energy for various phantom materials was calculated using the Monte Carlo method. The goal of this study is to calculate the absorbed dose distribution for several common human phantom materials in comparison to human soft tissue for the diagnostic X-ray (kVp) energy range using the EGS5 code, as well as to evaluate the factors that affect the absorbed dose distribution within the human phantoms and identify the one that is closest to human soft tissue. MATERIALS & METHODS In this study, a geometry of water material is produced by utilizing the Monte Carlo EGS5 method to investigate the absorbed dose distribution for different phantom materials. The phantom materials that were selected for this investigation include polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene, and soft tissue. These phantom materials contain different densities and material compositions. RESULTS The absorbed dose distribution is decrease as the phantom materials is deeper for both 50 and 100 kVp. PMMA (highest density) has high dose than polyethylene (lowest density) but lower than soft tissue materials because soft tissue contain many atomic numbers. Absorbed dose for PMMA from soft tissue is within 20% at 1 cm and 20 cm but polyethylene has large differences which is 45% at 1 cm and 126% at 20 cm. CONCLUSION Absorbed dose distribution is differ based on the depth of phantom materials. The density and elemental composition of phantom material is affecting the absorbed dose where PMMA (high density) have more absorbed dose distribution compared than polyethylene (low density). Moreover, of all the phantom materials applied, PMMA material is most close to human soft tissue. Keywords: Monte Carlo; EGS5 code; dose distribution; phantom materials
ABSTRACT BACKSCATTERING FACTOR AT PHANTOM SURFACE: A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION STUDY Ismail Siti Nur Alia1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu, Malaysia. [email protected] INTRODUCTION The goal of this study is to explore the backscattering factor by using a simulation technique called Monte Carlo simulation on phantom materials. In the field of radiology, it is important to have phantom materials that closely resemble human tissue in terms of their physical properties and radiological characteristics. The study focuses on analysing the backscattered radiation at different levels of photon energy and using various types of phantom materials. Monte Carlo simulation is a tool that helps model the movement of different types of particles, such as photons. It relies on the probability distribution of how radiation interacts with matter. The study will compare the results obtained from using different phantom materials. This comparison will help determine the most appropriate solid phantom to use when ensuring the quality and accuracy of radiation dosing. Ultimately, the findings from this study can contribute to improving the precision of radiation therapy for patients and assessing the performance and reliability of imaging systems. MATERIALS & METHODS The scattered distribution of the different phantom materials which are water, polyethylene, PMMA and soft tissue were evaluated using the Monte Carlo simulation, specifically the EGS5 code. By using text editor such as Notepad++, the range value of energy from 0.005 MeV to 1.000 MeV is manipulated and run the EGS5 code using command prompt. There are two variables that were kept as constant which are phantom thickness at 20cm, and number of photon at 1,000,000. RESULTS The Monte Carlo code's accuracy was validated by comparing the results of the Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) of Water material with the WinXCom database. The 5% difference between EGS5 and WinXCom indicates that Monte Carlo is a reliable approach for determining dosage distribution. PMMA phantom material have the highest value of BSF and polyethylene have the lowest value of BSF. CONCLUSION To conclude, the energy of photons plays a significant role in determining the backscatter result, with lower energy photons resulting in a higher backscatter factor compared to higher energy photons. This emphasizes the importance of studying the BSF in diagnostic radiology, particularly in mammography. Keywords: Backscattered radiation, Monte Carlo Simulation, EGS5 code, Photon Energy, Phantom Materials
ABSTRACT EFFECT OF COLLIMATION AND EXPOSURE FACTOR ON ENTRANCE SURFACE DOSE IN AP AND LATERAL KNEE RADIOGRAPHY: A PHANTOM STUDY Nur Hamizah Binti Shaiful Anuar1*, Dr. Nurul Syazwina Binti Mohamed2 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, UniSZA, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Knee plain radiography is the routine radiological procedure commonly performed in the radiology department for knee evaluation, especially for postoperative assessment for total knee arthroplasty. However, despite using proper collimation size and exposure factor settings by the healthcare workers, the patient’s dose increased due to the repetitive procedure of knee radiography. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of collimation size and exposure factors on entrance surface dose (ESD) in anteroposterior (AP) and lateral knee radiography. MATERIALS & METHODS A Cobia Smart R/F was used to measure the ESD of the knee part of the whole-body human phantom, positioned for an AP and lateral projection of the knee. The Cobia Smart R/F was placed at the center of the field of view on the phantom’s skin and was exposed at three different settings of exposure factors for each kilovoltage peak (kVp) (60, 65, and 70 kVp) and milliampere-second (mAs) (5, 7, and 10 mAs) for each type of collimation size; small (only relevant anatomy) and large (720cm2 ). RESULTS The ESDs were significantly increased as both kVp and mAs settings, and collimation size increased in both AP and lateral knee projection (p < 0.001). There was a significant, positive, and excellent correlation between exposure factors and collimation on ESD in the lateral knee (rs = 1, p< 0.001). The highest CNR in AP and lateral knee were 10.16 and 11.61, respectively, at 70kVp and 8mAs. The overall CNR was increased as kVp and mAs increased in both AP and lateral knee radiographs. CONCLUSION The collimation size and exposure factors were directly correlated to ESD during AP and lateral knee radiography. Keywords: Collimation Size, Entrance Surface Dose, Knee Radiography, Kilovoltage-Peak, Milliampere-second
ABSTRACT BISMUTH OXIDE NANOPARTICLE AS A CONTRAST AGENT IN EVALUATING IMAGE QUALITY: A PHANTOM STUDY Muhammad Zafran Danial Ahmad Nazri1 , Nur Hamizah Mohd Zainudin2 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak, Terengganu. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION In medical imaging, iodine has been the golden standard when using it as a contrast agent. This is due to its effective attenuation, high solubility and versatile synthesis. The main problem for iodinated based contrast agent is it has several side effect that can cause complication to patients. For example, severe side effect such as allergic reaction, kidney failure and thyroid dysfunction. Bismuth-based contrast media have attracted several researcher because of its unique characteristic. To prove the effectiveness of contrast enhancement between iodine and bismuth, planar x-ray imaging is used in this study. MATERIALS & METHOD The experiment is carried by developing bismuth oxide nanoparticle (BiONP) solution to act as contrast media. Three concentration (150µMol/L, 100µMol/L and 50µMol/L) was develop for comparison. Iodine is also used in this study. The concentration of iodine contrast must be the same with BiONP contrast also for comparison. Two different contrast media will be pipetted into the 96-well plate. Deionized water is refer as a control group in this study. The plate will be sandwich by a water based phantom where the phantom is refer as the thickness of human body. The phantom will be irradiated with four different exposure (46kVp, 52kVp, 90kVp and 125kVp). RESULTS The results shows no significant difference between BiONP and iodine in term of contrast enhancement. At 52 kVp, only 150 µMol/L shows significant difference. It shows p-value = 0.04. Contrast-noise-ratio was also tested. It shows no significant difference between BiONP and Iodine since the p-value is bigger than 0.05 (>0.999). At concentration 150 µMol/L, BiONP shows better CNR value compare to Iodine.
MITIGATING THE UMBRELLA ARTIFACT: EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE COUPLING AGENTS FOR IMPROVED ABDOMINAL SKIN ULTRASOUND Muhammad Hanif Hakimi Zainudin1*, Abdullah, K. A.1,2* 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Email:[email protected] INTRODUCTION The increasing use of ultrasound in dermatology has introduced unique challenges due to the superficial nature of the scans. Adequate coupling agents are essential for sound wave transmission; however, the presence of air bubbles in ultrasound gel can lead to the formation of the disruptive umbrella artifact. This study aims to compare the image quality and assess the feasibility of using petroleum jelly as an alternative coupling agent to ultrasound gel in abdominal skin ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional, randomized, single-blinded study was conducted, utilizing a Likert scale questionnaire to evaluate image quality. Parameters including homogeneity, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), contrast, and high contrast spatial resolution (HCSR) were analyzed. The qualitative presence of the umbrella artifact was also assessed. The study included 88 patients with a normal body mass index (BMI) at the University Malaya Medical Centre. RESULTS Our findings indicate no significant difference in image quality between ultrasound gel and petroleum jelly in abdominal skin ultrasound. Petroleum jelly demonstrated comparable image quality to ultrasound gel, as determined by paired t-test analysis (p = 0.018). Additionally, qualitative evaluation using McNemar's test revealed a lower incidence of the umbrella artifact with petroleum jelly compared to ultrasound gel (p = 0.039, 5% level of significance). CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential of using petroleum jelly as an alternative coupling agent for abdominal skin ultrasound, effectively reducing the formation of the disruptive umbrella artifact. By mitigating this artifact, ultrasound imaging in dermatology can be further improved. These findings provide valuable insights for clinicians and technologists seeking enhanced diagnostic accuracy in abdominal skin ultrasound examinations.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TISSUE HARMONIC IMAGING (THI) AND B-MODE ULTRASOUND FOR FATTY LIVER ASSESSMENT IN OBESE PATIENTS Muhammad Zulhilmi bin Abd Wahab1*, Abdullah, K. A.1,2* 1School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Email: [email protected] / [email protected] OBJECTIVE Fatty liver, also known as hepatic steatosis, is a significant condition associated with obesity. The increased subcutaneous fat thickness and target organ depth in obese patients present a challenge in obtaining high-quality diagnostic images. Ultrasound imaging, a non-invasive and widely available technology, can help identify and assess fatty liver. This study aims to compare the image quality and artifact presence between Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI) and modern conventional B-mode ultrasound for diagnosing fatty liver in obese patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional, single-blinded, and randomized study was conducted to evaluate image quality using a Likert scale questionnaire. Homogeneity, image contrast, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and high contrast spatial resolution were assessed. Additionally, the presence of artifacts was evaluated qualitatively. A total of 88 patients with class 1 obesity underwent hepatobiliary ultrasound (HBS). RESULTS The results showed a significant difference in image quality evaluation between conventional Bmode and THI when diagnosing fatty liver in obese patients. Statistical analysis revealed that out of 88 samples, 68 showed higher total marks in THI mode compared to B-mode. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis using McNemar's test demonstrated that THI mode had fewer artifact occurrences compared to B-mode. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study demonstrates that THI mode produces images of significantly higher quality and exhibits fewer artifacts compared to conventional B-mode ultrasound for assessing fatty liver in obese patients. These findings highlight the potential of THI mode to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of fatty liver diagnosis in this population. Keywords: Tissue Harmonic Imaging, B-mode ultrasound, fatty liver, hepatobiliary ultrasound, obesity.
ABSTRACT STUDY OF ANODE HEEL EFFECT ON EVALUATION OF SKIN ENTRANCE DOSE ON RADIOSENSITIVE ORGAN AND IMAGE QUALITY OF AP PELVIS (A PHANTOM STUDY) Nur Ain Syuhada Rosli1*, Dr Nurul Syazwina Mohamed2 , 1 Faculty of Health Science, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Using phantoms, this experimental study aims to evaluate an impact of anode heel orientation on entrance skin dose of radiosensitive organ during AP pelvis projection and the image quality. This study conducted by implementing an anode heel effect on antero-posterior (AP) Pelvis radiography. AP pelvis are being chosen in this study because of radiation are being exposed directly onto patient radiosensitive region during the AP Pelvis x-ray compared to other x-ray projections. MATERIALS & METHODS Cobia smart meter were used with PBU-31 whole-body phantom; the phantom was positioned in AP pelvis position with two different orientations. First with the phantom feet towards anode and then repeated with feet towards cathode. Exposure factors used for this study were 66, 70, 73, 75, 77 kVp; and 16, 20, 25, 28, 32 mAs to generate a variety of exposures. Entrance skin dose (ESD) were collected using cobia smart meter and recorded. 10 radiographs were taken and the quality of image was being evaluated by using signalnoise ratio (SNR) value that has been calculated using ImageJ software. RESULTS The entrance skin dose (ESD) on both orientation, which are feet towards anode and feet towards cathode shows no difference with only 7% different. At 66kVp, ESD value at anode and cathode is same, which is 1.1 mGy. SNR values shows higher majority in feet positioned towards the anode compared to feet towards the cathode, except for 73kVp, cathode shows 4% higher than anode. At 73kVp also shows a reduction value of anode to 54% then increasing again at 75kVp resulting anode side provides better image quality. CONCLUSION
Anode heel effect cannot be used as dose reduction method but this costless method can maintaining a good quality image during AP pelvis x-ray. Keywords: Antero-posterior (AP), Entrance skin dose (ESD), signal-noise ratio (SNR)
ABSTRACT THE KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF CAREGIVERS ABOUT THEIR CHILDREN’S EXPOSURE TO RADIATION DURING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY EXAMINATION: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY Nur Maisarah Ali1*, Nur Hamizah Mohd Zainudin2 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 2 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The computed tomography (CT) revolution has drastically altered diagnostic decision-making and medical practice, survived the challenges posed by other imaging modalities, and moved to the forefront of hospital diagnostic imaging. Children, who are radiosensitive, are at a greater risk of developing future cancer due to exposure to radiation at a young age. Even though the demand for CT paediatrics is increasing, there is still a lack of published reports regarding caregivers’ awareness of radiation risk. Hence, this study aims to determine caregivers’ awareness about their children’s exposure to ionising radiation following CT examination. MATERIALS & METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted for 15 months among caregivers who brought their children (below 18 years old) to undergo CT examination at the KMI Kuantan Medical Centre. The questionnaires had three parts: the socio-demographic status, nine knowledge-based questions, and eleven awareness-based questions. The data was analysed using the IBM SPSS Version 21. RESULTS One hundred and forty-four respondents participated in the survey. All of the respondents portray a high level of knowledge but fair awareness. The study showed a significant association between the relationship to the paediatric patient and place of residence with the caregiver’s knowledge. A significant association was also demonstrated between the occupation and caregivers’ awareness. CONCLUSION The majority of the respondents think there needs to be better awareness among the public regarding the effects of ionising radiation from medical imaging modalities. Hence, this study is essential as baseline data for future research and to reinforce more effort in providing better information towards the public about medical-related radiation.
Keywords: caregivers, paediatric, cancer risk, knowledge, awareness
ABSTRACT PERCEPTION ON ONLINE LEARNING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AMONG MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIOGRAPHY UNISZA STUDENTS. Rabiatul Adawiah Ramly1* , Nazifah Abdullah2 1 Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Gong Badak Campus, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu 2 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted the teaching method from face-to-face learning to fully online learning, in a variety of institutions, especially in medical imaging and radiography schools. Due to the pandemic, online learning became the core method. A survey was conducted to determine the perception on online learning among medical imaging and radiography Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin students. MATERIALS & METHODS A survey was conducted by distributing a questionnaire personally to a Bachelor and Diploma student that had experienced online learning during a pandemic, through a WhatsApp in Google form. Typical statistical software was used to analyze the survey data. RESULTS One hundred and sixty-six students answered the questionnaire. According to respondents’ answers, the main advantages of online learning were easy to access to online materials (86.1%), and the minority chosen by respondents were classes interactivity (25.9%). The majority of respondents chose technical problems (86.7%) and reduced interaction with the teacher (77.1%) as the main disadvantages. Online learning was considered less effective than face-to-face learning in terms of increasing knowledge (P < .001), increasing clinical skills (P < .001), and social competences (P < .001). There was no statistically difference in comparison the perception on online learning among Bachelor and Diploma student (M = 3.25) and Diploma (M = 3.38) (P = 0.349) with rated as enjoyable by 85.5% of respondents. CONCLUSION Online learning also can provide an effective way to educate medical imaging and radiography student. However, incorporating online learning into syllabus successfully necessitates an effective strategy and a more proactive approach. Keywords: COVID-19, knowledge, online learning, pandemic, perception, skills, students
ABSTRACT PROJECT TITLE Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Radiography Education from the Perspectives of students: A Questionnaire Study NurFatihah Abd Salam1*, Fairuz Mohd Nasir1 , 1Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Terengganu [email protected] INTRODUCTION COVID-19 is an infectious disease.this disease can spread by air or droplets.So, to prevent this disease separated, lockdown is introduced. Therefore, this study purposely assesses the impact of the COVID-19 on the medical imaging students relating to their theoretical delivery and research activities. It also relates to the clinical training among medical imaging students during the pandemic. MATERIALS & METHODS This study will perform online cross-sectional research among medical imaging students at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA).Student participants is Medical Imaging student from (UniSZA) that meets the inclusion criteria. This should include student from Diploma Radiography and Bachelor in Medical Imaging that involved theoretical learning and had their clinical placement at least one time within March 2020 until March 2022.This questionnaire has 5 questions that cover the Demographic Characteristics of participants and 15 questions regarding to the study. RESULTS Learning basic radiography subjects(e.g.physics, instrumentation) through online learning during a pandemic is hard to focus on and during clinical training within the pandemic period, I was always worried about being infected with the COVID-19 virus and this interrupted my clinical training sessions have the most highest strongly agree by 54.55% and 56.36%. Within the pandemic period, it is difficult to learn the radiographic technique of positioning patients during clinical(47.27%), during the clinical training within the pandemic period, access to all imaging modalities within the radiology department was limited(47.27%) and during clinical training within the pandemic period, I was unable to collect radiographic cases due to the limited clinical duration(61.82%) have the highest agree. CONCLUSION Most COVID-19 had a detrimental psychological and physical activity impact on medical imaging students and interns of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA).
Keywords: Survey, Covid-19, Radiography, Learning
ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ABOUT RADIATION HAZARDS ON PREGNANT WOMEN AMONG NON-HEALTHCARE STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN (UNISZA) Anis Farhana Adli1* , Juliana Mohd Radzi1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. [email protected] INTRODUCTION Lack of awareness on radiation exposure during pregnancy in Malaysia can lead to a higher possibility of rejection from pregnant women to undergo an examination which using ionizing radiation. This study aims to assess the general knowledge and attitude regarding radiation hazards on pregnant women among students at University Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA). MATERIALS & METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among non-healthcare students in UniSZA. A questionnaire was distributed online using Google Form to assess knowledge and attitude of radiation hazards on pregnant women. Descriptive statistics and Independent T-test were used to determine the knowledge and attitude of the respondents. RESULTS A total of 120 students were participated in this study. Equal sample sizes are obtained with 60 male students and 60 females student. The total mean score of knowledge and attitude for all students 1.31 and 4.13 respectively. The mean knowledge of female students (M=24.27) (P < .05) was higher compared to male students (M=20.20) (P < .05). Mean attitude of female students (M=17.40) (P < .05) was higher compared to male students (M=15.65) (P < .05). CONCLUSION Female students have higher knowledge and attitude towards radiation hazards on pregnancy compared to male students. Lack of knowledge and attitude on radiation hazards on pregnancy can give serious effects in the future. Continuous awareness campaigns on benefits and risks of radiation must be held through various platform to educate people regarding the radiation hazards on pregnant women. Keywords: Attitude, knowledge, hazards, pregnancy, radiation
ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF PHYSIOTHERAPY STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING PRIOR TO PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT: A SURVEY STUDY Nurul Annisa Din1* , Fairuz Mohd Nasir1 , Marhasiyah Rahim1 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus,21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu *[email protected] INTRODUCTION There is a claim that medical imaging is unhelpful in rehabilitation although it provides information of structural and functional disease, instead they would rely on patient complainsbased physical assessment as there are various ways to assess a patient. While medical imaging could serve as the foundation for all knowledge related to the practical and safe application of various physiotherapy, it is well-known for not being utilized enough by a physiotherapist for treatment. Therefore, this study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of physiotherapy students in Malaysia about the importance of diagnostic imaging prior to physiotherapy treatment. MATERIALS & METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was carried among physiotherapy students from September 2022 to April 2023. The questionnaire was consisted of three parts; 1) awareness in utilizing radiographic images 2) significance of medical imaging for physiotherapy students and 3) knowledge regarding normal and abnormal radiographic images. The data was then distributed through Google Form and analysed by using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Out of 30 participants, 16.67% have high awareness of utilizing radiographic images. The most used modality is a plain radiograph report, and physiotherapy students are more preferred to extract information from the report. 73.33% of respondents have low significance of medical imaging during clinical practice. Most respondents can differentiate between normal and abnormal chest X-rays, with 43.3%. 40% of respondents are unconfident about detecting an abnormality in CT scan images, but 63.3% succeed in answering correct answers in the multiple-choice questions. The same shall apply to MRI; 36.7% of respondents chose to stay neutral when assessing their ability to differentiate between normal and abnormal MRI images, but 50% succeeded at diagnosing anterior cruciate injury (ACL).
CONCLUSION Physiotherapy students are recommended to enrol in educational programmes that provide guidance and educate essential imaging skills to help them gain knowledge and build confidence in implying medical imaging during clinical practice. Keywords: Survey, Physiotherapy, Diagnostic Imaging
ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF RADIATION PROTECTION AMONG MEDICAL IMAGING STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN (UniSZA) Norshahezah Mohd Nasir1*, Dr Nur Hamizah Mohd Zainudin2 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The adverse effects of radiation use in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures nowadays are of growing concern. One of the key elements in reducing the patient's exposure in medical practise is increasing the knowledge and awareness of medical imaging students about the hazards connected with radiation, radiation doses in diagnostic imaging, and radiation safety. Therefore, it is now necessary to evaluate medical imaging students' knowledge and awareness of radiation safety for the benefit of both them and patients. MATERIALS & METHODS This cross-sectional study intends to evaluate the radiation protection knowledge and awareness among medical imaging students at UniSZA. This investigation took place from March 2022 until July 2023. Both medical imaging and radiography students were enrolled in this study, which used an adaptable questionnaire from a prior study. RESULTS 178 students responded, including 122 degree students and 56 diploma students. Their mean age was 21.8 years, with 17.4% of the respondents being male and 82.6% being female. There are no difference of knowledge and awareness among medical imaging students between gender since p>0.05 but there are difference of knowledge and awareness among medical imaging students between level of education since p<0.05. CONCLUSION The outcomes of the current study showed that students' knowledge of radiation protection was good and awareness of radiation effects was moderate. Thus, more educational programmes for radiation safety should be implemented.
ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF RADIATION PROTECTION AMONG MEDICAL IMAGING STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN (UniSZA) Norshahezah Mohd Nasir1*, Dr Nur Hamizah Mohd Zainudin2 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The adverse effects of radiation use in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures nowadays are of growing concern. One of the key elements in reducing the patient's exposure in medical practise is increasing the knowledge and awareness of medical imaging students about the hazards connected with radiation, radiation doses in diagnostic imaging, and radiation safety. Therefore, it is now necessary to evaluate medical imaging students' knowledge and awareness of radiation safety for the benefit of both them and patients. MATERIALS & METHODS This cross-sectional study intends to evaluate the radiation protection knowledge and awareness among medical imaging students at UniSZA. This investigation took place from March 2022 until July 2023. Both medical imaging and radiography students were enrolled in this study, which used an adaptable questionnaire from a prior study. RESULTS 178 students responded, including 122 degree students and 56 diploma students. Their mean age was 21.8 years, with 17.4% of the respondents being male and 82.6% being female. There are no difference of knowledge and awareness among medical imaging students between gender since p>0.05 but there are difference of knowledge and awareness among medical imaging students between level of education since p<0.05. CONCLUSION The outcomes of the current study showed that students' knowledge of radiation protection was good and awareness of radiation effects was moderate. Thus, more educational programmes for radiation safety should be implemented.
ABSTRACT RADIATION SAFETY AWARENESS AMONG NURSING STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN (UniSZA): A SURVEY STUDY Faqihah Najidah Salahuddin1* , Nur Hamizah Mohd Zainudin2 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 2 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu *[email protected] INTRODUCTION Excessive exposure to unwanted radiation may cause long-term effects, thus, nursing students should be knowledgeable about radiation protection and safety before entering the hospital to minimize the risk of radiation. This research aims to identify the awareness level of UniSZA nursing students toward radiation safety. MATERIALS & METHODS A set of questionnaires had been distributed online via Google Forms to all nursing students in UniSZA. The questionnaires consist of a section for socio-demographic information and two sections for 5-point Likert scale questions, which were radiation knowledge and radiation protection practice. The survey responses were collected and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. RESULTS A total of 108 nursing students consented and participated in the study. The results show that nursing students have high level of radiation knowledge with mean score 3.67 (SD = 0.68) and high level of radiation protection practice with mean score 3.97 (SD = 0.73). Furthermore, the findings indicate that participants with a clinical training duration of more than 8 weeks had a higher radiation knowledge with total mean score of 47.29 (SD = 8.09) compared to those with a duration of 1 to 8 weeks with total mean score of 40.44 (SD = 6.58). In terms of radiation protection practice, participants with a clinical training duration of more than 8 weeks had a higher total mean score of 33.23 (SD = 5.56) compared to those with a duration of 1 to 8 weeks who had total mean score of 30.13 (SD = 5.77). CONCLUSION The awareness of radiation safety among nursing students is crucial for assuring the health and safety of both patients and healthcare professionals. Through education and training, nursing students gain the knowledge and skills necessary to effectively handle and minimise the risks associated with radiation exposure in healthcare settings.
Keywords: awareness, knowledge, radiation protection, clinical training, nursing students
ABSTRACT PROJECT TITLE THE DEVELOPMENT OF P-CARE AND IT’S EFFICIENCY AS PAEDIATRIC GONADAL SHIELDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY Mohd Atik Kassim1* , Dr. Juliana Mohd Radzi2 , Dr. Suffian Mohamad Tajudin3 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. Email: [email protected] / [email protected] INTRODUCTION This study was done to determine the effectiveness of P-Care gonadal shield design in providing maximum gonad protection for paediatric patients and time of radiographer takes to finish the procedure. The data collection for this study is collected at KPJ Rawang Specialist Hospital. MATERIALS & METHODS P-Care was designed using Lead plumbum with 5mm of thickness. The radiation safety test be done for P-Care in X-ray laboratory at University Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) using Cobia Smart. The radiation safety test for P-Care is successful with the reading remain zero after been exposed three times using 52kvp and 1.25 mas. Paediatric patients with chest X-ray examination between 1 to 5 years old’s is participated in this study. The time taken was divided into 3 categorical which is 1 to 2 minute, 3 to 5 minute and 5 minutes above. The questionnaire is distributed from the google form through WhatsApp. RESULTS The results showed a significant difference in times taken to finished the chest X-ray examination with p-value (0.01) < (0.05). Which means this study is rejected null hypotheses because p-value is lower than significant level. Total samples collected for both P-Care, and Hospital gonad shielding are 63, respectively which is equal to 126 samples. Categorical data from the times taken was interpreted by using Stata software under Fisher’s Exact test. While numerical data from the questionnaire of the research was analyses by using SPSS software under two independent t-test (gonad shield). P-value (0.01) < 0.05 and reject null hypotheses. Total means score for P-Care (48.81) > HGS (36.03). CONCLUSION In conclusion, P-Care lighten the radiographer burden to provide the gonad shield protection without the repetition of the examination. Resulting from that the times is reduce. In term of hygiene, P-Care cover overcomes the contamination problems that was faces by Hospital Gonadal Shield before.
ABSTRACT THE USE OF MEDICAL IMAGING APPS AS AN ALTERNATIVE LEARNING METHOD AMONG MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIOGRAPHY STUDENTS IN UNISZA Nur Haziyah Mohamad Zwawi 1* , Nazifah Abdullah1 1 School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The use of applications in education has changed how students learn. Many mobile apps are being introduced, including in medical imaging courses. However, the knowledge about the presence of the apps among students in UniSZA is still low in numbers. Thus, this research was conducted to determine students’ interest in using medical imaging apps as an alternative learning method. MATERIALS & METHODS This comparative cross-sectional study uses an established questionnaire distributed to 160 medical imaging and radiography students in UniSZA, which covers sociodemographic data, assessment of the usage of medical imaging apps, and students’ preferences towards medical imaging apps. Data obtained were analyzed using an independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS Among 160 respondents, only 60 (37.5%) students knew about medical imaging apps; most had utilized the apps, 54 (79.5%). Most of the students had awareness about the apps, mainly from lecturer 18 (26%), and responded positively towards the opinion, perceptions, and benefits of the apps. The preferred characteristics, domains, and areas they wished to develop into medical imaging apps were also addressed. CONCLUSION The use of medical imaging apps among UniSZA students is low, as seen in the knowledge and frequency of students using the apps. It is also suggested for the faculty to provide and try adapt to the use of apps and enhance the internet connection inside the campus. Keywords: Mobile application, Apps, Radiography, Medical imaging
ABSTRACT THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND AWARENESS OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) AMONG FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS AT UNISZA Shahrul Hafizi Samsudin1* , Fairuz Mohd Nasir2 1 Faculty of Health Science, University Sultan Zainal Abidin. Gong Badak Campus, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu *[email protected] INTRODUCTION The knowledge of CPR is important for students especially for Health Science students. However, knowledge among Health Science students is still unsatisfied. This study aims to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude and awareness regarding CPR between courses of Health Science students in UniSZA. MATERIALS & METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was carried among Health Science students at UniSZA from Mac 2022 to July 2023. The questionnaire was distributed through Google form and analysed by using IBM SPSS. The questionnaire was consisted of four part; 1) demographic data 2) knowledge of CPR 3) attitude of students toward CPR 4) awareness of students toward CPR. RESULTS The p-value obtain for knowledge level is less than 0.05 (<0.01). There is significant different of knowledge level between the courses of Health Science students. The p-value obtain for attitude and awareness level is larger than significant level 0.05 (0.11). There is significant different CONCLUSION Thus, this study highlights the knowledge regarding CPR among Health Science students to give develop awareness on the importance of CPR. This study is important to give an awareness that every courses of Health Science Faculty should attend CPR courses to gain the knowledge and skills. Keywords: Survey, Knowledge, CPR
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GOOD LUCK Dr. Nur Hayati Binti Jasmin Coordinator Prepared by: