51 Past Continuous Tense Definition The past continuous refers to past actions or events that started in the past and were still in progress when another event happened. Structure: Subject + was/were + present participle (verb+ing) Where is the past continuous tense used? 1. To describe an action that was started but not completed because of another event or action. • Nita was having an amazing dream when the alarm clock woke her up. 2. When expressing a change of mind. • Nita was going to spend her day at the library but she decided to get her room cleaned instead. 3. We use the past continuous tense with ‘wonder’ to make a very humble request. • I was wondering if you could help me in my work. Exercise 5.16. Fill in the blanks with the past continuous form of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. The birds _________________ (sing) melodiously. 2. The wind _________________ (blow) fiercely in the mountains. 3. The street dogs _________________ (bark) loudly. 4. I _________________ (get) dressed when someone rang the door bell. 5. Mother _________________ (drink) tea when the newspaper arrived. 6. The baby _________________ (cry) for the toy. 7. The students _________________ (write) their test. 8. She _________________ (cook) lunch when the guests arrived. 9. The lights went out when I _________________ (do) my homework. 10. I _________________ (knit) a cap when my pet dog took away the ball of wool. Exercise 5.17. Form sentences in the past continuous tense using the hints given to you below. 1. (you / make breakfast?) 2. (they / take the test?) 3. (you / sleep at 9 pm) 4. (she / work when I called) 5. (we / create too much disturbance?) 6. (when / she / work there?) 7. (we / not / exercise enough) 8. (why / he / study on a Sunday night?) 9. (they / talk when the accident happened) 10. (they / drink tea when you arrived?)
52 Past Perfect Continuous Tense Definition The Past Perfect Continuous Tense expresses an action that had been going on continuously up to that time in the past. Structure Subject + had + been + present participle (verb + ing) Examples: • We had been wandering in the jungle all evening. • He has not been keeping well for a year. Where is the past perfect continuous tense used? 1. To denote an action that is the cause of another action in the past. • Renu was very annoyed because she had been waiting for her friends the whole day. 2. To show an action that was recently completed. • The batsman had been playing for three hours before he was run out. Exercise 5.18. Fill in the blanks with the past perfect continuous tense form of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. You ________________________________ till now since morning. (sleep) 2. I ________________________________ this car for six years. (drive) 3. I ________________________________ articles on various topics for four hours. (write) 4. The players ________________________________ for two hours. (run) 5. __________________ he __________________ for the examination for nine days? (study) 6. Where __________________ he __________________ for so many days? (live) 7. She __________________________ all the people before she contested for the elections. (meet) 8. My cousins _____________________ that we call the police when we found the burglars. (suggest) 9. Dia was completely exhausted as she _____________________ continuously for two days. (travel) 10. The dogs ___________________________ continuously until the owner finally came home. (bark) Exercise 5.19. Rewrite the following sentences in the past perfect continuous tense form. 1. The army was parading the streets. 2. The detective is investigating the murder case. 3. The old lady was coughing continuously. 4. He was reading an interesting novel. 5. The spider climbed up the wall.
53 The Future Tense Future Tense The Future Tense denotes actions that have not begun yet. Simple Future Tense Definition The word ‘simple future’ expresses facts or certainty and refers to a future time. These actions or events have not happened yet, but will happen sometime in the future. Structure: Subject+ will/shall+ verb Examples: • I will have a glass of orange juice. • The buses will not ply tomorrow. • I will make a cup of coffee for myself. Where is the simple future tense used? 1. When predicting a future event. • It will snow tomorrow. 2. To express something that will definitely happen, something that cannot be changed. • The scheme will be launched next month. 3. When expressing willingness. • He’ll carry your stuff for you. 4. In the negative form, when expressing unwillingness. • I won’t leave until I’ve seen the principal! Exercise 5.20. Fill in the blanks with the correct simple future tense form of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. I ______________________________ the class today. (attend) 2. I ______________________________ all the cakes and snacks. (eat) 3. She ______________________________ the clothes and clean the room. (dry) 4. The students ______________________________ after the speech. (clap) 5. The box ______________________________ by tomorrow. (empty) 6. Beena ______________________________ the judgement. (not/decide) 7. She ______________________________ her homework. (not/complete)
54 8. The water level ______________________________ if it doesn’t stop raining.(rise) 9. They ______________________________ for a walk near the river. (go) 10. Aaron ______________________________ a doctor. (not/be) Exercise 5.21. Rewrite the following sentences in the negative form in simple future tense. 1. I am going to check for some new topics for my assignment. 2. We are going to find another way to do this. 3. Alice and Tim will go to the gym in the evening. 4. Miley will be here in an hour. 5. We are going to meet our cousin at the park. 6. Will you be able to complete your homework on time? 7. You will have to submit all your work by Monday. 8. Sarah will be your partner for the dance competition. 9. Do you think it will matter to her at all? 10. The city will see a change in the weather next month. Future Perfect Tense Definition The future perfect tense refers to a completed action or event in the future. When we use this tense, we are looking back on an action that will be done at a future point in the future. The future perfect tense is most often used with a time expression. Structure: Subject + helping verbs (will + have) + past participle form of the main verb Examples – • I will have been here for five months on July 23rd. • You will have finished all your work this time next week. • By the time you reach here we will have left. • Will you have eaten your lunch when I pick you up? Where is the future perfect tense used? When we want to indicate an action which will be completed before a certain time in future. • I shall have left before you return from office. • He will have prepared his speech by Tuesday.
55 Exercise 5.22. Fill in the blanks with the future perfect tense form of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. She ____________________ her lesson by next week. (complete) 2. ____________________ you ____________________ your studies by 2020? (finish) 3. The shop ____________________ when we reach there. (open) 4. They ____________________ their exercises before 8 o’clock. (do) 5. The movie ____________________ by the time we reach the hall. (start) 6. I ____________________ snacks by the time you come back. (take) 7. The farmer ____________________ his field before the sun sets. (plough) 8. We ____________________ on our journey before the sun rises. (start) Exercise 5.23. Rewrite the following sentences in future perfect tense. 1. Elena will visit her grandpa on Monday. 2. Jake will go to school on Saturday. 3. My brother will eat a cheese burger for dinner. 4. Our team will win the football game today. 5. My parents will go to the bakery on Saturday. 6. My computer will work well for the given assignment. 7. People will support the fight against corruption. 8. My friends will buy me presents for the birthday party. Exercise 5.24. Combine the following sentences by changing them into future perfect and rewrite them. 1. The fire will destroy the whole village. (before the firemen arrive) 2. She will leave. (before you reach her place) 3. We will pay back all our loans. (before we leave this town) 4. The children will eat all the brownies. (before their mother arrives.) 5. The patient will be serious. (before they reach the hospital) Future Continuous Tense Definition The future continuous tense expresses an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later than now. It indicates an action that is continuing over a specific future period of time. Structure: Subject + helping verbs (will + be) + present participle form of the verb
56 Examples: • I will be helping my mother to make dinner. • I will not be working tomorrow. • Will he be attending the drama rehearsals? Where is the future continuous tense used? When the listener knows what time we are talking about. • I will be playing cricket at 11 am tomorrow. • They won’t be watching the movie at 9 pm tonight. • What will you be doing when we arrive? Exercise 5.25. Fill in the blanks with the future continuous tense form of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. What ____________________ she ____________________ today? (play) 2. She ____________________ from Korea tonight. (come) 3. They ____________________ their homework today. (do) 4. He ____________________ something to his little brother. (give) 5. What ____________________ you ___________________ for a story writing competition? (write) 6. The tourists ____________________ the Korean language. (speak) 7. She ____________________ this dress for the ceremony. (not/wear) 8. This plane ____________________ so high in the sky. (not/fly) 9. I ____________________ in the swimming pool. (swim) 10. The doctor ____________________ a single word. (not/say) Exercise 5.26. Rewrite the following sentences in future continuous tense. 1. They will sail in an hour and come back after a week. 2. She will come to meet you after her work gets over. 3. The school will reopen at 9 a.m from next month. 4. The bus will leave the campus at 10 p.m. 5. The students will accompany us to the museum. 6. My sister will join college this year and move to a new city. 7. Shalin will stay with his friends for the whole day. 8. Ritu will complete the assignment tomorrow. 9. She will attend the conference meeting held online. 10. I will go to that famous restaurant tomorrow.
57 Future Perfect Continuous Tense Definition The Future Perfect Continuous Tense shows that something will start and continue to be or happen until a particular event or time in the future. Structure: Subject + helping verbs (will + have + been) + present participle form of the main verb Examples: • They will have been sleeping for one hour before the play starts. • She will have been talking to her neighbour for twenty minutes by evening. • How long will they have been playing the piano next year? Where is the future perfect continuous tense used? 1. To refer to a long action before a particular time in future. • The choir will have been singing for an hour before the play starts. 2. To refer to an action that will begin at a particular time in future and will continue beyond that time. • Sneha will have been sleeping for two hours by the time the maid reaches home. Exercise 5.27. Fill in the blanks with the future perfect continuous tense form of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. The farmer _________________________________ (sow) crops since 2003. 2. She _________________________________ (live) in this village for five years. 3. He _________________________________ (cycle) for about an hour by the time the sun sets. 4. He _________________________________ (study) French for two months. 5. Jeremy _________________________________ (travel) around the world for five years. 6. He _________________________________ (go) to school daily. 7. We _________________________________ (take) breakfast since 10 o’clock. 8. The citizens _________________________________ (pay) tribute to their national hero. 9. The musicians _______________________________ (play) various instruments for entertainment. 10. His parents _________________________________ (fulfill) all of his wishes. Exercise 5.28. Form sentences using the given words in the future perfect continuous tense. 1. will have been visiting 2. will have been arranging 3. will have been preparing 4. will have been writing 5. will have been singing
58 66 ARTICLES What are Articles? Articles are very common to us. Articles are words that are placed in front of a noun to make clear what the noun refers to. Articles include the words ‘a,’ ‘an,’ and ‘the.’ The Definite Article The word ‘the’ is one of the common words in English. It is the only definite article we have. Nouns are preceded by the definite article when the speaker believes that the person listening already knows what he is referring to. When to use ‘the’ 1. We use ‘the’ to refer to something which has already been mentioned. • On Wednesday, a thief stole two lakh rupees from the bank. The thief hasn’t been caught yet. 2. We use ‘the’ in sentences or phrases where we define or identify a particular person or object. • The woman who acted in the film is very talented. 3. We use ‘the’ to refer to people or things that are unique. • The sun rose at 6:30 this morning. 4. We use ‘the’ before superlative and ordinal numbers. • This is the highest tower in this town. 5. We use ‘the’, to refer to a whole group. • The British ruled over many countries. The Indefinite Articles The two indefinite articles in English are ‘a’ and ‘an.’ Indefinite articles are invariable just like any other article. We use the indefinite articles depending on the first letter of the word following the article. When the word begins with a consonant or when words beginning with the letters ‘u’ and ‘eu’ sound like ‘you,’ use the article ‘a’. When the word begins with a vowel (a, e, i o, u) or a silent ‘h’, we use ‘an.’ Examples – • an apple • an airplane • a big elephant • a girl
59 When referring to something for the first time or to a specific person within a group or class, we use an indefinite article. When to use ‘a’ article 1. We use ‘a’ to refer to something for the first time. • Would you like to have a drink? 2. We use ‘a’ with the names of days of the week when not making reference to any particular day. • I was born on a Monday. 3. We use ‘a’ with nationalities and religions in the singular form. • Mr Williams is an Englishman. Exercise 6.1. Complete the following sentences with articles 'a', 'an' or 'the'. 1. It took him _____________ hour to reach the airport. 2. I prefer _____________ orange over guava. 3. It is my dream to own a home in _____________ jungles of Africa. 4. Rishika brought _____________ umbrella with her in case it rains. 5. I live in _____________ outskirts of Delhi. 6. She was frightened when she found ___________ snake in __________ basement of her house. 7. I am too excited to tell you _____________ complete story. 8. _____________ man was standing next to the office gate. 9. I went to _____________ shop to buy _____________ table. 10. After completing _____________ eight-hour shift, they all took a break. Exercise 6.2. Fill in the blanks with the correct articles in the sentences given below. 1. Tina was _____________ hour late for school. 2. _____________ food was prepared by my mother and my sister. 3. Please lend me _____________ five-rupee note. 4. The teacher gave him _____________ easy question to solve. 5. The girl put _____________ egg in _____________ tray. 6. Water is _____________ necessity for life. 7. Senior citizens are _____________ important part of our society.
60 8. I kept _____________ pear in _____________ basket. 9. Rohit was sitting in _____________ library when he got _____________ idea. 10. This is _____________ bag I bought yesterday. Exercise 6.3. Write whether the sentences given below are correct or not. Rewrite the sentences using appropriate articles. 1. She is the European. 2. Who is the man standing at the bus stop? 3. Science is the wonderful subject. 4. All the society members have reached a conclusion. 5. A apple a day keeps the doctor away. 6. I really need a water. 7. Are you enjoying the movie? 8. Rekha has got new phone but its not an Android phone. 9. French is the easy language. 10. She wants to drive car. Exercise 6.4. The articles are missing in the following sentences. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles wherever necessary and write them. 1. Do you know where new bakery is? 2. She works in big factory. 3. A old man went to the museum with his friend. 4. Where is Red Fort situated? 5. The busy man works in office. 6. There is huge statue of freedom fighter in the new mall. 7. Rashmi is quite unique girl. 8. This is such honour for me. 9. One cannot compare apple with orange. 10. What surprise! It is nice to see you.
61 6 ADVERBS 7 What are Adverbs? Adverbs are broad collection of words that describe how, where, or when an action took place. They also may express the speaker’s viewpoint on the action, the intensity of an adjective or another adverb, or serve a variety of other purposes. Examples – • She always eats healthy food. • The girl in the competition danced gracefully. • The boy ate the sweets greedily. • She spoke very clearly so that everyone could understand. • I don’t usually take the bus to school. Exercise 7.1. Read the following sentences and choose the correct adverb to fill in the blanks. 1. The stone hit her ____________ on the head. (right/rightly) 2. They left ____________ after dinner. (right/rightly) 3. We should not treat the servants ____________. (bad/badly) 4. We are ____________ sure that she is involved in this. (dead/deadly) 5. It was a ____________ entertaining program. (high/highly) 6. Snake bites can be dangerous and ____________. (deadly/dead) 7. I have watched a lot of interesting shows ____________. (late/lately) 8. It is very noisy here. We have to talk ______. (loud/loudly) 9. It was __________ cold there. (terrible/terribly) 10. The students performed really ____________ in the choir. (good/well) 11. He is always ____________ for his computer classes. (late/lately) 12. I just stood there _________. (foolish/foolishly) Kinds of adverbs Adverbs can be divided into 6 categories as given below: 1. Adverb of Frequency 2. Adverb of Place 3. Adverb of Manner 4. Adverb of Time 5. Adverb of Degree 6. Adverb of Certainty
62 Adverb of Frequency An adverb of frequency tells us how frequently something is done or occurs. It answers the question ‘how often’. Again, almost, often, frequently, generally, scarcely, ever, nearly, always, sometimes, never, seldom, infrequently, sometime, twice, usually, and monthly are words that are used as adverbs of frequency. Examples – • He is often late for his classes. • They announced it twice but you did not hear it. • He usually takes his dog for a walk. • I seldom watch TV at night. • I never forget any secrets. Exercise 7.2. Read the sentences given below and circle the adverbs of frequency. 1. How often do you go out to a restaurant? 2. The dentist told me to floss twice a week. 3. Have you ever been to the theatre? 4. It’s often difficult to find a parking space in the city. 5. She visits her friend occasionally. 6. Samara always goes out on Sunday evenings. 7. My parents usually pick me up after school. 8. We pay the membership fees yearly. 9. In the summer season, we sometimes go swimming. 10. As Martha is so busy, she never picks up my call. Exercise 7.3. Arrange the words to make meaningful sentences using the words given to you below. Use capital letters wherever needed. 1. him/angry/am/rarely/I/at 2. why/teeth/you/do/brush/never/your 3. listen/don’t/songs/they/often/to 4. dances/usually/she/brilliantly 5. mom/never/tea/drinks 6. go/I/boring/shopping/I/find/never/for/as/it 7. work/goes/to/car/George/by/sometimes 8. always/are/we/friendly 9. they/ go/cinemas/to/the/sometimes 10. usually/very/works/Jim/hard Adverb of Place An adverb of place tell us where something has happened. It answers the question 'where'. Adverbs of place are usually placed just after the main verb or even after the clause that they modify. Adjectives and other adverbs are not modified by adverbs of place. Examples of adverbs of places are here, everywhere, outside, away, around, etc.
63 Examples – • Riya looked around but couldn’t see any birds. • I searched everywhere I could for my lost ring. • We went southwards after reaching the foot of the hill. • They built a huge building nearby. • When the class got over, I went outside. Exercise 7.4. Read the sentences given below and write the adverb of place in the blank space given. 1. Come over here and see what I’ve found. ______________ 2. The beautiful marble rolled around in my hand. ______________ 3. She went upstairs and came back carrying an old box. ______________ 4. The car was coming towards us with great speed. ______________ 5. The hot air balloon drifted upwards to the sky. ______________ 6. Danny went downstairs and made some tea. ______________ 7. The kite is up there! ______________ 8. Having your friends live nearby is such a blessing. ______________ 9. I keep running into Henry everywhere. ______________ 10. There are lovely flowers behind the garden bench. ______________ Exercise 7.5. Write down some interesting sentences using the adverbs of place given to you below. 1. outdoor 2. downstairs 3. upstairs 4. towards 5. there 6. behind 7. near 8. away 9. far 10. inside Adverb of Manner An adverb of manner describes the way something is done or happens. It answers the question 'how' or 'in what manner' an action is done. Most adverbs of manner end with -ly such as badly, happily, madly, angrily, quickly, and others that include well, hard, fast. Examples – • They played the game badly and lost. • He played the piano beautifully. • She gave money to the beggar generously.
64 • I completed my test very quickly before the time given to me. • She was reading the book patiently under the shade of the tree. Exercise 7.6. Read and underline the adverbs of manner in the sentences given below. 1. His baby brother crawled slowly to his mother. 2. The parents patiently listened to the teachers point of view. 3. The doorbell rang loudly at night and woke me up. 4. The teacher explained the instructions clearly to the students. 5. It rained very heavily in many areas last night. 6. She moved swiftly out of the library. 7. The dentist spoke very calmly to the patient. 8. Ritu and Tina sang the songs merrily. 9. The musical event was poorly managed. 10. Do you know her well? Exercise 7.7. Change the following adjectives into adverbs and write them down in the table. 1. hard - 9. patient - 2. normal - 10. painful - 3. angry - 11. clear - 4. warm - 12. usual - 5. free - 13. wise - 6. generous - 14. immediate - 7. efficient - 15. late - 8. careful - 16. happy - Adverb of Time An adverb of time tell us when an action happened as well as for how long and how often. It answers the question 'when'. It modifies the verb. It is usually placed at the end of the sentence. Examples – • I’m going to clean my room tomorrow. • I will be calling you later. • I saw you last year at the meeting.
65 • I am late, so I have to leave now. • I went to her house yesterday. Exercise 7.8. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate adverbs of time. 1. I will be visiting my grandparents ________________. 2. We are excited to see the movie ________________. 3. Did you go to college ________________? 4. We must hurry up, George is ________________ waiting for us. 5. They were ________________ able to buy a new house. 6. Where have you been ________________ we last met you? 7. Rachel has not ________________ arrived. 8. Have you called the doctor ________________ or should I call him? 9. We have ________________ to hear from the principal. 10. Can you please bring the documents ______________ so that we can provide them to the students? Exercise 7.9. Make sentences using the adverbs of time given to you below. 1. annually 2. yearly 3. tonight 4. immediately 5. tomorrow 6. yesterday 7. soon 8. quarterly Adverb of Degree Adverbs of degree are adverbs that describe the degree or extent of something that is being done or happening in a sentence. It answers the question ‘to what extent’ or to what degree’. It modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. It is usually placed before the adjective, verb or adverb. Adverbs such as almost, quite, much, really, too, very, so, etc. are used to express degree. Examples – • She speaks very quickly so we can’t understand her. • The movie we saw today was quite interesting. • It is too cold outside to go for a walk.
66 Exercise 7.10. Choose the appropriate adverb of degree to complete the sentences given below. 1. The situation is ___________ serious now. a) almost b) much c) quickly 2. You are ___________ polite and kind. a) too b) much c) too much 3. Today is ___________ colder than any other day. a) very b) much c) very much 4. My friend is __________ younger than me. a) very b) much c) too 6. I like your glasses ___________. a) very b) much c) very much 5. I have been to ___________ too many cities recently. a) rather b) if c) quite Exercise 7.11. Use appropriate adverbs of degree from the box to complete the sentences given below. a bit, hardly, very, extremely, pretty 1. I am ____________ bored but I will still stay for a while. 2. I am not able to solve the question. It is ____________ confusing for me. 3. We can think of some other place to visit. This one is ____________ boring. 4. The paintings and carvings at the museum are ____________ beautiful. 5. He has ______ eaten any food. Adverb of Certainty Adverbs of certainty describe how sure or certain we are about something. The most common adverbs of certainity are definitely, probably, maybe, surely, certainly, clearly, undoubtedly, etc. Examples – • The movie will undoubtedly be entertaining. • She has probably gone home. • He definitely stole the painting. • He surely won't forget her birthday. • Maybe, she doesn’t like to eat vegetables.
67 Exercise 7.12. Arrange the words under the right heading based on their level of certainty. probably hopefully perhaps undoubtedly supposedly definitely mistakably surely maybe CERTAIN UNCERTAIN Degrees of Comparison Degrees of comparison of adverbs are positive, comparative and superlative. Some main points to keep in mind while comparing adverbs are: 1. Comparison with -er/-est fast = faster = fastest we use -er/-est with adverbs with one syllable (one sound) positive comparative superlative hard harder hardest slow slower slowest kind kinder kindest late later latest 2. Comparison using more- most positive comparative superlative beautiful more beautiful most beautiful intelligent more intelligent most intelligent carefully more carefully most carefully 3. Irregular adverbs positive comparative superlative little less least badly worse worst good better best much more most
68 Exercise 7.13. Fill in the blanks by changing the form of adverbs given in the brackets. 1. They worked _________________________________ than ever before. (hard) 2. Our group performed the _________________________________ of all. (bad) 3. Kim can run _________________________________ than Kelly. (fast) 4. She smiled _________________________________ than before. (joyful) 5. The ballet dancer danced _________________________________ of all. (graceful) 6. I speak French _________________________________ now than last year. (fluent) 7. He was the boy who greeted me _________________________________. (polite) 8. I asked her to speak _________________________________ as she was not audible. (loud) Exercise 7.14. Complete the table by filling the table with the correct forms of adverbs. positive comparative superlative 1. low 2. generously 3. much 4. early 5. carefully 6. soon 7. clumsily 8. badly 9. hard 10. quick Using Adverbs Correctly (too/very) Too is an adverb and used before adjectives without nouns and before adverbs. Examples - • I reached very late. • You are too kind. • The coffee is too hot to drink. Very as an adverb describes the degree of either an adjective or another adverb. Examples - • The old man walks very slowly. • The candy is very sweet. Enough as an adverb comes after the adjective, adverb, or verb that it modifies. Examples - • He is not smart enough to crack the riddle. • You don’t exercise enough to stay healthy.
69 Exercise 7.15. Put the adverbs in the appropriate place and rewrite the sentences given below. 1. She got dressed for the birthday party. (in a hurry) 2. My best friend forgot my birthday so I was sad. (completely) 3. It will rain heavily this evening. (probably) 4. Your sewing machine needs some fixing. (just) 5. She realised her mistake and apologised. (at once) 6. They are invited to parties on the weekends. (often) 7. He has done everything – he has been a doctor. (even) 8. I have finished painting the fence so now I can start painting the wall. (almost) 9. Could you please switch the light? (off ) 10. We meet our friends in summer. (usually)
70 68 ADJECTIVES What are Adjectives? We remember studying about adjectives. An adjective is a word that describes a noun by describing its kind, place, number, or quantity. The word ‘adjective’ simply means ‘added to’. Read the sentences given below. 1. I have seven notebooks. (how many notebooks?) 2. There is very little time left. (how much time?) 3. Rohit is a very smart boy. (what kind of boy?) 4. I don’t like that building. (which building?) The bold words present in the above sentences are adjectives. Proper Adjectives 'Proper adjectives' are words that are used to describe persons, places, and things; however, because they are based on names, they also need to be capitalised. For example, the country’s name Spain begins with a capital letter. Spanish, the adjective that is based on Spain, must also begin with a capital letter. Examples - • I love to read Shakespearean poetry. • How many Asian countries are there? • I just love to eat Alaskan food. • We decided for a Chinese restaurant. Exercise 8.1. Read the sentences given below and circle the proper adjectives. 1. The prince built an Egyptian castle for his beloved. 2. Brazilian restaurants are now becoming very popular. 3. The ship will be stopping at several Caribbean ports. 4. The coffee was made from fresh Colombian coffee beans. 5. Georgia peaches are famous for their sweet and sour taste. 6. Patricia made French toast for breakfast. 7. Please put the Swiss watch on the counter.
71 8. This dress is designed by a Parisian designer. 9. We read several books of Spanish literature. 10. The Canadian team is well prepared for the match. Exercise 8.2. Rewrite the following group of words by including a proper adjective before the noun. Example: family from America- The American family 1. the football team from Australia 2. snowstorms in Himalayas 3. potatoes from Idaho 4. representative from Canada 5. island in the Mediterranean 6. vacation in Europe 7. soldier from India 8. poetry from Shakespeare Compound Adjectives Compound adjectives are a combination of two or more words which can perform the role of an adjective in a sentence. A noun, a present participle, or a past participle can be combined with an adjective to create a compound adjective. Look at the table given below to look at some examples of compound adjectives. Word 1 Word 2 Compound words brightly lit brightly-lit man eater man-eater ten page ten-page ice cold ice-cold over cooked over-cooked short handed short-handed full length full-length Exercise 8.3. Describe the following nouns with the help of compound adjectives and write them down in the blank space provided. Example: a man with short hair- a short-haired man 1. an app that saves time 2. food free from fat 3. a walk that takes five minutes 4. a man who has strong will 5. a woman who looks good 6. children who behave well 7. a building that has eleven floors 8. a woman with long hair 9. a monster with red eyes 10. a man with a kind heart
72 Exercise 8.4. Match the words together to form compound adjectives. 1. ice a) aged 2. old b) speaking 3. part c) star 4. five d) made 5. far e) minded 6. English f ) cold 7. home g) time 8. well h) fashioned 9. middle i) known 10. narrow j) reaching Demonstrative Adjectives A demonstrative adjective points out which person, animal or thing is being spoken about. It answers the question ‘which?’ ‘This’ is used for a singular noun that is near the speaker. ‘These’ is used for a plural noun that is near the speaker. ‘That’ is used for a singular noun that is far away from the speaker. ‘Those’ is used for a plural noun that is far away from the speaker. Exercise 8.5. Fill in the blanks using demonstrative adjectives ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, or ‘those’. 1. _______________ is a dog and _______________ are dogs. (far) 2. _______________ are spices and _______________ are some sugar cubes. (near) 3. _______________ is a fox and _______________ is a deer. (near) 4. _______________ is a pen and _______________ pencil. (near) 5. _______________ is a toy and _______________ are some toys. (far) 6. _______________ is a truck and _______________ are cars.(far) Adjectives of Quality An adjective that changes a noun or pronoun by describing it or showing its qualities is known as a descriptive adjective or an adjective of quality. It denotes the quality, strength, weakness, attributes, or peculiarities of a person, thing or object or state of being. It answers the question ‘what kind?’ Examples - • She stood next to the tall man. • His new watch is very expensive. • We played with the tiny kittens.
73 Exercise 8.6. Identify the adjectives of quality in the following sentences given below and underline them. 1. She wore expensive gold earrings and necklaces. 2. He has an adorable baby brother. 3. The teacher has a very sharp mind. 4. Bryan is a fantastic volleyball player. 5. They need challenging activities to learn and grow. 6. Yellow curtains were chosen for the living room. 7. The dishonest kid was punished by the teacher. 8. The stormy weather stopped me from going to school. 9. My family visited the old museum. 10. The brown sofa is placed in the corner of the room. Exercise 8.7. Write down sentences using the descriptive adjectives given to you below. 1. scary 2. cold 3. fluffy 4. heavy 5. better 6. beautiful 7. closest 8. generous 9. worst 10. kind Adjectives of Quantity An adjective of quantity denotes the quantity of a thing or an idea. It is used with uncountable nouns. It answers the question ‘how much?’ Examples- • She consumes a whole apple every day in the morning • There is enough petrol in the scooty for reaching school. Adjective of Number/Numeral Adjective An adjective of the number denotes the number of persons or things. It is used with countable nouns. It answers the question ‘how many?’ It can be further classified as: Definite numeral adjective The definite numeral adjective gives the exact number of the noun.
74 Cardinal numbers: one, ten, thirty, etc. Ordinal numbers: first, third, twenty-fifth, etc. Examples- • There are three books on the shelf. • He shared his experience with five people. Indefinite numeral adjective: The indefinite numeral adjective answers the question ‘how many’, but does not provide the exact number. Examples- • I have bought some pineapples. • Several people were waiting for the train to arrive. Distributive numeral adjective: The distributive numeral adjective talks about each one of the numbers separately. The words ‘either’, ‘neither’, ‘each’ and ‘every’ are used as distributive adjectives. Examples - • I personally know each student. • Every student was given bonus marks. Exercise 8.8. Read the sentences given below and circle the adjectives of quantity or number present in the sentences. 1. She has enough money to start her own business. 2. The workers have completed most of the tasks. 3. We have enough money to enjoy the fair. 4. Always take a second opinion. 5. We got very little water in the school. 6. There is a bank holiday on the twentieth of October. 7. There are hundreds of students who take part in the debate competition. 8. The teacher asked us to bring three notebooks tomorrow. 9. She had supported poor people all through her life. 10. Most of the children like to eat burgers. Exercise 8.9. Fill in the word puzzle by finding the appropriate quantitative adjective for the blanks. 1. There are ________ days present in a week.
75 2. An octopus has ________ number of arms. 3. A clock consists of ________hands. 3. A tricycle has ________wheels. 4. A car consists of ________wheels. 5. A hand has ________fingers. 6. There are ________ months in a year. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 5. Possessive Adjectives The possessive adjectives include my, your, his, her, its, our, their, and whose. It denotes possession or ownership of noun or pronoun. It answers the question ‘whose?’ Examples - • Is anyone from my class present? • This bag is her bag. • Their house is next to ours.
76 Exercise 8.10. Fill in the blanks given below with the help of possessive adjectives. 1. You can go to ________________ doctor as he is a professional. 2. I have ________________ only keys to the house. 3. George easily loses ________________ temper when things don't go his way. 4. I am in good mood, I just had ________________ breakfast. 5. Did you pick up _____ bag from the deposit counter? 6. The teacher told us to open ________________ books. 7. Fluffy is _______ pet dog. 8. The students of class seven submitted ______ assignment. Exercise 8.11. Read the sentences given below and circle the possessive adjectives. 1. Maria has a small sister. Her sister is very beautiful. 2. Mr and Mrs Baker have two daughters. Their daughters are very tall. 3. Tommy and Nancy have a father. Their father is tall and thin. 4. Monica has a son. Her son is eleven years old. 5. Margo has a husband. Her husband is forty-five years old. 6. My aunt and uncle have three children. Their children are young. 7. He has an older brother. His older brother has a moustache. Degrees of Comparison Positive, comparative and superlative are the three degrees of adjectives. The comparative and superlative degrees are used to compare between two or more subjects or objects. • Positive degree: Peter’s car is fast. (used when no comparison is made) • Comparative degree: Peter’s car is faster than Jerry’s. (used for comparing two things) • Superlative degree: Peter’s car is the fastest of all. (used for comparing more than two things) Exercise 8.12. Use the adjectives given in brackets in the appropriate comparative form to complete the sentences. 1. My writing is ________________ (neat) than her. 2. Daughters are said to be ________________ (loving) than the sons.
77 3. He is the ________________ (strong) wrestler. 4. His pranks are no ________________ (funny) than his hilarious stories. 5. The movie is definitely ________________ (exciting) than the original book. 6. There is nothing ________________ (good) than a delicious dinner. 7. You need to be ________________ (careful) with your actions. 8. Is a knife ________________ (sharp) than a blade? Exercise 8.13. Fill in the blanks with the superlative forms of the adjectives in the box. tall, near, bright, small, deep, high, famous, big 1. It is the ____________ waterfall in the world. 2. Where is the ___________ tower in the world? 3. This planet is _______________ to the Sun. 4. This place is a desert in Chile and it is the _______________ place in the world. 5. What a tiny, cute bird! It is the _______________ bird. 6. Arun was one of the heroes of the world’s _______________ epic. 7. The _______________ location of the earth is in the Pacific Ocean. 8. Today, the _______________ sun has lit up the sky. Exercise 8.14. Fill in the table with the correct degree of adjectives. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE noble wiser cleverest farther smart wealthiest sunny rich
78 6 What are prepositions? A preposition is a word that is placed before a noun or a pronoun and is used to indicate the direction or position of an object. The noun or pronoun that comes after the preposition in a sentence is the object of a preposition. There can be two or more objects in a preposition. A preposition is usually placed before its object. Examples: • Hannah lives in Delhi. • He was at the meeting. • She is sitting on a chair. • The ball rolled between the table and the sofa. • Jim was hiding under the table. • We were sitting by the tree. • She has been studying from evening till night. Exercise 9.1. Read the following sentences given below. Identify and circle the prepositions. 1. We got a new guest in our house. 2. Can you come after some time? 3. She sleeps during the day and is active at night. 4. Mother always leaves a midnight snack by the bed. 5. The books were piled on top of one another. 6. The villagers were emotionally attached to the forest. 7. Can you place the yellow roses in between the white daisies? 8. I must thank you for the kind and warm welcome. 9. It is an interesting story of a young boy. 10. The guests were waiting at the gate. Prepositions can be classified depending on their context and use. They are as follows: 1. Prepositions of Position/Place 2. Prepositions of Time 3. Prepositions of Movement 9 PREPOSITIONS
79 Prepositions of Position/Place The prepositions which are used to indicate the position of something or someone are known as prepositions of position or place. Prepositions of position or place includes at, in, between, above, under, below, among, etc. Examples: • They stayed at an expensive hotel. • We flew high above the clouds. • She stood right in front of me to welcome me. • The sun sets and goes below the horizon. • It was nice and shady under the tree. • The floor beneath him was slippery so he fell. Exercise 9.2. Read the sentences given below and fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions of place. 1. Can you see the old man ___________ the picture? 2. There is a computer and a few notebooks ___________ the table. 3. He put the keys ___________ the bag. 4. The plane was flying ___________ Germany. 5. He was born ___________ a small village. 6. The city of London is ___________ the river Thames. 7. The mother was sitting ___________ her children. 8. Can you see the helicopter ___________ the sky? 9. The dog was hiding ___________ the door. 10. The woman is sitting ___________ a table. Exercise 9.3. Read the sentences given below and circle the prepositions of position. 1. The palace is located between two high mountains, and it has a beautiful golden wall around it. 2. Every time I eat lunch, the dog sits under the dinner table next to my leg. 3. She thought her necklace was in her purse, but it was actually in her pocket. 4. The people sat around the campfire and told each other funny stories. 5. I was standing between two large people in the line so I didn’t have much space. 6. I didn’t hear my phone ring because I had left it on my bed. 7. An airplane passed through the sky high above us. 8. My keys were on the table, but I couldn’t see them because they were under a book. 9. The shop is next to the new mall. 10. Shawn and I were standing under the tree waiting for the rain to stop.
80 Prepositions of Time The prepositions that are used to indicate about when something happens or happened are known as prepositions of time. Prepositions of time include at, on, for, since, from, for, by, during, within, on, etc. We also use the sequences from-to and from-until as prepositions to talk about time. Examples: • His birthday is on March 18th. • I am going to Venice for two weeks. • We will meet you at noon. • The train departs at 7:30 p.m. • He has been gone since Monday. • The temperature varies from 70 degrees to minus 5. Exercise 9.4. Complete the following sentences by choosing appropriate prepositions of time. 1. I will be here ___________ next month. a) since b) for c) until 2. The school reopens ___________ Thursday. a) on b) at c) in 3. I invite my friends to dinner ___________ Thanksgiving. a) on b) in c) at 4. They are getting married ___________ the fifth of August. a) in b) on c) at 5. They will be here from Monday ___________ Wednesday. a) since b) for c) to 6. He hasn’t come to school ___________ he fell sick. a) for b) since c) until 7. The work won’t be complete ___________ Tuesday. a) since b) for c) until 8. They are going to Kolkata ___________ summer. a) on b) in c) at 9. It usually rains ___________ the month of October. a) in b) on c) at 10. You must leave ___________ afternoon. a) until b) by c) since 11. She waited for them ___________ evening and then she went back home. a) until b) till c) by 12. She was not well ___________ a week. a) since b) for c) until
81 Exercise 9.5. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions of time given in the box below. at, on, in, for, to, from, until 1. We usually have our holidays ___________ June or December. 2. The dance competition started ___________ six p.m. 3. I’ve been playing football ___________ about three hours. 4. I’ll call you back ___________ about five minutes. 5. My brother was born ___________ the second June 2008. 6. I haven’t seen them ___________ weeks. 7. We are leaving ___________ Monday. 8. They met in the park ___________ six and stayed ___________ eight. 9. I always visit my grandparents’ ___________ Sundays. 10. I am not present at home ___________ the moment. Prepositions of Movement Prepositions of movement give information about the direction or movement of persons or things. Prepositions of movement include to, towards, through, into, over, about, across etc. Examples: • The teacher led them along the corridor. • The prisoners squeezed through the window and ran across the grass. • The thief was presented before the judge. • How does she go to work? • Ravi walked slowly through the woods. • The toys were all over the room so I had to walk around them. • The deer ran away from the lion and escaped. Exercise 9.6. Read the sentences given below and underline the prepositions of movement. 1. He walked around the room and moved towards the window. 2. The thief squeezed through the window and escaped under the fence. 3. She jumped off the platform and ran over the rails just before the train arrived. 4. The man climbed up onto the roof. 5. The actor came into the room and took his gun out of his pocket.
82 6. The boy looked out of the window at the balloon seller. 7. At last, he could recognise the teacher coming towards her. 8. The train goes through a tunnel under the bridge. 9. We could see kids on the playground as we drove past the cricket stadium. 10. The tea cup fell off the table and shattered on the floor. Exercise 9.7. Fill in the blanks with ‘in’ ‘on’ or ‘at’ prepositions. 1. ______ July 2. ______ 8 o’clock 3. ______ the night 4. ______ the morning 5. ______ Wednesday 6. ______ half past ten 7. ______ Christmas day 8. ______ the weekend 9. ______ the evening 10. ______ the 4th of July 11. ______ summers 12. ______ 1995 Exercise 9.8. Make sentences using the prepositions of movement given to you below. 1. along 2. across 3. around 4. past 5. over 6. down 7. off 8. out of 9. towards 10. through
83 610 CONJUNCTIONS What is a Conjunction? You have already studied about conjunctions; they are words that serve as a link between two words, phrases, and clauses. Conjunctions include and, but, because, when, while, since, if, etc. Exercise 10.1. Read the following sentences and fill in the blanks with the appropriate conjunctions. 1. She didn’t work hard ______________ she failed. a) so b) because c) as 2. ______________ had the hunter raised the gun, than the animals ran away. a) As soon as b) No sooner c) Hardly 3. We still live in the house ______________ was built by my grandfather. a) who b) what c) that 4. ______________ he saw a dog, he ran towards it. a) When b) Whenever c) Unless 5. You should neither lie ______________ talk rudely. a) or b) nor c) and 6. ______________ she is honest and kind, everybody respects her. a) Since b) As c) All of these 7. ______________ my father is a doctor, he knows how to dress a wound. a) As b) If c) Either 8. You will not be able to meet her ______________ you arrive late. a) unless b) if c) without 9. ______________ his health is poor, he attends school every day. a) Although b) However c) As
84 There are three types of conjunctions: 1. Correlative conjunctions 2. Subordinating conjunctions 3. Coordinating conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that correlate two important clauses or phrases in one complete thought. Both parts of the conjunction must be used in different places when it comes to correlative conjunctions. Examples of correlative conjunctions are either…or both…and so…as hardly…when so…that not only…but also whether…or neither…nor no sooner…than such…that Examples: • You can have neither the cookies nor the cake. • She said that she would like to have both the cookies and the cake. • She wants either the cookies or the cake. • I have not yet decided whether I will have the cookies or the cake. Exercise 10.2. Read the sentences given below and circle all the correlative conjunctions in the sentences. 1. Neither Kelly nor her sisters could understand what was written on the board. 2. The salad is both healthy and tasty. 3. The exam was not only very short but also quite easy. 4. He is neither kind nor funny. 5. I will either go fishing or camping. 6. If that was the case, then I’m not surprised about what happened. 7. Would you rather go shopping or stay at home? 8. No sooner had I taken off my shoes, than we had to leave again. 9. The actor is not only very famous but also very rich. 10. Have you made a plan about whether to go to the zoo or not? Exercise 10.3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate correlative conjunctions to complete the sentences given below. 1. This sweater is ___________ loose ___________trendy. 2. He is ___________ tired ___________bored. 3. The roads were ___________ very narrow ___________littered with garbage.
85 4. Raghav is ___________ intelligent ___________hard working. 5. ___________ keep yourself out of mischief ___________ leave the room. 6. ___________ Alan shows up ___________ not, we will start at 7 a.m. 7. I will ___________ go to my cousin's home ___________ stay at home and sleep. 8. The fruits are ___________ delicious ___________ healthy. 9. Do you know ___________ Andy ___________ Peter is coming for the guitar classes? 10. My friend likes to play ___________ guitar ___________ violin. Exercise 10.4. Make sentences using the correlative conjunctions given below. 1. either/or 2. neither/nor 3. such/that 4. whether/or 5. no sooner/than 6. as many/as Subordinating Conjunctions A subordinating conjunction is used to join a dependent clause to an independent clause. Subordinating clauses include when, where, though, although, before, unless, as, because, if, that, after, since, etc. Examples: • He is staying because it is raining outside. • Till we complete our work, you can stay outside and watch. • Why is he behaving as if he doesn’t know me? • As long as you want to stay, you can be here. • I met this friend while I was in New York. Exercise 10.5. Read the sentences given below and circle the subordinating conjunctions. 1. The children were happy when the movie began. 2. This is the place where the accident occurred yesterday. 3. Though she worked hard, he couldn’t win the first prize. 4. They will not come unless you invite them. 5. I couldn’t go because it was snowing. 6. Will you please wait here until I come? 7. Shawn begins to sneeze whenever he opens the window to get a breath of fresh air.
86 8. They greet each other before they start the class. 9. It is surprising that she didn’t win the first position in the competition. 10. Since it looks like it will rain, we will cancel the picnic. Exercise 10.6. Complete the following sentences using appropriate subordinating conjunctions given in the box below. when, while, where, though, although, till, before, unless, as, after, because, if, that, since 1. There was a silence__________ the guests had arrived. 2. The people were listening eagerly __________ the Prime Minister was speaking. 3. This is the place __________ the soldiers were attacked. 4. __________ you work hard, you will win. 5. __________ he is strong, he is not intelligent. 6. You wait here __________ we reach. 7. He will not come__________ we force him to. 8. We were very happy __________ we received the first prize in the match. 9. She began to smile __________ she saw her best friends. 10. He became angry __________ I had said something. 11. __________ she studied hard, she failed. Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that join two clauses of equal rank together. This means that these conjunctions usually connect words or phrases of the same grammatical class. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, nor, so, for, and yet. An easy way to remember the important coordinating conjunctions is to use the mnemonic device FANBOYS. (F- for, A- and, N- nor, B- but, O- or, Y- yet, S- so) Remember that coordinating conjunctions always come between the words that they join. Examples: • You have to pay for this damage you have caused. • The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming. • My brother refuses to eat peas, nor will he touch apples. • You can eat your food with a spoon or a fork.
87 Exercise 10.7. Look at the sentences given below and complete the following sentences using appropriate coordinating conjunctions. 1. They were losing, _____________ they still didn’t give up. 2. Rina overslept _____________ missed the train. 3. The mother bird left, _____________ I took care of the owlet. 4. Do not forget to lock the door _____________ turn off the lights. 5. He got good marks in the test, _____________ he is not happy. 6. Hurry up and get in the car, _____________you will be late. 7. She must have done his duty, _____________ she is a conscientious woman. 8. It was raining _____________ looked sunny and bright. Exercise 10.8. Write down complete sentences using the coordinating conjunctions given below. 1. and (combine two or more similar ideas) (a) _________________________________ (b) _________________________________ 2. but (combine two different ideas) (a) _________________________________ (b) _________________________________ 3. or (when talking about two options) (a) _________________________________ (b) _________________________________ 4. for (sometimes used in place of because) (a) _________________________________ (b) _________________________________ 5. yet (mostly used after and) (a) _________________________________ (b) _________________________________
88 611 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH What is direct speech? When the actual words/sentences spoken by the speaker are quoted in a speech, it’s called direct speech. The words spoken by the speaker are included in double quotation marks. What is indirect speech? When the quoted speech is reported in the form of a narrative without changing the meaning of the actual quotation/words by the speaker, it’s called indirect speech or reported speech. We use reporting verbs like 'say,' 'tell,' and 'ask,' and we can introduce the reported words with the word 'that.' There are no quotation marks in this sentence. Examples: Direct Speech: How old are you? Indirect speech: I asked him how old he was. Rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech: The comma is replaced with ‘that’ and the quotation marks are removed. Example: Clive said, “I am going to the garden.” Clive said that he was going to the garden. The tense of the sentence changes. Direct Speech Present simple He said, “I like playing volleyball.” Present continuous She said, “I am enjoying this game.” Present perfect She said, “I have not played volleyball.” Indirect Speech Past simple He said that he liked playing volleyball. Past continuous She said that she was enjoying that game. Past perfect She said that she had not played volleyball.
89 Past simple He said, “I played volleyball.” Past perfect He said, “I had played volleyball yesterday.” Will, shall He said, ”I will play volleyball tomorrow.” Will have He said, “I will have a lot of time to play volleyball.” Past perfect He said that he had played volleyball. Past perfect No change in tense He said that he had played volleyball the previous day. Would, should He said that he would play volleyball the next day. Would have He said that he would have a lot of time to play volleyball. • The first and second person pronoun is changed to third person pronoun Direct Speech Indirect Speech I he/she we they my his/her your my our their me him/her us them • Words denoting time and place change. Direct Speech Indirect Speech this that these those here there tomorrow the following day or the next day today that day tonight that night this afternoon that afternoon yesterday the day before or previous day last year the previous year or the year before Converting Exclamatory sentences into Direct Speech While converting the exclamatory sentences into direct speech, you must remember the following points: • The reporting verb ‘said’ must be changed to cried, exclaimed, wished, etc. Example: • “Wow! It is an interesting game,” he said. Indirect speech: He exclaimed with joy that it was an interesting game. • The interjections must be replaced by phrases that would express the emotion. Example: • “Alas! I missed today’s game,” she said. Indirect speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she had missed that day’s game.
90 Exercise 11.1. Rewrite the following sentences in indirect speech. 1. “Are they booking the concert tickets today?” asked Siya. 2. The plumber said to the lady, “I will replace the pipe next week.” 3. Ashok said, “I have bought tickets for the lawn tennis match.” 4. Priya said to Nina, “These books are yours.” 5. He said to his aunt, “The water filter was installed twenty days ago.” Exercise 11.2. Rewrite the following sentences in direct speech. 1. He asked his sister whether she could sing like a professional singer. 2. He exclaimed with surprise that he had met her after a long time. 3. He wished that his daughter may succeed in her venture. 4. The coach told the team that their fielding was not up to the mark. 5. The girl said that she was scared of monsters. Exercise 11.3. Read the conversation given below. Transform the dialogues into indirect speech. Ram : I plan to go out with my friends to a concert tonight. Reena : Then, I’ll come along with my friends. Ram : That will be a good idea. Reena : So, what time does the musical concert begin? Ram : It will begin at 9 p.m.
91 6 TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES 12 What is a transformation of sentences? The method by which one sentence type can be changed to another, without changing its meaning is called transformation. Let us look at the rules of transformation. A. Affirmative to Negative Sentences Example: • He has a lot of knowledge in this field. He is not without knowledge in this field. Replace ‘too’ with ‘so… that’ Example: • The bag is too heavy for me to lift it. The bag is so heavy that I cannot lift it. By interchange of the degrees of comparison Example: • She is the best doctor in this hospital. No other doctor in the hospital is as good as she is. By use of no sooner than/hardly/scarcely Example: • As soon as the mall opened, people rushed in. • No sooner did the mall open than the people rushed in. • Hardly had the mall opened when the people rushed in. By using ‘none but’, ‘never-but’ Example: • Only a brave man alone can do this. No one/None but a brave man can do this. By using ‘not only… but also’ Example: • He was gentle and careful while handling the broken vase
92 He was not only gentle but also careful while handling the broken vase. B. Assertive to Interrogative Sentences Examples: • We will never forget our holiday to Paris. Will we ever forget our holiday to Paris? • My father never watches television. Does my father ever watch television? C. Assertive to Exclamatory Sentences Replace ‘a very’ with ‘what’ and ‘very’ with ‘how’ Examples: • It is a very beautiful coat. What a beautiful coat it is! • She looks very gloomy. How gloomy she looks! Using Question tags Question tags are formed by using the auxiliary or the modal verb in the sentence. • If the sentence is positive, the question tag will be negative. Example: • He is a scientist. He is a scientist, isn’t it? • Ryan should take the train to work. Ryan should take the train to work, shouldn’t he? • If the sentence is negative, then the question tag will be positive. Example: • We aren’t travelling by bus. We aren’t travelling by bus, are we? • They wouldn’t do anything wrong. They wouldn’t do anything wrong, would they? • If the subject is not a personal pronoun, use a suitable personal pronoun in the question tag. Example: • The cloth is hand woven. • The cloth is hand woven, isn’t it? • When the verb uses the simple present tense the question tag is formed with ‘do/does’. Example: • You own a big house.
93 • You own a big house, don’t you? • When the verb uses the simple past tense, the question tag is formed with ‘did’. Example: • Tom painted the fence. Tom painted the fence, didn’t he? • In case the sentence begins with ‘I’, the question tag ends with ‘aren’t’ Example: • I am trying to bargain with the dealer. • I am trying to bargain with the dealer, aren’t I? Exercise 12.1. Rewrite the following sentences as directed 1. Only roses can be used to decorate this place. (negative) 2. Talk loudly. (interrogative) 3. How very beautiful the scenery is! (assertive) 4. None but a king can afford such a beautiful horse. (affirmative) 5. No sooner did I stand near the pool than I noticed bubbles in the water. (affirmative) Exercise 12.2. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate question tags. 1. Giraffes have long necks, __________? 2. He was not called for a meeting, ___________? 3. I won’t be able to go to the book fair, ________________? 4. He loves baking cakes, _________________? 5. The birthday cake was not delivered on time, _________________?
94 613 PUNCTUATION What is Punctuation? Punctuation is used in sentences to create sense, clarity and meaning. We use punctuation marks to structure and organise our writing. Try to read the paragraph given below. perhaps we don’t always need to use commas periods colons etc to make sentences clear when i am in a hurry bored lazy or angry i sometimes leave out punctuation grammar is boring i can write without it and don’t need it my aunt Mary once said she was not very intelligent and i never understood a word she wrote to me i think ill learn some punctuation not too much enough to write to Aunt Mary she needs some help You will see and notice why punctuation marks are so important while writing when you try to read the paragraph given above. And reading without proper capitalization makes it even harder. Let us learn about some of the punctuation marks in detail. A.Colon Colons are used to expand the sentence that comes before it, often introducing a list that shows or elaborates on whatever was previously stated. They are used before explanations. Examples: • We decided to cancel the classes: it was raining. • We sell confectionary: cupcakes, cookies, and candy. B. Semicolon While writing, the semicolon sits between a full stop and a comma. Semicolons can be used instead of conjunctions to connect sentences and phrases that have a common theme. Examples: • I like your sister; she’s a fun girl. • I needed to go for a walk and get some fresh air; I needed to buy bread. C. Hyphens A hyphen is used in compound words. Example: sweet-tooth It is also used to indicate break-up of words, prefix and suffix.
95 Example: inter-city, re-plan, ex-minister Example: • A well-known singer will be performing tonight. • Wind-powered generators should be used very often. Exercise 13.1. Complete the crossword using the clues given below. ACROSS 2. They can be used in place of conjunctions. 3. Mostly are used before explanations 5. They are used between the two words in two-part adjectives. DOWN 1. We use them to create possessive forms. 4. A little horizontal line that is in the middle of the line in a sentence. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
96 Exercise 13.2. Use appropriate punctuation marks to punctuate the following sentences. 1. We had a great time in Paris we really enjoyed it 2. Some people exercise best in the evenings others do better in the morning 3. What are you doing next month 4. Why did you bring this puppy home my mother asked. your father doesn’t like animals 5. Did you understand why I was angry 6. It is a great idea let us hope that it is going to work 7. They will be arriving on Tuesday morning at least I think so 8. A book can be a wall between the teacher and class 9. The girls father sat in a corner of the class 10. We sold twenty copies of Black Beauty after the movie was released Exercise 13.3. Rewrite the following sentences by adding the correct punctuation marks. Use capital letters wherever needed. 1. will you help her 2. I have no money I can’t buy this shirt. 3. he had a banana an egg and bread for breakfast. 4. how beautiful is the sky today 5. where do you want me to go asked stuti 6. father should I stay or leave 7. delhi is the capital of india and stands on the banks of river yamuna 8. yes I can meet you next Monday if the weather is fine. 9. it was an interesting informative and creative article 10. she said your sister is looking very ill today.
97 614 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE Active and Passive Voice Voice is the form of the verb which indicates whether the subject does an action or the action is received by it. Active Voice When the subject of the verb is the doer of the action, it is said to be in active voice. The gardener planted the trees. subject- doer of the action Passive Voice: The subject of the verb in the active voice becomes the object in the passive voice and is preceded by the preposition ‘by’. The trees were planted by the gardener . receiver of action- subject Examples: • She has done the work. (Active) • The work has been done by her. (Passive) A. Change of voice is not possible in the case of intransitive sentences. Transitive- action passes over from subject to object. Seema reads a novel. A novel was read by Seema. Intransitive- action does not pass over from subject to object. Seema reads loudly.
98 The verb changes according to the number and person of the new subject. Tenses Active Voice Passive Voice Present Simple Present Divya distributes toys. Toys are distributed by Divya. Present Continuous Divya is distributing toys. Toys are being distributed by Divya. Present Perfect Divya has distributed toys. Toys have been distributed by Divya. Past Simple Past The visitor rang the bell. The bell was rung by the visitor. Past Continuous The visitor was ringing the bell. The bell was being rung by the visitor. Past Perfect The visitor had rung the bell. The bell had been rung by the visitor. Future Simple Future I will read a story. A story will be read by me. Future Continuous I will be reading a story. (no change- cannot use the passive voice.) Future perfect I will have read a story. A story will have been read by me. Personal pronouns change their form in passive voice: Active Voice Passive Voice I me we us he him she her they them it it Negative Sentences We usually place no/not before the past participle (-ed form) form of the verb. Active Voice Passive Voice I don't like this person. This person is not (isn’t) liked by me. Sakshi didn't break the flower vase. The flower vase was not (wasn’t) broken by Sakshi. Interrogative Sentences If the sentence in the Active Voice is an interrogative sentence, it remains interrogative in the Passive
99 Voice as well. The tense remains the same in both the voices. Active Voice Passive Voice Did your mother bake these delicious cookies? Were these delicious cookies baked by your mother? Have you written these emails? Have these emails been written by you? Exercise 14.1. Rewrite the following sentences using the verbs given against them in the appropriate active or passive voice form. 1. He ___________________ up by his aunt. (bring) 2. Invitation cards ___________________ to all her friends and classmates. (send) 3. They will ___________________ to the feast. (invite) 4. The result ___________________ on Tuesday. (declare) 5. We all ___________________ at his failure. (shock) Exercise 14.2. Read the sentences given below and rewrite them by changing their voice. 1. She sings a melodious song. 2. Do you not play cricket? 3 Does she sell lottery tickets? 4. I am bending the branch of the tree. 5. Is she boiling vegetables? 6. Are the servants bringing coffee? 7. This ticket will be given to you by the coordinator. 8. Why have you done that? 9. He wrote a letter to the principal. 10. We must obey the laws of the country. 11. By whom was the program inaugurated? 12. Sahil stole the butter. Exercise 14.3. Read the sentences given below and identify whether they are active or passive voice sentences. If active, write A in front of them and if passive, write P in front of them. 1. They have not reached yet. __________ 2. The ball was thrown by Gita. __________ 3. The tsunami destroyed the entire town. __________ 4. In this country, all the minority rights are protected. __________
100 5. We could do it easily. __________ 6. The book is written in English. __________ 7. They guard this house. __________ 8. Pets are not allowed here. __________ 9. Tea is grown by the farmer. __________ 10. Riya is cooking dinner. __________ Exercise 14.4. Complete the following sentences by using appropriate active or passive verb forms. 1. The problem ________ to the people by the Prime Minister. (explained/was explained) 2. Those old pyramids ________ around 400 A.D. (built/were built) 3. All the nuisance ________ by your friend. (has caused/ was caused) 4. The visitors ________ (were shown/have shown) a file of old manuscripts. 5. I ________ her ten thousand dollars last year. (lend/lent/was lent) 6. She ________ of all kinds of creepy crawlies. (frightened/is frightened) 7. That picture ________ by my grandfather. (painted/was painted) 8. I ________ by his rude attitude. (shocked/have shocked/was shocked) 9. Excuse the mess. My room ________. (is painting/is being painted/has painted) 10. I knew why I ________ (had chosen/ had been chosen)for the team. Exercise 14.5. Change the following sentences into the passive voice. 1. They elected him as the minister. 2. The children laughed at the poor man. 3. The guard caught the burglar. 4. The soldiers attacked the enemies. 5. The cat drank and finished all the milk. 6. Can you write this in Arabic? 7. Somebody hit the street dog with a stick. 8. I will order the parcel.