Malaysian Geologist (BoG) - Vol. 1, No. 1, JULY 2021

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board members EDITOR’s VOICE

CHAIRMAN : Since the establishment of Board of Geologists (BoG) in
Dato’ Zakaria Mohamad 2014, under the Laws of Malaysia Act 689, this first edition
MEMBERS : of the Malaysian Geologist is finally born. It has been a
Abdullah Sulaiman long-awaited item among many registered BOG members.
Dr. Haryati Awang This inaugural issue of our quarterly magazine was crafted
Zamri Ramli by the Editorial team of BoG Promotion Committee to fulfill
Dr. Joy Jacquelline Pereira members’ aspiration from various levels. Previously, there
Dr. Rodeano Roslee were quite a number of negative assumptions and accusations
Amiruddin Mansor bluntly thrown by members, such as BoG’s existence was
Teoh Lay Hock merely as a fee collector, without any beneficial input provided
Dr. Richard Mani Ak Banda to members; BoG was not taking care of members’ welfare etc.
Abd Hanan Ahmad Nadzeri More and more complaints began to spread around endlessly,
Dr. John Kuna Raj similar to the life threatening Covid-19 pandemic which has
Abd Rasid Jaapar ruthlessly killed millions around the Globe. No matter how bad
Dato’ Dr. Mohd Mokhtar Saidin things seemed to be, all the cynical remarks we received had
REGISTRAR : actually motivated us to step up and improve our service, aimed
Hamadi Che Harun at satisfying BoG members continuous lust for knowledge and
eventually becoming par excellence.
Abdullah Sulaiman This magazine will be published in both printed and digital
format. It will eventually become a crucial platform for
Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Perundanagan, members to voice out ideas, write articles, sharing experiences,
Etika, Disiplin & Penguatkuasaan (JPEDP) giving insight into the latest contemporary technologies,
contributing corporate advertisements etc. This first edition
Teoh Lay Hock contains among others, the organization or governance of BoG
which include the biodata of Board Members. Our intention is
Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Hal Ehwal Koporat to allow everyone to get to know each BoG Board Member in
dan Kewangan (JHKK) person, who has been appointed by the Malaysian Minister of
Energy and Natural Resources. A few important information is
Zamri Ramli also incorporated along with several articles for leisure reading
and general knowledge, presented in a modern artistic manner
Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Program suitable not only for geological experts but also the general
Pembangunan Profesional (JPPP) public. It is important to note that this magazine should also
enable us to enhance and raise the standard professionalism
Abd Rasid Jaapar among geologists across Malaysia.
Your commitment and support from various levels is essential
Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Promosi to help the Editorial Board in disseminating quality information,
statistical data and facts which focuses on the competency
Abd Hanan Ahmad Nadzeri of registered geologists under purview of BoG. Without your
continuous support, it will affect the continuity of publication,
Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Skala Fi (JPSF) and hinder the growth of this much needed vital element for
the expansion of our local geological profession. Please hurry!
Dato’ Dr. Mohd. Mokhtar Saidin We must all strive for the betterment of Malaysian Geologist
with an open mind and undivided commitment, especially
Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Audit contributing articles and advertisements to move forward
together, at par with other established professional bodies in
Dr. John Kuna Raj Malaysia.
Kindly encourage your company/organization and staff to
Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Akradetasi become friends of “Malaysian Geologist’ to help us become
one of the leading informative magazines not only in Malaysia
PUBLISHER : but also the entire region.
Lembaga Ahli Geologi Malaysia Askury Abdul Kadir
Tingkat 8, Menara PjH, Editor
2, Jalan Tun Abdul Razak,
Presint 2, 62000 Putrajaya, disclaimer :
Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya.
Tel : +6 03 8861 8436 3The publisher, Board of Geologists Malaysia, and the author make no representation,
Fax : +6 03 8920 1748
Email : admin@bog.gov.my expressed or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this
Website : www.bog.gov.my guide and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that
may have been made.
EDITORIAL BOARD:

Advisor

Dato’ Zakaria Mohamad

Chairman

Abd Rasid Jaapar

Editor

Askury Abd Kadir

Guest Editor

Dr. Mazlan Madon

Editorial Members

Dr. Rodeano Roslee
Dr. Dana Badang
Dato’ Amran Mohamad
Dr. Mohd Hariri Arifin

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HIGHLIGHTS

Editor’s Voice 6
Chairman’s Message
Board of Geologists Malaysia : 8
Historical Events & Formation 16
Who’s Who in Board of Geologists

Cover Story 26

Geotapak sebagai sumber tabii 28
baru untuk pembangunan negara 32
Hentaman Meteorit dan
Debu Toba di Malaysia?

Sarawak Delta Geopark

Geological Issues 38
42
Landslide Hazard Identification (LHI)
- Trusmadi, Sabah

Perlombongan Bijih Timah
- Lembah Kinta, Perak

Sabah Earthquake 2015 46

Notes 52

ASEAN Federation of Geological 54
Organisations (AFGeo) 56
Geoscience for Society in the Media 58
Tsunamite Deposit in Malaysia

Singkapan Formasi Bukit Kenny

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MESEJ PENGERUSI sektor pembangunan negara.
Saya berharapkan dengan penerbitan
Ahli geologi Malaysia berusaha untuk majalah berkala seperti ini akan memberi
mewujudkan sebuah badan profesional ruang kepada ahli BoG memberi sumbangan
sejak tahun 1990an lagi. Syukur ke kepakaran sebenar pembangunan profesion
hadrat Ilahi, Lembaga Ahli Geologi (BoG) ahli geologi di Malaysia dan rantau Asia
berjaya ditubuhkan pada 9 Disember 2014 Tenggara. Dianggarkan terdapat berpuluh
di bawah Seksyen 3 Akta Ahli Geologi 2008 ribu ahli geologi yang aktif memberi
(Akta 689). Lembaga mempunyai kuasa untuk perkhidmatan geologi dalam sektor
melaksanakan tugas, fungsi dan menjalankan pembangunan negara dirantau ini. Lembaga
peranan sebagaimana yang diperuntukkan Ahli Geologi sebagai badan penguatkuasaan
dalam akta iaitu pendaftaran ahli geologi, profesion ahli geologi di Malaysia sentiasa
pegawalseliaan amalan geologi, menentukan mengikuti perkembangan ilmu geosains dan
skala bayaran yang akan dikenakan oleh ahli pembangunan profesion ahli geologi dirantau
geologi profesional berdaftar, ahli geologi ini dengan adanya kerjasama serantau
asing berdaftar, pengamal berdaftar dan di kalangan ahli geologi. Kebanyakan isu
lepasan siswazah yang mempunyai kelayakan serantau yang diberi perhatian pada masa
di dalam bidang geologi untuk menjalankan ini iaitu isu bekalan air bersih, bencana alam,
perkhidmatan geologi. Berbagai usaha sumber tenaga alternatif, pembangunan
telah diambil dalam melaksanakan amanah sumber asli, pembangunan sumber geologi
dan tanggungjawab yang diberikan untuk secara lestari, SDG, ‘Urban Millennium Goal’,
memastikan pembangunan profesion dan ‘Climate Change Adaptation’ dan isu serantau
geosains berlaku sejajar dengan agenda yang berkaitan dengan ilmu geosains.
pembangunan national. Pemahaman ilmu geosains merupakan
teras di dalam pembangunan fizikal negara,
Saya berbangga atas initatif Jawatankuasa khususnya yang berkaitan dengan sumber
Promosi kerana berjaya menerbitkan Majalah bumi. Saya berharap penerbitan berkala
Ahli Geologi (geologist magazine) terbitan ini memberi ruang untuk ahli geosains
sulung selepas hampir 10 tahun BoG berfungsi. profesional berkongsi pengetahuan dan
Bagi ahli geologi yang ingin mengentahui pengalaman mengenai perkembangan terkini
setakat mana sumbangan ahli geologi hubungan kerjaya ahli geologi dengan pihak
profesional dalam pembangunan negara berkepentingan. Tahniah kepada semua
dan perkembangan pengentahuan geosains penyumbang makalah dalam penerbitan
di rantau ini biasanya ia diperolehi melalui sulung ini.
menghadiri forum, seminar dan pernerbitan Kefahaman perkara lepas dan sekarang
kertas teknikal yang diterbitkan oleh Institut adalah kunci penyelesaian masa hadapan.
Geologi Malaysia (IGM), Persatuan Geologi
Malaysia (GSM) dan Jabatan Mineral dan
Geosain Malaysia (JMG). Kebanyakan sumber
berkenaan disediakan oleh ahli geologi yang
mempunyai kepakaran kursus dalam pelbagai
bidang geologi yang menyumbangkan kepada

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Dato’ Zakaria Mohamad

Chairman’s message magazine like this will provide opportunities
and space for BoG members to contribute the
Malaysian geologists have been working true expertise of the profession of geologists
hard to realize a professional body in Malaysia and the Southeast Asian region.
since the 1990s. Our gratefulness to It is estimated that there are thousands of
Allah SWT, the Board of Geologists (BoG) was geologists who actively provide geological
successfully established on 9 December 2014 services in the country’s development
under Section 3 of the Geologists Act 2008 sector. The Board of Geologists as the
(Act 689). The Board has the authority to carry enforcement agency of the profession of
out its duties, functions and perform roles as geologists in Malaysia is constantly following
provided in the act that is the registration the development of geosciences and the
of geologists, the regulation of geological professional development of geologists in
practices, determining the scale of fees that the region with the presence of regional
will be imposed by registered professional cooperation among geologists. Most of
geologists, registered foreign geologists, the regional issues that are given attention
registered practitioners and qualified currently are the issue of clean water supply,
graduates in the field of geology to carry natural disasters, alternative energy sources,
out geological services. Various efforts have natural resource development, sustainable
been taken in implementing the mandate and development of geological resources, SDGs,
responsibilities to ensure the development of Urban Millennium Goal, Climate Change
the profession and geosciences in line with Adaptation and regional issues related to
the national development agenda. geoscience knowledge.
I am proud of the initiative of the Promotion Understanding geoscience is the core
Committee for successfully publishing the knowledge in the physical development
inaugural issue of the Malaysian Geologist of the country, especially those relating to
Magazine after nearly 10 years of BoG’s the earth’s resources. I hope this periodical
existence. For geologists who want to know publication provides opportunities
the extent of the contribution of professional for professional geoscience experts to
geologists in the country’s development and share knowledge and experience on the
the development of geoscience knowledge latest developments of geologists career
in the region is usually obtained by attending relationships with interested parties. Last
forums, seminars and publication of technical but not least, my congratulations to all the
papers published by the Institute of Geology contributors of the articles published in this
Malaysia (IGM), the Geological Society inaugural publication.
Malaysia (GSM) and the Department of Understanding the past and present is the key
Minerals and Geosciences Malaysia (JMG). to future solutions.
Most of the resources are provided by
geologists who have course expertise in 7
various geological fields that contribute to
the country’s development sector.
I hope that the publication of periodical

BOARD OF GEOLOGISTS

INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY MALAYSIA

HISTORICAL EVENTS LEADING TO THE ENACTMENT OF THE
GEOLOGISTS ACT 2008 AND FORMATION OF BOARD OF GEOLOGISTS

by
SEET CHIN PENG, P.Geol., FIGM

Introduction qualifications. It was Engineers Act was enacted
The geological fraternity in IGM which pursued the in 1967, only mining
Malaysia is closely linked development of the engineers were included
to two institutional bodies, Geologists Act. but not geologists involved
namely, the Geological in the mining industry.
Society of Malaysia (GSM) Background to the
and the Institute of Geology formation of IGM After the Board of Engineers
Malaysia (IGM). Whereas GSM was formally Malaysia (BEM) was set
GSM’s role is to promote established on 31 January up in August 1972, GSM
advancement of geological 1967 and, for the past 52 approached the Institution
sciences, IGM’s role is years since its formation, of Engineers (IEM) to allow
focused on the practice it has gallantly advanced geologists with the relevant
and professionalism in the science and knowledge qualifications to join IEM
the profession of geology. in geology at both local and register with BEM.
Hence, GSM membership and international levels. However, the then Minister
is open to anyone with However, the geological of Primary Industries( ),
an interest in the science profession failed to Paul Leong, objected as
of geology whereas IGM garner recognition as a he was of the view that
membership is restricted professional practice in the geologists could not be
to those with a degree eyes of the law in Malaysia. classified as engineers. The
in geology or equivalent When the Registration of Minister then asked GSM

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to set up its own professional body to by qualification, prepared the initial draft
pursue an Act for geologists. of the Bill. However, this draft made no
headway and remained in cold storage for
The first option was to re-structure GSM more than 4 years.
as the professional body, and for this
purpose, GSM introduced a Professional Then, on 11 Dec 1993, the Highland
Member class specifically to cater to Towers collapsed and, as an immediate
those with a recognized degree in geology. response, on 22 Dec 1993, the Cabinet
However, the Minister advised that the approved 16 recommendations to control
Professional Member group under GSM the development of highland areas.
was not acceptable to pursue the Act, and
a separate professional body was needed. As a result, on June 1994, the Ministry of
GSM then decided to abandon the Housing and Local Government directed
Professional Member class and instead set that all geological reports were to be
up IGM. prepared by geologists and all geotechnical
reports to be certified by registered
In 1987, a few geologists, including professional engineers. Consequently,
Fateh Chand, Choo Mun Keong, Chin Lik it brought urgency to the need for a
Suan, Jimmy Khoo, Wong Yoke Fah, Dr Geologists Act.
Ibrahim Komoo and Dr John Kuna Raj sat
to formulate the IGM Constitution. The In response to this, Fateh Chand, in
Constitution was translated into the Malay his capacity as Director-General of the
language by Dr Ibrahim while Dr John, then Geological Survey, presented a Concept
a lecturer with the Geology Department, Paper on the Registration of Geologists
made the formal arrangement for IGM to Bill to the Ministry of Primary Industries
have its registered address at the University (KPU) on 24 August 1996. In the following
of Malaya. IGM was legally registered by
the Registrar of Societies on 11 March
1989. The IGM Constitution mandated
that the President of IGM was the Director-
General of the then Geological Survey
Department of Malaysia. The reason for
this stipulation was that the Director-
General of a government body will be in
the best position to expedite and lobby for
the Act. By this virtue, the first president
elected was Fateh Chand.

Events leading to enactment of the Dato’ Yunus Abd. Razak
Geologists Act First BOG Chairman (2014 - 2020)
On 4 July 1989, a working group under IGM
commenced to discuss the elements for a 9
Geologists Bill, among whom were Chin
Lik Suan and Lim Kock Hooi. Lim, a lawyer

year, an amendment was made to allow appointed Seet Chin Peng to be the desk
mining engineers to carry on with mineral officer to work full time on the Bill. Regular
exploration and quarry assessment which meetings were held between JMG and
was the practice then. This was the first representatives of IGM, including Chin Lik
compromise made to overcome resistance Suan, Ng Chak Ngoon, Abd Rasid Jaapar,
from engineers to enacting an Act for Dr Lee Chai Peng and Dr Joy Pereira to
geologists. discuss the Geologists Bill. In the later part
of the same year, the first draft of the Bill
When Chen Shick Pei took over from was completed.
Fateh Chand as the Director-General of
Geological Survey in 1998, Chen submitted Many meetings followed between IGM,
the Geologists Bill together with its the Legal Advisor of KPU (Peh Suan Hong)
Explanatory Notes to KPU for onward and staff of KPU and JMG to study the
submission to the Attorney-General’s draft of the Geologists Bill. In August 2001,
Chambers (AGC). a meeting held to discuss the Bill had
included a representative from the AGC.
From then onwards, the Geological Survey Subsequently, a revised draft of the Bill
took over the active role in pursuing the was completed. After this point in time,
Bill, but in consultation with and support both the Legal Advisor of KPU and the
from IGM. Soon after, on 1 July 1999, the representative of AGC were transferred
Geological Survey was re-structured to the and all discussions came to a complete
Department of Mineral and Geoscience halt.
Malaysia (JMG).
A turning point came in August 2002 when
In 2000, Dr Chu Ling Heng became the Seet Chin Peng received a call from an
Director-General of Geological Survey and officer from AGC who identified himself as

10

Bhupinder Singh. Bhupinder departments and professional institutions to gain their
informed Seet that he had support. In one of these dialogue sessions, a compromise
been assigned the task to was reached with IEM to gain their support, and that was
work on the Geologists Bill. by the inclusion of a clause in the Geologists Bill, namely
Bhupinder and Seet met on “Nothing in this Act shall be construed or interpreted
many occasions to refine that geological services relating to engineering geology
the Bill and it was spurred are necessary unless specifically requested by a
on by Thoong Lay Chin, the professional engineer”. It was at this meeting that the
then Under-Secretary of Bill finally gained acceptance.
KPU. At the same time, IGM
submitted a Code of Ethics By 30 October 2003, another revision to the draft of the
for geologists to JMG as a Bill followed, and this was accompanied by the draft
support document. Regulations.
The draft of the Geologists Bill remained in lament and
On 11 September 2002, a it was passed on to Yunus Abd Razak who succeeded Dr
discussion was held between Chu Ling Heng as the Director-General in 2005.
Bhupinder Singh, Seet Chin
Peng and representatives On 8 August 2005, another meeting was held between
from IGM, and subsequently the AGC, JMG, IEM, Institute of Mineral Engineering,
a draft Bill was finalised by BEM, GSM and IGM. It was this meeting that gave
the AGC. On 30 October endorsement to the final draft version (Version 8) of the
2002, the final draft of the Bill Bill. Yunus followed up on the progress of the Bill and it
was sent officially to JMG. was not until 2 years later when the draft Bill was finally
On 20 December 2002,
Fateh Chand, Choo Mun
Keong and Seet Chin Peng
met to draft a Cabinet Paper,
and, by 3 January 2003, the
Cabinet Paper was finalized.
Meanwhile, IGM appointed
P. Loganathan to draft the
Regulations for the Act
assisted by Seet, and, by 21
March 2003, a draft version
was submitted to KPU.

On 27 June 2003, Seet 11
Chin Peng gave a briefing
to the then Minister Lim
Keng Yaik. Following the
briefing, three dialogues
sessions were held between
August and September with
industry players, government

approved by the Cabinet on 3 October receiving approval from the then Minister,

2007. Palanivel A/L Govindasamy.

Six months later in April 2008, Seet Chin The Board of Geologists consists of
Peng gave another briefing to Douglas 14 people comprising a Chairman, a
Uggah Embas who had then taken representative of IGM, 5 members from the
over as the new Minister for the newly government, 5 members from the private
restructured Ministry of Natural Resources sector and 2 appointees of the Minister.
and Environment. On 15 May 2008, the
Geologists Bill was tabled to Parliament The tenor of each Board is 3 years. The tenor
for a First Reading. of the First Board was from 1 December
2014 to 30 November 2017 and comprised
On 26 May 2008, Yunus Abd Razak in the following members :
his capacity as the Director-General of
JMG gave a briefing to the Government Chairman :
Backbenchers. Dato’ Yunus Abd Razak

On 15 July 2008, at 11.50 am, the Bill was IGM Representative :
passed in Parliament and approved by the P. Loganathan
Senate on the same day. On 22 August Government :
2008, the Bill received the Royal Consent
and, on 27 August 2008, the Bill was Datuk Mior Sallehhuddin Mior Jadid
gazetted as the Geologists Act 2008 (Act Dato’ Dr Ibrahim Komoo
689). Dr. Saim Suratman
Dr. Joy J Pereira
Formation of Board of Geologists Kamal Daril
It was not until August 2011 that JMG Private sector :
proposed members of the First Board to
the Ministry. It was only on 1 December Dr. Jaizan Hardi Mohamed Jais
2014 that the First Board was formed after Seet Chin Peng
Alex Yan Sze Wah
12 Chen Shick Pei
Abd Rasid Jaapar

Minister’s Representative :
Assoc Prof Dr Sarah Aziz A. Ghani Aziz

Dato‘ Wan Mazlan Wan Mahmood

The inaugural Board meeting was held on
4 December 2014. The First Board set up
three committees to assist the functions of
the Board, and they were :

•Corporate Affairs & Finance, chaired by
Datuk Mior Sallehhuddin Mior Jahid
•Legal, Ethics & Discipline, chaired by Seet
Chin Peng
•Professional Development, chaired by P.
Loganathan.

Acknowledgement
The Geologists Act was in the works for
more than 30 years beginning with a few
pioneers until it was passed by Parliament
in 2008. Through the years, many
geologists from both the government and
private sector, as well as legal officers and
staff from the Ministry had helped to keep
the Bill alive.

Credit goes to all those people mentioned
in the text, but the pioneers deserve
special mention for their dedication
and perseverance. If not for Bhupinder
Singh who took it upon himself to see
the Bill through with such dedication and
determination, the Act would not have
seen the light of day.

To Bhupinder, the geological fraternity
owes him a debt of gratitude and his
name shall be carved in the history of the
Geologists Act.

Finally, the Geologists Act is a dedication Seet Chin Peng, F.I.G.M currently is the
to all Malaysian geologists, and it is with Director of Asetbumi Geoservices Sdn Bhd.
sincere hope and expectation that it He was the Board Member of Board of
will help to upgrade the standard and Geologists Malaysia between 2014 and
professionalism of practising geologists in 2020. He served as Chairman of Legal,
years to come. Ethics and Discipline Committee of the
Board.

13

BECOME A MEMBER TODAY!

IGM has five classes of membership and they are Fellows, Members, Licentiates, Associates
and Graduate Members. Fellows, Members and Licentiates are corporate members of
IGM. Members of IGM are elected or transferred to various classes of membership based
on their qualification and experience as specified by the Council. Fellows, Members and
Licentiates shall be Corporate Members of the Institute. Corporate Members of the
Institute shall use the abbreviations corresponding to the respective class of membership
as follows :
Fellow F.I.G.M
MLiceemntbiaetreML..II..GG..MM.TINHSETITUTE OF GEOLOGY

WE WELCOME AMSASLOACYISAIATE MEMBERS!

Associate Members of IGM shall be a person who has a diploma or degree in any
professional discipline other than geology. He or she has demonstrated a keen interest
in geology and has worked in projects or areas which required input by geologists. An
Associate Member have full benefit except to vote and holding office in the council of
IGM.

For the full list of benefits and membership rates, please visit :
www.igm.org.my

THE
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY
MALAYSIA

14

My

MALAYSIAN GEOSCIENCE CONSULTANTS AND SERVICES ASSOCIATION

With Best Compliments FromPERSATUAN PERUNDING DAN PERKHIDMATAN GEOSAINS MALAYSIA
MALAYSIAN GEOSCIENCE CONSULTANTSMyGeo is a trade organization focus to enhance the profile and quality of geoscience industry

and geoscience-related businesses. Members are business entity, organisation or individual

AND SERVICES ASSOCIATIONresiding in Malaysia that have common goals to develop geoscience industry. MyGeo was
officially approved by Register of Society Malaysia (ROS) on 19 June 2020.

Objectives

• To represent, promote and advance the geoscience technology and practice in geoscience
consultancy and services in Malaysia

• To provide forum for exchange of idea between geoscience consultants and geoscience service
providers and geoscience industry including government agencies, research organisations,
manufacturers, suppliers and other consultants and contractors

Mission

• Promote and enhance the quality of professional practice in geoscience related industry and business
• Facilitate close liaison between all geoscience organisations
• Champion and represent the geoscience related industry
• Represent and uphold Member’s interests in commercial and professional matters
• Agree and publish guidelines on good practice and on ethical and professional matters
• Encourage quality management systems in geoscience work
• Assist and influence decision making within Clients’ organisations

Code of Business Conduct
All members shall:

• Lawfully undertake their business activities with integrity and in accordance with best practice,
with complete impartiality and objectivity and, in so doing, shall:

• Observe the proper duties of confidentiality owed to appropriate parties;
• Avoid, wherever possible, conflicts of interest;
• Advise affected parties immediately when such conflicts arise; and
• Assess relevant risks and liability and, if appropriate, hold professional indemnity insurance;
• Only undertake activities for which they are competent and shall disclose relevant limitations of competence;
• Accept responsibility for work carried out under their supervision;
• Have full regard for all relevant matters of health and safety;
• Develop their knowledge, skills and competence on a continuing basis and shall commit to education,

training and continuing professional development;
• Treat all persons fairly, without bias, and with respect;
• Have full regard for the public interest, including:
• The environment, including the avoidance of preventable adverse impact to it

Innaugural
meeting on
the formation
of MyGeo on
26 Februari
2020 in the
Department
of Geology,
University of

Malaya

15

WHO’s WHO
IN BOARD OF GEOLOGISTS MALAYSIA

and registered planning committee, and
expert review panel for more
Subject Consultant than 10,000 development
proposal plans.
with Department

of Environments

Malaysia (DOE).

Dato’Zakaria started Dato’ Zakaria is the Past

his career with the President of the Institute

Geological Survey of Geology Malaysia (IGM)

of Malaysia in 1980, from 2019 to 2021 and the

and later known Past President for Society

as the Department for Engineering Geology and

of Minerals and Rock Mechanics Malaysia

Geoscience (SEGRM) which is affiliated

Malaysia until his to International Association

retirement in 2015. of Engineering Geology

He has involved and the Environments

Dato’ Zakaria with various (IAEG) and International

Mohamad was geological field of study Society for Rock Mechanics

appointed as Board including mineral resource and Rock Engineering

Member to the Board evaluation, engineering (ISRM) from 2018 to 2020;

of Geologist Malaysia by geology and geological Currently, he also serves

the Minister of Natural mapping. He has carried out as Honorary Research

Resources and Environments various mineral resource Fellow at the Southeast

for 2017 to 2020. Later, He evaluation for gold, tin, rock Asia Disaster Prevention

was appointed as Chairman, aggregates and construction Initiative (SEADPRI), the

Board of Geologists sand in Malaysia. He is one National University of

Malaysia for 2020 to 2023. of the expert panels in the Malaysia; Scientific Expert

He obtained his Bachelor Area Business Continuity Panel for National Disaster

Degree with Honors in and Recovery Programme Management Agency

Geology from the National (JICA-ASEAN-AHA). He is (NADMA) and Board of

University of Malaysia (UKM) the Project Director for Study, Disaster Prevention

in 1980 and a Master Degree the first national project and Preparedness Center,

in Quaternary Geology from on Slope Hazards and Risk Malaysia-Japan International

Free University of Brussel, Mapping (PBRC) from 2014 Institute of Technology,

Belgium in 1989. He is a to 2016. He was a member University of Technology

Registered Professional of various committees Malaysia. For business entity,

Geologist with Board of for Environmental Impact he is the Chairman of GMT

Geologists Malaysia (BOG) Assessment, Federal Group.

and State local authority

16

the department, which is later Mineral Exploration Using
known as the Minerals and
Geosciences Department. He Remote Sensing Techniques
has been working with the
department throughout his in Khon Khaen area,
career until retirement on 1st
August 2014. Thailand; as team member

with Economic Planning Unit

(EPU) for special mission that

is ‘Economic Study Mission

on Diversification of Algeria’s

Hamadi Che Harun Hamadi experiences and Economy’ in Algiers, Algeria;
is the Registrar,
Board of Geologists contributions include: provide inputs for World
Malaysia (BOG) since 15th
February 2015. He graduated Appraisal of bauxite deposit Trade Organisation (WTO)
with a B.Sc. (Hons.) Applied
Geology from the University in Peninsular Malaysia; Issues related to mineral
of Malaya in 1979. He also
possesses certificates in Geological Mapping of map commodities; Free Trade
Remote Sensing Techniques
and Application from the sheets 121/122 Muar and Area (FTA) ; involved in
Asian Institute of Technology
(AIT), Bangkok and Mineral Batu Pahat Johor; Radioactive implementation of Bilateral
Exploration Course from
the Royal School of Mines, Minerals Survey; Metallic Cooperation activities
Imperial College, London.
and Industrial Minerals on Geology and Mineral
Hamadi joined the Geological
Survey Department on 25th (non-metallic minerals) Resources between Malaysia-
April 1979 and has been with
exploration; Mineral Indonesia; Malaysian

Commodity profiles and representative to ASEAN

analyses; Annual Publications Senior Officials Meeting

of Malaysian Minerals on Minerals (ASOMM) and

Yearbook, Malaysian AMMin; ESCAP Expert Group

Mineral Trade and other Meeting; APEC Meetings

mineral sector Statistics and on Sustainable Mineral

Reviews on Mineral-based Mining; and matters related

Industries and Mining; On to International Trade on

the international front, he minerals.

has undertaken a study on

Amiruddin Mansor the Central Luconia areas.
is the Head for He then worked in various
Basin Strategy & Domestic Exploration, before
Management, Resource expanding his portfolio
into international ventures
Exploration, Malaysia for West Africa region. His
business development role
Petroleum Management while working for the Africa
Exploration makes him
(MPM) of PETRONAS. He deals with people of various
culture and working ethics,
graduated in B.Sc (Earth which he put in good use later
when being posted to Sudan,
Sciences) from Flinders and later to Mozambique. PETRONAS banner dealings
Amiruddin spent a good with the host country
University, Adelaide 8 years at international government which is his
operation, carrying out the main stakeholders.
Australia.
17
Amiruddin joined PETRONAS
in199Oasajuniorgeoscientist
with Sarawak Venture
Exploration, evaluating the
hydrocarbon potential within

Teoh Lay Hock is a from being a Registered government as well as private
geological and mineral Professional Geologist, he sector mineral exploration
business consultant is a Fellow of the Academy and mining companies.
specialising in mineral of Sciences Malaysia and a Currently, he is Technical
resource development and Member of the Institute of Consultant for the Malaysian
mineral economics. He has Geology Malaysia. Chamber of Mines and Tin
a BSc (Hons) in geology and Industry (R & D) Board
geochemistry from Victoria Teoh served in the then and holds directorship in a
University of Wellington, Geological Survey of couple of geological-related
New Zealand, MSc in Malaysia for 24 years before companies.
Mineral Exploration from venturing into the industry
Imperial College, University where he worked for the Teoh brings with him a
of London, United Kingdom next 16 years in mining, wealth of knowledge gained
and MBA from Heriot Watt mineral exploration, mineral from his government and
University, Scotland. Apart trading and mineral-based private sector experience
manufacturing. In 2008, which he can share to enable
He retired from full time the Board of Geologists
employment and stayed to fulfil its objectives of
on in the industry as a professionalism especially
freelance geological and towards responsible and
mineral business consultant sustainable mineral resource
during which he undertook development.
numerous consultancy and
advisory projects for the

USM through a coursework Geological Society of
Malaysia, Ikatan Ahli
at Harvard University in Arkeologi Malaysia. He is
also a Board Member of
1990. For the last 30 years, Penang and Kedah Museum,
a Malaysian Cultural Heritage
he focuses his researches Specialist Guide (CHSG)

on palaeoenvironment Dato’ Mokhtar is also
an editor for Gandhara,
reconstruction during the Pakistan; Heritage Journal,
Malaysia; SPAFA Journal, SEA;
Quaternary habitation, Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia
and scientific editor for Lithic
stone tools technology Studies, United Kingdom.
Dato’ Mokhtar was awarded
Professor Dato’ Dr and classification and Suyanggae, Korea Academic
Mokhtar Saidin is the Award in 2019.
Director of The Center archaeotourism. Lately, he
for Global Archaeological
Research, Universiti Sains involves in country geopark
Malaysia (USM). He began
his career on geoarchaeology agendas.
when he graduated in geology
from Universiti Kebangsaan Dato’ Mokhtar is the Vice
Malaysia in 1987, Master in
archaeology from USM and President of International
PhD in geoarchaeology from
Union of the Prehistoric

and Protohistoric Sciences

(UISPP), Southeast Asia; a

life member of Indo Pacific

Prehistory Association,

18

Dr. John Kuna Raj Geology in August 1994. well as presented papers
currently has started
his own practice Dr. Raj served as a Deputy at local and international
as a consultant geologist. Dean of the Faculty of
He has been active as a Science from October 1991 conferences. Dr. Raj is a
consultant on geology to March 1992 and was the
and has been involved in Head of the Department of Certified Environmental
several engineering and Geology at the University of
environmental projects in Malaya from April 1994 to Practitioner registered
Malaysia. He graduated March 1998. He is an active
from the University of member of the Geological with the Department of
Malaya in August 1972 with Society of Malaysia and
a B.Sc. (Hons) degree in served as its as President Environment Malaysia with
Geology. He then attended in 1985 and 1986. Dr. Raj
the International Institute was also instrumental in the specializations in Engineering
for Aerial Survey and Earth setting-up of the Institute of
Sciences at Enschede in Geology Malaysia and served and Environmental Geology.
Holland on a Netherlands as its Honorary Secretary
Government Fellowship. from 1986 to 1990. He is an Honorary Member
He received the Diploma
in Photo-Interpretation for Dr. Raj’s main research of the Geological Society of
Geomorphology in July 1973 interests are on slope
and the M.Sc. degree in failures and the geotechnical Malaysia, a Fellow of the
January 1975. He received properties of earth materials
the Ph.D. degree from the in tropical areas. He has Institute of Geology Malaysia
University of Malaya in July published many papers on
1983 and was appointed these topics in local and and a Registered Professional
as Professor of Engineering international Journals as
Geologist. Dr. Raj was

appointed to the Board

of Geologists Malaysia in

January 2019 and will serve

till end November 2023.

Dr Haryati Awang is an University of Malaya in
Associate Professor 1996
with the Department
of Civil Engineering, College Dr Haryati has more than
of Engineering, Universiti
Malaysia Pahang. She 20 years of experience
obtained her PhD in civil
engineering from UiTM in in teaching, conducting
2010, Master in geotechnical
engineering from UTM research and consultation
in 2000 and a Bachelor
in Applied Geology from works in the field of

engineering geology, rock laboratory testing. She is
the life member of GSM, a
engineering, geophysical member of IGM and SEGRM.

survey, geotechnical

engineering, rock and soil

19

Abd Rasid Jaapar is a engineering from onshore to
Chief Executive Officer offshore projects.
of GMT Group. He Abd Rasid is the President
obtained his Master Degree of the Institute of Geology
Malaysia (IGM); the
in Applied Geoscience Immediate Past President
of the Geological Society
(Engineering Geology) of Malaysia (GSM); Vice
President of the Society for
with distinction from the Engineering Geology and
Rock Mechanics, Malaysia
University of Hong Kong in (SEGRM) which is affiliated
to International Association
2006 where he won Halcrow of Engineering Geology and Abd Rasid is appointed as
the Environments (IAEG)
Prize as a mark of distinction and International Society for Adjunct Professor, Faculty
Rock Mechanics and Rock
and overall best student and Engineering (ISRM); Vice of Earth Science, University
President of the Malaysian
Bachelor Degree in Geology Geoscience Consultants and of Malaysia Kelantan since
Services Association Malaysia
from Universiti Kebangsaan (MyGeo). Internationally, 2018 and Adjunct Lecturer,
he is a Member of IAEG
Malaysia in 1992. Commission 35 on Department of Management
Engineering Geological Model
Abd Rasid is a Registered and IAEG Commission 38 on & Humanities, University of
Professional Geologist with Rock Mass Characterisation
Board of Geologists Malaysia with Emphasis on Rock Fall. Technology Petronas since
(BOG) and a Registered
Subject Consultant with 2017 where he teaches
Department of Environments
Malaysia (DOE). He has Professional Practice and
almost 30 years of experience
with specialization in Practical Management
engineering geology and
geotechnical engineering for Geoscientists. He is a
with occasionally involved in
groundwater (hydrogeology) Member of Curriculum
and geo-environmental
Committee, Department

of Geology, University of

Malaya and a Member of

New Academic Programme

Board, Faculty of Science and

Natural Resources, University

of Malaysia Sabah.

Zamri Ramli is theDeputyDirector He has more than 25 years of
experience especially in the
General (Corporate and field of geologic hazards and
engineering Geology. He is
Economic Mineral) of the active in the formulation on
policy or guidelines related
Department of Mineral and to geoscience at Federal and
State Level. He has been
Geoscience Malaysia (JMG). invited as guest speaker for
various technical seminars
He obtained his Bachelor and conferences at national
and international level. He
degree with honours in is also actively involved in
publishing technical and
Applied Geology from scientific reports, manual and guideline, proceeding
of seminars and conferences
the University of Malaya related to geological hazard
and risk.
in 1992 and a Master in

environmental engineering

from Universiti Putra

Malaysia in 2010.

20

Dr. Rodeano Roslee, is in engineering geology from (E&EG) Journal, Landslides
an Associate Professor UMS and Ph.D in geological Journal, Engineering Geology
in engineering geology disaster from Universiti Journal, Geomorphology
and geological disaster at Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Journal, Journal of Asian
the Faculty of Science and Earth Sciences (AES),
Natural Resources, Universiti His research interests and Indonesian Journal of
Malaysia Sabah (UMS). He specializations are natural Geosciences (IJOG), Journal
is the Director of Natural disaster risk management of Sustainability Science and
Disaster Research Centre and reduction (landslides, Management (JSSM), Sains
(NDRC), UMS. He had earthquakes, tsunamis and Malaysiana, Buletin Geologi
Diploma in civil engineering floods), engineering geology, (GSM), etc.
from Politeknik Kuching geotechnical engineering and
Sarawak (PKS), BSc (Hons) in environmental geology. He is Dr Rodeano has published
geology and Master degree also the Editor of Chief for more than 75 technical
Geological Behavior Journal papers in local and
(GBR) and Malaysian Journal international journals and
of Geosciences (MJG) and is 125 papers in local and
often invited as a reviewer international proceedings.
for leading journals such as He has completed more than
Natural Hazards (NH), Arabian 15 research grants and 100
Journal of Geosciences consultancy projects.
(AJG), Environmental &
Engineering Geoscience

Abdullah bin Sulaiman (Article 76), coastal geology
is a Director at the and geohazard mapping,
climate change especially in
Department of palaeo-sea level research,
maritime issues, maritime
Mineral and Geoscience delimitations (part of the
Malaysia’s Continental Shelf
Malaysia (JMG), Kedah/ Technical working group and
Steering Committee) and
Perlis/P.Pinang. He national/international joint
research especially in Straits
graduated with Honours of Malacca and South China
Sea. He has been involved
from University of Malaya with the preparation of the
First Submission (Malaysia-
(UM) in Bachelor of Science Vietnam Joint Submission) Abdullah is a Council Member
and Second Submission to the
in Applied Geology. He also Commission on the Limits of of the Institute Geology
the Continental Shelf (CLCS),
has a Master of Science in United Nation in accordance of Malaysia (IGM) and a
with Article 76, paragraph 8,
Oceanography from National of the UNCLOS 1982. life member of Geological

Oceanography Centre, Society of Malaysia. He is

University of Southampton, appointed as the Adjunct

United Kingdom. Professor at Faculty of Science

and Marine Environment

Abdullah has been working (FSSM), Universiti Malaysia
with JMG for nearly 30 years.
His expertise is on marine Terengganu and Adjunct
geology & geophysics,
seabed aggregate and Lecturer at the Geoscience
mineral resources, UNCLOS
Department, Universiti

Teknologi Petronas.

21

(now La Trobe University). He served as IGM Council
He has more than 25 years Member from 2001 to 2007
of experience with offshore and as a Committee Member
shallow geohazard study (in of Coastal & Marine Geology
shallow and deep water) Technical Committee from
especially in Asia Pacific. 2019 to 2020.

Abd Hanan Bin Ahmad Abd Hanan is an active Abd Hanan was appointed as
Nadzeri is the Deputy member of Board of Industry Advisory Panel for
General Manager at Geologists Malaysia (BOG) Petroleum Geology Program
Fugro Malaysia Marine Sdn and sit on panel interviewer of UTP from 2016 to 2020.
Bhd. He obtained his Bachelor for new Professional Geologist Currently, he is appointed as
of Applied Science majoring in applicants. Currently, he is External Project Examiner
Geology from Bendigo College the Chairman of Scale of (Final Year Project) under
of Advanced Education, Fee Committee. He is a life Geoscience Department of
Victoria, Australia, 1988 member of Geological Society UTP for 2021 to 2023 session
of Malaysia and a fellow of
Institute of Geology Malaysia.

Professor Dr. Joy Report released in March and serves as a Resource
Jacqueline Pereira is a 2014; Review Editor for the Person to the Malaysian
Principal Research Fellow 2012 IPCC Special Report Government in negotiating
at Universiti Kebangsaan on Managing the Risks of international agreements.
Malaysia’s Southeast Asia Extreme Events and Disasters Professor Pereira obtained
Disaster Prevention Research to Advance Climate Change a Ph.D. from University of
Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM) and Adaptation (IPCC-SREX); and Malaya in 1996, Master
Fellow of the Academy of Lead Author for the IPCC-AR5 of Science from University of
Sciences Malaysia. She is Past Synthesis Report. Leicester in 1991 and Bachelor
President of the Geological of Science with Honours
Society of Malaysia and Fellow Prof. Pereira is also a Member from Universiti Kebangsaan
of the Institute of Geology of the United Nations Office Malaysia in 1989, specialising
Malaysia. She was active in the for Disaster Risk Reduction in the field of geoscience. She
Commission on Geoscience for (UNDRR) Asia Pacific Science, has graduated nearly 50
Environmental Management Technology and Academic doctoral and masters
of the International Union of Group (APSTAAG), which candidates through research
Geological Sciences (IUGS- supports governments in supervision and published
GEM) for about a decade and science-based decision making over two hundred peer
retired after serving as Chair to implement the Sendai reviewed articles.
from 2004 to 2008. Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction. She is a Director of
Professor Pereira is currently the Asian Network on Climate
the Vice-Chair of the Science and Technology
Intergovernmental Panel on (ANCST), working closely with
Climate Change (IPCC) University of Cambridge.
Working Group 2 on Impacts,
Adaptation and Vulnerability. Professor Pereira also leads the
She was Coordinating Lead Malaysia Research Network
Author for the Asia Chapter on Climate, Environment and
of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Development (MyCLIMATE)

22

Dr. Richard Mnai anak final post was Director of JMG
Banda is currently the Sarawak in 2015 before retiring
Director of Geoscience from Government service.
& Mineral Consultant Plt.
since 2016. He graduated from Dr. Richard has vast experience
University Malaya in 1982
with a Bachelor of Science in in geology and biostratigraphy
Geology and completed his PhD
in Biostratigraphy in 1998 from for the Borneo region. He is
Univeristy Tsukuba, Japan.
a fellow for the Foraminiferal
He began his career as an officer
with JMG Sarawak in 1982 and Research, the Cushman
promoted to Deputy Director of
Minerals in JMG Sabah in 2005. Foundation, Havard University, Region, International Union of
Upon return to JMG Sarawak in Geological Sciences, UNESCO
2011, Dr. Richard served as the USA. He is also Regional Project ; Member of the IGCP
Deputy Director of Geoscience 381: South Atlantaic Mesozoic
and later promoted to Director Coordinator for Malaysia of IGCP Correlations, International
of Geoscience Planning in Union of Geological Sciences,
2013 at JMG Headquarters. His 350 : Cretaceous Environmental UNESCO Project.

Change in East and South East Dr. Richard has published more
than 30 technical papers at the
Asia, International Union of national and international level.

Geological Sciences, UNESCO

Project ; Regional

CoordinatorforMalaysiaof IGCP

383: Paleostress, Geodynamics

and Neotectonic and Natural

Hazard in West Pacific/Asian

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BACKGROUND

Faculty of Science and Natural Research related to the natural disasters (e.g. earthquake, landslide, flood and coastal erosion) were carried
Resources out by Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) since its establishment in in 1995 through the Geology Program at
the Faculty of Science and Natural Resources and in the Civil Engineering Program at the Faculty of
Engineering.

In April 200166 NDRC was included as one of the Centres of Excellence of UMS. NDRC was mandated to act
as the focal point for all researchers in UMS who carry out research related to natural disasters.

OBJECTIVES & FUNCTIONS RESEARCH FOCUS

The main objective of NDRC is to generate new knowledge related 1. Behaviour and mitigation of earthquake and tsunami
to the behaviour, mechanism, impact and mitigation of geohazards 2. Mechanism, impact and mitigation of slope stability and
towards an effective and holistic management of natural disaster in
Malaysia. The key functions of NDRC are: landslides
3. Cause, impact, mitigation and early warning system for flood
1. To carry out fundamental and applied research 4. Mitigation of river bank and coastal erosion
2. To provide consultation and services 5. Climate Change Modelling, Impact and Adaptation (Behaviour
3. To produce scientific and popular publications
4. To organise public awareness activities of drought occurrence and mitigation of forest fires and
5. To establish a database on natural disaster behaviour of storms and typhoons)

ACTIVITIES

1. Mapping of high risk areas due to earthquake, landslides, debris
flows, floods and potential tsunami

2. North Borneo Seismic Array System (nBOSS) to determine
subduction

3. Climate Change Modelling in Southeast Asia
4. Consultancy on landslide mitigation along the main highways in

Sabah
5. Publication and dissemination of journals, proceedings and

popular materials (booklets, videos, phamplets) on natural
disaster
6. Public awareness seminar on natural hazards
7. Workshop on earthquake preparedness for school children in
Ranau and Lahad Datu (sponsored by UNICEF, 2018-2020)
8. Development of database for natural disaster in Sabah

24 Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam
(NDRC)
No. Tel : 088-320000 samb.
5911
No. Faks : 088-320919
e-mel : ndrc@ums.edu.my
Website : http://ndrc.ums.edu.my/



COVER STORY

Geotapak

Sebagai Sumber Tabii Baharu
untuk Pembangunan Negara

(Geosite as New Natural Resource for Nation Development)

oleh Prof. Dato’ Ibrahim Komoo, F.I.G.M, FASc.

Manusia telah tenaga, sementara logam sebagai Jabatan Kajibumi)
adalah usaha untuk
mengenali untuk membuat senjata, meneroka sumber bumi
sebagai bahan komoditi.
kepentingan bangunan dan kenderaan. Dalam konteks falsafah ini
yang dikatakan set minda
sumber tabii (bumi) sejak Malah kita menamakan eksploitatif (exploitative
mind set).
zaman prasejarah lagi. ketamadunan mereka
Sumber bumi, sama seperti
Kerikil sebagai ‘alat batu’, sebagai zaman batu, zaman wang syiling mempunyai
dua muka - kepala dan
logam besi dan gangsa gangsa, zaman besi. Manusia ekor. Sementara kepalanya
ialah sumber eksploitatif,
sebagai senjata dan tanah moden meneruskan legasi

liat sebagai tembikar. Pada ‘penerokaan sumber bumi’

zaman perindustrian di untuk pelbagai kegunaan

barat, keperluan sumber dan menjadi sumber penting

geologi semakin mendesak, dalam pembangunan

khususnya arang batu dan negara. Jabatan Mineral dan

minyak bumi sebagai sumber Geosains (dahulunya dikenali

Geotapak Puncak Kinabalu: terbentuk daripada batuan granit termuda di dunia dan
diukir oleh aliran glasier pada zaman ais terakhir

26

COVER STORY

Sumber Geologi
untuk Geopark dan
Geopelancongan

(Geological Resources for
Geopark and Geotourism)

Puncak Machinchang, batuan tertua di Asia Tenggara - tanah lahirnya bumi Malaysia,
serta menzahirkan pemandangan indah yang mengkagumkan

ekornya pula menjadi sumber jelmaan set minda eksploitatif, negara. Pembangunan

warisan. Keindahan landskap geotapak diperkenalkan geotapak memerlukan dasar

menjadi sumber ilham dan bagi mewakili set minda pembangunan geowarisan

inspirasi, keanekaan mineral warisan. Sebuah geotapak dan pelan perlaksanaan

dan mineral sangat dikagumi, ialah tapak atau landskap berstrategi.

sementara fosil sebagai asas yang mengandungi sumber

dalam menentukan usia geologi bernilai warisan

alam, sejarah kehidupan dan tinggi. Nilai warisannya

ketamadunan. Set minda pula perlu ditentukan

warisan (heritage mind set), berasaskan kepentingan

baru sahaja dikembangkan saintifik (pengetahuan),

dan kini amat popular dalam estatik (keindahan), rekreasi

kehidupan manusia madani. (naluri mengembara) dan

Perkembangan industri budaya (hubungan dengan Professor Emeritus P.Geol. Dato’ Dr.
Ibrahim Komoo, PhD, F.I.G.M, FASc
pelancongan, khususnya tamadun manusia). Sebagai currently is a Chief Executive Officer
of Geopark and Geotourism Creative
lawatan untuk menikmati ahli geologi, kita mempunyai Solutions Sdn Bhd, newly incorporated
company that focus on providing
keindahan alam, aktiviti kemahiran untuk mengkaji highest quality advisory, consultancy
and creative solutions on planning
rekreasi lapangan dan sukan dan membangun geotapak. and development of geosite, geopark
and geotourism. He is a Founder of
lasak (ekstrem) amat digemari Sebahagian besar geotapak Geological Heritage Group, Malaysia
(WGM), Founder/ Former Coordinator,
dan telah menjadi industri/ masih belum dikenali dan Asia Pacific Geoparks Network (APGN)
and Founder Former Vice President,
perniagaan multi-jutaan dipetakan untuk mentafsir Global Geoparks Network (GGN)

ringgit. Bagusnya, ini adalah nilainya. Tak kenal maka 27

satu tindakan kelestarian iaitu tak cinta, dan tidak mampu

‘penggunaan sumber alam kita serlahkan nilainya.

secara tanpa musnah’. Inilah sumber sumber tabii

Jika lombong dan kuari ialah baharu untuk pembangunan

COVER STORY mengalami dua episod geologi yang utama,
iaitu hentaman meteorit (1.83 juta tahun)
Hentaman dan letusan Toba (74,000 tahun). Kedua-
Meteorit dan duanya ada kaitan dengan kehidupan yang
Debu Toba di ada pada masa itu. Rupanya pada kedua-
Malaysia ? dua masa tersebut dah ada kehidupan
manusia kuno. Jika berdasarkan tapak
oleh Askury Abdul Kadir Sangiran di Jawa, Indonesia, bukti 1.83
juta tahun adalah manusia tidak sempurna
Saya telah mengikuti program ASIK (Al- Homo erectus manakala yang 74,000
hidayah Sharing Islamic Knowledge), tahun dahulu adalah kumpulan manusia
Badan Geologi Indonesia pada 6 Jun sempurna Homo sapiens. Gabungan sains
2021 yang telah disampaikan oleh Prof. dan arkeologi telah membukti ada manusia
Dato’ Dr. Mokhtar Saidin yang bertajuk awal di Lenggong melalui alat batu dan
“Benturan Meteorit dan Debu Letusan pentarikhan kronometrik digabungkan.
Toba di Lenggong, Perak, Malaysia” secara Kawasan yang dikatakan kawah hentaman
atas talian aplikasi zoom. Cara dan pola meteorit yang berukuran diameter 8km
penyampaian santai penuh ilmiah beliau, agak sukar dilihat dengan mata kasar
sangat memukau serta menusuk kalbu saya secara fizikal akibat dilitupi oleh tumbuhan
dan terdetik dihati untuk berkongsi sedikit tropika yang sememangnya tebal. Melalui
intipatinya untuk pengetahuan ramai di bukti lapangan yang menemukan bungkah-
kalangan Ahli Geologi BOG. bungkah suevit dalam pelbagai saiz serta
dibuktikan dengan data-data geofizik, maka
Mengikut kupasan beliau, Lenggong dimensi kawah dapat diinterpretasikan.

28

SUEVIT - BATUAN METAMORF
AKIBAT IMPAK METEORIT

Rajah 4: Suevit batu hampar yang termetamof akibat hentaman meteorit.

Penemuan itu Rajah 2 : Bongkah suevit Bt Bunuh (kiri) dan
setanding dengan lapisan debu putih Toba (kanan)
penemuan lain
seluruh dunia.
Memang menarik,
pembuktian saintifik
dapat merungkai
satu sejarah
arkeologi yang
menarik.

Bukit Bunuh sebagai tonjolan kesan Rajah 3 : Alat batu dijumpai di dalam suevit
hentaman di mana banyak dijumpai
suevit serta kon pecah (shatter cone) 29
yang membuktikan ianya benar
berlaku hentaman, yang mana batuan
asas terkesan oleh tekanan dan suhu

COVER STORY

tinggi sehinggakan membentuk batuan
metamorf suevit yang keras serta
mengandungi pecahan batuan bersegi
(angular) atau terbreksia dalam pelbagai
saiz. Apa yang menariknya, terdapat alat
batu manusia primitif tertanam bersama
dengan suevit yang menandakan adanya
kehidupan sebelum 1.83 juta tahun
dahulu di Lembah Lenggong.

Penemuan itu setanding dengan
penemuan lain seluruh dunia. Memang
menarik, pembuktian saintifik dapat
merungkai satu sejarah arkeologi yang
menarik.

Walau bagaimanapun, sehingga kini Rajah 1 : Poster program bual-bicara
pengkaji belum menjumpai bongkah
meteorit itu sendiri yang berasal dari iklim, ekosistem dan kehidupan manusia
luar angkasa (extraterrestrial), sama primitif. Tidak hairanlah, jarak antara Toba
ada daripada ‘stony meteorite’ atau ‘iron dan Lenggong cuma 350km, dan telah
meteorite’. Sekiranya bahan tersebut menerima enapan sekitar lebih kurang 6m
dijumpai, bermakna bukti hentaman tebal debu volkanik. Inilah menjadi salah
meteorit Lenggong lebih mantap dan satu punca kemusnahan manusia awal yang
terbukti kesahihannya tanpa ragu. menghuni Kota Tampan.
Mungkin, satu hari kelak kita akan
menjumpai bukti penting tersebut.

Aktiviti ekskavasi artifaks arkeologi Pernah diceritakan penduduk Lenggong,
yang dijalankan di Kota Tampan telah sekiranya ingin menanam pokok durian,
menemukan pelbagai alat batu yang lubang perlu digali melepasi lapisan
tertimbus oleh debu berwarna putih tanah putih untuk mempastikan tanaman
yang berasal dari letusan bersaiz mega subur. Atau dengan kata lain, debu Toba
volkano Toba sekitar 74,000 tahun berkomposisi felsik yang tinggi terdiri
dahulu. Ia juga dikenali sebagai YTT daripada kuarza dan feldspar tidak dapat
(Youngest Toba Tuff) adalah letusan memberi kesuburan tanah.
terbesar semasa Kuaterner. Lenggong telah diisytihar sebagai Tapak
Debu volkanik telah tersebar luas ke arah Warisan Dunia UNESCO pada 2012. Untuk
barat, baratlaut, baratdaya dan timurlaut memperkukuhkan lagi kelestarian Lembah
sehingga dapat dikesan di benua India, Lenggong,, kerajaan telah mengorak satu
Eropah dan Greenland. Impaknya langkah lagi untuk menjadikan Lenggong
amat besar dan memberi kesan kepada sebagai Geopark Kebangsaan pada tahun
ini dan kemudiannya membawa menjadi
30

Rajah 5 : Bentuk kawah hentaman meteorit dari kajian geofizik.

UNESCO Global Geopark. About the author :
Nilai geologi, budaya dan arkeologi yang
terangkum di dalam Geopark dapat Askury Abd Kadir is a registered Professional
dipulihara dan dipelihara untuk tatapan Geologist with Board of Geologists Malaysia (BOG).
generasi akan datang. Mudah-mudahan, He obtained his Master Degree in Engineering
degan usaha berterusan suatu hari nanti Geology from the University of Leeds, United
Geopark Lenggong akan dikenali ramai Kingdom in 1997. He served the Geological Survey
dan bakal menerima pengunjung dari of Malaysia, and now Department of Minerals and
saentero dunia. Geoscience Malaysia (JMG) for almost 24 years
in various capacities. He had vast experiences on
Catatan: Maklumat dan gambar-gambar dari regional geology in Malaysia, especially on igneous
Prof. Dato’ Mokhtar Saidin telah diolah semula petrology and petrochemistry. He joined University
untuk kefahaman Ahli Geologi Malaysia dalam of Technology PETRONAS as academician for
Geoarkeologi. almost 12 years soon after he left JMG in 2007. His
research interests dealing with structural geology,
tectonic, geomechanics and engineering geology.
He involves in various geological disciplines, and
actively participates in geology programmes at
national and international level. He served as Vice
President, Geological Society of Malaysia (GSM)
between 2017 and 2020. He is also a member of
Institute of Geology Malaysia (IGM). He joined
GMT Group in 2019 as Technical Advisor. Later,
he was appointed as Chief Executive Officer of
Geodream Solutions Sdn Bhd, the social enterprise
outfit supported by GMT Group and Geosolutions
Group to nurture young talents and will focus on
the application and development of geoscience for
societal benefits.

31

COVER STORY

Sarawak Delta Geopark
Sebuah Delta Dinamik Mendasari Ketamadunan Masyarakat

(A Dynamic Delta Underlies the Civilization of Society)

oleh Dr. Dana Badang, PhD, M.I.G.M

DeltaSungaiSarawakyang kerajaan Sarawak bersetuju (Hutchison 2005, Brietfield
terletak di Bahagian dengan cadangan SDGp et al. 2017) yang berusia dari
Kuching antara kawasan pada 21 November 2019 dan Karbon hingga Kapur Akhir
terawal dicadangkan sebagai majlis perasmian gemilang berdasarkan kehadiran fosil
di peringkat negeri telah di dalam batuan sedimennya
geopark, selepas Langkawi diadakan pada 9 April 2021 terutama fauna dan flora
bagi tujuan promosi. Penilaian Cathaysia (Beauvais dan
UGGp. Pengenalpastian dan SDGp sebagai geopark Fontaine 1990, Vanchard
kebangsaan dijangka pada 1990). Geologi kawasan SDGp
pemetaan warisan geologi Ogos 2021 manakala usaha ke dibentuk oleh batuan Syis
arah UNESCO Global Geopark
telah dijalankan semasa (UGGp) akan dilaksanakan
pada 2022/23.
RMKe-9 (2007-2010).
Kepulauan Borneo dipercayai
Inisiatif yang dipelopori dibentuk oleh beberapa
kepingan kerak bumi yang
oleh JMG Sarawak ini telah berasal sama ada dari
Gondwana atau Catahysia
dibentangkan kepada wakil yang tertokok kepada teras
Asia Tenggara iaitu Sundaland
Kumpulan Pakar UNESCO (Metcalfe dan Irving 1990,
Metcalfe 2009, Hall et al.
Global Geoparks dan kerajaan 2009, Hall 2012). SDGp
yang berada dalam zon
Sarawak pada 2009, disusuli tektonostratigrafi Zon Kuching
di Barat Kepulauan Borneo
siri taklimat dan perbincangan merekodkan evolusi geologi
yang sangat kompleks akibat
bersama beberapa agensi perlanggaran antara kepingan
kerak bumi semasa Mesozoik
kerajaan negeri. Oleh kerana dan Kenozoik. Batuan dasar
di sini dibentuk oleh berbagai
geopark merupakan agenda jenis batuan berjulat daripada
batuan metamorf, batuan
pembangunan baru di sedimen dan batuan igneus

peringkat kebangsaan dan

antarabangsa (UNESCO),

kerajaan Sarawak perlu

memahami konsep geopark

secara mendalam terlebih

dahulu sebelum bersetuju

menerima penubuhan

cadangan geopark yang

dikenali sebagai Sarawak

Delta Geopark (SDGp). SDGp

merangkumi Daerah Kuching,

Daerah Bau, Daerah Kecil

Padawan dan Siburan dengan

keluasan 3,112km2 (2,685
km2 daratan dan 427km2

lautan). Secara rasminya

32

Tuang (pre-Karbon Akhir), Granodiorit COVER STORY
Jagoi (pra-Trias), Formasi Sadong (Triasik
Akhir), Volkanik Serian (Trias Akhir), Formasi bertaraf kebangsaan hingga antarabangsa.
Sejingkat (Juras-Kapur), Batu Kapur Bau (Juras Geotapak ini mewakili bukti evolusi geologi
Akhir-Kapur Awal), Formasi Pedawan (Juras yang telah membentuk kepulauan Borneo
Akhir-Kapur Akhir), Batu Pasir Kayan (Kapur dan rantau Asia Tenggara semenjak zaman
Akhir-Eosen), Batu Pasir Plateau (Eosen Akhir- Trias. Delta Sungai Sarawak merupakan
Oligosen Awal), Igneus Tertiar dan sedimen sebuah delta yang dinamik dengan proses
resen (Kuaterner). geologi seperti eksogen dan pengendapan
masih aktif berlaku hingga sekarang. Taraf
SDGp memaparkan keistimewaan gabungan dan kepentingan warisan khususnya warisan
warisan geologi, biologi, budaya dan tradisi saintifik menjadi asas penilaian SDGp
masyarakat yang bernilai tinggi dan perlu sebagai Geopark Kebangsaan dan seterusnya
dibangun secara mampan, dipulihara dan UGGp. Antara kepelbagaian geologi yang
dipakej sebagai tarikan pelancongan dan menghasilkan geotapak dalam SDGp ialah
rekreasi. Sumber bumi bernilai warisan tinggi Enapan Lautan Tertua Syis Tuang Country
yang dikenali sebagai geotapak merupakan Hill, Perbukitan Kars Batu Kapur Padawan
elemen utama dalam pembangunan sesebuah dan Bau, Enapan Daratan Tertua Santubong-
geopark. SDGp mempunyai kepelbagaian Tanah Tinggi Bungoh-Serapi, Morfologi
geotapak yang bernilai warisan saintifik, Hakisan Pantai Berbatu Bako, Bekas Lombong
estetik, budaya dan rekreasi tinggi serta Emas Bau, Dataran Delta Sungai Sarawak dan
Prisma Tokokan Sejingkat Tg. Adam.

Turus laut Bako

33

COVER STORY

Ciri-ciri istimewa terserlah dan tersembunyi SDGp:

• Batuan dasar Sundaland antara pinggir benua Dasar Barat Borneo

pengendapan terawal dalam evolusi • Morfologi kars matang berusia 164-145 juta

geologi rantau Asia, berusia 355 juta tahun tahun (Batu Kapur Bau) yang menunjukan

(Syis Tuang) kepelbagaian fitur menarik sebagai tarikan

• Jujukan lengkap batuan kerak lautan kuno geopelancogan

berusia 200-65 juta tahun (F. Sejingkat) • Endapan daratan tertua di Borneo berusia

yang menyimpan bukti tektonik evolusi 65-54 juta tahun (F. Kayan) dengan

geologi Sarawak Barat, Borneo dan kepelbagaian struktur primer dan landskap

serantau geologi menarik

• Gunung berapi kuno berusia 220 juta • Intrusi igneus yang menghasilkan

tahun (Volkanik Serian), antara aktiviti pemineralan kaya emas di Bau

igneus terawal di Sarawak, membentuk

arka kepulauan laut cetek di sepanjang

Permatang batu pasir terkelar Tanah
Tinggi Bungoh, Padawan

Gerbang laut Tk Tajor, Bako

34 Batuan terbelah (Batu Tipire) Volkanik Serian

Pentas hakisan memanjang Tg Rhu, Bako

Fairy Cave, Bau

Kekar turus tonalit G. Jemus, Bau

Rujukan :

Beauvais, L., Fontaine, H., 1990. Corals from the Bau Limestone Formation, Jurassic of Sarawak, Malaysia. In: Fontaine, H. (Ed.), Ten
Years of CCOP Research on the PreTertiary of East Asia, pp. 209–239.
Breitfeld, H.T., Hall, R., Galin, T., Forster, M.A., BouDagher-Fadel, M.K., 2017. A Triassic to Cretaceous Sundaland-Pacific subduction
margin in West Sarawak, Borneo. Tectonophysics 694, 35–56.
Hall, R., 2012. Late Jurassic-Cenozoic reconstructions of the Indonesian region and the Indian Ocean. Tectonophysics 570–571,
1–41.
Hall, R., Clements, B., Smyth, H.R., 2009. Sundaland: Basement character, structure and plate tectonic development. In: Proceedings
Indonesian Petroleum Association, 33rd Annual Convention, IPA09-G-134, pp. 1–27.
Hutchison, C.S., 2005. Geology of North-West Borneo. Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 421 pp.
Metcalfe, I. 2009. Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tectonic and palaeogeographical evolution of SE Asia. In: Buffetaut, E., Cuny, G.,
Le Loeuff, J. & Suteethorn, V. (Eds.), Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia Geological Society of London Special
Publication, 315, 7-23.
Metcalfe, I. dan Irving, E., 1990. Allochthonous Terrane Processes in Southeast Asia: Discussion. Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Volume 331, Issue 1620, pp. 639-640
Vachard, D., 1990. A new biozonation of the limestones from Terbat area, Sarawak, Malaysia. In: Fontaine, H. (Ed.) Ten Years of
CCOP Research on the Pre-Tertiary of East Asia. CCOP/TP 20, CCOP Technical Secretariat, Bangkok, pp. 183-208.

35

Peluang Menyam

Geologi @ Universiti Ke

36

mbung Pelajaran

ebangsaan Malaysia

GEOLOGICAL INPUTS FOR LANDSLIDE
hAZARD IDENTIFICATION (LHI)

IN THE TRUSMADI FORMATION SLOPES, SABAH, MALAYSIA
by Dr. Rodeano Roslee

1 Natural Disaster Research Centre (NDRC), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
2 Faculty of Science & Natural Resources (FSSA), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

This article describes the importance of
geological inputs for Landslide Hazard
Identification (LHI) in the Trusmadi
Formation slopes, Sabah, Malaysia (Figure
1). The Trusmadi Formation regionally
experienced two major structural
orientations NW-SE and NE-SW. It consists
mostly of dark grey shale with thin bedded
sandstones, typical of a turbidite deposit.
This unit has been subjected to low grade
metamorphism, producing slates, phyllites
and meta-sediments and intense tectonic
deformation producing disrupted or
brecciated beds. Quartz veins are quite
widespread within the joints in sandstone
beds. The shale is dark grey when fresh
but changes light grey to brownish when

Most of the findings Above: Water seepage/spring on the slope area.
could not have been Intermittent sliding from this spot will lead to the
ascertained without major slope failure
sound understanding
of the site geological weathered. The weathered materials
evolution, inherited are unstable and may experience
unfavourable geological sliding due to high pore-water pressure,
relics and the peculiar steep hummocky or rugged slopes and
but hazardous intensively geomorphologic processes.
The geological characteristics caused
38 engineering properties. the Trusmadi Formation slopes to
be highly unstable and susceptible
to landslide occurrences (Figure 2).
Most of the findings could not have

been ascertained without landslide problems in face deteriorates or causes
landslide. Good knowledge
sound understanding Trusmadi Formation of the useful geological
inputs can help avoid such
of the site geological slopes. In terms of slope unnecessary and expensive
slope stabilization option.
evolution, inherited remedial work and slope Thus, the awareness of
the geological inputs
unfavourable geological designs, these geological is necessary for the
appropriate idealization
relics and the peculiar but inputs should be taken into

hazardous engineering consideration for better

properties. There are six assessment of the slope

(6) parameters to consider materials, geometry and

: the local and regional behaviour characteristics.

geology, hydrological This study has proven of ground conditions and
that geological input the subsequent model for
and geohydrological, plays an important role LHI and future mitigation
in the understanding of measures.
mineralogical and the causes of landslide.
With this understanding 39
micro structures, local appropriate stabilization
work can be carried out
discontinuities structures, immediately and effectively
before the unstable slope
geomorphological

processes, and physical

and engineering properties

of soil and rock which can

help as much in evaluating

Above : Photograph showing the settling soil block suffers from fracturing, stumping or flowing with
considerable lateral movement along the slip plane of the down slope

Left : Slopes cut parallel
to the strike and steeper
than the dip of the day
lighting planes then lead
to landslide

Slope Surfaces / Directions

Slope Surfaces / Directions

Dip Directions Dip Directions Dip Directions Dip Directions

Right: Photograph showing the Recrystallined quarzt Rough Planar
discontinuities that provides along the join planes
intersecting sheets to form Slate
stepped and slickensided
surfaces or boundary to the
vertical joints

Slickensided Surfaces

Rough Planar Smooth Planar
Smooth Planar
Angular to sub-angular
sandstone fragments

Subphyllite

40

Right : The very steep cut slope is a potential landslide hazard

> 60o

Perlombongan
Bijih Timah
Lembah Kinta

oleh : askury kadir @ pak cu

Kepelbagaian etnik, budaya dan adat di lombong oleh orang Melayu tempatan dan
resam di Geopark Lembah Kinta Orang Asli dengan kaedah lampang (sluicing)
menggambarkan sejarah unggul secara menggali peparit berhampiran sungai
pembangunan semenjak era sebelum dan kaedah lombong Siam, secara menggali
penjajah. Dengan lain perkataan, ianya lubang (shaft) terus ke enapan bijih timah.
menyerlahkan sejarah perlombongan Pendatang Mandailing berasal dari Sumatra
bijih timah di kawasan lembah Kinta sejak datang dengan teknik melombong tabok
kurun ke-19 lagi. Ia telah dibahagikan dengan menggali lubang, di mana air
kepada empat era utama supaya senang diangkut keluar melalui tuas (cantilever).
difahami oleh semua. Pendatang kedua orang Mandailing telah
direkodkan pada tahun 1875 dan mereka
i. Era Sebelum Perebutan Bijih Timah: datang ke Lembah Kinta untuk melombong
Semenjak kurun ke-19, bijih timah telah bijih timah.

42

kecil menggunakan lancut kecil (sluice
box) untuk memerangkap bijih timah.
Lombong Tambun dan Lombong Tronoh
merupakan dua lombong besar milik
pelombong China di awal kurun ke-20.
Walau bagaimanapun, ramai pelombong
berskala kecil melalui kaedah mendulang
atau melanda di lembangan sungai dan
tahi lombong (tailing) dikendalikan oleh
individu-individu perseorangan sepanjang
sejarah perlombongan di Lembah Kinta.

iii. Era Perlombongan Eropah :
Walaupun British menapak di Malaya
lebih awal, namun syarikat dari Perancis
telah memulakan perlombongan lebih
awal. Operasi perlombongan Eropah
pertama di Lembah Kinta dikendalikan
oleh French Société des Etains de Kinta
juga dikenali sebagai SEK tertumpu
di kawasan Lahat dan Klian Lalang. Ia
bermula pada tahun 1886 dan meneruskan
operasi sehingga kejatuhan pasaran timah

ii. Era Perebutan Bijih Timah : ldtArKTddmsppeiauiaaaemiuubelnjrnnsAauaisnnaahhtlMksmmrghraiiaaasausaaLeenegdnalrarmrduatiuaktusuhaamdibsibepamnnakpuaterpa.adantgrawkunisiahimalkruaaanarjlauanuhnd
Pada tahun 1880, enapan timah berskala 43
besar telah dijumpai di Kinta menggalakkan
migrasi pelombong Cina ke tempat baru dari
Larut ke Lembah Kinta. Ternyata enapan
timah di Lembah Kinta lebih kaya dan
bertaburan secara meluas jika dibandingkan
dengan medan timah Larut. Perlombongan
secara besar-besaran bermula di Kinta pada
tahun 1884, di mana pendatang China
menggunakan tenaga buruh secara intensif
untuk mengorek tanah, kincir air untuk nyah-
air di lombong, dan sebahagian kumpulan

pada tahun 1985. Gopeng Tin Mining iv. Era Selepas Kejatuhan Pasaran Timah:
Company merupakan syarikat milik Kejatuhan pasaran timah berlaku pada
perlombongan Eropah berskala besar yang 24 Oktober 1985 menandakan kegelapan
dimiliki oleh Osborne & Chappell yang industri timah bukan sahaja di Malaysia,
memulakan operasi dalam tahun 1901. malah seantero dunia. Berlaku kejatuhan
Dalam tahun 1913, Malayan Tin Dredging menjunam (drastic) pasaran timah apabila
Ltd. (MTD) memperkenalkan teknologi berlaku lambakan stok penimbal timah
kapal korek dengan siri takung (bucket) di LME menyebabkan banyak lombong
berputar untuk membolehkan mereka ditutup sehinggakan pengeluaran timah
mengekstrak bijih timah dari rezab besar menurun kepada 83% dalam tahun
dalam jangkamasa pendik. Pengoperasian 1995. Syarikat-syarikat besar amat
kapal korek tanpa henti dengan tiga syif sukar berkembang di Lembah Kinta
pekerja. Kapal korek mampu mengorek dan perlu mencari alternatif lain untuk
pada kedalaman lebih 10m di bawah terus bertapak akibat krisis tersebut.
permukaan. Semasa Perang Dunia Kedua, Sebahagian telah bertukar kepada pemaju
bijih besi juga dilombong selaras dengan perumahan, industri lain atau bertukar
permintaan tinggi industri besi dan kepada perlombongan mineral lain.
keluli. Melalui kebanjiran pekerja China Pembangunan Lembah Kinta selepas era
serta teknologi moden barat menjadikan kegemilangan bijih timah telah bangkit
Lembah Kinta sebagai pengeluar bijih kembali setelah pembinaan Lebuhraya
timah terbesar dunia sehingga kejatuhan Utara-Selatan antara Kuala Lumpur dan
pasaran timah pada 24 Oktober 1985. Ipoh pada tahun 1986. Pada hakikatnya,
Kuala Lumpur Tin Market wujud lebih se pembangunan sektor pelancongan di
abad lalu menguruskan perniagaan timah Lembah Kinta telah berkembang dengan
dan merupakan salah satu pasaran timah pesatnya berkonsepkan pandangan
di dunia dan memberikan rujukan harga menarik morfologi kars atau batu kapur.
pasaran timah di Asia dan Australasia. Ia direalisasikan dengan pengisytiharan
Antara lombong bijih timah di Lembah “Geopark Lembah Kinta” pada tahun 2017.
Kinta yang tersenarai di dalam London Sejarah Bandaraya Ipoh :
Stock Exchange (LSE) ialah Southern Telah ditubuhkan sekitar tahun 1880 di
Kinta Consolidated Ltd., Kamunting Tin bahagian tebing barat Sg. Kinta atau Bandar
Dredging Ltd., Malayan Tin Dredging Lama. Sg. Kinta telah memisahkan sejarah
Ltd. dan Tronoh Mines Ltd. Laluan trek Bandaraya Ipoh kepada dua bahagian;
keretapi terawal dari Ipoh ke Telok Anson Bandar Baru dan Bandar Lama. Sejarah
@ Teluk Intan dibina untuk mengangkut Ipoh bermula dengan Bandar Lama
bijih timah sekitar tahun 1885. Pelombong semasa perlumbaan bijih timah. Semasa
Eropah tidak berupaya menandindingi era pemerintahan Raja-raja Melayu, Ipoh
pelombong cina dari segi teknologi dan cuma sebuah kampung kecil yang dikenali
pengeluaran timah memandangkan sebagai Kg, Paloh. Apabila penjajah British
lombong timah lanar memerlukan mentadbir Perak sekitar tahun 1877,
kemahiran kendiri, tambahan pula Ipoh telah bertukar menjadi bandar dan
kelakuan atau pola enapan timah yang kehadiran beramai-ramai, terutamanya
cukup unik. orang Cina yang datang mencari rezeki

44

Gambar 1: Aktiviti mendulang
dengan mengambil pasir bercampur

bijih dari tebing dan dasar sungai.
(http://ipohecho.com.my/v2/wp-

content/uploads/2013/06/Falim-set-
for-growth-1.jpg)

Gambar 2 : Lombong dedah
menggunakan pancutan air
(monitor) bagi menguraikan tanah
berpasir yang mengandungi bijih.
(http://ipohecho.com.my/v2/wp-
content/uploads/2013/04/Ipoh_s-Tin-

Mining-Towkays3.jpg)
Gambar 3 : Kapal korek yang
digunakan untuk mengekstrak bijih
timah dalam kuantiti besar dengan
menggunakan takung (bucket)
(https://media.thestar.com.my/
Prod/82149A6A-64CD-4CEA-B166-

1A0AAD7B8DDC)

Rajah 4: Pandangan atas morfologi
kars di kelilingi oleh kolam-kolam
bekas lombong bijih timah.
https://i1.wp.com/visitperak.com.
my/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/
Limestone-hills-of-the-Kinta-
Valley-The-Paleozoic-limestone-
hills-of-the-Kinta-Valley.
png?resize=850%2C568&ssl=1

45

terutamanya dari Pulau Pinang. Kerubut
(rush) bijih timah berlaku sekitar 1884
menjadikan Ipoh berkembang. Dalam
tahun 1886, Dato’ Panglima Kinta telah
mengisytiharkan Bandar Ipoh sebagai
‘luas serta jalan lurus’, mungkin bermula
dari Jalan Panglima. Di antara tahun 1905
dan 1914, Yau Tet Shin mengembangkan
bandar Ipoh merentangi Sg. Kinta dan
membentuk Bandar Baru dengan pelbagai
kemudahan. Kedudukan geografi Ipoh
yang terletak di lembah Sg. Kinta, kaya
dengan bijih timah menjadikan pusat
semulajadi pertumbuhan ekonomi. Satu
kebakaran besar berlaku di Ipoh pada
tahun 1892, di mana hampir separuh telah
musnah dan dibina semula mengikut
grid. Ipoh telah berkembang dengan
pesatnya terutamanya dalam tahun
1920an dan 1930an dalam era kedua
kerubut bijih timah untuk menampung
pertumbuhan perniagaan berkaitan
lombong bijih timah. Ia dinamakan dari
pokok Ipoh (Antiaristoxicaria) yang
beracun digunapakai oleh orang asli untuk
memburu binatang buas dan burung
dengan menggunakan sumpit. Dalam
tahun 1937, Ipoh diisytiharkan sebagai ibu
Negeri Perak, menggantikan Taiping.

Rujukan :
3TH. hBeeruiitKladugineaglianVMLuulanmlearpyausbirail,iTtIyiSnBcNoMna9t.r7k8e-t9,6270-51503. 3T-0in0-S6tory:

SEISMIC HAZARD
MAP OF MALAYSIA

SOURCE :
DISASTER RESEARCH NETWORK,
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA,
2018

46

Figure 16: Seismic Hazard Map of Malaysia

Occurrence of natural disaster water that flow down a channelized
such as debris flow posed high watershed onto deposition area. The
degree of unfavourable effects mixture of rock can be composed of
to human especially in term of safety. both fine (clay, silt, and sand) and coarse
Debris flow is defined based on type material (gravel, cobble, and boulder)
and composition of material involved, in which the latter is prevalent that the
also mechanism of movement. Debris mixture implies smaller composition
flow pertains to landslide that flow of fine particle. On June 5, 2015, an
with high speed and consist of mixture earthquake of Mw 6.0 occurred in
of rock, mud, organic material, and Ranau, Sabah. These earthquakes are

47

Debris Flo

among the strongest in Malaysia since the Figure 1 : Ranau earthquake 2015 caused a
earthquake at Lahad Datu in 1976. More major earthquake and several aftershocks caused
than 180 aftershocks were recorded by the widespread landslides occurred around Mount
Meteorological Department of Malaysia Kinabalu area. The landslide took off around
1,500 hectares (15 km2) of soils, rocks and
vegetation on the slopes.

(MetMalaysia) since Ranau Earthquake 2015.

However, less than 15 occurrences greater

than Mw 4.0 were recorded and occurrence

of aftershocks is still on going until now but

with a very low frequency and magnitude.

Tremors caused a major earthquake and

several aftershocks caused widespread

landslides around Mount Kinabalu area. The

landslide took off around 1,500 hectares (15

km2) of soils, rocks and vegetation on the

slopes (Figure 1). Landslides not only cause

damage to watersheds that lead to lack of

water in the river, but also contribute to

the debris flow occurrences during heavy

rain. Some of the debris flow occurred in

Mesilou River, Kilambun River, Kedamaian

River and Penataran River few weeks after

a major earthquake. Debris flow eliminates

almost all life in the rivers, in addition to

several iron bridges being wKasghe.dMaewlaayngkap, Kota Belud
and damaged several houses (Figure 2).

Water processing plant in Ranau and Kota

Belud had to be closed several times until Debris Flow Occurrences in Sabah, Malaysia
clean water in both areas is not enough.

A series of incidents of debris flow have KUNKuDndAasSanAgNG
impacted the society, environment, utilities

and infrastructures system. Extensively

monitoring and research is urgently needed,

especially in areas that have been affected.

In addition, the level of education, public

awareness and preparedness, civil society

and the role of voluntary agencies Local

Authorities in the management of debris

flow disasters should be upgraded. Further

studies should be carried out for hazard and

risks identification and assessment in order

to prepare for future debris flow disasters.

48

ow Occurrences in Sabah, Malaysia

River Name Area

2 km River Name (Hectar) Area

2 km Sg. Penataran 384 (Hectar)

River NaSSmgg..SeMMge.osPnilgeoknuoadEatoAasurteraan 328 384
145

2 km SgS. Mg.eMsiloounW(gHkeeosctdtaor)u 133 328

Sg. PenataSrgga.n.TMoheusbialnog3u8E4ast 137 145

Sg. MongkSoSgdg.o. MuKilaemsiblounu32W8 est 122 133
SSgg..MMeessiilloouuSgWE.SSaeKggssa.t.tdWTaoamrhiauuiab11na3435ng 90
55 137

Sg. TohubaSnSgg.gM. Kaniltaamki1b3u7n 33 122

Sg. KilamTboutanlS≈g.1,W50a0r1iH2u2ectar (15 km29)0

Sg. WariuSg.SKGa. MdEaSSmgI.L9MaOe0siiUlaou,,nRRaAnaNu AU 55

Sg. KadamaiaSng. Mant5a5ki 33
Sg. Mantaki 33 Kg. Melangkap

Total ≈ 1,5T0o0tHael c≈ta1r,(51050kmH2e) ctar (15 km

a Kg. Melangkap, Kota Belud
. Melangkap, Kota Belud

Kg. Kiau, Kota Belud
KG. KIAU, KOTA BELUD

Figure 2 : Impact of earthquake 49
on debris flow in Sabah.

50