Name Sec school ENGLISH GRAMMAR 7
Instead of presenting an ocean of random grammatical concepts in traditional patterns, we introduce ‘bite-sized’ grammar learning blocks with high interest and engaging activities. Our grammar is supported by opportunities to practice other crucial language learning skills. An integrated approach connects grammar to a rich literary selection with additional sight word flashcards. Our literary skills focus on numeral language skills where children learn to apply grammar to real life. The key features of the book are: y Thorough coverage of key areas of grammar. y Clear explanations with a minimum of grammatical terms. y An abundant variety of exercises. Some included elements are sight words, vocabulary, checking for comprehension and accuracy, expression, and prediction. Saarthi hopes to make this language learning journey into an ‘adventure’ and take the drudge out of grammar! Sub+Verb Article + Subject + Verb Article + Adj + Subject + Verb Article + Adj + Subject + Verb + Adverb Article + Adj + Subject + Verb + Adverb + Prepositional phrase All rights reserved - Saarthi Pedagogy Pvt. Ltd., reserves the copyright of its ‘The Wizz Kit’ series. Saarthi Pedagogy Pvt. Ltd. has applied for copyright permission wherever possible. Designed by the editorial team of Saarthi Pedagogy Pvt. Ltd. Version: SP22 The ‘Grammar’ book by Saarthi is designed primarily for students to provide structural foundation to their ability to express themselves. Imagine building a Lego tower with no base. It has neither a structure to stand on nor does it have any symmetry, beauty and most importantly meaning. Saarthi proudly announces its one-of-a-kind grammar series which is based on the pyramid model of building words and sentences.
TABLE OF CONTENT 1 | TYPES OF SENTENCES 5 2 | NOUNS 18 3 | PRONOUNS 23 4 | VERBS 33 5 | TENSES 42 6 | ARTICLES 59 7 | ADVERBS 62 8 | ADJECTIVES 71 9 | PREPOSITIONS 79 10 | CONJUNCTIONS 84 11 | DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH 89 12 | TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES 92 13 | PUNCTUATION 95 14 | ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE 98 15 | LETTER WRITING 102
TABLE OF CONTENT 16 | COMPREHENSION 107 17 | DIARY WRITING 111 18 | ARTICLE WRITING 114 19 | NOTICE WRITING 118 20 | DIALOGUE WRITING 122 21 | REPORT WRITING 126 22 | MESSAGE WRITING 129 23 | DESCRIPTIVE WRITING 134 24 | STORY WRITING 137
5 6 The Big Picture The Four Types of Sentences What is a Sentence? A sentence is defined as a group of words that make perfect sense together. A sentence is formed when a string of words communicates a clear, particular idea. Every sentence has a capital letter at the beginning and may end with a period, question mark or an exclamation mark. For example: 1 TYPES OF SENTENCES 1. The kids are playing. 2. Sheetal is standing in front of the shop. 3. Alas! They lost everything in the war. 4. Dogs are sitting under the tree. 5. Why are you late today? Imperative Sentence (gives a command) Punish these traitors once and for all. Exclamatory Sentence (expresses emotion) Oh no! I never intended to hurt you with my words! Declarative Sentence (makes a statement) These days, the young people are hardly working, instead of working hard. Interrogative Sentence (asks a question) Why do we always need the Internet for all the information?
6 Exercise 1.1. Rearrange the jumbled words into meaningful sentences. 1. drove/bike/she/hills/in/the/the 2. playing/Sohan/park/in/is/the 3. baking/in/mom/kitchen/is/the/my/pies/some 4. study/friends/over/my/coming/are/to 5. place/us/let/the/to/go/before/we/decided 6. became/ill/they/ate/after/the/restaurant/at/they 7. capital /India/the/of/is/Delhi/New 8. wow!/high/is/how/this/tower 9. bus/here/comes/the 10. wallet/my/his/was/pocket/in Kinds of Sentences There are four types of sentences: 1. An affirmative or declarative sentence (a simple sentence) 2. A question or inquiring sentence (asks questions) 3. An imperative or commanding expression (gives commands) 4. An exclamatory sentence (indicates expressions) Let us understand all the types of sentences one by one. A. Declarative or Assertive Sentence A declarative statement is a short sentence that describes an action or event, either positively or negatively. An assertive statement ends with a full stop (period). Look at the following sentences: 1. The sun sets in the west. 2. Asia is the biggest continent. 3. Not everyone agreed with his abrasive nature. 4. Preeti is having an exam tomorrow. There are two types of assertive statements. Affirmative (positive) and Affirmative (negative) statements Affirmative (positive) statements can be converted into negative. Affirmative (positive) statements • I am a school student. • Sneha was down with fever yesterday. • My dad and I did all the shopping today. • Henry was appreciated for his literary skills. • Isabella shall help you with your homework. • We can play the guitar tomorrow after school. • Dad was angry with his hasty decision. • We should work hard on this project. • Sara is an excellent singer. • The train failed to reach its destination on time.
7 Affirmative (negative) Statements • They are not the richest in town. • Parth can’t play the guitar. • We shouldn’t stress ourselves about this situation. • Isabella shan’t help you. • The train did not reach its destination on time. Exercise 1.2. Convert the following affirmative sentences into negative sentences. 1. You and your friends should play in the park. 2. Henry shall write an apology to you soon. 3. Rahul can go to the party this evening. 4. You are ill so you must stay at home today. 5. Ron does his homework daily. 6. I also enjoy playing basketball. 7. Priyanka will come early as she left. 8. I am going to visit my grandparents this Tuesday. 9. Peter shall guide you in what you have to do. 10. The sweet singing of the birds makes me happy. 11. I will be going to school tomorrow. 12. Children are playing in the park happily. Exercise 1.3. Write declarative sentences using the words given below. 1. airplane 2. smart phone 3. castle 4. juice 5. dancing 6. friend 7. school 8. ice cream 9. moon B. Interrogative Sentence These are simple sentences that pose questions or interrogate the statement. There are two different interrogative sentence patterns that exist. 1. Yes/No questions These questions typically only need a brief yes/no response. Let’s look at some examples: 1. Is she doing it right? Positive: Yes, she is doing it right. Negative: No, she is not doing it right. 2. Are you fine? Positive: Yes, I am fine. Negative: No, I am not fine. 3. Can I sing? Positive: Yes, I can sing. Negative: No, I cannot sing.
8 2. WH-type They start off by asking questions using Wh-words such as what, when, who, where, how, how much, etc.These Wh-words are used to obtain information. These sentences do not ask yes/no answers. Let us understand by some examples: 1. Where does he live? 2. What is her name? 3. How are you feeling? 4. How may I help you? Exercise 1.4. Change the following sentences given below into interrogative sentences. 1. She was sleeping in her room upstairs. 2. He ran very fast in the school marathon. 3. She took notes during the English class. 4. He makes delicious tea and coffee. Exercise 1.5. Fill in the blanks with 'Whose', 'When', 'What', 'Which', 'Did', 'Should', 'How', 'Who' or 'Why'. 1. _______________ I call you or message you after the meeting? 2. _______________ far is it between the hotel and the house? 3. _______________ she bake a cake for you on your birthday? 4. _______________ haven’t you been coming to school? 5. _______________ notebook did you take from the shelf? 6. _______________ you take your medicines after lunch? 7. _______________ kind of music do you listen to? 8. _______________ knows the answers to the given questions? 9. _______________ many movies did you watch this week? 10. _______________ pen did you borrow for the exam? C. Imperative Sentence/Command An imperative sentence is one that conveys an instruction, a request, a command, or a recommendation. Let us take a look at some examples. 1. Never lie to your parents. (advice) 2. Beware! There is a dog in the house. (warning) 3. Complete your work. (command) 4. Please help me with this. (request) 5. Go get me a pen. (command)
9 An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. An exclamation point (!) can also be used to conclude an imperative sentence. Types of Imperative Sentences 1. Positive Imperative Sentence A positive imperative sentence asks a person to do something. • Call me when you get back home. • Wash your plates and spoons before you use them. 2. Negative Imperative Sentence A negative imperative sentence is meant to do the opposite; it instructs a person not to do something. • Don’t call me when you get back home. • Don’t wash your plates and spoons before you use them. Exercise 1.6. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the box to make an imperative sentence. switch off, remember, reserve, go, complete, stand, shut, fill in, please, boil 1. _______________ to carry your bags. 2. _______________ the forms and submit it by tomorrow. 3. _______________ the windows when you leave the room. 4. _______________ your mobile phones during the class. 5. _______________ your homework today. 6. _______________ carry all your documents tomorrow. 7. _______________ in ascending order of your height. 8. Let us _______________ for a walk in the park nearby. 9. Please _______________ a seat for me at the show. 10. _______________ the water for three hours. Exercise 1.7. Change the sentences given below into negative imperative sentences. 1. Please blow out the candles. 2. Go to the doctor now!
10 3. I will call you after my meeting is over. 4. I have developed the habit of eating street food daily. 5. Exercise right after eating your food. 6. Answer the door only if your parents are at home. D. Exclamatory Sentence Sentences that convey different emotions or expressions, such as joy, grief, anger, enthusiasm, etc. are known as exclamatory sentences. Examples: 1. What a beautiful day! (joy) 2. Alas! I failed the test. (sorrow) 3. Wow! You are so pretty. (praise) 4. I'm so mad at her! (anger) 5. You are very beautiful! (praise) Exercise 1.8. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to make an exclamatory sentence. 1. _________ to bed early, Aryan! 2. _________ switch off the lights! 3. ________ your teeth every morning and night! 4. _________ to your room! 5. _______ park your car in front of the school, sir! 6. _________ your shirt! 7. ________ all the clothes! Exercise 1.9. Change the following assertive sentences into exclamatory sentences. 1. The weather is very fine. 2. The doll is so lovely. 3. My brother stood first. 4. Mike surprisingly knocked him out. 5. He looks very sad 6. The hotel was very expensive. 7. The weather is pleasant. 8. You have an amazing house. Clauses and Phrases A. What are Clauses? Despite not always being a complete sentence on its own, a clause is a combination of words that can function as a sentence. Every clause has a subject and a predicate, which is always followed by a verb. A predicate provides information about the actions the subject is taking. Some clauses can function as a whole sentence on their own, whereas others can't. Example 1: She sang.
11 (‘She’ is the subject and ‘sang’ is both the verb and the predicate. The clause functions as an independent clause because it can stand alone as a sentence.) Example 2: While Andrea was singing, the audience could not take their eyes off her. In the second example, there are actually two clauses. The first 'While Andrea was singing', contains a subject (Andrea) and a predicate (was singing), but it cannot stand alone as a sentence, thus making it a dependent clause. The second clause, 'the audience could not take their eyes off her,' has a subject, 'the audience,' and a predicate, 'take their eyes off her,' and it is an independent clause since it can stand alone as a sentence. Types of Dependent/Subordinate Clauses 1. Noun Clause 2. Adjective Clause 3. Adverb Clause 1. Noun Clause A noun clause does the work of a noun in the sentence. It has a subject and predicate. Ask the question ‘What’ to the main clause to identify the noun clause. A noun clause uses subordinating conjunctions such as what, that, where, why, how, when, who, which, whose, if, whether, etc. Examples: • Suman listened to what was told. • He told me that the trip was cancelled. 2. Adjective Clause An adjective clause qualifies the noun or pronoun in the main clause. It has a subject and predicate. Ask the questions ‘Which’ or ‘Who’ to the main clause to identify the adjective clause. An adjective clause uses relative pronouns such as who, whom, which, whose, that, where, when, etc. Examples: • The girl who is sitting on the last bench is my sister. • We went to the park which had tall trees. 3. Adverb Clause An adverb clause modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb in the main clause. It has a subject and a predicate. Ask the questions ‘Why’, ‘When’, ‘Where’ and ‘How’ to the main clause to identify the adverb clause. An adverb clause uses subordinating conjunctions such as because, while, if, so, although, though, when, why, that, since, etc. Examples: • The cricket match was stopped when it started to rain. • I looked for you wherever I could.
12 B. What are Phrases? A phrase is a group of words that cannot stand alone as a sentence. They do not have a subject or a predicate. They do not make complete sense. Example: • No such diseases were known in those days. Here, ‘in those days’ cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also, it does not make complete sense by itself. It just makes some sense by telling us when. Exercise 1.10. Underline the clauses in the following sentences. 1. He wants to know why he has been dismissed. 2. How the puppies got lost is a mystery. 3. The girl who is wearing a yellow ribbon is my cousin. 4. My friend brought me the cake that she had baked. 5. He came late because he missed the bus. 6. She behaved as if she was a celebrity. Exercise 1.11. Read the sentences given below. Identify the independent clause and underline it. 1. Rachel is our classmate, who is in the basketball team. 2. The girl who painted the scenery lives in my neighbourhood. 3. I didn’t go to the party because I went to my cousin’s house that day. 4. If he finishes his homework on time, he can go to play outside. 5. My cat will run away if you leave the window open. 6. Although these colours are beautiful, I don’t like the design. 7. When Stacy called last night, I was not at home. 8. Please fold your clothes before they get wrinkled. 9. The book that you borrowed last week is due at the library today. 10. The party was good although it started very late.
13 Exercise 1.12. Identify the clauses in the following sentences and state their kind. 1. We went to the auditorium which had a big stage. __________ 2. The athlete who wore a purple shirt was declared the winner. __________ 3. When the cold wind started blowing, we rushed inside the house. __________ 4. I wake up before my alarm clock rings. __________ 5. Whether or not she should go camping worried Jenny. __________ 6. Barnes swore that he would tell the truth. __________ Types of Phrases A. Noun Phrase A noun phrase is one that acts as a noun in a sentence. Examples: • He wanted to learn French. • That new red bike is mine. B. Adjective Phrase An adjective phrase is a group of words that acts as an adjective in a sentence. It modifies a noun or a pronoun in a sentence. Examples: • Flowers with good fragrance have been used for decoration. • The bakery around the corner sells cookies. C. Adverb Phrase An adverb phrase performs the function of an adverb. It modifies the verb, adjective or another adverb. An adverbial phrase makes a sentence more interesting and exciting. Adverb phrases tell us how (manner), when (time), where (place), why (reason) and how long (to what extent). Examples: • Flowers emit fragrance during the day. • For eight years, Gabriel waited for a rescue ship. D. Prepositional Phrase A prepositional phrase does the work of a preposition. It usually includes a preposition, a noun or a pronoun and an adjective. It doesn’t include the verb. Examples: • Beyond the mountain ranges, lies a beautiful green valley. • The pile of books was kept on the table.
14 Exercise 1.13. Underline the phrases in the following sentences and state their kind. 1. Her kind words were a great support. 2. None of the guests turned up on time. 3. ''I want the assignment to be delivered without any further delay," said the manager. 4. The coordinator greeted everyone with a warm smile. 5. The playground was full of water. 6. Have you ever seen an elephant with a white skin? 7. We climbed up the steep hill. 8. The rabbits hopped through the garden. Exercise 1.14. Write sentences use the phrases given below. 1. a tingling sound 2. with a long beard 3. because of 4. at the moment 5. on the roof Subject Verb Agreement A. What is Subject Verb Agreement? The subject-verb agreement principle explains how a subject will interact with its verb. Usually, rules of tense are in the category of subject-verb agreement, but aside from these rules there are some other rules by which a subject agrees to the verb. Example: • Sam is late today. • They are always happy. Rules for Subject Verb Agreement 1. A singular subject is followed by a singular verb and a plural subject is followed by a plural verb. Examples: • She sings Western music. • They sing Western music. 2. A plural verb is used when two or more subjects are connected by ‘and’. Example: • Aditya and Daksh are preparing for their exams. 3. If the subject consists of two or more singular nouns or pronouns joined by 'and', it takes a plural verb. Example: • Mark and Sarah are in an antique shop. (two different subjects) 4. When two nouns refer to the same person or thing, the verb is singular. Example: • The actor and musician is famous for his social work. (same subject)
15 5. Words such as each, anyone, anybody, everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, neither and every are followed by a singular verb. Example: • Every seat has a number. 6. If two singular subjects are joined by 'or,' the singular verb is used. Example: • The book or the pen is in the drawer. 7. When two subjects are joined by ‘either…or’ or ‘neither…nor’, the verb agrees with the subject closer to it. Examples: • Either my sister or my cousins cook when my mother is not home. • Either my sisters or my cousin cooks when my mother is not home. 8. When the subject consists of two nouns or pronouns joined by with or as well as, the verb agrees with the first subject. Example: • The woman, as well as her daughters, was present at the annual school function. 9. Some sentences begin with ‘there’ or ‘here’. In case of a singular subject, the verb will be singular and in case of a plural subject, the verb will be plural. Examples: • There is a parrot in the cage. • There are plants in the balcony. 10. In case of a collective noun, the verb generally is singular when the subject stands for the whole and takes the plural if it refers to the individuals composing the unit. Examples: • The cast members have been practising their lines. • The fleet of ships is anchored in the channel. 11. Some nouns are plural but singular in meaning. They take a singular verb. Example: • This news is unbelievable. 12. Measurements of time, money and distance usually require a singular verb. Example: • Eighty kilos is too heavy for me to lift. 13. When none means ‘no one’, use a singular verb. Example: • Have I received any mail by post? I’m sorry, there is none for you. 14. When none means more than one person or thing, use the plural verb. Example: • None of the plants have grown very much. 15. Words like jeans, trousers, pliers, scissors, pants, etc. are plural but when the word pair is used along with these words, we use the singular verb. Example: • A pair of scissors is kept here. • A pair of socks is lying on the bed. 16. The number/gender/person before the phrase in the sentence determines the subject-verb agreement. Example: • The nurse, after examining the patients, has taken a ten-minute break.
16 17. Fractional expressions such as half of, more than, two-fifths of, a percentage of and so on can be plural or singular depending on the context. Example: • Two-thirds of the troops were stationed near the border. 18. When the article a precedes the word number, a plural verb is used. When the article the precedes number, a singular verb is used. Examples: • A number of birds migrate to warmer places in winter. • The number of parks in the city has dwindled. Exercise 1.15. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject. 1. Climbing high mountains __________ his pastime. a) is b) are 2. The thinker and writer __________ no more. a) is b) are 3. The introduction of tax laws__________ been delayed. a) have b) has 4. The old man and his wife__________ in that house. a) live b) lives 5. A stitch in time __________nine. a) save b) saves 6. All that __________ is not gold. a) glitter b) glitters 7. The barking dogs seldom __________ . a) bite b) bites 8. The manager and workers__________ being interrogated by the police. a) are b) is 9. The minister along with his assistants__________ touring the flood affected areas. a) is b) are 10. Many cattle __________ killed by the tigers. a) was b) were 11. My shoes __________too tight for me. a) is b) are
17 12. Every citizen __________a right to vote. a) has b) have Exercise 1.16. Choose the correct verb that agrees with the subject in the sentences given below. 1. Neither of the answers (is/are) acceptable. 2. Everything in those movies (is/are) fiction. 3. Nobody (know/knows) the trouble he has gone through. 4. The moon (go/goes) around the earth every 27 days. 5. Science (is/are) Jim’s favourite subject, while History (is / are) Andrea’s favourite subject. 6. Twenty dollars (is/are) the price of a movie these days. 7. Alice in Wonderland (is/are) a famous book. 8. Your clothes (is/are) at the cleaners and will be delivered tomorrow. 9. There (was/were) ten candies in that box. Now, there (is/are) only one left. 10. The society members (debates/debate) these questions carefully.
18 62 NOUNS What are Nouns? A noun refers to a person, place, thing, quality, animal, idea or an activity. Person — Mary Place — Denmark Thing — table Quality — length Animal — cat Idea — independence Activity — navigation I. Common and Proper Nouns There are different types of nouns. Read the following sentence: • Saul was a wise king. In this example, the noun 'Saul' refers to a specific king, but a king can also refer to any other king. Here, king is a common noun and Saul is a proper noun. Similarly, Alex is a proper noun and boy is a common noun. India is a proper noun and country is a common noun. The name of a specific person or object is a proper noun. A common noun is a name that is given to all members of the same class or category of things. A capital letter must always be used to start a proper noun. Collective nouns and abstract nouns are examples of common nouns. Exercise 2.1. Read the sentences and pick the right option. 1. The kids were flying kites on the terrace. a) kites is a proper noun b) kites is a common noun c) kids is a proper noun 2. There was an earthquake in Iran on Monday. a) Monday is a proper noun b) Monday is a common noun c) Iran is a common noun
19 3. Sara bought a bicycle for her brother. a) Sara is a proper noun and bicycle is a common noun b) Sara is a common noun and bicycle is a proper noun c) Sara and bicycle are proper nouns 4. India is the seventh largest country in the whole world. a) India is a proper noun and world is a common noun b) India and world are common nouns c) India and country are proper nouns 5. Judy, my elder sister, wants to be an air hostess. a) Judy is a proper noun and air hostess is a common noun b) Judy is a common noun and air hostess is a proper noun c) Judy and air hostess are common nouns 6. I forgot my keys at home. a) keys and home are proper nouns b) keys and home are common nouns c) keys is a proper noun 7. America is one of the most developed countries in the world. a) America and countries are common nouns b) America is a proper noun and countries is a common noun c) America and countries are proper nouns 8. Agra is situated on the banks of river Yamuna. a) Agra and Yamuna are both proper nouns b) Agra and Yamuna are both common nouns c) river is a proper noun and Agra is a common noun 9. The coach was angry when the girls lost the championship. a) coach and girls are proper nouns b) coach and girls are common nouns c) coach is a proper noun and championship is a common noun 10. Titanic is the name of the ship that sank on its first journey. a) Titanic is a proper noun and ship is a common noun b) Titanic is a common noun and ship is a proper noun c) Titanic is a common noun
20 Exercise 2.2. Underline the common nouns with double lines and single underline the proper nouns in the sentences given below. 1. Judy lives with one of her cousins. 2. Maggie likes her new silk dress. 3. Pete has a bag of candies with him. 4. Mrs Rachel bought her child to the park. 5. Anna played hide and seek with her younger brother. 6. Paris is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. 7. Our new classmate came from Kashmir. 8. We went to the popular zoo in Melbourne. 9. I take a short nap every Sunday afternoon. 10. New Delhi is the capital city of India. II. Concrete, Abstract, Collective Nouns What is a Concrete Noun? A concrete noun is a noun that can be physically experienced through one of the five senses: taste, touch, sight, hearing or smell. A chocolate milkshake that tastes sweet and feels cold is an example of a concrete noun. Examples: • Can you hear the amazing classical music? (you are able to hear music) • The spicy soup tasted like a combination of vegetables and spices. (You can taste the soup.) Lets us take a look at the following table. concrete nouns for sight Sally, volley ball, bag pack, sandwich concrete nouns for hearing music, chirps, whistle, snoring, explosion concrete nouns for touch silk, rain, fur, paper concrete nouns for smell flowers, perfume, spices, skunks concrete nouns for taste medicine, sweets, sugar, salt What is an Abstract Noun? An abstract noun is used to refer to concepts, ideas, experience, or feelings that cannot be seen, heard, tasted, smelled or touched. Think about something that you can define but do not experience with your five senses. Examples: • honesty • glory • bravery • love • truthful • courage
21 Formation of Abstract Nouns from Verbs and Adjectives By adding a suffix, an abstract noun can be created from an adjective or verb and vice versa. Converting adjectives into abstract nouns sad sadness possible possibility independent independence possible possibility free freedom silent silence able ability Converting verbs into abstract nouns enjoy enjoyment decide decision block blockage describe description resist resistance conscious consciousness move movement Exercise 2.3. Form abstract nouns from of the verbs given below and write a sentence each with the abstract noun formed. 1. protect ___________________ 2. collect ___________________ 3. accept ___________________ 4. succeed ___________________ 5. distribute ___________________ 6. grow ___________________ 7. detect ___________________ 8. laugh ___________________ What is a Collective noun? A collective noun is a naming term that is used to describe a group or number of animals, people, or things. One thing to keep in mind is to use the appropriate verb tense when using collective nouns in sentences. Examples – • a company of parrots • a purse of coins • a band of gorillas • a sleuth of bears • a crowd/mob of people • a culture of bacteria • a clump of trees Exercise 2.4. Identify each the following nouns by writing C for concrete noun or A for abstract noun in the blank space given. 1. _______________ delay 2. _______________ elephant 3. _______________ coins 4. _______________ gossip 5. _______________ shark 6. _______________ freedom 7. _______________ ability 8. _______________ table 9. _______________ strength 10. _______________ idea
22 Exercise 2.5. Read the sentences given below, identify the abstract and concrete nouns and write them under the correct heading. sentence concrete abstract 1. The idea was given by the Science teacher. 2. Gandhiji fought for our freedom. 3. The teacher was impressed by the intelligence of the child. 4. The soldiers were awarded for their bravery. 5. Rama broke his promise. 6. During the lockdown, children suffered from boredom. 7. The visitors were mesmerised by the beauty of the monuments. 8. After lunch, Alan felt some pain in his stomach. Exercise 2.6. Fill in the blanks with the correct collective nouns. 1. A _______________ of clothes 2. A _______________ of bees 3. A _______________ of lions 4. A _______________ of birds 5. A _______________ of students 6. A _______________ of thieves 7. A _______________ of crooks 8. A _______________ of sailors 9. A _______________ of doctors 10. A _______________ of judges Exercise 2.7. Fill in the blanks with appropriate collective nouns to complete the sentences given below. 1. A ________________ of sheep was spotted grazing on the grasslands across that mountain. 2. The ship has a ________________of a thousand sailors. 3. My ________________ won the match by two goals. 4. The ________________ found the man guilty. 5. The ________________ of soldiers were awarded for their bravery. 6. A ________________ of birds flew over us. 7. A ________________ of six people was appointed to perform the activity. 8. The gorilla ate a ________________ of grapes today. 9. We saw a ________________ of lions in the jungle safari. 10. A ________________ of cattle was grazing on the farm.
23 63 PRONOUNS What is a pronoun? A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. A pronoun is used to avoid the repetition of nouns within a sentence or paragraph. Pronouns can be used in singular or plural forms. The verb in the sentence should be used in keeping with the specific pronoun form that is being used. Personal Pronouns Person Singular Plural Subjective Objective Subjective Objective First I me we us Second you you you you Third Masculine he him they them Feminine she her Neuter it it Exercise 3.1. Read the sentences given below and underline the correct personal pronoun needed to complete the sentences. 1. (She/I) want to travel around the whole world. 2. The judge had notified (they/him) that he won the case. 3. Please tell her that (she/he) needs to eat before the football practice. 4. (They/Them) were all ready to go to the movies. 5. Do you know if (me/I) am selected for the hockey team? 6. (I/It) is not your responsibility. 7. Please tell (I/me) the score when they score a goal. 8. Make sure (he/I) knows the rules and regulations of the board game. 9. Why does (she/it) not have the directions behind the box? 10. Do you know if (he/they) will arrive on time?
24 Exercise 3.2. Read the pair of sentences given below. Rewrite the sentences by replacing the nouns with personal pronouns in the second part of the sentence. 1. Alice enjoys studying at the library. Alice reads a lot. 2. Steve and Mike are best friends. Steve and Mike love driving. 3. I dribbled the basketball up the court. I shot the basketball in the basket. 4. Shaun enjoys running. Shaun often runs in marathons. 5. I brought my lunch to school. I thought the lunch was very healthy. 6. Mrs. Shelly is our teacher. Mrs. Shelly has a photographic memory. 7. Michael walked to the store. Michael bought potato chips. 8. Rita is my best friend. Rita loves to draw and paint with me. 9. Miley loves to play on the swings. Miley loves to jump on the trampoline. 10. The waiter took the order from us. The waiter was very respectful and kind. Exercise 3.3. Fill in the blanks using appropriate personal pronouns to complete the sentences given below. 1. My name is Peter. ______________ am twelve years old. 2. Did you see Reena? ______________ is not here since morning. 3. Stay here till ______________ complete our work. 4. I have two friends. ______________ always play with me. 5. The bird built ______________ nest to lay eggs. 6. This pencil is mine. I gave ______________ to him. 7. Obey your parents and teachers. ______________ are your well wishers. 8. My father is a doctor. ______________ goes to work every day. 9. My cat is very naughty. ______________ likes to chase mice. 10. My mother is a teacher. ______________ helps me to study mathematics. Indefinite Pronouns Read the sentences given below. • One must not boast of one’s wealth. • One should respect one’s opinion. • None of them reached yet. • Some are born great; some achieve greatness. In the sentences given above, the pronouns present are examples of indefinite pronouns because they do
25 not refer to a particular person or thing. When speaking generally about persons or things, indefinite pronouns are used. Most of the indefinite pronouns can be used as adjectives. • Nobody came to his rescue. • Somebody has let the dog in. Exercise 3.4. Underline the indefinite pronouns present in the sentences given below. 1. Everybody enjoys a good comedy movie. 2. Does anybody have the time to help me out? 3. One sang while the other played the violin. 4. Nobody knows the trouble I’ve gone through. 5. The secret was only known by a few. 6. No, the secret was known by many of them. 7. The answer is too hard for some. 8. Nobody likes pizza. 9. Is there anything that I can help you with? Exercise 3.5. Fill in the blanks with an indefinite pronoun to complete the sentences given below. 1. I want to live ________________ by the sea. 2. Does ____________________ have an extra pen? 3. I went ________________ this weekend. I stayed at my home. 4. He didn’t bring ________________ to the birthday party. 5. ________________ lives in that house. It’s all empty. 6. Would you like to go ________________ next weekend? 7. ________________ is going really well and so I’m happy. 8. Did you go ________________ during the summer holidays? 9. He doesn’t want ________________ to help him. 10. The old woman loves ________________. She’s a really kind person. Exercise 3.6. Read the paragraph given below. Find out eight indefinite pronouns and write them down in the blank space provided. We went on another trip last month. A few have visited the zoo I saw because everyone visits Bluestone. I saw something moving behind the bushes, but could not see it clearly. Then, there was more movement and everybody could see it. It could have been a tiger or maybe just the wind. Nobody could figure it out, but we made many guesses. The scenery there was beautiful; one could see for hours. Anybody would love that pretty view of the valley because nothing on Earth is more amazing. 1. ________________ 2. ________________ 3. ________________ 4. ________________ 5. ________________ 6. ________________ 7. ________________ 8. ________________
26 Exercise 3.7. Use the indefinite pronouns given below to make your own interesting sentences. 1. somebody 2. everyone 3. everything 4. less 5. no one 6. little 7. enough 8. anybody 9. neither 10. nowhere Possessive Pronouns When you want to indicate that you own something or someone, you use a possessive pronoun. It signifies that it belongs to that person and no one else. To prevent repetition, possessive pronouns can be used in place of noun phrases. Possessive pronouns include the words ‘mine’, ‘yours’, ‘his,’ ‘her’, ‘ours’, 'theirs', and ‘its’. They establish to whom or what anything is related. Personal Pronouns Prossessive Pronouns Person Subject Object First I me mine we us ours Second you you yours Third he him his she her hers it it its they them theirs Examples – • Her teacher is stricter than mine. • The blue car is not ours. • The whole room is yours from now on. • Vineet and his brother went shopping. Note the difference between Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives. A possessive pronoun replaces a noun. Example: • This pencil box is mine. A possessive adjective qualifies a noun. Example: • This is my pencil box. Exercise 3.8. Underline all the possessive pronouns present in the sentences given below. 1. Your phone is way more expensive than mine.
27 2. His black hair was longer than hers. 3. I noticed that his pet was smaller than theirs. 4. Someone asked, “Is that pet yours?” 5. I replied to her question, “Yes, it’s mine.” 6. I wonder if my pet is smaller than yours. 7. She bought a new car just like yours. 8. Wisdom has its price and foolishness has its. 9. Your parents look more stunned as compared to mine. 10. The jacket is hers. Exercise 3.9. Choose the correct possessive pronouns to complete the sentences. 1. Why are you using my phone? Where is (your, yours, theirs)? 2. The house was (their, theirs, their's) from the start. 3. The painting in the living room is (its, his, your). 4. The boat lost (his, its, ours) mast in the storm. 5. Is that cute child (your, yours, you’re)? Exercise 3.10. Write a paragraph using possessive pronouns describing the things in your house. Relative Pronouns (Usage) When words like ‘who’, ‘which’ and ‘that’ are used to start introducing relative clauses, they are called relative pronouns. In relative sentences, relative pronouns may serve as the verbs’ subjects. Keep in mind that the terms who and which are used to refer to people and objects, respectively. They can relate to both individuals and things. Relative pronouns may also be the objects of verbs in relative clauses. Always remember that in a formal writing, who is not normally used as an object. Instead, we use whom. Relative Pronouns (Omission) Look at the following pairs of sentences given below: 1. I saw a little girl. She was very pretty. 2. He received a letter. He had been expecting it. Each of the pairs given above can be combined into a single sentence: 1. I saw a little girl who was very beautiful.
28 2. He received a letter, which he had been expecting. The words ‘who’, ‘whose’ and ‘which’ are examples of relative pronouns. Relative pronouns are only omitted if they are not the clause’s subject. Difference between Interrogative Pronouns and Relative Pronouns. Interrogative Pronoun: only asks questions. Example - • Who is ringing the doorbell? Relative Pronoun: links noun to the rest of the sentence. Example - • She is the girl who was ringing the doorbell. Exercise 3.11. Use the correct relative pronouns to complete the sentences given below. 1. We always respect people ___________ speak the truth. 2. This is the bench ___________ I sat on yesterday. 3. This is Nisha ___________ I was praising. 4. The girl ___________ I met in Chennai stays near our house. 5. This is the house in ___________ the Prime Minister lived. 6. These are the saplings ___________ my father and I planted together. 7. The teacher punished the students ___________ were making noise. 8. I don’t think there’s anyone ___________ doesn’t like ice cream. 9. The car ___________ I bought is quite expensive. 10. This is the doctor with ___________ I was talking about. Exercise 3.12. Read the sentences given below and underline the relative pronouns. 1. The show that I saw last week was very interesting. 2. My cousin brother, whom I admire, is leaving for Oxford University. 3. The girl who got injured came back to attend the karate classes. 4. The man whose cat died was very sad today. 5. Raghav has a problem with people who are too demanding. 6. We saw the teacher in the market whom we spoke to earlier. 7. I have a favourite cafe which serves the best cheese cake. 8. I know a person who has never been to a movie hall.
29 9. Can you show me the road which leads to the station? 10. The song, which was sung by Justin Bieber, is still my favourite. 11. I saw the girl who was singing beautifully at the talent show. Reciprocal Pronouns A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses mutual action or relationship. The only two reciprocal pronouns are ‘each other’ and ‘one another.’ Examples – • My brother and sister were blaming one another. • Jess and Steve gave each other gifts. • The robbers blamed one another. • They both were not happy to see each other. Exercise 3.13. Fill in the blanks with reciprocal pronouns to complete the sentences given below. 1. My friend and I looked at _____________ in surprise. 2. We sent _____________ Christmas cards. 3. They gave _____________ presents. 4. The effects of the coffee and tea cancel _____________ out. 5 Allen and Sally never agree with _____________. 6. I agree with you! You agree with me! We agree with _____________. 7. The rest of the people in my class copied from _____________ during the exam. 8. If we don’t help _____________ every now and again, we won’t survive. 9. The best teams in Australia played football against _____________ . 10. The employees send _____________ emails to communicate. Exercise 3.14. Underline the reciprocal pronouns in the following sentences. 1. Martha and Rachel gave gifts to each other on Thanksgiving. 2. All the cars and trucks on road were dashing into one another. 3. Teachers were talking to one another about the students. 4. Serena and Henry were laughing at each other in the school hall. 5. My friends and I always give a present to each other every new year. 6. The seniors congratulated one another on their farewell party.
30 7. Many children are playing in the field by kicking the ball at one another. 8. The customers are fighting with one another for a single product. 9. The criminals blamed one another. 10. They all support one another. Reflexive Pronouns The words like ‘myself ’, ‘yourself ’, ‘herself ’, ‘himself ’, ‘itself ’, ‘oneself ’, ‘ourselves’ and ‘themselves’ are known as reflexive pronouns. Uses of reflexive pronouns: Reflexive pronouns are frequently used when discussing acts in which the subject and object are the same person. Examples – • The old woman was talking to herself by the road. • I am going shopping to get myself some clothes. Exercise 3.15. Fill in the blanks using reflexive pronouns to complete the sentences given below. 1. We folded the clothes all by _____________. 2. I treated _____________ to supper at a restaurant. 3. That dog let _____________ into our house. 4. Isabella and Janet looked at _______________ in the video. 5. Did Peter and you walk back home by _______________? 6. Luke finished his homework by _______________. 7. Give me the form; I will complete filling it _______________. 8. Nikita played the role by _______________. 9. Nadia and I cleaned our room by __________________. 10. Did you eat this entire cake by _________________? Exercise 3.16. Write sentences using the reflexive pronouns given below. 1. myself 2. itself 3. herself 4. ourselves 5. themselves 6. yourselves
31 Emphatic Pronouns An emphatic pronoun is used to add emphasis to a noun or pronoun. Emphatic pronouns are used to put stress on the subject. Examples- • They themselves will renovate their farmhouse. • I myself will investigate this matter. Note the difference between Reflexive Pronouns and Emphatic pronouns. Reflexive pronoun: action reflects back to the doer Example- • I fell and hurt myself. Emphatic pronoun: emphasises the noun Example: • The doctor himself is on a leave of three days. Exercise 3.17. Fill in the blanks with the correct emphatic pronouns. 1. I ___________ did the project. 2. The boys __________ chose the bicycles to ride. 3. "Have you _______ planted the trees?" asked Raj's mother. 4. We __________ bought those pencils. 5. The farmer _________ sowed all the seeds on the fields. 6. The house _______ is very cozy but the garden is very small. 7. The minister ________ said all this. 8. It wasn't anybody else but she ________ who told me about it. 9. The dog _______ is very ferocious. 10. We enjoyed ________ at the party.
32 64 VERBS Look at the following sentences given below: • Mother cooks lunch. • Children play in the ground. • She sings very brilliantly. The words in bold are used to express information about a person or item in the sentences given above. They describe what an individual or item does. These are referred to as verbs. Now, read the following sentences. • We have two hands and two eyes. • She is a very respectful girl. Here, the verbs 'have' and 'is' demonstrate what a person has or is. These terms are also referred to as verbs. A verb is a word that expresses what a subject or object is, possesses, or does. The verb can also describe what occurs or is done to the subject or object. The burglar 'was beaten'. (Here, the verb 'was beaten' shows what happened to the burglar.) Direct and Indirect Objects Direct Object: A subject acts and the direct object shows the result of the subject’s action. A direct object identifies what or who receives the verb in a sentence. It answers the question ‘What’ or ‘Who’. Example: Sally watered the plants. (What did Sally water?) The plants. The plants are the direct object. Object Verb Direct object The coach explained the rules. Cats eat fish. Indirect Object: An indirect object receives the action in the sentence. It answers the question ‘to/for whom’ or ‘to/for what’. The indirect object of a verb receives the direct object. Note that the indirect object comes between the verb and the direct object. Example: Object Verb Indirect object Direct object The teacher gave the students some homework. I read her the letter.
33 Exercise 4.1. Identify the direct and indirect objects in the following sentences and write them down. 1. Can you make me some coffee? 2. I will get you something to eat. 3. My uncle told me an interesting story. 4. I asked her the reason for her distress. 5. If he is upset, please send him some gifts. 6. I gave her all my books. 7. He asked me an important question. 8. Father bought me a doll house for my birthday. 9. Please bring me that file kept on the table. 10. You still owe me a candy. Exercise 4.2. Write whether the word in bold is a direct object or an indirect object. 1. He sent his friend an email. __________________________ 2. Sadie will help you with your homework. __________________________ 3. Where did you put the things? __________________________ 4. He gave a bag full of money to the bank. __________________________ 5. Alex wrote a book based on the French Revolution. __________________________ 6. We might need your help. __________________________ 7. He offered her a bag of candies. __________________________ 8. My mother bought us a new TV set. __________________________ 9. John sold me his house. __________________________ 10. I wish you great luck. __________________________ Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Transitive Verbs: Verbs that take an object are called transitive verbs. This means that they include the receiver of the action in the sentence. • She heard a weird noise. (subject - she, verb - heard, object - a noise) • We saw a pigeon. (subject - we, verb - saw, object - a pigeon) • The girl plucked the flowers. (subject - the girl, verb - plucked, object - the flowers) • The owner fed the dog. (subject - the owner, verb - fed, object - the dog) Intransitive Verbs: There are some verbs that do not take an object after them. These verbs indicate a complete action without being accompanied by a direct object. These are called intransitive verbs. • The child smiled. (The verb 'smiled' is intransitive)
34 • The baby cried. (The verb 'cried' is intransitive) • She sat on the bed. (The verb 'sat' is intransitive) Most of the verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively. Exercise 4.3. Underline the verbs in the sentences given below and write whether they are transitive or intransitive. 1. The marathon runners ran slowly at the start. __________________________ 2. Who gave Nitin the letter? __________________________ 3. We must breathe fresh air. __________________________ 4. The teacher read out a long speech. __________________________ 5. Mr Salmon narrated the script to the crew. __________________________ 6. Can you call the ambulance quickly? __________________________ 7. Rubina was tired after the long jog. __________________________ 8. “Someone ate my breakfast,” cried the bear. __________________________ 9. Billy wrote a very famous song. __________________________ 10. The children passed the notebooks around. __________________________ 11. I lived in India. __________________________ 12. Can you bring me some apples? __________________________ 13. Jake came home in the evening. __________________________ 14. Elizabeth found the cats at the corner of the street. __________________________ Exercise 4.4. Fill in the blanks using the appropriate verbs given in the box below. made forgot bought gave will be meeting wrote had prescribed baked designed 1. The teacher __________________ Tara the class monitor for a week. 2. The doctor __________________ me tons of medicines for my health. 3. He __________________ his friends tomorrow after a long time. 4. I __________________ an email to my best friend today. 5. The little boy __________________ to take his medicines after every meal. 6. Priya __________________ a cake for her best friend’s birthday.
35 7. Th e coach __________________ new jerseys for the whole team. 8. My aunt __________________ this beautiful dress for me. 9. My parents __________________ me a surprise gift for my birthday. 10. We __________________ chapatti and broccoli for dinner tonight. Exercise 4.5. Read the following sentences and state whether the verbs are transitive or intransitive. 1. He borrowed the book from his friend. 2. Th e genius solved the puzzle that was very tricky. 3. He was sketching a portrait. 4. We were in college together. 5. He locked the room. 6. Heena ate the chocolate pastries. 7. Th e worm bit the leaf on the tree. 8. Th e school is organising an adventurous trip. 9. He rowed the boat gently. 10. Robinson Crusoe discovered the abandoned ship later. Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Verbs are an integral part of the language. A sentence is incomplete without a verb. A broad classifi cation of verbs is as follows: Finite verbs Transitive Intransitive Auxiliary Non-Finite verbs Infi nitive Gerund Participle When the verb in the sentence indicates the tense and changes according to the subject, it is called a fi nite verb. • A fi nite verb is the main verb in a sentence. • It changes according to the change in person and number. • It has a present, past and future form.
36 Example - • He plays football. • They play football. Finite verbs are further divided into: 1. Transitive Verbs 2. Intransitive Verbs 3. Auxiliary Verbs Finite Verbs Transitive verbs: When an action done by a subject passes on or affects the object, the verb is called a transitive verb. Example: He pushed the big boxes. Intransitive verbs: A verb that does not require an object is called an intransitive verb. Example: The dog jumped. Auxiliaries: An auxiliary is a helping verb. It helps to complete the form and meaning of the main verb in a sentence. Auxiliaries are of two types: Primary auxiliaries: They are used with other verbs. Forms of ‘do’, ‘be’, ‘have’ are called primary auxiliaries. They change form in agreement with the number and person of the subject and the tense. Example- • They were waiting at the railway station. • The boy was watching a football match. Modal auxiliaries: These express various moods. They do not change in agreement with the number and person of the subject and the tense. Examples of modal auxiliaries are can, could, should, will, may, might, etc. Example: • I must reply to the email by the end of the day today. (must - necessity) Exercise 4.6. Read the following sentences and state whether the verbs are transitive or intransitive. 1. I borrowed the book from Fenny. 2. He discovered the ship one month later. 3. He locked the cupboard. 4. She was sketching a portrait. 5. The dog wagged its tail to show its happiness. 6. Jeremy ate all the cheese slices. 7. We are in the market together. 8. She gifted the book to me. 9. They are organising an excursion trip. 10. He gave the luggage to the porter. Non-Finite Verbs Non-Finite verbs A non-finite verb does not change according to the person or tense.
37 Examples- • The girls dislike skating. • She likes skating. Non-finites are divided into three categories: • Infinitives • Gerunds • Participles-present, past and perfect Infinitives: They are the base form of the verb and are not restricted by the gender, person or number of the subject or the tense of the main verb of the sentence. Generally, the word ‘to’ is used before the base/root verb to form an infinitive. Examples - • I/We/They love to watch movies. • He/She loves to watch movies. Bare infinitives are base forms of the verb without ‘to’. The word ‘to’ is not used for modals (can, could, should, must, dare, etc.) The Participle: Participles are verb-adjectives. They are verb forms that function as adjectives. The three forms of participles are: Present Participle -ing form of the verb speaking, taking, sleeping Past Participle -d, -ed,-t, -n, -en form of the verb; some verbs have irregular forms completed, shocked, cut Perfect Participle A perfect participle expresses an action or state that has just finished. Formation = having + past participle having said, having done Examples: Present Participle: This swimming suit is not my size. Past Participle: The unfinished portrait was sold for a million dollars. Perfect Participle: Having finished his studies, he started looking for a job. The Gerund: A gerund is a verb-noun. It is a noun formed by adding –ing to the verb. Gerunds are: • the subject of a verb/sentence Example: Skating is the favourite sport in Switzerland. • the object of a verb/sentence
38 Example - Avoid feeding stray animals on the road. • the object of a preposition Example- He will sleep after saying his prayers. • the compliment of a verb Example: • My favourite pastime is reading humorous quotes. Exercise 4.7. Underline the non-finite verbs and state their type. One has been done for you. 1. Having tasted the apple pieces, we decided not to buy them. Having tasted - participle 2. She cut the sugarcane while keeping an eye on the sleeping baby. 3. The villagers were standing guard against the man-eating leopard. 4. To wake up at this hour is unfair and disturbing. 5. The freshly baked bread was kept in the tray for cooling. 6. They are preparing to enact the drama on Monday. 7. Eating and talking at the same time is bad manners. Vivid Verbs What is a vivid verb? A verb that is really descriptive is known as a vivid verb. While using vivid verbs in a story, the person who reads it will be able to visualise it in their own mind. Using vivid verbs in your writing is a great way to create attention and interest. You can prevent repeating the same (common) verb in your writing by using vivid verbs. Read the sentence given below. • A person was walking down the road. Instead of using the word ‘walking’, we can use words like ‘strolling’ or ‘striding’. • A person was strolling down the road. (implies a slow, lazy pace) • A person was striding down the road. (taking long steps) Exercise 4.8. Make interesting sentences using the vivid verbs given below. 1. drag 2. dashed
39 3. flounder 4. crawl 5. leap 6. pace 7. plow 8. stamp 9. tread 10. zoom Modals What are modal verbs? Modals are special verbs that behave irregularly in English. They are also known as modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, and modal auxiliaries. Unlike regular verbs like ‘eat, play, travel,’ they are not the same. They provide some additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. Modals are those helping verbs that describe the ‘mode’ or ‘manner’ of the actions that the main verbs indicate. They convey possibility, ability, probability, obligation, etc. Some commonly used modals are ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘will’, ‘can’, ‘could’, ‘might’, ‘must’, ‘ought to’, ‘used to’, ‘need’, and ‘dare.’ Modals Usage Examples can ability or possibility Can you give him a chocolate? asking permission Can I meet them now? requests Can you help me open the window? could inability or impossibility They couldn’t locate the place on the map. suggestion I could try talking to her. future possibilities Could we ask him to give us another chance? ability in the past We could decipher the password. will offer We will make the arrangements for the party. predictions It will not rain for the next few days. would habitual actions (past) We would spend hours walking barefoot along the beach. should advice You should exercise every day. recommendation The bike should be taken for servicing. may probability He may be selected for the national team. asking permission May I drive your car today? request Please, may I ask you to stand in a queue?
40 might used instead of ‘may’ to express a greater degree of doubt You might encounter alligators while crossing the river. must obligation or necessity We must express our gratitude to him. Exercise 4.10. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences given below. must mustn’t don’t have to should shouldn’t might can can’t 1. You ____________________ go to Times Square if you’re in London. 2. You ____________________ go to school if you don’t feel well. 3. I don’t know where Shelly is. She ____________________ be at her sister’s house. 4. You ____________________ be very pleased with yourself as you have passed with flying colours. 5. You ____________________ wear your seat belt while driving a car. 6. You ____________________ work on this assignment. He can do the work for you. 7. Jim doesn’t need a calculator as he ____________________ do calculations in his head. 8. Passengers ____________________ open the door when the bus is moving. 9. It ____________________ rain today as it is getting cloudy. 10. I ____________________ pay for the tickets because I got them from Harsh for free. Exercise 4.11. Fill in the blanks using ‘has to’, ‘have to’, ‘had to’, ‘will have to’, or ‘shall have to’. 1. The passenger train __________ stop at every railway station. 2. The poor father __________ support a large family. 3. I __________ take my mother to the hospital. 4. The soldiers __________ obey the orders of their commander. 5. I __________ take my raincoat with me because it was raining. 6. She __________ do some work to earn her bread. 7. You __________ take care of your aged parents. 8. The maid __________ wash all the dishes.
41 6 Tenses are verb forms that denote the time of the action or event. Past Present Future Simple Present Tense Definition The simple present tense is used to describe routines, unchanging situations, universal facts, and fixed arrangements. The simple present tense is very simple to form. We just use the base form of the verb: (I say, you say, we say, they say). Structure: Subject + Verb + s/es The third person singular takes a -s at the end. (he says, she says) verb first person second person third person be am are is do do do does play play play plays Where is simple present tense used? 1. To express habits, general facts, regular actions or unchangeable situations, feelings and wishes. • I sing. (regular action) I live in India. (unchanging situation) London is a big city. (general truth) 2. To give instructions or directions. • You walk for two hundred metres and then you turn right. 3. To indicate future time, after some conjunctions: after, before, as soon as, until, when. • She’ll give it to you when you come next Friday. 5 TENSES
42 Exercise 5.1. Complete the following sentences by filling in the correct form of the verb given in brackets. 1. Ross and Charles ____________ pictures. (take) 2. My aunt ____________ long dresses. (wear) 3. Mary often ____________ expensive dresses. (wear) 4. I ____________ to the beach every day. (go) 5. We often ____________ to our neighbours. (talk) 6. My cousins ____________ in Germany. (live) 7. My father ____________ his laptop every day. (use) 8. I ____________ at the animals when I go to the zoo. (look) 9. My brother and I ____________ to the park every Saturday. (go) 10. Caroline sometimes ____________ her room. (clean) Exercise 5.2. Read the sentences given below. Write ‘yes’ if the sentences are in simple present tense and 'no' if in any other tenses. 1. Divya reads the newspaper every day. ____________ 2. I had already looked everywhere for my purse but couldn’t find it. ____________ 3. I watch movies on Saturdays with my family. ____________ 4. Priya had a cute dog when she was young. ____________ 5. You can board the bus from 4th Avenue Street. ____________ 6. The teacher will be planning a special program for Children’s Day. ____________ 7. Green vegetables are rich in fibre. ____________ 8. It snows heavily during the winter seasons. ____________ 9. I will be going to visit my cousin next week. ____________ 10. The garbage truck comes after every three days. ____________ Exercise 5.3. The following sentences are in the past tense. Change the sentences into simple present tense and rewrite them given below. 1. I met her in the evening today. 2. She earned fifty-seven thousand rupees in two months. 3. They all wanted to leave in a hurry from the party.
43 4. He came across as a friendly man with a golden heart. 5. The girl looked after her aged parents. 6. The sun had set in the west. 7. Chrissy had already gotten angry before I said anything. 8. Brady ate a loaf of bread before going to work. 9. We knew that they were wrong and we were right. 10. Jasmine worked hard to make a living. 11. The teacher asked him an important question. 12. I displayed a keen interest in the project activity. Present Perfect Tense Definition The Present Perfect Tense indicates an action started in the past and continuing in the present, or actions completed in the recent past (+just). Structure: Subject + has/have + past participle of the verb (-ed/-n) Where is the present perfect tense used? We use the present perfect tense to describe the following: 1. An action that started in the past and continues in the present. • I have lived in Kolkata since 1988. 2. An action carried out during a period that has not yet finished. • She has been to the theatre twice this week. 3. An action that was finished just recently expressed by the prefix ‘just’. • I have just finished my homework. 4. An action when the time is unimportant. • She has read ‘War and Peace’. Exercise 5.4. Use the present perfect form of the verbs to complete the sentences given below. 1. She _________________ her only job. (lose) 2. They ________________ in the same colony for ten years. (live) 3. They _________________ never _________________ us any help. (offer)
44 4. Our team _________________ the third prize. (win) 5. I _________________ all the work given to me. (finish) 6. He _________________ from the camping trip yet. (not return) 7. The girls and boys _________________ their homework. (do) 8. The children _________________ on a picnic to Mysore. (go) 9. Deepika _________________ in several movies. (act) 10. People _________________ the town and moved to another place. (desert) Exercise 5.5. Underline the verb in the present perfect tense in the sentences given below. 1. We have eaten all the cupcakes that were kept in the lunch box. 2. I have already seen this movie many times. 3. The old man has lived here all his life. 4. Where have you lost your charger? 5. He has been a teacher since 2000. 6. I have known them for a long time. 7. I have never known her to be angry. 8. Megha has never seen the Taj Mahal. 9. We have lived here for twenty years now. 10. Have you ever read ‘Peter Pan’? Exercise 5.6. Write ‘yes’ if the following sentences are in present perfect tense and ‘no’ if they are in any other tense. 1. The policemen have arrested the robbers. ___________________ 2. I will be singing a special song on Teacher’s Day. ___________________ 3. The tigers have killed the bison. ___________________ 4. I will be going for tuitions immediately after school. ___________________ 5. We have lived in this town for 30 years. ___________________ 6. We had a great time with friends and family during our vacations. ___________________ 7. He has won the first prize for his fabulous performance. ___________________ 8. He’ll write an email after dinner. ___________________
45 9. The student has completed his homework. ___________________ 10. Peter is going to take the order from the customer. ___________________ Present Continuous Tense Definition The Present Continuous Tense indicates an action happening at the time of speaking or an action or event in the future which has already been decided. Structure: Subject + to be (am/is/are) + base form of the verb + ing Where is the present continuous tense used? 1. When an action is happening now. 2. When an action is happening in the future. Examples: • Martha is going to a new school next year. • I am attending yoga classes these days. • She is buying a car next week. We can form questions by putting ‘am,’ ‘is’ or ‘are’ in front of the subject. • What are you doing next week? • Are they coming to your party? • When is he going home? • What am I doing over here? Exercise 5.7. Fill in the blanks by using the present continuous tense of the verbs given in brackets in the sentences given below. 1. Which book ________________________________ (you/read) right now? 2. I ________________________________ (vacuum) the house right now. 3. My parents ________________________________ (watch) television right now. 4. Mark and I ________________________________ (paint) the walls in the kitchen today. 5. Tim ________________________________ (drive) me home now. 6. Jake ________________________________ (do) his homework. 7. ________________________________ (Henry/study) for his final exams. 8. My friends ________________________________ (play) in the garden now. 9. Many people ________________________________ (wait) to talk to the minister. 10. My mother ________________________________ (talk) on the phone.
46 Exercise 5.8. Read the sentences given below and write them below by changing them into present continuous tense. 1. She goes to play in the park every day. 2. The Chief Minister will visit the school on Independence Day. 3. Priya spoke at the inter-school debate competition. 4. The cuckoo bird sings beautifully. 5. You went in the right direction. 6. The builder was building this tower. 7. I ate a delicious cheeseburger. 8. Ankit plays the guitar brilliantly. 9. I did a new project on the topic ‘Environment’. 10. Ram walks all the way to school. Exercise 5.9. Frame questions and answers with the following words in the present continuous tense. You may need to use extra words. 1. your mom / work / today /? ________________________________________________________________________________ Yes, _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. you / have a picnic / on Sunday / ? ________________________________________________________________________________ Yes, _____________________________________________________________________________ 3. your mum / cook lunch / right now / ? ________________________________________________________________________________ Yes, _____________________________________________________________________________ 4. your friends / play volleyball / ? ________________________________________________________________________________ Yes, _____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Your/ teacher/ take class/ today/? ________________________________________________________________________________ Yes, _____________________________________________________________________________
47 Present Perfect Continuous Tense Definition The Present Perfect Continuous Tense also known as present perfect progressive is used to indicate an action that started in the past and continues in the present or is still relevant to other events happening in the present. Examples: • I have been waiting for an hour. • It has been raining for a week now. Structure: Subject + have/has + been + present participle (verb + ing) Where is the present perfect continuous tense used? 1. It can be used to represent the progress of an unfinished action that started in the past until now. 2. It can be used to represent a completed action that began in the past and just recently came to an end. 3. It can also be used to denote a temporary or habitual action that began in the past and is still occurring now. Examples: • Have you been looking for this bag? • He has been practising for the farewell programme. • I have been planning to go to Hyderabad next week. Exercise 5.10. Fill in the blanks with the present perfect continuous tense of the verbs given in brackets. 1. They ________________________________ (recite) a poem for fifteen minutes. 2. We ________________________________ (wait) for the train for over an hour. 3. _________________________ they ______________________ (play) in the sun for long? 4. You ________________________________ (not eat) fruits for a week. 5. The mechanic ________________________________ (try) to fix the flat tyre for a few hours. 6. Rajya ________________________________ (study) for his exams since morning. 7. It ________________________________ (rain) since dawn. 8. The dog ________________________________ (bark) all night long. 9. I ________________________________ (read) this interesting novel since Saturday. 10. Rahul ________________________________ (learn) French for three months.
48 Exercise 5.11 Use the present perfect progressive tense and your own ideas to answer the following questions. 1. Why are you so tired? Because _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ all morning. 2. Why did Henry’s teacher phone his parents? Because _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ for the past month. 3. Why does it smell so good in the kitchen? Because _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ all afternoon. 4. How long has Benny been working for that company? ______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What have the boys been playing all afternoon? ___________________________________________ ___ _____________________________________________________________________ all afternoon. The Past Tense Past Tense The Past Tense denotes an action in the past. Simple Past Tense Definition The simple past tense, also known as the preterit, indicates/reports past events or action or expresses an action that began and ended in the past.The simple past tense is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent or distant past too. Structure: Subject + base verb + -ed Where is the simple past tense used? 1. To indicate an action completed in the past with reference to the time of speaking. • I saw many lions in the zoo last week. 2. To express a habitual or regular action that has happened in the past. • Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam always spoke the truth. 3. To express an action that has been completed in the past, but is now ended. • We studied in this school for fourteen years. 4. To express an action where a word showing the past action (last week, ago, last, yesterday etc.) is mentioned in the sentence. • She received your letter yesterday.
49 Exercise 5.12. Read the sentences given below and underline all the simple past verbs present in them. 1. He passed the final examination last week. 2. I lived in Goa. 3. My friend got a new job yesterday. 4. Aarav did not play for two hours. 5. Did you buy the cake from this cafe yesterday? 6. Manya cooked a tasty dinner yesterday. 7. My sister bought a dress for me. 8. Rita talked to her mom for three hours on the phone. 9. My aunt came to your house last week. 10. Shaun worked as a teacher in my school. Exercise 5.13. Fill in the blanks with the simple past tense of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. I ________________________________ their address.(know) 2. These girls ________________________________ how to play the guitar every day. (learn) 3. She ________________________________ her homework sincerely. (do) 4. They ________________________________ in the morning. (pray) 5. We ________________________________ much of our time talking with each other. (waste) 6. Seema ________________________________ very interesting stories. (write) 7. The dancers ________________________________ well. (perform) 8. They ________________________________ things a bit too seriously. (take) 9. Karan and Varun ________________________________ to the market together. (go) 10. These kids ________________________________ us very often. (disturb) Past Perfect Tense Definition The past perfect, also known as the pluperfect, is a verb tense that we use to talk about actions that were completed before some point in the past. We use this tense to talk about the 'past in the past'. Structure: subject + had + past participle of the verb (-ed/-n)
50 Examples – • She had not completed her work so she was sad. • Had the delivery arrived when you called yesterday? • The girl had slept before her grandmother returned from the market. Where is the past perfect tense used? 1. To show that an action occurred before a specific time in the past. When he tried to stand up, he realised he had broken his ankle. 2. To report a completed action in the past. Ajay told me that he had won the first prize. 3. As the past form of the present perfect, especially in indirect speech Rina said, "I have prepared delicious pies." (direct speech) Rina said that she had prepared delicious pies. (indirect speech) Exercise 5.14. Fill in the blanks with the past perfect tense of the verbs given in brackets: 1. Vivan ____________________ already ___________________ his breakfast. (take) 2. If she ________________________________ for the test, she would not have failed. (prepare) 3. The ________________________________ before I reached the class. (go) 4. The patient ________________________________ before the doctor arrived. (went away) 5. Bina ________________________________ the balloon big before it suddenly burst. (blow) 6. The explorers ________________________________ a new island years ago. (discover) 7. The snowfall ________________________________ when we stepped out of our house. (stop) 8. If you ________________________________ him, he would have got the first place. (help) 9. The movie ________________________________ when I reached the cinema hall. (start) 10. If she ________________________ the bus on time, she would not have missed the flight. (board) Exercise 5.15. Rewrite the following sentences in the past perfect tense form. 1. I saw the rainbow in the sky. 2. Kelly wanted to go to the beach. 3. The team played amazingly in the match. 4. The painter painted a beautiful design on the wall. 5. Mary ate her dinner and went to sleep. 6. My friends said they were going to the new mall. 7. The mechanic went to the garage. 8. All the computers worked perfectly.