NAVAL SCIENCE 3 TEXTBOOK

NAVAl. WEAPO NS AND AIRC RAFT 257


Mine Warfare Capabilit ies The potential for mine blockade without direct harm to the
local populace can be a useful weapon to force settlement of
Of all the aspects of mine warf~tre) none is as significant as the pro-
disputes without actual combat, or to constmin a limited war.
found psychological effect of the mine. Almost invariably the dan-
ger of mines is judged to be much greater that the actual physical
threat. Because a minefield is hidden, unknown in extent, and dif-
ficult to assess, there is a usual tendency to overestimate the threat.
STU DY GU IDE Q U ESTIO N S
It is not the calculation of the minefield's clTectivcness b)' the mine-
layer, but the enelllY's estimate of the threat thai is important. 1. \'Vhat are the three principal aspects of mine warfare?
tn addition to the tactic:Ii crfects of mine warfare, there is no 2. How is defensive mining used?
question that the lise or threat of use of mines has had a strong eft-eet
3. How is offensive mining lIsed?
on politiGli i.1l1d military strategy. Mines possess a number of unique
4. \Vhere was the first American attempt at mine warfare in the
qualities that make them very significant in strategic planning.
Revolutionary \-Var carried out?
J\-lines are versatile. They can do direct damage to military
units, but they can also attack the enemy's economy. Ships carry 5. \,Vho conducted research in the early nineteenth centmy
demonstrating that ships were vulnerable to underwater
the large bulk of international trade goods, and the)' are vulner-
explosions?
able to attack and tot<1lloss. i\·iines can destroy a nation's merchant
marine. They can increase damage to enemy forces by restricting 6. A. \,Vhat WJS the famous Civil \Var sea battle in which mines
their area of operations, thereby making their ships more suscep- plJyed a crucial part?
tible to attack. B. \VllO was the Union naval commander, and what was his
Mines are passive weapons. The target comes to the mine. This famolls directive?
has a number of advantages. The mine maintains its vigilance for a 7. following the Russo-Japanese \,Var, why was there all attempt
considerable amount of time, without continued commitment of to place international legal restrictions 011 some aspects of
forces. The enemy is t~lCed with a choice between confrontation of mine \\'arfare?
the minefirld and acceptance of a blockade situation. 8. A. \·Vhat was the most extensive Allied mining effort in \Vorld
.Mines arc selective weapons. The), can be set to be detonated \,Var I?
only by a very specific size or class of target, and can be selective in
B. \'Vhat was it designed to do?
depth or range. f.-lines are flexible in duration and times of activa-
9. \Vhat two new offensive minelaying methods were employed
tion. The)' can be rendered harmless during selected time inter-
during \Vorld \Var II?
vals or after a set time duration. They can also, in effect, change the
geography of the battlespace, by making certain areas impassable 10. "Vhat secret German mine WJS captured early in \Vorld \-Var II.
enabling the British to develop countermeasures against this
to ships. An area that has been declared dangerous because of the
major German weapon?
use of mines is usually treated with great respect and avoided as
though it were land. 11. \Vhere were Japanese defensive mining operations conducted
An effective mine blockade may aid significantly in gain- in the Pacific during \,Vorld \'Var II?
ing a victory over an enemy country. Such a blockade can destroy 12. \-Vhat are the mcljor methods by which mines can be planted?
the enemy's econolllY. cause food shortages, enable conservation 13. A. How are moored mines kept at predetermined depths so
of friendly attacking forces, psychologically destroy the enemy they may be used against either smtlll craft or major vessels?
morale and will to resist, and prevent sortie of enemy forces from
13. \Vhat is their main disadvantage?
their h<lrbors.
14. A. \'Vhy was the bottol11 mine developed?
Other strategic advantages of mine warfare that might accrue
to a belligerent Llsing it effectively are: 13. \·Vhat are its major limittltiolls?
15. A. \-Vhat are the three basic types of influence mines?
Forcing the enem), to engage in mine countermeasures. tying
LIp personnel <lnd resources at little cost to the minelayer B. \Vhat is a fourth type that complicates sweeping?
Delay of shipping and disruption of cargo-handling t~lCilities 16. \Vhat .. we the two methods of treating a ship's steel hull to
at ports on both ends of a supply line, even if no ship is slink decrease magnetic effects that actuate magnetic mines?
17. \·\,hJt new type of platform was de\'eloped for minesweeping
Demoralization of both ship and shore crews taced with COIl-
operations in the 1970s?
fronting a minefield
18. \Vhat marine mammal is lIsed b)' the Navy to hunt lor mines?
Cost-effecti,'e potential physical, political, and psychologicill
damage to the enem),

258 NAVAL SKILLS

19. \Vhat is often the most profound impact of the mine on an VOCABU LARY
enemy?
I11111C pressure mine
20. How can mines be lIsed to change the geography of the ocean
deterioration acoustic mine
battlespace?
mine countcrmeasures CAPTOR mine
mines\\'ecping ilctllation mechilnism
CRIT ICAL THIN K IN G cuntact mine AUV
deperming mine hunting
1. Research the ways in which modern mincs might be laid by
degaussing passive weapon
both open and coyert means in order to effectively blockade
an enemy port. magnetic mine combination mine
2. Describe why and how a credible threat of a minefield can
be as effectiye in controlling enemy shipping and diverting
enemy mine-clearing assets as an actuaill1inefield.

II Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Warfare










The previous chapters of this lInit have discllssed various types of anthrax-laced mailings were sent to several private and U.S. govern-
weapons and wcapon systems with which the naval forces of the ment buildings following the terrorist ilt1acks of 11 September 200 I,
United States and other countries of the world are equipped. r.'{ost allegedly by a disgruntled government research scientist.
of these weapons depend for their effectiveness Oil the delivery of The age of lluclear weapons began in 1945 with the Allied use
some type of high-explosive warhead or explosive device. Such of the American-built atomic bomb against the Japanese cities
weapons are collectively called colll'eJIliol/(I/ weapolls. In addition Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the closing days of\Vorld \Var 11, fol-
to these, there arc other potentially far morc devastating types of lowed b)' the development of the h)'drogen bomb shortl), thereaf-
weapons in the arsenals of 1ll<1Il)' of tadar's military forces. These ter. The end of the war ushered in a flfty-year-long era of nudear
are collectively referred to as CBR wcnpoll5 (chemical, biologi- confrontation and stalemate between the Soviet Union and the
cal, and radiological or Illlclci.lr), or sometimes specia/lVeapollS or United States and their respective major power allies called the
lI'eapOI1S of 11/(155 riestrlfctioll, to differentiate them from cOllven- Cold "Val', which did not end until the dissolution of the USSR in
tional weapons. They call inflict massive destruction over a large the earl)' 1990s.
area, or mass casualties among a population.
Although they are often thought of along with nuclear weap-
ons as being relatively new concepts, in actllality chemical and bio-
logical agents (SUbstill1ces) have been in use in warfare for many
centuries. Even in ililCient times it was common practice to dis-
rupt an enemy's food-production capability by spreading salt on
agricultural fields, or contaminate the water supply by dumping
dead animals or vegetation into it. More lethal chemical weap-
ons such as Illustard (blister) gas were developed and used in the
trench warfare of \Vorld \Var I, and the lise of smoke of variolls
kinds to mask movements at sea was a major tactic until well after
the advent of radar in the mid-1940s.
Fortunately, the widespread use of chemical and biological
warfare agents in \Vorld \Var II and in Illore recent conflicts since
has been held in check for the Illost part by threats of retaliation
and international accords limiting their use, but many nations
still have some of these kinds of weapons. Their llse by unprinci-
pled nations against weaker foes unable to retaliate has been doc-
umented several times in recent decades, as for example Iraq's use
of blister gas against Iranian forces during their protracted war of An expanding circle of radioactive material sweeps out over target
ships moored at a mid-Pacific test site at Bikini atoll in 1946.
attrition in the 1980s, and Soviet use of blister and possibly nerve
gas against rebel Afghan forces during the sallle years.
Iraq's Saddam Hussein threatened to use chemical and possibly Fortunately much progress has been made since then with
biological agents against U.S. and other coalition torces, as well ilS disarmament negotiations and international accords among the
against Israel, during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. His forces set remaining world powers that has done much to limit the spread
fire to most of the oil wells in Kuwait following the Lri.lqi withdrawal, and diminish the stockpiles of CRR weapons. Nevertheless, some
the smoke ilnd soot frolll which greatl)' hindered occupying coali- threat of potential use of these weapons persists, especiall}' by
tion forces for months thereafter. In hIte 1995, a group of Japanese countries who might develop and lise thelll to blackmail their
terrorists used a nerw-gas agent in an i.lt1ack against civilians in a neighbors into submission if allowed to do so, and by extremists
Japanese subway, incapacitating all those exposed. More recently, and terrorists who manage to obtain weapons of this type. Thus,



259

260 NAVA L SK I LLS

even in the post-Cold \·Var era, the United States nnd its nllies nre il speedy death. These gases have 110t been successfully used in war
required to maintain strong deterrent capabilities in order to try to because they are very light and dissipate quickly. The)' would prob-
discourage any aggressive lise ofCBR weapons in the future. ably not be used by themselves.
The following sections summarize current capabilities ill CRR Choking gases (lung irritants) act on the respiratory system
w<Jrfare, and some of the damage control me<lsures that could be and arc often t~ltal. Chlorine and phosgene are two COlllmon types.
taken in the e\'ent of their lise in allY fUhtre connict. Phosgene W ;1S used in \\'arld \\'ar ( and caused casualties second
only to mustMd gas. These gnses cause the lungs to fill with liquid,
causing death due to lack of oxygen.
Chemical Warfare Ps),cho gases produce a mentall), confused state that includes
Chemical warfare (C\·V) is the military use of any chemical to hallucinations, anger, and inability to sleep. They may <1lso cause
harass or calise casualties among enemy forces. Chemical war- physical symptoms such as dizziness, blurred vision. fainting spells,
fare ngents are poisollous chemiGlls that call cause death, injury, and severe muscle weakness. These gases make people completely
or irritnting eHects. They mny be gnses, V<lpors, powders. or liquids. ineftcctive, but they do not kill. Their effects last from eight hours
and include screening smokes and incendiaries. Though they can to four days. According to somc analysts, psycho gases could be
be deadly. chemical Will'l~lre agents are often unstable and difficult widely lIsed in future wars.
to produce and store, and can be dispersed and rendered inclTec- VOllliting gases ilnd fea/' gases produce unplensant symptoms,
tive by weather and sunlight. but usually for ani), a short time. The}' arc not intended to cause
Chemical warfare agents can be difficult to detect .md some death. They are used to control riots. to force people out of build-
nrc lethal in \'ery slllall concentrations. Upwind dispersal of chem- ings or caves, or to capture enemy forces without serious injury.
icnl agents could contnlllinate a large <lre<l with devastating results. The)' arc often used in training exercises. Because they are really
Chemical smoke screens have been used to hide one's OWJl ships or vapors, protective gas masks give complete protection if used
forces, or to confuse enemy forces. The smokes can be combined quickly nnd correctly. ~vlixtur(' of these agents with more lethal
with other chemical agents as well. Illcendiaries-chemical com- gnses is possible, however; if that were done, many casualties could
pounds that burn with terrific heat-may be dropped by airCI\lft, quickly occur.
fired in shells, or used with flamethrowers. They include napalm, All of these chemical warfare agents can be delivered via gUll
jeUied gasoline, and thermite nnd magnesiulll bombs. But the most projectiles, missiles, or aircraft bombs or spray tilnks.
dangerous C\V threat is the use of casualty and harassing agents
against troops or civilian populations.
Biological Warfare
C\ I' gases cause bodily damage according to the type used. The
most common types of C\V agents are nerve gases, blister gases, l3iological wart~He (R\V) is the use of living organisms (bacteria,
blood gases, choking gases, psycho gases, and vomiting and tear spores, or fungi) or toxins (powerful biologic poisons) to reduce
gases. A protective gas mask can protect the eyes and lungs against the ability of an enem), to wage wnr by destroying or contaminat-
m.lIlY of these agents, and specially treated garments will protect ing food or water supplies or by spreading epidemic disease. A B\V
the skin. attack would most probably consist of an aerosol spmy (fog-like
Nerve gases are the 1110st deadly of the C\ V agents. They were droplets) released into air currents or water supplies, or a powder
developed by the Germans in \\'orld \Var II but never iIsed in that that people might ingest. 13\ V agents cnn be released by aircraft,
war. Entering the body through the nose, skin, or mouth, they are bombs, and missiles, or evell by enemy agents or terrorists. Like
quick killers. Protection against nerve gases depends on speed in certain chemical agents, it only takes a very small amount of lllany
detection, masking, and self .. or first-aid. These nre the most proba- of these agents to do serio liS harm.
ble C\·V agents to be used in the future, according to many analysts. A slow laboriltof)' testing process is necessmy to detect bio-
Blister gases calise blisters on the skin. A type of blister gas 10ginl1 warfare agents. which are \'ef)' diftkult to identify. j\'(any
called Illustard gas was used extensiveI}' in \ Vorld \ Val' (; it caused people could become casualties by the time the agent is identified.
IlHlIl)' casualties on both sides. Either in liquid or vapor form, these Once identified. however. diseases ctlused by 1110st B\ V agents can
gases calise painful burns ahd blisters on the skin and Can dam- be sllccessfully treated. Most B\V agents die or lose their effective-
age the eyes even 1110re seriously. (fbreathed into the lungs, blister ness after a fe\\' days of exposure to sunlight and ordinary \\'eather
gases wi1l inflame the throat, windpipe, and lungs, alien resulting conditions. Food and clothing suspected of being contaminated
in pneumonia and de<lIh. should be boiled before lise. Canned goods are normally consid ..
Blood gases directly alrect heart action and interlere with the ered safe to use.
absorption of oxygen by the body. The body tissues suffocate and Vaccines are availnble against many potentinl l3\V agents stich
die. A mild exposure will produce hendache, dizziness, and nausea, as anthrax and plague, and cnn be administered to military person-
followed by recovery within a lew hours. Heavy exposure will cause

NAVA L WEAPONS AND A IRCRAFT 261

nd and civilians in danger of being exposed to this kind of attack. explosion, and heavy residual radiation from the highly contam·
Sev(.'n.11 kinds of nntibiotics ;He effective in treating the effects of illatcd base surge. This is the wall of heavy mist at sea, or cloud
Illany kinds of U\ V ngents ilfter e:...vosure. of dust on land, created around ground zero when the column of
w<lter or dirt formed by the explosion ralls back to the Stlrf..1ce.
In the case of mdionctive material dispersed by il conventional
Nuclear Warfare
explosive, there will be some shock and heat dnmnge in close prox·
Nuclear wnrfilre involves the use of weapons or devices armed with imity ns with all such detonations, but the most troublesome efiect
nuclear wilrheilds, or improvised "dirty bombs" with radioactive is the radionctive material that can be sprend ror some distance.
materials dispersed by cOllventional explosives. Anyolle or anything nei.lr the site of sllch nil attack call be contami-
\Vhen a nuclear warhead detonates, alrcmendolls shock wave nated with this material. The site itself mi.ly be ullusable for a long
is released, along with intense pulses of light, heat, and electromag· time until complete decontnlllinatioll cnn be accomplished, if ever.
netic and nuclear radiation. These efiects, though dev<lstating, I<lst The effect of nuclear radintioll on people depends on the
only a few seconds. Subsequent rildioilctive fallout from this kind intensity of the radiation and the time of exposure. The amount of
of attnck c<ln continue for d<l)'s, <lnd spread o\'er I<lrge areas if car- radiation received is called the dosage, and is measured by devices
ried by wind or water clirrents. such ns film badges called dosimeters. The effects of radiation
The shock W<lve, or blast, from a nuclear detonation, just <IS exposure are most severe on soft tissues in the body. They can vary
with any explosion, Can smash ships. level buildings, nnd cause from short-term illness and nausea, to hair loss, imlllune system
casuailics for miles. The light pulse call blind anyone within miles. deficiencies, sterility, long-term genetic defects, skin lesions. leu-
The thermonuclear heat. called thermill radiation, is so intense kemia nnd other cnncers, mentnl impairment, and severe sickness,
that al1Y metal neill" ground zero (the site of the explosion) ma)' delirium, and denth within dnys or weeks, depending all the dos-
melt, nnd tl<llmnable objects will burst into flame. Soft bod}' tissue nge recei\Ted and the time interval over which it occurs. i\·loreover,
of anyone nenrby witl vnporize, and serious burns 10 exposed skin the efiects of radiation dosage are Cllllllflntil'c, meaning that even
can occur out to ns far as 25 miles away. The electron1<lgnetic pulse
(EMP) can fry electronics for miles around.
The illitia/ll//c1ear radiation, or first radiation. e<llmot be seen
or felt, but it 'all be as deadl)' as all)' of the other efTects. This radi-
atioll is made up of alpha (like a heliulll Ilucleus) and beta (high-
energy electron) pnrlicles, high-speed neutrons, and gamma ra),s.
All these pnrticles and rays are lethal to human tisslle. Alphn pnr-
ticles can be stopped b)' a sheet of paper; beta particles can be
stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum. The others are much more
difficult to stop with an)'thing less than heavy lead shielding or
somc other dcnse substance.
Residual radiatioll, or fallollt, consists of radioactive materi·
als produced by the explosion, plus dust contaminated with nlph<l
and beta particles. It l11a), be deposited lor da)'s over a large area by
wind nnd ",enther. This fallout (;111 be detected and mensureci by
special instruments called radiacs (Geiger counters). If it is pres·
ent in hazardous cOllcentrations, the area must be decontnlllinated
(washed clean) before unprotected personnel C<lll enter the area.
Ships I1ln)' be exposed to three types of nuclear bursts: an nir (
~ ,
burst, in which the fireball does not touch the Earth; it surface
, I
burst, in which the fireball tOllches the surface; and il subsurfnce
burst, ill which the explosion is underwater. An nir burst pro·
duces blnst, he<lt, intense light, and initial radintion, but little fall-
out requiring decontamination. A surface burst will produce the
S<l111e effects, plus much residual radiation. The fnHoul will spread
radioactivc contaminiltion o\'er a wide area downwind from the When a CBR attack is antiCipated, a ship will activate the water
explosion. The subsurfnce burst normally produces little heat or washdown system in order to wet all exposed surfaces to make the
decontamination process after the attack easier. Here, a rainbow
light and very little initial radiation. The biggest danger in this type
forms as a crew member checks out the system aboard the amphibi-
of burst is the intense underwater shock wnve resulting from the ous assault ship USS Boxer (LHD 4). (Rudy Pulach)

262 NAVAL SKILLS

small exposures repeated often over time can have the Same effects ment to determine the extent and location of contaminatioIl.
as large doses receivcd all at once. Decontamination is then donc in three phases. The first two, called
(flctiml nCcolltfllllillatioll, take place immediately, at sea. The)' reduce
conti.lInination so the ship can carr)' Ollt its mission without expos-
CBR Damage Control ing the crew to dangerous levels of radiation or other conti.llllillants.
The crew of a naval ship can do much to minimize the damage Phase olle is gross decontamination by s,lltwater ",ashdowll,
and casualties that might result from an attack with CRR weapons, done with firehoses by crew members wearing protective gcar. It
except where a ship is at or near the point of impact (ground zero) will eliminate 98 percent of the contamination if the stlrt~lCe was
of such weapons. Tests have shown that ships not receiving direct wct before the attack and ,,'ashdown begins while it is still wet. If the
effects of such attacks have a very good chance of survivell with rel- surface has dried, only half of the contamination will be removed.
atively few casualties and with weapons systems still operable. The second phase is detailed decontamination conducted by
Before an attack, ships normally would be at general qll<lrters repair-party personnel and others of the ship's crew topside. They
(GQ), so the ship should be prett), well "buttoned up." Water wash- use a steam lance or hose, scrub brushes with detergcnts, scrapers,
down systems that spray salt water through sprinkler heads are and flame torches to try to remove any remaining concentrations
turned on to wet all topside sur1:lCes so 1110st contaminants will tend of contamination (called hot spots), and wash it overboard.
to wash overboard. All nonvital openings of the ship are closed and The final phase of decontamination would normally be con-
Circle-"Villiam Yentilation fittings are shut to maintain as complete ducted at advi.ll1ced bases by repair ships and tenders llsing flame
a gas-tight envelope as possible. Protective gas masks arc distrib- burning, .lCid dips, and sandblasting.
uted to personnel who must breathe outside air. Topside personnel Decontamination of personnel is done with fire hoses or jury-
in exposed positions wear protective clothing as well as masks. rigged topside showers. All contaminated clothing ilnd protective
After the attack, trained personnel conduct surveys both top- gear is disctlrded. Personnel scrub thoroughly with soap and water
side and below deck throughout the ship using specialized equip- and dress out with uncontamil1tlted clothing.














































Crew members wearing full CBR protective gear conduct a topside contamination survey during a CBR warfare training exercise. (John Beeman)

NAVAL WEAPONS AND AIRCRAFT 263

STUDY GUIDE QUESTIO N S CRITICAL THINK ING

1. \,Vhat are conventional weapons? 1. In the slimmer 2002 hit movie 5/111/ of Alf Fears, a nuclear
device was detonated by terrorists in the city of Baltimore,
2. \Vhat are some examples of the lise of chemical and biological
lvlaryland. Research the likely effects of the explosion of
warfare in ancient times?
a 10-kiloton nuclear device in or near a city the size of
3. "Vhat has tended to keep the use of chemical and biological Baltimore in the United States. \Vhat would be the lethal
agents in check in modern wartiue?
radius of such a device, and how might the citizens of the
4. "Vhat ('vents began the age of nuclear warfare in the closing place prepare to defend themselves against the eA-ects of such
days of World War II' a blast if some advance warning was received?
5. \,Vho poses the greatest threat in the lise of C13R wcapons 2. Research why an effective large-scale chemical or biological
today? attack would be very difficult to effectively plan and carry Ollt
under most circumstances.
6. \,Vhat is chemical warfare?
3. Research some of the modern devices that could be used to
7. ""hat are the most common types of C\V agents?
give warning of an attack by chemical weapons. \Vhat are
8. \Vhat is biological warfare?
some of the countermeasures that can be llsed against sllch an
9. \'\'hat does nuclear warfare involve? attack by troops on the ground and ships at sea?
10. \·Vhat are the effects ti'om the explosion of a nuclear warhead?
11. \,Vhat are the three types of nuclear bursts to which a ship ma)' VOCABU L ARY
be exposed?
conventional wcapons psycho gas
12. What are the three phases of shipboard CBR
special weapons tear gas
decontamination?
weapons of mass destruction "dirty bomb"
CWagent aerosol
BWagent thermal radiation
nerve gas fallout
blister gas base surge
blood gas dosimeter
radiac EMP



Glossary of Naval Skills Terms








AGM-a military designation for an air-launched guided missile craft, usually flat-bottomed, unpowered, and towed by other craft,
designed to attack smface targets. used for transporting raw materials, freight, or liquids.
AIM-a military designation for an air-launched air-intercept base surge-the initial surge of radioactive spray, debris, and dust
guided missile. caused by the explosion of a nuclear weapon on or ncar Earth's
surface.
airfoil-surl'lCe of a body in flight.
beam-extreme width of a ship or boat.
airframe-all external parts of an airplane or missile.
bearing-direction of an object ii'om an observer, measured
air-la-air missile-a missile designed to be used in air-to-air war-
clod,'wise from one of three reference directions: true north, mag-
fare.
netic north, or the ship's head.
air-la-surface missile-a missile designed to be fired from air-
biological warfare-the military use of living organisms or toxins
borne plattorms against ground targets.
to infect target personnel.
almanac-a periodic publication of variable astronomical infor-
boat etiquette-the naval customs and traditions pertaining to
mation.
small boats.
anchorage-an area assigned for anchoring ships.
boat officer---cmbarked officer ill charge of a small boat under
antiballistic missile (ABM)-missile llsed in defense against illCOIll-
certain circumstances.
ing ballistic missiles.
bollard-a single large post on a pier, used in securing a ship's
antiradiation missile-missile designed to home ill on radiations
mooring lines.
emitted from enem), weapons or traclUng sites.
bridge-one or more platforms or compartments on the upper
area defense-protection of an entire formation of ships or land
superstructl1l'e of a ship from which the operations of the ship
or sea area.
and its aircraft arc directed.
armament-weapons of a ship or aircraft.
caliber- in naval guns up to 3 inches in diameter, the diameter of
ASROC-antisubmarine rocket, fitted with either a homing tor- the bore in inches or millimeters; in guns larger than 3 inches, the
pedo or nuclear depth bomb warhead. length of the gun in inches divided by the bore diameter.
atomic time-time reckoned by the use of an atomic clock, usually capstan-a rotating drum of a winch that raises an anchor cable
cesi unl-based. or other he;wy weight.
attack plane-multiweapon aircraft that can carry bombs, torpe- captor mine-a mine consisting of an encapsulated homing tor-
does, or rockets. pedo suspended above the sea bottom, activated by the acoustic or
aulonomous underwaler vehicle (AUV)-a self-propelled under- magnetic signature of a passing ship or submarine.
water vehicle that can perform underwater searches for mines or case ammunition-propellant charge for naval gUlls packed in a
other objects without external guidance. metal case, placed in a gun barrel just behind the projectile.
ballistic missile-missile that goes all a free-falling path aner a cavitation-disturbance around rotating propeller blades and their
powered and guided ascent. shafts and struts, caused by collapse of pressure bubbles resulting
from water flow over their surfaces.
ballistics- the study of flight characteristics of projectiles in ii'ce
fall. CBR warfare-chemical, biological, or nuclear (radiological) war-
fare.
barge-in the case of boats, any small craft used for transport-
ing officers senior to a ship's captain; in cargo hauling, a long large





265

266 GLOSSARY OF NAVAL SKILLS TER}"IS

chaff-an air burst of magnetic or aluminum foil strands or frag- dosimeter-an instrument used to measure personal cumulative
ments, designed to interfere with the passage or orderly reflection exposure to radiation; carried by all personnel working around
of radar beams. nuclear machinery, or participating in decontamination efforts
following a nudear incident.
chemical warfare-the military use of any chemical to harass or
cause casualties among target personneL draft-depth to which the hull of a vessel sinks beneath the water-
line, measured vertically.
chock-a metal fitting on board a ship, through which mooring
lines are passed, dual-purpose weapon system~a weapon system designed to be
ctTective against both air and surface, and in some cases against
chronometer-a precise timepiece used tor recording the exact
subsurface, targets,
times of celestial observations at sea.
echo sounder-a sonic device used to obtain water depths by mea-
cleat-an anvil-shaped deck fitting for securing lines on a boat,
suring the time required for a sound pulse to make a round trip to
ship, or pier.
the sea bottom and back.
closest point of approach (CPA)-the distance and bearing from a
effective gun range-the range at which a gun has a high probabil-
reference ship to a maneuvering ship at the point where they make
ity of hitting a desired target, as opposed to the maximum range,
the closest approach to each other.
which is the maxirnum distance a gun 'will deliver a projectile.
combat systems-any electronic equipment, weapons, or sensors
electromagnetic pulse (EMP)-an electromagnetic pulse of high
related to a ship's offensive or defensive capabilities,
intensity and energy often associated with the detonation of a
conventional weapons-weapons that use other than nuclear
nuclear weapon or device,
energy or biological or chemical agents. They mostly depend on
elevation (of a gun)-the vertical angle that the axis of a gun bore
explosive chemical energy,
makes with the horizontaL
coxswain-a person in charge of a small boat.
fathometer-an alternatiye name for a depth sounder; See also
cruise missile-an air-breathing surface attack guided missile.
echo sounder,
damage control-Ineasures or equipment used to limit damage to
fighter plane-an aircraft intended primarily for engaging in com-
a ship from enemy action, fire, flooding, and smoke,
bat with other aircraft or airborne weapons.
damage control assistant (DCA)-the ollicer on board a ship
fix-a position determined by the intersection of two or more
charged ·with running the damage control organization,
simultaneous lines of position,
daybeacon-an unlighted structural aid to navigation.
fixed-wing aircraft-aircraft that have wings that are the primary
dead reckoning-a method of deducing the position of an air, lifting devices for the aircraft,
land, or water craft by using the courses and speeds traveled since
gig-a ship's boat designated for use by the commanding officer.
the last established position or fix.
gimbals-a mounting device consisting of two rings supported by
degaussing-the neutralization of a ship or electronic equipment's
mutually perpendicular axes so that an object suspended within
magnetic field, usually by means of passing energized electrical
them ·will remain horizontal regardless of the motion of the vessel
wiring around it.
orvehide,
deperming-reduction of the magnetic signature of a ship by
give-way vessel-a vessel that must maneuver to avoid another
energizing coils temporarily placed yertically around it, usually
vessel during an approach situation while under way; See also
during a yard-upkeep period.
stand-on vessel.
depth charge-a USW explosive dropped from ships, as opposed
great circle-any circle fanned by the intersection of a plane pass-
to depth bombs dropped from airplanes.
ing through Earth's center with Earth's surface,
detonate-to explode or cause to explode.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMn-time based on the relationship of
deviation----detlection angle between magnetic north and the the mean Sun to the prime meridian passing through Greenwich,
north axis of a magnetic compass, caused by the presence of England.
metaL
ground tackle-any equipment having to do 'with a ship's anchors,
dirty bomb-a conventional explosive laced with radioactive mate- anchor cable, or handling gear.
rial that disperses upon detonation; a nuclear weapon containing
gun emplacement-a mounting or protected site for the support
components that ·will produce an extraordinary amount of radio-
and operation of a gUll.
active fallout upon detonation.

GLOSSARY Or :\'AVAL SKILLS TER}'[S 267


gyrocompass-an electromechanical compass aligned with true mean time-time based on the relationship of the mean Sun with
north by means of a spinning gyroscope. Earth, that is, a make-believe Sun that travels around Earth at the
equator at a constant speed of 15 degrees per hour.
gyro repeater-a remote readout of the position of a ship's gyro-
compass card. mine barrage-a field of mines sowed in a water area to discourage
the passage of shipping through the area.
hatch-horizontal opening in the deck of a ship or boat.
mine countermeasures (MCM)-the branch of naval warfare that
hawsepipe-heavily built pipes in a ship or boat hull through
includes all methods, procedures, and techniques fer preventing
which an anchor cable rllns on its way from the deck to the water.
or reducing damage to ships fronlmines.
hawser-a thick line used t'Or towing or high-line transfer.
naval surface gunfire support-gunfire from ships in support of a
homing torpedo-a torpedo that uses a self-contained guidance
land operation.
system usually based on sound detection or terminal guidance.
navigation-the art and science of directing a ship or aircraft from
hUll-the body or shell of a ship or seaplane.
one position to another.
ICBM-intercontinental ballistic missile.
officers country-the living quarters of officers aboard ship.
lEO-an improvised explosi\'e device such as a remote-controlled
parallel ruler-a hinged two-part pair of straightedges designed
bomb.
to permit transfer of a parallel line from one place to another on
incendiary-----causing or capable of causing fire. a plot.
keel-central longitudinal beam of a ship from which the frames piloting-navigation near land using landmarks, aids to naviga-
and hull plating rise. tion, and depth soundings.
knot-a nautical speed unit equivalent to 1 nautical mile (2,000 point defense-the defense of a portion of a perimcter surround-
yards) per hour. ing a ship or outpost by a weapon system capable of interdicting

latitude-the angular distance of a position on Earth's surface any threat that might materialize at that location.
measured from the equator northward or southward through 90 port-seagoing term for left; an observation ·window on a vessel.
degrees.
pursuit curve-a curved path followed by a missile that homes in
light water-a fire fighting liquid chemical compound designed to on and eventually overtakes and intercepts a target.
form a surt~lCe film to smother fires.
pyrotechnics-ammunition, flares, or fireworks used tel' signaling,
line of position {LOP)-a locus of points along which a position illuminating, or marking targets, or for setting them on fire.
must be located.
radioactive fallout--dustlike radioactive windbarne particles, pro-
longitude-the angular distance of a position on Earth's surface duced by the explosion of a nuclear device or weapon.
measured from the prime meridian eastward or westward through
range of guns-the distance a projectile from a gun can be fired.
180 degrees.
range of tide-the vertical distance between high and low tide lev-
loran-an electronic navigation system in which the time differ-
els in a body of watcr.
ence in the reception of pulse signals originated at a master and
RAP-rocket -assisted projectile; the incorporation of a rocket
one or more secondary radio stations is used to obtain lines of
motor in the base of a gun projectile to extend its range.
position; the intersection of two such lines forms a fix.
relative wind-direction and speed at which a wind is blowing rel-
magnetic signature-the magnetic field associated with a metal
ative to a vessel.
ship.
repair Ilarty-a group of specialists organized to control damage
main battery-the largest or most powerfi.tl armament of a ship or
and make repairs throughout a ship during battle.
aircraft.
rifled gun-a gun with groovcs inside the barrel that cause an exit-
mainmast-the second mast of a ship with two or more m.asts,
ing projectile to spin in order to provide stability during its flight.
except ·when the first is taller.
rifling-spiral grooves cut inside a gun bore to impart spin to a
maneuvering board-a printed sheet used in solving relative
projectile being fired.
motion problems.
RIM-a military designation tel' a ship-launched air-intercept
marlinspike seamanship-skill with rope, line, and other deck gear.
guided missile.

268 GLOSSARY OF NAVAL SKILLS TERMS

rotary winged aircraft-aircraft that have two or more rotor blades train (of a gun)-horizontal rotation of a gun or gun mount.
that serve to lift the aircraft into the air.
trajectory-the path of a projectile, missile, or bomb in tlight.
rules of the road-the nautical rules bY'which ships maneuver to
true bearing-a bearing using true north as the reference,
avoid collisions ,vhile under way; traffic rules for vehicles on land,
true wind--direction and speed at which a wind is blowing relative
running rigging-adjustable rigging for handling sails, masts,
to Earth's surface.
booms, and the like.
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-a remotely controlled unmanned
scope of chain-the length of an anchor chain, usually divided
aircraft.
into IS-fathom segments called shots.
variable time fuse-a nlse that is actuated by the rellection of selIC
seamanship-skill in handling a boat or ship, or in doing those
generated radar emissions from the target as a projectile passes
things related to the job of a seaman.
near it.
shoring-process of placing props, usually wooden, against struc-
vertical launch system (VlS)-missile launch tubes mounted verti-
tures or cargo in a ship to prevent breaking, sagging, or movement
call)' within a ship's hull.
in a seaway, or to hold a ship upright in dry dock.
warhead-forward section of a torpedo or missile that carries the
short stay-position of an anchor cable straight up and down, or
explosive charge; the nose cone.
nearl), so, with the anchor barely holding the bottom.
waterline-the line on a vessel's huH to which it sinks in the water,
shot (of anchor chain)-a IS-fathom section of anchor chain,
watertight integrity-the ability of a compartment on a vessel to
joined to the next shot by a detachable link.
withstand flooding.
Shrapnel-shell fragments from a high-explosive shell.
water washdown system-a system of external piping on a ship,
smart bomb-a non-self-propelled air-dropped precision muni-
often temporary, that allows topside external surfaces to be con-
tion that can be guided to impact with a target.
tinually wetted with spray to minimize adhesion of chernical and
solar time-time based on the relationship of the Sun to Earth. biological agents and nuclear fallout.
soundings-<!epth of water. weapons of mass destruction (WMO)-CBR weapons that can
inf1ict mJssiyc destruction over a large area, or mass casualties
special weapons-unconventional CBR 'weapons of any type,
among a population.
especially nuclear weapons.
zone time-time reckoned according to the relationship of the
stadimeter-an optical device used to determine the distance to an
mean Sun with the centralmcridian of each IS-degree-wide time
object of known height.
zone.
standard time-a IS-degree-wide sector or zone of the Earth in
which the same time is kept by all in it; uses as a basis the relation-
ship of the mean Sun with the centralll1eridian of the zone.
standing rigging-heavy metal or 'wire supports for spars, masts, or
booms permanently installed.
stand-on vessel-a vessel obliged to maintain course and speed
during an approach situation with another vessel while under
way; See also give-way vessel.
starboard-seagoing term for right.
star shell-a projectile that detonates in the air and releases an
illuminating parachute flare,

stateroom-an officer's berthing quarters on board ship.
stokes stretcher-a contoured stretcher designed to aid in trans-
porting injured victims up and down stairs and ladders.
sweep-a mine-dearing operation on land or sea; a series of mil-
itary strikes through an area to rid it of enemy torces.
topographic map-a map of terrain showing water, elevations, and
landmarks.

B IBLIOGRAPHY









NAVAL KNOWLEDGE Articles
Fisher, Rand H., and Kent U. Pelot. "The Navy Has a Stake in Space." U.S.
Na\'iliinstitllle Proceedillgs, Octobcr 2001.
Books
Friedman, Norman. "The Real Purpose of Strategy." U.S. Nav'll Institutc
Orittin, Burdick H., and I.iselollc? 13. Watson. IlltcwIJtiol/(lf [nil' for Proceedings, December 2007.
Seagoillg 0Dhas. 51h cd. Annapolis: Na\'all nslitl1tc Press, 1986.
Jacobs, Jan c. "U.S. Naval Aviation and Weapons De\'elopment in
Colli ns, John A. Gmllri Strateg),: Prillciples and Practices. Annapolis: Review." U.S. Naval Institute Procecdings, 1\lay 2008.
Naval Institute Press, 1973.
Johnson, J. Lee. "Looking 13('),ond Iraq: Developing a Future Strateg('
Davidson. Michael J. A Guide to Military Crill/illal Lall'. Annapolis:
U.S. Naval Institute Procccdings, 1\-la)' 2008.
Naval Institute Press. 1999.
JOll/"llal 011 Dcfellse, Illtd/igcllcc, allfi Diplolllac)'. National Youth
Filbert, Brent G., and Alan G. Kaufman. Naval Lelll'. Annapolis: Naval Leadership FOflllll, 2001.
Institute, Press, 1997.
Kumar, Shashi. "U.S. ~ I erch ant ~Iari n e and World ~1 <1ritill1c
Frieden, David, ed. Prillcip/cs of Nom/ Weapons Systems. Annapolis: Review." U.S. Naval Instit ute Procceriil/gs, J\ lay 2008.
Nanll Institute Press, 1985.
J\la)'o, Dick. "Frollllhe Sea ... to Cyberspace." U.S. Naval Institute
Gron', Eric. Tilt' FI/fllrc of Sen Power. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
Proccedillgs, October 2000.
1990.
Studenmtl, !-. Iike. "7!-. I}'ths ofilltdligence." U.S. Naval Institute
Hobbs, Richard R. Nnwl! Scicllce I. 4th cd. Annapolis: Naval Institute Procccdillgs, Febflt,lr), 2009.
Press, 1996.
T .. lllllrldge, Eric. "New U.S. Submarines Trade Nukes for SEALs."
--. Nnwll Sciellce 2. 4th ed. Annapolis: N,l\'al Institute Press, 1997. Associated Press, February 27. 2008.
--. Ntll'lll Scicllcc J. 4th ed. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1998. Tru\"er. SCOIl C. "U.S. Navy ill Revicw." U.S. Na\'al lnstitltte Proceedillgs,
Hughes, \Vayne p, Jr. Fleet Tact in alld Coastal Combat. 2d ed. !-.Ia)' 2008.
Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1992.
Zdibor. Thomas E. "FOHCEnet Is Navy's Future." Arllled Forces ]ollmnl,
Melll/1ll1 for Courts-Martia!, United States 2008. W,lshington, nc.: December 2003.
Go\'ernmellt Printing Office, 2008.
51 ra tegic Assessll/t'llt 1996: E/elllellls of u.s. Power. Wrlshington,
Papers
D.C.: Nrltional Defense Uniwrsit)', 1996.
"A Cooperati"e Strategy (or 21st Ccntury SeapO\\·er." Navy. l\ larine Corps,
VI/ited States NllI'Y Ueglllatiolls, 1990. Washington, D.C.:
and Coast Guard \\~lite P'lper, 2007.
Government Printing Office, 1990.
"CNO Guidance for 2006--~ leet itlg the Challenge of a New Era." Adm.
1'>1. G. I'> lullen, USN, 2006.
Booklets and Pamphlets
"forward- f rom the Sea." NilV)' and !-.larine Corps \" hite Paper, 1994.
N,Wrll Doctrine Com mand. Nnw" Doctrille Prlu/imtiol/ 1: Nt/WI/ "From the Sea- Preparing the N,1\'al Service for the Twenty-first
\ Varj(ire. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Nav)', 1994. Centurr-" Navy and Marine Corps \ "hite Paper, 1992.
--. Ntl1'llf Doctrine PII(Jfictl tioll 2: Nal'(l/ illtdligcllce. Washington, "Operating Forward ... from the Sea." Na\')' and i\ larine Corps While
D.C.: Department of the Nrlv)', 1994. Paper, 1997.
--. NllI'ai Doctrine Publica/ioll 4: Nal'a/ Logistics. Washington. "Vision ... Presence ... Power." 2000 Progf<lm Guide to the U.S. Nav)'.
D.C.: Department of the Navy, 2001.
--.Nal'(/l Doc/rillc Plluficatiol/5: Nnl'lJl P/(11l11illg. Washington,
Internet
D.C.: Department of the Na\l" 1996.
Currie, Duncan: archive.greenpeace.org. "'1~lble of Contents to the UN
--. N(/I'lil Doctrille PubliclIlioll 6: Nalla l COlli 111(1 lid fllld COlllrol.
\ Vashington, D.C.: Department of the Navy, 1996. Law of the Sea COI1\·ent ion."
U.S. Delcgatio/l Report, Ucslllllcd Sel'clIth Sessioll of the Third DARPA: darpa.mil. "A Compendium of DARPA Programs."
Ull ited Natiolls COllfcrcllrc 011 La II' of tile 5('a. New York, De Uoer, 13arl: ShipPamde.colll. "Ship Alphabet"
21 AlIgllst- l 5 September 1978. Federal Uurcau of Inwsligation: fbi.gov.
I'> larilimc Administration: mar.ld.dot.gov.
I'> lilitarr Sealift Command: mSl:.nilYy.mil.



269

270 IHIH.IOGR,\PHY

North Atlantic Treaty Orgrmization: nato.int. Llana, Christopher 13., and George P Wisneskey. Halldbook of the
Niwtiwl Rilles of tIlt' Rond. 2d cd. Naval Institute Press, 1991.
Srnlpa, Francis P: geocities.cOlll. "i'-lacKinder's \\brlel."
j\l<lck. Vice Adm. , \lillianl P., USN (Ret.), and I.t. Cdr. ROYill Connell,
USN.NI1I'al Ceremollies, OI$tOII15, and Ji·aditiolls. Annapolis:
Nm'allnstitule Press, 1980.
LEADERSHIP ~lartill. Donald, Paul Anderson, and Lucy Bautamiul1. COIIIIIHlllimr;oll
Satellites. 5th ed. Reston. Va.: American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Inc., 2007.
Books
Nal'll! Ships' Tee/lIIien! Alal/llal. Washington, D.C.: Naval Sea Systems
Ch'llker, Edsel 0. Leadership EdllCtltioll J. Air Force Junior ROTC Text.
CommJnd,2008.
i'- laxwell Air Force Base, Ala: Air 'lhlining COIlllnand/Air University,
Nod, Capt. John v., Jr., USN (Ret.). Kllights Modertl Seo illal/$hip. 17th
1979.
ed. New York: Van Nost rand Reinhold, 1984.
Department of Leadership and [.;1\\" u.s. Naval Academy. FlIIuillllllmtals
Shufeldt. Capt. H. H .• USNR (Ret.). ilnd G. D. DunlJp, Rev. by Bruce
ofN(lI'al Leadership. Annapolis: Na\'allnstitute Press, J 984.
Allan Bauer. Pilotillg alld Dead Rcckollillg. 4th cd. Annapolis:
Hobbs, Richard R. Nam' Sciellce 3, 4th cd. Annapolis: Na\<ll Institute
Naval Institute Press. 1999.
Press, J 998.
Tate, William H. A A!ariller's G/lide to thc Rifles of the Rond. 2d ed.
Johnson, Brad '\'. and Gregory P. H<lrper. Becomillg a Lmder the
Annapolis: Naval Institute Prt?ss. 1982.
All/lnpo!is \\hy New York: j\IcGraw Hill, 2005.
Winters, David D. The BOllt Officers Handhook. 2d ed. Annapolis:
Naval Education and Training Support Command, Pens'Kola.;\
N<lvill Institute Press, 199 1.
M(III1Ulljor Nm'y JlIStmclors. NAVEDTRA 107. San Diego: Naval
instructional Technology Development Center. 1974.
Arlicles
I\ lontor, Karel, el al. N(lI'a/ Lcndt'fship: \'oices of E.xpericllce. Annapolis:
Naval Instihlte Press, 1998. Koch. Andrew. "U.S. N.1\')"s DOG-51 Destroyers 10 Be ~Iodernized."
lalle's Dcfemc \ \'eekl)', Jul}' 14,2004.
Arlicles I\lolel1d<l, Patrick A. "Don'l Forget Dedicated j\line Countermeasures."
U.S. Nav,ll Institute Proceedings, October 2001.
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Heet." Naval lnslitute ProceediNgs, Jan uaf)' 2009.
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Van Tol, J. tvl. "\Vorse Than a Crime-A j\ listake." U.S. N<lvallnstitute
ProcecdillgS. ~ I a}' 2008. "Agents of Bioterrorism: Diological ·I'oxins." American College of
Surgeons, October 2003.
NAVAL SKILLS Internet
American GeophysicJI Union: agu.org. "Problem with the j\1<lglletic Pole
Locations all Global Charts."
Books
Director}' of U.S. Militarr Rockets <lnd j\ lissiles: designation-systems. net.
Burgess. Richard R., cd. The )\Im'al AI'it/tioll Gllide. 5th cd. Annapolis:
"Raytheon RI ~I-16 1 StrllldflrdSJ..-t-3."
Naval Institute Press. 1996.
Raytheon: fa}1heon.com. "Stand<lrd ~lissile-2."
Crenshaw, Capt. R. 5., Jr., USN (Ret.). }\Im'n/ Silip/ul/Idlillg. Annapolis:
U.S. CO<lst Guard: uscg.mil. "Lighthouses. Lightships & Aids to
Na";1l lnstihlte Press, 1975.
N;lVigalion."
Culler, Thomas J. The Bluejacket's MtIIl1Ial. 23d ed. Annapolis: Naval
U.S. Navy: chinfo.navymil. "AGj\ 1-65 j\iaw rick Guided j\ lissile."
Institute Press, 2000.
--. "AGI\1-88 HA Rl\1 i'-lissile System."
Day, Cyrus 1.. Re\'. by Ray O. Be.:lrd Jr .• 111d 1\1. Lee Hoffman Jr. TIle Art
of Kllottillg (llId Splidng. 4th cd. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, --. "AGi'-I-154 Joint S!;ll1dolf\\bpon."
1986. --. "AGI\I-114B/Kll\ l llelifire j\lissile."
Dodge, D;wid 0., and S. E. Kyriss. St'(/IIUlll5hip, 2d ed. Annapolis: Naval --. "Alj\ 1-9 Sidewinder ~ lissilc."
Institute Press, 1981. --. "AI~ I -120 Advanced j\lediulll- Range, Air-to-Air ~ li ssile."
Frieden, David, ed. Prillcip/es of }\I(lI'a/ \\'capo/ls Systems. Annapolis: --. "Joinl Dirt?ct Attack I\lunitiOll (J DA~f )."
N;1\'tll lnstitute Press, 1985.
--. "Penguin Anti-Ship j\ lissile."
Hobbs, Richard R, Marillc NI'II'igntioll: Pilotillg (111(/ Cdestia/ (ll1(f
--. "RIj\j-116A Rolling Airframe l\ lissile (H.1\J\ I)."
Electronic Nal'igalioll. 41h ed. Annapolis: N;1val Institute Press,
--. "Sea Sparrow ~'lissile (RIM-7)."
1998.
--. "SL,\J\I ER ~ lissile Systems."
--. Nal'nl Sciell(t~ I. 4th cd. Allnapolis: Naval Institute Press. 1996.
--. "Standard ~ I issile."
--. lVlJ I'al Sc;cllce 2. 4th cd. Annapolis: Naval lnslitute Press. 1997.
--. "Ven ical Launch ASROC (VLA) ~ Iissi le."
--. Na l'n/ Science 3. 4th (·d. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 1998.

INDEX









INDEX, NAVAL KNOWLEDGE information \\'arl~ll'e. 32, 48 lllel'chrillt lllarine ships, 19- 21; containerships,
innocent pass'lge. right of, 94-95; definition, 105 19; cnlise ships, 19; intennodal, 19; LNG/
aerospace school of st rategy, 26 intelligence. 33. 55, 106. See also naval LPG carriers, 19; RoRo, 19,20,21; tankers, 19
air wart(II'C' (AW), 32, 44-45; definition, 105 military cou rts~ ll1ilrtial , 77-79, 105; general, 78-
intdligellce
al Qaeda. 38. 40 intelligencc agencies. DOD, 58-59; loreign, 59; 79; revicw of, 79; special, 77-78; summar)" 77
Alexander the Great, 24 military service, 59 military law, 71- 80, 106; lind ci"iI jurisdiction,
amphibious wnrfarc. 32. 47--48; objectin:'s tor. 48
intelligence collllllunity. 57-59 79; and Constitution, 72; discipline and
<'lttachcs, militilfy and IUwal. 59, 88; definition, intcrnationall.lw, 83- 104; collect in' securit)" punishment, 75-80; UC~IJ. 74, 75-79. See
106 89-91; and diplolllac)" 84-85; fundamentals also Uniform Code of Jo.lilililry Justice
of, 84-92; international problems of, 88-89; ~l ilita rr Sealift Command (~ISC). 20
blockade, internntionallaw collcerning. 103; law of the sea, 93- 99; la\\" of war .It sea, 100- mine warf,He, definition, 32
definition, IDS 104; sources of, 85. See also sowreign state f\ lonroe Doctrinc, 90
Bonaparte, Nilpoleoll, 24 intcrnationallaw codes, 71 i\ lorse Code, InternatiOlllll, 51
Uush Doctrine, 28 Iran~ Iraq War, 45,103
Bush, George \ V" 27-28 Nationalllllilgel'Y <llld i\ \apping Agenc),
Judge Advocate Gencrlll (JAG), 79 (N I ~ I A). 59
Glrrier strike group (CSG), 44 National Recollnaissance Office (N RO), 58
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 57 Korean War, 37 National Security Agenc), (NSA), 58
C41. 32. 33 N'ltional Security COllncil (NSq, 57
chemic;11, biologic;l\. radiological (CDR) warfare, law codes, history of, 72 naval cOlllllHlnic.lIiollS, 41,50-54; sOllnd and
103 law of thr sea, internatiollal, 93-99; bays and pyrotechnic, 53-54; h.'lec01ll11111nications,
Cold War. 14.29.31.38.58. 101 gulfs, 95; continental shell: 97-98; economic 50-51; visual, 51-53
combined ,md joint operations, 3<1- zones. 96-97; fisheries. 97; impact on Navy Naval Criminalln\"('stigatiw Sen"ice (NelS), 59
containment of cOllullunislll, 27 missions, 93-94; law of high seas, 96-98; naval intelligence, 41,55-62; intelligence cyele.
continental sdlOol of stmtcgy. 26 precepts of. 93; rivcrs.lakes. c;m'lls. 93-96; 55-56; types of, 56-57. See also intelligence
counterintelligcl1c\,', 55. 60; definition, 105 straits and archipelagoes. 95; territorilll seas, nanll opcrations, 41-49, 106; command and
cQurls-l11<lnial. See military courts-martial 94--95. See also internatiOllllllaw control, 42--43; definition, 41, 106; strike
law of Wilr at sea, intcrnational, 100-10.1; fon.-rs, 43-44
Defense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA), enforccmcnt of, 103; gencral rules of war, Na\'al Rcse.m:h I.aboratory (NRL). 68
69 101-2; wilrships, 100- 101 Navy Regulations, 73
Defense Intelligellce! Agency (DIA), 58 limited "~oar, 38; geographic limitations of, 38 NII'T, U.S., capabilities of, 31-32; stralegic forces
Dcpartment of Homeland Security (DHS), logistics, lliW,II, 33, 41,63--69; clements of, 64- 01',33-34; tactical forces of, 33-34
57-58; risk advisory color codes, 57 65; functional areas, 64; in Illodern warfare, Nixon Doctrinc, 27-28
de Sc\'cl'sky. Alexander, 26 65; planning, 63- 65; principles of, 64 North Atlantic Treat)' Organization (NATO),
discipline .11ld punishment, milital'Y law, 90-91
75-80; appn.'hension, arrest, confinement, f\ lacArthl'r, DOllgl,lS, 37
restriction, 75 j\ htchia\'t'lli, Nicolo, 24, 85 Obama, 13arack, 28
~lackinder, Sir Iialford J" 26 oCt:'anograph}" 15- 16
ctectronic warfare. definition, 33 f\!ahan, Alfred 'rha},cr, 25-26, 27 Office of Na\'al illtelligcnce (ON I). 59
espionagc, 59-60; definitioll. 105 ~ laritilllc Administnltion (~ I A RA D ), 17,20-21 Office of Naval Research (ONR), 67-68
maritime prepositioned ships (Jo. IPS), 65 Opemtion Descrt Storm. 20, 31,45
Federal Burcau of Invest igation (foB!). 57 maritime school of strates}', 25 Operation Enduring Freedom, 20. 31. 45, 90
tlrxible response, 27-28 merchant lll'lrine, U.S" 15, 17-22,65; histor}' Operation Iraqi Freedom, 20, 3 1,45
Frederick thr Great, 24. 25 of, 17- 18; ~!ercha nt i\larineActs, 1 7~ 18; Organization of American Stales (OAS), 90
military sealift, 20-22; lind nation'll derense,
general war, 37-38; possible C.ll1ses of, 37- 38 20-22; ports lind ship}'ards. 18; ships of, pirac),. 45. 100
grand strategy. 24-29; definition, 24, 105; 19-21 ports. leading U.S" 18
emilltion of. 24-28, 29; future trends, 29; and principles of logistics, 64
preparedness, 26--27; schools of. 25-26 principles of \\'ar, 36-37, 63



271

272 INDEX


Read)' RrserH' rorcc (HRF), 20 Vietnam War, 38, 45, 56 lecture, technique ofinstrllction, 124-26;
research and den?lopment, naval, 41. 67-69; visual comllHlIlications, naval. 5 1 ~53; tlaghoist, adv,lIltages, 124-26; disadvilntagcs, 125;
lllanagelllent of, 67-68; oceanographic 52; flashing light, 52-53; semaphore. 53 guidelines for eftecli\'e- use ol~ 125-26;
program, 68--69 "iolent extremism, 29. S('e also terrorism procedures for, 125
re\'olutionar), war. 39-40; prerequisites for. Von Clause\\,itz, Karl, 24-25, 26-27, 31 Iccturc with audio\'isu'lls. technique of
39-40 instruclion.126; advantages, 126;
Roose\'clt, Theodore. 25 \Vashillgton, George, 75 disadvantages, 126; procedure ter, 126
rules of the rOild. international. 98 warfare, naval, 32-33; fundamental tasks of, lesson plan, 124
32-33; supporting hlSks of, 33
sea power, 13 -16, 30, 106; components of, 13; World War I, 17,26,29,47,63, 103 lllililiH)' leauer, 109-1 10; legal and moral
continuing importance of, 16; definition, 13, World War 11, 17,22,26,27,34, 47,63,103 obligations of, 109- 110
106; mobility of, 15; inland reach of, 14; sea
control, 30 negati\'(' lllotiv,ltion, 122
secllrity classifications. 60-61
INDEX, LEADERSHIP
sccurity clearances, 61 obedie-Ilce. 109; blind, 109; in military services.
semaphore, 53 ability, l iS 109; reasont?'d, 109
shipyards. leading U.s., 18 achie\'emenl, l iS orders, 109
smart weapons, 31 antiballistic missiles (ABi\ I), 242-43
sonar, 47 aptitude, 118 pertennance, evaluation of~ 118-20; definition,
sowreign state, 85-87; rights and duties ol~ l iS; in NJROTC, 118-19; self-evaluation,
86-87; recognition, 87 case stud)" technique of instruction. 128-29 119-20
spilce wilrfare, 48-49, 56 colllmands, 109 prep<'lration for instruction, 124; lesson plan,
special w<.lr(are, definition, 33 cooperati\'(' learning, technique of instruction, 12<1; pcrsonal, 124; site preparation, 124
specified COllll11illld,42-43, 106 129
strategic materials, 15 role playing, tecllllique of instruction, 128;
stralegic nuclear triad, 31 dcmonstratiOll, technique of instruction. advantages, 128; disadvalllages, 12S
strike w<'lrfare, definilion, 32 126-2S; ad\'<.mtages, 127; disadvantages, 127;
strateb'l', U.S., 35 guidelines for effecti\'e use or. 128; procedure self-cvalualion, 11 9-20; setting goals, 119;
strategy, U.S. military, 24, 28, 30-3 1 for, 127-28 accessing progress, 119; process of, 120
slrategic OCeil1l areilS, 14- 15 discipline, 114- 15; self- discipline, 115; scxual harasslllent, 11 6
submarine warfare. 46 consistency in, 115
SUIl Tzu, 24 discussion, technique of instruction. 129 techniques for instruction. 124-29; case
surface warfare, 32, 45 study. 128-29; cooperative learning, 129;
fraterni7.<1tion, 116 demonstr.lIioll, 126-28; discussion, 129;
taclics, na\,ill, 31-34; innovillions. 31; \'s. friendship and familiarit)" 116 lecturc, 124-26; lecture with audiovisuals,
strategy, 31 126; role pla),ing, 128
lacticill organization, 34 instruction, 121-29; interpersonal interactions
task force organization. 42 during, 123-24; prcparation for, 124;
'Ia.liban, 3S, 39-40 techniques (or, 124-29
INDEX, NAVAL SKILLS
leleCOI11IllUllicatiOils. naval, 50-5 1, 106;
radiotelephone, 50-51; satellite, 51; tacliCill leader, qualities of, 111-16; ability to organize aids to navigation, 203-6; buoys, 205-6;
data links. 51 and l1)ake decisions, 113; good person,ll da)'beacons and dil)'marks. 206; lights, 203-5.
terrorism, 29, 40. Sec also \'iolent extremism example, 113; knowing personnel, 1 15~16; Sec also marine navigation
threat ('valualion, 35-36 conduct ill uniform, 114; controlling temper, aircraft, ll<.wal. See !lilval aircran
Tomahawk cruise missile, 45 I 15; courage, 112;de\'0Iion to duty. Ill ; anchors and <lllchoring, 173-78; scope of ch,lin,
Tse-tung, i\ lao. 39 initiali\'e and ingenuity, 11 2; loyalty, 111; 177; we-ighing ,mchor, 177- 78
moral courage, 112; moral responsibility, II I; <lntiballistic missiles (ABJ\ I), 242-43, 265
undersea warfare, 32, 47-49; sensors used in, 47 professional knowledge, 112; self-confidence, anlisubmarine weapons, naval, 247; ASROC,
unified cOlllmand, 42-43, 106 112; sense of discipline, 114-15; trust and 247; homing torpedoes, 247
Uniform Code of i\ lilitary Justice (UCJ\ I]), confidence in subor<iinates.1 13-14 approach sittlations, rules of road, 216-18;
74,75-79, 101; courts-martial. 77-79; leadership. IOS-120; basis for eITecti\,(', 108; crossing. 217-18; meeting, 217; O\wtaking,
disciplinar)' actions, 76-80; initiating challenge of 110; philosophies of, 110 218
and prelcrring charges, 76; nonjudicial learning cun'e, 121 atomic time, 21 0,265
punishment. 76-i7; preliminary inquiry, 76; learning theory, 121-24; t~clors that influence aUlonomous underwater whicles (AUVs), 256,
separations from service, SO. See also military learning. 123; factors that strellgthenlearning. 265
courts-n1i1rtial 122; le'1rning (lIf\'(', 121; len and right brain,
United Nations, 14,89-90.93 12 1; types of learning. 121 ; what learning is. ballistic missiles, naval, 243-44, 265
unm<.lllned aerial \'ehicles (UAVs), 31,56-57. 121-22 barracks sccurity watch, 163
68, 106 beilrings, 194-96, 265; magnetic, 195-96;
relati\'c, 195-96; Iruc, 194-95

1:,,\ IJ EX 273


biological warfare, 259, 260--61, 265 echo sounder, 198, 266 maneuvering board, 121-27,267; CPA problem,
boat etiquette, 187-88,265; courtesy, 188; flag electronic navigation, 198-200; GPS, 199; loran, 223-26; plot, 221; relative motion, 221; wind
etiquette, 189; rendering honors, 187-88 199; radar, 199; SINS, 199-200 problem, 226-27
boat handling, 184---87; making a landing, engineering officer, and damage control, 143 maps and charts, characteristics of, 195--96;
186--87; propeller forces, 184---85; twin-screw executive assistants, naval ships, 153-54; definition, 191; symbols on, 206
boats, 187; typical situations, 185-86 administrative assistant, 153; chaplain, 153; marine navigation, 191-212; aids to navigation,
boat nomenclature, 182-83; hull and its parts, chief master-at-arms (Ci\fAA), 154; career 203---6; celestial navigation, 200; dead
182; powerboats, 183-84; propulsion, 183; counselor, 153; combat cargo officer, 154; reckoning, 200-201; definition, 191;
sailboats, 183-84; upperworks, 182-84 legal officer, 154; personnel officer, 153; electronic navigation, 198-200,201; maps
boatswain's mates, 160, 166-67 public affairs officer (PAO), 154; senior watch and charts, 191, 19?-96, 206; nautical
buoys, 205---6; coloring of, 205; numbering and officer, 154; special services offker, 154 measurements, 193-95; piloting, 198;
lights on, 206; types of, 205 plotting, 196-98; the terrestrial sphere,
fathometer. See echo sounder 192-93; time, 208-11
CBR warfare, 143,259---63,265; damage control, fire and firefighting, shipboard, 145--48; classes marlinespike seamanship, 165, 167-71,267;
262---63; definition, 265; during Operation of fires, 146; firefighting equipment, 146-48; definition, 165, 166,267; handling line,
Desert Storm, 259; in \VorId War I, 259; in firefighting procedures, 148; fire prevention, 168---69; knots, bends, hitches, 169-71; rope
World War II, 259 146. See also firefighting equipment and line, 167~71; securing for sea, 170; wire
chart and map symbols, 206 firefighting equipment, shipboard, 146-48; fire rope, 167
chemical warfare, 259---60, 266 main system, 146; OBA/SCllA, 148; portable master-at-arms UvIAA), 154, 161, 162
christening, of naval ships, 140-41 extinguishers, 146-47; protective clothing, material readiness conditions, 144-45
classes of fires, 146 147--48; sprinkler systems, 146. See also fire mine warfare, 251-57; capabilities of, 256-57;
command duty offIcer (CDO), 159 and firefighting evolution of, 251-53; mine classifications,
commissioning, of naval ships, 141 fires, classes of, 146 253-54; mine countermeasures, 254--55;
cruise missiles, na\'al, 244-45; Harpoon, 244; fire triangle, 145 mine hunting, 255-56
SLAI\'I, 245; Tomahawk, 243, 244--45 fixes and LOPs, 197-98 11100ring, 177-79, 180; deck and pier fittings,
177-78; mooring lines, 178-79, 180
damage control assistant (DCA), 143, 144, 156, Global Positioning System (GPS), 199
266 Greenwich lvfean Time ((;;\11'), 211, definition, nautical charts, 206, 195-96; Mercator
damage control central (DeC), 143--44 266 projection, 195-96; plotting OIl, 196-98; scale
damage control, shipboard, 143-49,262---63, ground tackle, 173-78,266; anchor chains of, 196; symbols, 206; types of, 196
266; CBR warfare, 262---63; communications, and related equipment, 174---75; anchoring, nautical measurements, 193-95; distance, 193;
145; damage repairs, 145; definition, 266; 176-78; anchors, 173-74, 175; definition, direction, 194---95; speed, 193-94. See also
fires and firefighting, 145-48; repair parties, 173,266; anchor windlass, 175-76; weighing marine navigation
143--44; shipboard organization for, 143-45 anchor, 177-78 nautical terms, shipboard, 134--35
date-time group, 211 guided missiles, naval, 241---43, 245---49; air-to- naval aircraft, 240-41; fixed wing, 240-41;
daybeacons and ranges, 206, 266. See also buoys ail', 245; air-to-surflCe, 246-47; components lighter-than -air, 241; rotary winged, 241;
daylight savings time, 211 of, 242; surf.'lce-to-air, 245; trajectories, weapon systems, 241
dead reckoning, 197-98, 200-201, 266; fi-x:es and 248-49; uses of, 242---43 naval guns, 235-38; ammunition, 237;
LOPs, 197-98; DR track, 200-201. See also guns, naval. See naval guns nomenclature, 235-37; projectiles, 237-38;
marine navigation gyrocompass, 194,267 surface fire support, 238
deck personnel, naval ships, 160, 166---67; naval weapons, 230-37, 241-49, 251~57;
boatswain's mates, 160, 166--67; deck heads of departments, ship, 154-57 antihallistic missiles (ARM), 242--43; ballistic
divisions, 166; first lieutenant, 166, 167; missiles, 241---43; basic terminology, 230;
Seamen, 166---67; ship's boatswain, 167 Intracoastal Watenny, U.S., 206 cruise missiles, 244---45; guided missiles,
deck seamanship, 166-81; anchoring and 241-43; guns, 235-38; mines, 251-57;
mooring, 173-80; cargo handling, 180; latitude and longitude, 193,267. See also organization, 230-32; range of, 23]; for
marlinespike, 167-71; personnel, 166-67; terrestrial sphere undersea warfare, 247; weapons control
towing, 179-80; underway replenishment, launching, of ships, 140--41; christening, systems, 233; weapons selection, of ships, 231;
180-81 140--41; methods of, 140 weapons systems, 231-33
department heads, naval ships, 155-57, ]66-67; lights, navigational, 203-5; characteristics of, navigation, definition, 267. See also marine
air officer, 157; combat systems or first 203---4; lighthouses and towers, 204; visibility navigation
lieutenant, 155, 166-67; communications oC 204 Navy Marine ldammals Program, 256
officer, 155; engineering officer, 155-56; line, 167-71; chafing gear, 170; coiling, faking, nuclear warfare, 259, 261-62; dirty bombs, 261;
medical/dental ollicer, 157; operations officer, flemishing, 168-969; handling, 168-71; radiation dosage, 261---62
155; reactor officer, 156; supply officer, 157 knots, bends, hitches, 169-71; make-up oC
designations, naval ships, 141; guided missiles, 167---68; whipping, 169 officer of the deck (00))), 159--60, 161, 163
241-42 loran, 199, 267 o"'-j'gen breathing apparatus (OBA and SeBA),
duty sections, of ships in port, 161; ashore, 162 143,148

274 INDEX


piloting, 198, 267 assistants, 153-54; executiw officer, 152-53; terrestrial sphere, 192-93; circular
propulsion plants, ships, 138-39; gas turbine, navigator, 153; functional organization, 157; measurement, 192~93; great circles on, 192;
138-39; steam, 138; nuclear, 139 heads of departments, 154-57; navigator, 153 latitude and longitude, 193; meridians, 193;
proximity firefighting suit, 147-48 shipboard watches, 159---62; in port, 161---62; parallels, 193
schedules tor, 159; sections, 159, 161; topside, time, 208-11; and arc, 209; conYersions, 211;
repair parties, damage control, 143-44, 267; 160--61; underway, 159---61 date-time group, 211; kinds oC 209-11;
capabilities oC 143; make-up, 143 ship construction, 133-40; principles of, 134; military, 209; ship's bell, 209; and timepieces,
rules of the road, nautical, 213-19, 267; propulsion, 138-39; ship structure, 135-38; 208
approach situations, 216-18; blind bend, shipbuilding, 139-40; watertight integrity, towing, 179-80
218; dayshapes, 215; distress signals, 219; 137-38
tog signals, 219-20; purpose oC 214; risk of ship structure, 135-38; decks, 135---37; frames, underway replenishment, 180, 181
collision, 216; special rules for ilm'al wsse1s, 135; masts, 137; plating, 135; spaces, 136-37;
216; special circumstances, 218; vessel lights, superstructure, 137 watches, 159-63; ashore, 162~63; procedure for
214-16; where rules apply, 214; whistle ship's bell time, 209 re1ieying, 159; sections, 159, 161; shipboard,
signals, 216, 217-19 ship's inertial navigation system (SINS), 159---62
running lights, wssels, 215. See also rules of the 199-200 water wasbdowJ1 systems, 161--62,268
road side boys, 162 weapons. Sec naval weapons
small boat seamanship, 182-88; boat handling, weapons of mass destruction (\VArO), 259, 268
seamanship, 165-88,268; deck, 166--80; 184-87; boat etiquette, 187-88; boat wire rope, 167
definition, 165,268; marlinespike, 165, nomenclature, 182--83; coxswain, of small
167-71; small boats, 182-88. See also deck craft, 184; propulsion, 183; types of boats and zone time, 210--11, 268; and c;~n~ 211; zone
seamanship small craft, 183--84 descriptions, 211
scope of anchor chain, deflnition, 268; rules for, small craft, types of, 183~84; amphibious craft,
177 183; officers' boats, 184; utility boats, 184;
shipboard organization, naval ships, 151-57; rigid hull inflatables (RHIBs), 184
command master chief, 154; commanding speed log, 194
officer, 152; division officers, 157; executive standard time, 21 0-11,268; chart of zones, 210

ABOUT THE AUTHOR










CDR. RICHARD HOBBS has been involved with the Navy's NjROTC program for
more than thirty years as a writer/editor of many of its instructional textbooks and other
materials. A 1966 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, Commander Hobbs had thirty-
plus years of service as a former Sailor and surface line officer in the Regular and Reserve
Navy. He has also worked in industry as a ceramics engineer and production manager,
ill publishing as 3n editor on the staff of the Naval Institute Press, and in education as
a Naval Academy and cOllllllunity college instructor and high school AP and general
physics teacher.
In addition to instructional materials for the N]ROTC program, Commander
Hobbs has also written the widely acclaimed 1HariliC Nrll'igatioll: Pilotillg, Celestial alld
Electro/lie. <1 standard text and reference book in the field for the last thirty-five years,
and is a contributor of several articles on marine navigation and other related topics to
H'orld Book Ellcyclopedia, A certified tennis instructor, he recently retired after twenty
years of teaching physics and coaching tennis at a local high school near Annapolis, An
avid sailor, after many years living aboard their lllotorsailor R 11 R. he and his tinnily
reside in Maryland and in Florida,

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