Towards_Sustainable_Neighborhood_Design

 Streets and open spaces should make up at least 40 % of any neighborhood and 10
% of area to be creation and park space.

 Schools and other communal institutions should be grouped around a central point
in the neighborhood.

 Shopping areas adequate for the size of the population should be placed at the
edges of the neighborhood, and adjacent to arterial traffic.

Figure 2-8: Claren e Perry’s Neigh orhood Unit, 9 9, Source: Figure 2-9: “ustaina le update of Perry’s neigh orhood
Regional Plan Association unit, Source: Douglas Farr, Sustainable Urbanism

Figure (2-9) shows “sustainable” update of Perry’s neighborhood unit. It suggested
the mains principal of the original model adding the environmental dimensions and the

integration of green infrastructure as follows:

 The neighborhood Area: preferably 160 Acres, Min, 40, Max, 200.
 Population should be as necessary to support critical mass of walk-to destinations.
 The orientation of 75% of buildings could be east-west according to the proposed

site climate.

 Green infrastructure should be promoted inside the neighborhood integrated with
the whole city.

 Habitat Corridors with 3-5 minutes max. walk to the park

Perry's principles are currently embodied in a number of models that include; Urban
Villages – discussed previously -, Traditional Neighborhood Developments (TNDs),
Transit Oriented Developments (TODs), Liveable Neighborhoods and Leon Krier's
Quarter which are summarized in table (2-3).

Table 2-3: TNDs, TODs, and Liveable Neighborhoods models, Source: (Neal, 2003) and (Donald Watson and others, 2003)

Traditional Neighborhood Developments

 TNDs should satisfy a full range of ordinary Figure 2-10: Traditional Neighborhood Developments,
human needs. Source: ( David Walters and Linda Luise Brown, 2004)

 The size and shape is defined by a five-
minute walk from the neighborhood centre

to its perimeter.

 70 % of the developed area should be within
pedestrian shed.

 Local civic and social facilities are placed at
the centre of the neighborhood except for

other civic buildings of regional importance

and the retail is located at the edge.

 Schools at the edge of the neighborhood so
that student population is not limited to the

age profile of a single neighborhood.

Transit Oriented Development

 It follows the majority of TND principles but Figure 2-11:Transit Oriented Development, Source: ( David
focus around transit lines supporting Walters and Linda Luise Brown, 2004)

regional commercial and public facilities.

 The size should be able to support a walking
distance of up to 10 minutes from the core

commercial area and transit stop.

 The needs of the integrated public transit
structure at a regional scale support the

detailed elements of specific neighborhoods.
 Higher density housing and key retail,

institutional and social facilities are placed at

the stations of the transit network.

Liveable Neighborhoods

 Launched in the mid-1990s by The Western Figure 2-12: Liveable Neighborhoods, Source: (WAPC, 2009)
Australian Planning Commission.

 Five-minute walk from the neighborhood
centre to its perimeter.

 Neighborhood centers are located at major
street junctions.

 Large parks and schools are located between
neighborhoods to ensure pedestrian

accessibility from adjacent neighborhoods.

 Public transit is set at both the core of the
neighborhood and at the intersection of

major streets to support retail activity.

2.2.4 Neighborhood Form and morphology
Neighborhoods come in many shapes and sizes. The neighborhood form and function

is a prerequisite for the effective sustainable planning with recognition that
neighborhoods aren't separate units but integrated with the surrounding urban context.
There is an illuminating distinction to be drawn between old and new settlements,
traditional town patterns are better than more recent models; the key variable is the
degree of separation or integration (Hugh Barton and others, 2003).

The morphology of neighborhoods, the design of its blocks, streets and buildings
should serve as the foundation of a walkable environment (LEED, 2009). Figure (2-13)
shows examples of neighborhood morphology.

Figure 2-13: Examples of neighborhood morphology.
Source: Douglas Farr, Sustainable Urbanism - (LEED, 2009)

Neighborhood form could be classified as follows:
2.2.4.1 Interconnected Neighborhood

 Typically older areas of mixed-use development.
 Often no clear boundaries between neighborhoods.

 Local centers normally in the form of
"high streets" along the main distributer

road

 Bus routes and pedestrian / bike / car
movement focused on the high streets,

 Medium to high density.
 Socially quite mixed, reflecting diversity

of housing stock.

 Wide range of services, some local
offices and industries.

Figure (2-14) shows interconnected pattern Figure 2-14: Interconnected pattern,
case study. Table (2-4) shows the advantages Source: (Hugh Barton and others, 2003)
and disadvantages of Interconnected
Neighborhood pattern.

Table 2-4: Advantages and disadvantages of Interconnected Neighborhood, Source: (Hugh Barton and others, 2003)

Advantages Disatvantages

 Excellent level of local services.  Congestion and pollution by traffic along
 Flexible hinterland size according to main streets.

different / changing commercial and  Risk of blighted properties where fronting
too close to heavy traffic.
institutional needs.
 Risk of “bad neighbor " uses.
 Good connections for all modes of transport.  Small yards / gardens and a lack of open
 Good potential for local community
space in some areas.
development because high level of local

activity.

 Efficient use of land.
 A reasonable choice of resident/ commercial

accommodation.

2.2.4.2 Neighborhood as a Cell

 Typically planned in the middle to late 20th century in some new towns and
suburban estates.

 Principle of semi-autonomous inward-looking neighborhood unit.
 Curvilinear of hierarchical road patterns of a cul-de-sac type, offering limited

connections to surrounding areas, with no through roads.
 Neighborhood centers as the nucleus of the cell.
 Low to medium densities with buildings all of similar age.
 A zoned pattern of land use, with limited social variation.

Figure (2-15) shows closed cell pattern, at Poundbery, Dorsat in UK.

9

Figure 2-15: Closed cell pattern, at Poundbery, Dorsat, Source: (Hugh Barton and others, 2003)

Table (2-5) shows the advantages and disadvantages of Closed Cell Neighborhood
pattern.

Table 2-5: Advantages and disadvantages of Neighborhood Cell Pattern, Source: (Hugh Barton and others, 2003)

Advantages Disatvantages

 Easily identifiable neighborhoods.  Poor connectivity to surrounding
 Simple to plan and build because few Neighborhoods.

connections.  Fixed catchment over, too small to
allow some facilities to succeed, and
 Potential for a relatively traffic-calmed
environment. inflexible in conditions of changing

 Fits the neighborhood into the hierarchy of commercial / institutional needs.
road planning.
 Lack of visibility of local facilities to
 Creating " open-cell " patterns, with passing trade.
distributor roads linking directly between
 A poor level of local facility provision,
neighborhood centers avoiding the with risk of vacant retails units.

disadvantages of the "closed-cell" model  Bus services likely to be inefficient
because of through routes.

 Limited choice of accommodation, lack
of social diversity, and lack of aesthetic

variety.

2.2.4.3 Neighborhood in linear township Figure 2-16: Linear pattern, in Peterborough, Source:
(Hugh Barton and others, 2003)
 Applied in a limited number of twentieth-
century new or expanded towns, and also seen

in some historic cities

 Located in the context of public transport
corridors and green parkways.

 Normally bounded by a township spine road
 local retail, social and employment facilities

may be clustered anywhere along the high

street spine

 green parkways (often along water courses)
provide the backcloth to the linear band of

development, offering easy access to open

space

 Densities are graded from high intensity along
the high street to low intensity adjacent to

open country.

Figure (2-16) shows linear pattern, at
Peterborough in UK. Table (2-6) shows the advantages and disadvantages of Linear
Neighborhood pattern.

Table 2-6: Advantages and disadvantages of Neighborhood Linear Pattern, Source: (Hugh Barton and others, 2003)

Advantages Disatvantages

 Reinforces viability and quality of public  Excessive trip length if not planned well in
transport. relation to the town as a whole.

 Offers wide variety and flexibility in  Risk of congestion along the main spine
catchments, hence a good range of local road.
jobs and services, and a sense of high street
vitality.

 Gives good access to open space.
 Can provide potentially a sense of township

identity, with connected neighborhoods of
varying character.

 Diversity of housing stock, social groups
and land uses across the township.

2.2.5 Neighborhood planning principals

UN-Habitat suggests an approach that summarizes and refines existing sustainable
urban planning theories to build a new and sustainable relationship between urban
dwellers and urban space, and to increase the value of urban land. This approach is
based on 5 principles supported by 3 key features of sustainable neighborhoods and
cities: compact, integrated, connected (UN-Habitat, 2014). The five principles are:

1. Adequate space for streets and an efficient street network.
The street network should occupy at least 30 per cent of the land and at least 18 km

of street length per km². The research indicates that land is used for roads and parking
should be 20-30 per cent of urban land and 40-60 per cent of commercial centre. In high
density mixed-use urban areas, it is recommended that at least 30 per cent of land is
allocated for roads and parking, and at least 15-20 per cent are allocated for open public
space. The surface coverage could be illustrated in figure (2-17).

Figure 2-17: UN-Habitat principle 1, Surface coverage, Source: (UN-Habitat, 2014)

2. High density.
At least 15,000 people per km², that is 150 people/ha or 61 people/acre. Figure (2-

18) and table (2-7) shows Density, parking and site area for Churchill Gardens, London,
England as an example for High density neighborhood.

Figure 2-18: UN-Habitat principal 2, High density- Churchill Gardens, London, England. Source: 5 (UN-Habitat, 2014)

Table 2-7: Density, parking and site area for Churchill Gardens, London, England. Source: (UN-Habitat, 2014)

Site area (hectares) 12.48

Parking (space per unit) 0.5

Tenure Private 843
Social rented 940

Density (Dph) 142

Density (Hrh) 557

Note: Dph-Dwellings per hectare, Hrh-Habitable rooms per hectare

3. Mixed land-use.
At least 40 per cent of floor space should be allocated for economic use in any

neighborhood. For example economic use floor area for Addison Circle, Addison,
Texas, United States in figure 2-19 is about 557,400 m2comparing with land size and
residential floor area which are 501,800 m2 and 436,600 m2 respectively as shown in
table (2-8).

Figure 2-19: UN-Habitat principal 3, mixed land-use - Addison Circle, Addison, Texas, United States. Source: (UN-
Habitat, 2014)

Table 2-8: Economic use floor area for Addison Circle, Addison, Texas, United States. Source: (UN-Habitat, 2014)

Land size 501,800 m2
Residential floor area 436,600 m2
4,800 Units
Dwelling 95 Du/Ha
Density 557,400 m2
Economic use floor area

4. Social mix.
There should be an availability of houses in different price ranges and tenures to

accommodate different incomes. 20 to 50 per cent of the residential floor area should be
for low cost housing. Each residence type should be not more than 50 per cent of the
total. Figure (2-20) and table (2-9) show Greenwich Peninsula, London as a case study
for social mix.

Table 2-9: Density, parking and site area - Greenwich Peninsula, London. England. Source: (UN-Habitat, 2014)

Phase 1 2 3 4 Total

Site area (hectares) 2.44 4.72 3.17 4.86 15.19

Parking (space per unit) 0.93 1.10 0.83 1.24 1.03

Private 444 354 424 335 1557
Tenure Affordable 43 85 81 276 485

Density (Dph) 199 93 159 126 134

Density (Hrh) 579 276 454 371 371

Note: Dph-Dwellings per hectare, Hrh-Habitable rooms per hectare
Figure 2-20: UN-Habitat principal 4, Social Mix - Greenwich Peninsula,
London. Source: (UN-Habitat, 2014)

5. Limited land-use specialization.
The aim is to limit single function blocks or neighborhoods. Single function blocks

should cover less than 10 per cent of any neighborhood. For example Burrard Slopes IC
Districts, an area of 0.55 km², was adjusted several times since 1993 to be an industrial,
commercial, residential and mixed use zone instead of being an industrial-only area
when created in the 1990s as shown in figure (2-21).

Figure 2-21: UN-Habitat principal 5, Burrard Slopes, City of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Source: (UN-
Habitat, 2014)

The Five Principles are highly interconnected and support each other. High density
provides the population and activity basis for a sustainable neighborhood; adequate
street density is the material basis; mixed land-use and social mix shape the land use and
social life in the neighborhood; and limited land use specialization is the first step
towards mixed neighborhoods. The Five Principles provide a set of quantitative
measurements that can be used to analyze a neighborhood. Table (2-10) gives the
recommended ranges of quantitative measurements (in green). City or neighborhood
statistical data can be plotted on this chart, and the development status of that area can
be visualized.

Table 2-10: Habitat sustainability analysis of a neighborhood, Source: (UN-Habitat, 2014)

Formula Unit Principle

Street land-use (30-45%) Principle 1
Total floor area (15-60k Principle 2
people/km2)
Population density (40-60%) Principle 3

Economic floor area (30-60%)
Total floor area
Residential floor area (0-50%) Principle 4
Total floor area (20-50%)
Single tenure
Residential floor area (0-10%) Principle 5
Affordable housing
Residential floor area 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Single function block area
Neighborhood area

Percentage

2.3 Conclusion

Urban planning theories and approaches define design principles needed to improve
planning process and encourage sustainability of cities. These theories and approaches
are matching and integrating in many principles related to the physical components of
planning such as high density, mixed use, social mix, walkability, connectivity … etc.

Neighborhood as a planning unit for towns plays a great role in approaching
sustainability. Neighborhoods are the essential elements of urban development of Cities.
They form identifiable areas that encourage citizens to take responsibility for their
maintenance and evolution. Neighborhoods should be compact, pedestrian friendly, and
mixed-use.

UN-Habitat suggests an approach that summarizes and refines existing sustainable
urban planning theories. It is based on 5 main principles that support the 3 key features
of sustainable neighborhoods and cities: compact, integrated and connected. The Five
Principles provide a set of quantitative measurements that can be used to analyze a
neighborhood.

Neighborhood design principals will be discussed in the next chapter through
discussing and analyzing the rating systems dealing with urban development in general
and in particular neighborhood scale in order to draw out the design elements and design
process for new urban extensions and renewal strategies which will be discussed in
chapter 4.

5

Chapter 3

Assessment tools for
Urban Planning

 Rating Systems Overview.
 Analysis of Rating Systems Categories.

3 Assessment Tools for Urban Planning

Rating systems are defined as tools that examine the performance or expected
performance of a buildings or communities. They provide a basis for comparing and
rewarding the relative sustainability of a project in order to encourage the development
of more environmentally projects. . They have been developed by independent
organizations or separate government bodies established to design, administer, and
promote the use of the particular approach.

There are a large number of sustainability rating systems in use today.
Approximately 120 rating systems are found to be either in use or under development.
Table (3-1) shows a list of some rating systems all over the world. Most of these rating
systems are designed to assess the sustainability of new and existing buildings. Some
also address neighborhood or urban development or infrastructure. Most of them depend
on a quantitative scoring system to assess and evaluate the relative sustainability of a
project (Spiro Pollalis and others, 2012).

Table 3-1: Worldwide Green Rating Systems, Source: (Farouh, 2012)

Worldwide Green Rating Systems

Country/ Region Green Building Rating System

Australia Nabers / Green star

Brazil AQUA / LEED Brazil
Canada
LEED Canada / Green Globes /The NEXT Building
Standard

China GB Evaluation Standard for green building

Finland Promise

France Care &Bio , Chantier Carbone / HQE

Germany DGNB
Hong Kong HKBEAM

India GRIHA (national green rating) / LEED India

Italy Protocollo Itaca / Green Building Council Italia

Japan CASBEE

Mexico Consejo Mexicano de Edificacion Sustentable

Netherlands BREEAM Netherlands

New Zealand Green Star NZ

Portugal LiderA

Singapore Green Mark / Construction Quality Assessment System

South Africa Green Star SA

South Korea Green Building System

Spain VERDE

Switzerland Minergie
Taiwan EEWH
United Arab Emirates Pearls Rating System
United States LEED / Green Globes
United Kingdom BREEAM

This chapter provides an overview of the major sustainability rating systems that are

related to sustainable neighborhood development, six rating systems are selected for

review:

 BREEAM for Communities.
 CASBEE for Urban Development.
 DGNB for New urban districts.
 ESTIDAMA - THE PEARL Community rating system.
 Cascadia: the Living Community Challenge
 LEED for Neighborhood Development.

3.1 Rating Systems Overview

Each rating system will be summarized in main 3 points: Background review and
main objectives, Main categories and certification levels. Except for LEED for
neighborhood development which will be discussed with more detailed issues as an
example to identify how to use and apply rating systems and certification stages and
methods. It is the most widely common rating systems and most concentrated on the
physical urban neighborhood pattern and design and green infrastructure which is
related to the research goals.

3.1.1 BREEAM for Communities

3.1.1.1 Background on BREEAM

BREEAM which is the acronym for “BRE Environmental Assessment Method," is a
UK-based sustainability rating and certification system for buildings and community. It
provides a wide range of project and building types, called “schemes” as shown in
figure (3-1).

BREEAM was the world’s first environmental assessment method for new building
designs since 1990 by BRE "Building Research Establishment" to achieve optimum
environmental performance for the project and is now applied in its various forms in
over 50 countries. It claims to be the most widely used environmental rating
certification system for building in the world. It ensures quality through an accessible,
holistic and balanced measure of sustainability impacts enables developments to be
recognized according to their sustainability benefits and stimulates demand for
sustainable development.

Figure 3-1: BREEAM Schemes, Source: (BREEAM, 2015)

3.1.1.2 Background on BREEAM Communities

In 2011 BREEAM committed to widening the group of stakeholders involved in its
future development, both strategically and at the local level. It provides a design
support, as well as assessment, across all development life cycle stages and
infrastructure. It also includes master planning of large scale developments. It covers the
assessment and certification of new development and regeneration projects designs and
plans at the neighborhood scale or larger, to influence decisions that will have impacts
on sustainability.

3.1.1.3 BREEAM Communities Categories:

BREEAM Communities have five main assessment categories. The sixth category is
about the adoption and dissemination of innovative solutions. They could be
summarized as follows in table (3-2) (BREEAM, 2014):

Table 3-2: BREEAM Communities Categories, Source: (BREEAM, 2014)

1- Governance (GO) 2- Social and economic 3- Resources and energy
wellbeing (SE) (RE)
Promotes community
involvement in decisions Considers societal and economic Addresses the sustainable
factors affecting health and use of natural resources and
affecting the design,
construction, operation and wellbeing such as inclusive design, the reduction of carbon
cohesion, adequate housing and emissions.
long-term stewardship of access to employment.
development. 6- Innovation (Inn)
5- Transport and movement
4- Land use and ecology (TM).
(LE)

Encourages sustainable land Addresses the design and provision of Recognizes and promotes the
use and ecological transport and movement adoption of innovative
enhancement
infrastructure to encourage the use of solutions within the overall
sustainable modes of transport. rating

9

The criteria of previous categories are organized through 3 main steps as shown in
figure (3-2) which are involved in the assessment of sustainability at the master
planning level (BREEAM, 2014):

Step 1: Establishing the principals of Development

 Contain mandatory elements which support decisions for design and development.
 Conduct detailed surveys including flood risk, ecology, energy, transport and the

local economy.
 Reflect and bring together master planning processes ,outputs and environmental

Impact Assessment

Step 2: Determining the Layout
Designing and testing options for:

 Biodiversity and habitat

protection and

enhancement.

 Pedestrian, cyclist and

vehicular movement

 Public transport

 Street and building layout,

use and orientation

 Housing type, provision

and location

 Utilities and other

infrastructure provision

 Public realm and green

infrastructure

Step 3: Designing the details Figure 3-2: BREEAM Communities Steps, Source: (BREEAM, 2014)
Designing and testing options for:

 Landscaping
 Construction materials
 Management and long-term stewardship of facilities and services.
 Building design
 Inclusive design
 Resource efficiency during and after construction
TUhesiBngREloEcAalMemraptlionygmbeenntcdhumrainrkgsc(ofninsatrluccetirotinfi.cates only) are as follows:

5

The BREEAM rating benchmarks (final certificates only) are as follows in table (3-
3):

Table 3-3: BREEEAM Rating Benchmarks, Source: (BREEAM, 2014)

BREEAM rating Score %

Unclassified < 30
Pass ≥ 30
Good ≥ 45
≥ 55
Very Good ≥ 70
Excellent ≥ 85
Outstanding

3.1.2 CASBEE for Urban Development

3.1.2.1 Background on CASBEE

CASBEE is the acronym for Japan's Comprehensive Assessment System for
Building Environmental Efficiency. Since the establishment of Japan Sustainable
Building Consortium in 2001, with the support of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport, it has been working on the research and development of CASBEE as a
joint project between government, industry and academia. It is a comprehensive
assessment of the quality of a building, covering aspects such as interior comfort and
consideration for scenery, as well as evaluating environmental consideration in the form
of using materials and equipment that save energy or cause smaller environmental loads.
It examines both the environmental quality (Q = Quality) and the environmental load on
the exterior (L = Load), and uses Q/L to calculate Building Environmental Efficiency
(BEE) as a comprehensive evaluation indicator. It was developed on the basis of the
following three principles:

1. Assessment can continue through the lifecycle of the building.
2. Assessment can consider both the “Environmental quality of the building (Q)” and

the “Environmental load of the building (L).”
3. The idea of environmental efficiency can be employed to evaluate on the basis if

Building Environmental Efficiency (BEE), a newly-developed indicator.

The CASBEE family refers to a set of CASBEE environmental assessment tools.
Each tool is designed for a specific application and intended to accommodate a wide
range of project types. Figure (3-3) shows CASBEE family.

3.1.2.2 Background on CASBEE for Urban Development

Research to adapt CASBEE for urban scale assessment was stepped up, and it was
announced on July 2006. CASBEE for Urban Development is an environmental
performance assessment tool for whole groups of buildings (urban scale). It focuses on

5

the phenomena that can accompany the conglomeration of buildings, and the outdoor
spaces around the buildings (CASBEE, 2007).

It has a number of applications; an environmental assessment tool for area
development projects; an environmental labeling tool; a planning and assessment tool
for energy-saving urban-scale remodeling plan; and a tool to support city planning to
encourage sustainable urban development.

It is used to guide improvement of environmental performance of urban
redevelopment projects, special urban renewal zones and comprehensive design of
merged sites (Spiro Pollalis and others, 2012).

Figure 3-3: CASBEE Family, Source: (CASBEE, 2007)

3.1.2.3 CASBEE for Urban Development Categories:
Q (environmental quality) and L (outdoor environmental load) are evaluated and

scored separately. QUD (environmental quality in urban development) and LUD
(outdoor environmental loads in urban development), each comprise three main
categories (table 3-4), and the assessment results for the designated area are presented in
various forms, such as bar charts and radar charts (figure 3-4), for the scores in these six
categories. All the categories are also compounded using the formula below to generate
BEEUD, an indicator for Building Environmental Efficiency in urban development
(BEEUD = QUD/LUD).

5

Table 3-4: CASBEE for Urban Development Categories, Source: (CASBEE, 2007)

QUD: Environmental quality in urban development

QUD1 Natural QUD2 Service Functions for the QUD3 Contribution to the Local
Environment Designated Area Community (history, culture,
(microclimates and scenery and revitalization)
ecosystems)

A comprehensive assessment Addresses the service Evaluates efforts to raise the internal
of natural environmental performance which should be and external comfort of the
elements within the evaluated for the building group designated area, through

hypothetical boundary on the (urban scale) as a whole. consideration of the community and
urban scale. residents, community formation and

scenery.

LRUD: Load Reduction in Urban Development

LRUD1 Environmental LRUD2 Social Infrastructure LRUD3 Management of the Local
Impact on Microclimates, Environment

Façade and Landscape

Evaluates efforts to prevent Evaluates efforts to reduce those Assessment of life cycle-oriented
and mitigate various types of loads on the various forms of and “soft” measures.
harmful impact acting outside urban
infrastructure When the Assessment of use of materials of
the designated area. designated area is put into low environmental load and energy-
operation
efficient operation

CASBEE Assessments are ranked in five grades: Excellent (S), Very Good (A),
Good (B+), Fairy Poor (B-) and Poor (C).

Figure 3-4: CASBEE Rating Charts, Source: (CASBEE, 2007)

5

3.1.3 DGNB for New Urban Districts

3.1.3.1 Background on DGNB

The German Sustainable Building

Council (DGNB - Deutsche Gesellschaft

für Nachhaltiges Bauen e.V.) was founded

in 2007 by 16 initiators from various

subject areas within the construction and

real-estate sectors. It provides an objective

description and assessment of the

sustainability of different buildings types

and urban districts as shown in table (3-5).

The sustainability concept of the DGNB

System is broadly based and goes beyond

the well-known three-pillar model

(DGNB, 2015). The DGNB system covers

all of the key aspects of sustainable

building: environmental, economic, socio- Figure 3-5: DGNB Quality Sections, Source: (DGNB, 2015)
cultural and functional aspects,

technology, processes and site. Figure (3-5) shows DGNB quality sections based on the

pervious aspects.

Table 3-5: DGNB Applications, Source: (DGNB, 2013)

Buildings New Buildings  Office and administrative buildings Mixed Use
Districts Existing Buildings  Retail buildings
 Educational facilities
New Districts  Hotels
 Industrial buildings
 Residential buildings
 Business districts
 Industrial locations
 Urban districts

DNGB system is characterized by the following (DGNB, 2013):
 Embedded LCA (Life Cycle Assessment):

Systematic analysis of the environmental impact of products during their entire life-
cycle.
 Emphasis on LCC (Life Cycle Costing):

Total cost throughout the entire life-cycle incl. selected construction, operation and
maintenance costs directly related to owning or using the asset.
 Oriented towards performance and targets:

Buildings assessment, as whole, not individual measures.
 Dynamic System:

Adaptable to other technical, societal, cultural and climatic conditions

5

 Future-Proof :
Based on European standards and guidelines.

3.1.3.2 Background on DGNB for New Urban Districts

Since 2011, DGNB for New Urban Districts is introduced. It is based on the DGNB
philosophy, the quality of life of the residents is regarded as being especially important
in the case urban districts: important indicators are, among others, educational facilities,
child care, local amenities, and cultural facilities. It focuses particularly on the areas
between the buildings, the infrastructure as well as the location of the district. These
factors substantially influence the quality of an urban district and define the framework
for the sustainable development of the buildings.

The minimum size of a urban district is 2 ha of gross development area (GDA).The
district should consist of a number of buildings and at least two development sites and
has public or publicly accessible spaces and related infrastructure. The residential
element should be no less than 10% no more than 90% based on the gross floor area in
accordance with the DGNB.

3.1.3.3 DGNB for New Urban Districts Categories:

DNGB has main six quality sections. The total score for the overall project is
calculated from the five quality sections based on their relevant weighting. In the case of
urban districts, site quality is incorporated in all criteria. In the case of urban districts,
site quality is incorporated in all criteria. Figure 3-6 shows six quality sections which
are environmental, economic, socio-cultural and functional, Technical, process and site
qualities.

The DGNB aims to promote a uniform quality standard for buildings. Therefore the
total score alone is not sufficient for a certificate. A certain basic level – the minimum
performance index – must be reached in all the result-relevant quality sections to be able
to obtain the relevant certificate. Table (3-6) shows DGNB performance index while

figure (3-6) shows the rating chart for DGNB system.

Table 3-6: DGNB Performance Index, Source: (DGNB, 2013)

Total Performance Index Minimum Performance Awards
Index
From 35% Certified*
From 50% __% Bronze
From 65% 35% Silver
From 80% 50% Gold
65%

55

Figure 3-6: DGNB Rating Chart, Source: (DGNB, 2013)

3.1.4 ESTIDAMA - The PEARL Community rating system.

3.1.4.1 Background on ESTIDAMA

Estidama, which means ‘sustainability’ in Figure 3-7: The Four Pillars of Estidama, Source: (Estidama,
Arabic, is the initiative which will transform 2010)
Abu Dhabi into a model of sustainable
urbanization. It begun in 2008 and is
considered as the first program of its kind in
Middle East region. It develops Pearl rating
system to create more sustainable communities
and cities. Estidama depends on four pillars of

sustainability; environmental, economic,
cultural and social as shown in figure (3-7).

5

The Pearl Rating System for Estidama aims to address the sustainability of a given
development throughout its life cycle from design through construction to operation.
The Pearl Rating System recognizes the reality of ownership and responsibility
transitions as a project evolves from a design team to a construction team to a facility
management team. Accordingly, three rating stages have been established: Design,
Construction and Operational. The Pearl Rating System comprises the following
documents as shown in figure (3-8) (Estidama, 2010):
 Pearl Community Rating System: Design & Construction
 Pearl Building Rating System: Design & Construction
 Pearl Villa Rating System: Design & Construction

Figure 3-8: Links between the Pearl Rating Systems, Source: (Estidama, 2010)

3.1.4.2 Background on PEARL Community rating system (PCRS)

An Executive Council Order of May 2010 states all new community developments
must meet the 1 Pearl requirements starting in June 2010. In order to proceed with a
voluntary rating under the Community Rating System, it will be necessary for the
project to be in compliance with the relevant Plan 2030. All Community projects
eligible for a Pearl Rating are reviewed by UPC (Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council)
only.

The Community Rating System is used for development projects, with minimum
permanent residential population of 1,000 people, as the minimum population
requirement for community facilities to be provided according to UPC community
facility requirements. There is no maximum size of project. Projects which are larger in
size than a District are defined as a permanent residential population of between 20,000
and 30,000. They could be divided into individual districts and a separate application
made for each of these districts.

3.1.4.3 PEARL Community rating system Categories:

PCRS is organized into seven categories which could be summarized as follows in
table (3-7):

5

Table 3-7: PEARL Community rating system Categories, Source: (Estidama, 2010)

IDP Integrated Development Encouraging cross-disciplinary teamwork to deliver
Process environmental and quality management throughout the life of
the project.

NS Natural Systems Conserving, preserving and restoring the region’s critical
natural environments and habitats.

LC Livable Communities Improving the quality and connectivity of outdoor and indoor
spaces.

PW Precious Water Reducing water demand and encouraging efficient
distribution and alternative water sources.

RE Resourceful Energy Targeting energy conservation through passive design
SM Stewarding Materials measures, reduced demand, energy efficiency and renewable
sources.

Ensuring consideration of the ‘whole-of-life’ cycle when
selecting and specifying materials.

IP Innovating Practice Encouraging innovation in building design and construction
to facilitate market and industry transformation.

PEARL rating levels are achieved from both mandatory and optional credits. To
achieve a 1 Pearl rating, all the mandatory credit requirements must be met. To achieve
a higher Pearl rating, all the mandatory credit requirements must be met along with a
minimum number of credit points as shown in table (3-8).

Table 3-8: PEARL rating levels. Source: (Estidama, 2010)

PEARL rating achieved Requirements
1 Pearl All mandatory credits
2 Pearl All mandatory credits + 55 credit points
3 Pearl All mandatory credits + 75 credit points
4 Pearl All mandatory credits + 100 credit points
5 Pearl All mandatory credits + 125 credit points

3.1.5 Cascadia: the Living Community Challenge

3.1.5.1 Background on Cascadia

The Cascadia Living Building Challenge 2.0 is a green building standard that covers
a wide range of projects from small remodeling projects to entire neighborhoods, and
leads to a green building certification. Conceived and authored by Jason F. Mclennan
prior to joining Cascadia, the living Building Challenge is today administered by the
Cascadia Green Building Council and its recently founded International Living Building
(ILBI).

5

Since it was launched in 2006, the Living Building Challenge has inspired and
motivated rapid and significant change: projects have sprouted up all over North
America and beyond—currently. The Living Building Challenge can be applied to all
building and project types-renovation, existing building, new construction,
infrastructure projects, parks, or landscape and community development projects.
However, for assessment purposes, one of four project typologies must be chosen
(Cascadia, 2014):

1. Renovation-projects that do not involve the complete building, such as residential
kitchen remodeling, single-floor tenant build-out, or historic renovations.

2. Landscape or Infrastructure-projects those are “non-conditioned,” such as open-air
parks, amphitheaters, roads, and bridges.

3. Buildings-new or existing building construction projects.
4. Neighborhood-projects that contain multiple buildings on a contiguous site or in a

neighborhood, such as college or university campuses, corporate office parks, and
business and industrial districts, or even villages or towns.
3.1.5.2 Background on the Living Community Challenge

The Living Community Challenge seeks to do for neighborhoods, towns and cities. It
defines the most advanced measure of sustainability in the built environment possible
today. It also acts to diminish the gap between current limits and ideal solutions. This
philosophy covers communities and master plan at all scales as a certification program
allowing us to envision a future that is Socially Just, Culturally Rich and Ecologically
Restorative.

3.1.5.3 Cascadia: the Living Community Challenge Categories

The Living Community Challenge consists of seven performance areas, or “Petals
“which are place, water, energy, health and happiness, materials, equity, and beauty and
spirit. Petals are subdivided into twenty imperatives, each of which focuses on a specific
sphere of influence, see table (3-9).

These imperatives could be applied to master plans, completed constructions, a small
city block or street, a planned residential development, a mixed-use transit community
or a large college campus.

There are two levels of certification within the Living Community Challenge:

1. Living Community Certification: A master plan or built project must meet all
twenty imperatives across all seven petals to earn living community certification.

2. Petal Community Certification: A community must meet all the imperatives of at
least three petals (one of which must be the water, energy or materials petal) to earn
living community petal certification.

59

Table 3-9: Living Community Challenge Categories, Source: (Cascadia, 2014)

Categories Sub-categories

Place 1. Limits to Growth.
2. Urban Agriculture.
Water 3. Habitat Exchange.
Energy 4. Human Powered Living

5. Net Positive Water.

6. Net Positive Energy

Health and 7. Civilized Environment
Happiness 8. Healthy Neighborhood design
9. Biophilic Environment
10. Resilient Community Connections

Materials 11. Living Material Plan
12. Embodied Carbon Footprint
13. Net Positive Waste

Equity 14. Universal Scale + Humane Places
15. Universal Access to Nature & Place
16. Universal Access to Community Services
17. Equitable Investment
18. Just Organizations

Beauty 19. Beauty + Spirit
20. Inspiration + Education

3.1.6 LEED for Neighborhood Development

3.1.6.1 Background on LEED

LEED which is the acronym for “Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design,"
is a widely recognized USA-based series rating and certification systems used for the
independent verification that new buildings with different types, renovation projects,
interior spaces and new neighborhood developments achieve certain level of
sustainability as shown in figure (3-9).

Figure 3-9: LEED Rating Systems, Source: (LEED, 2015)

After the formation of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) in 1993, the
organization’s members agreed that the sustainable building industry needed a system to
define and measure sustainable criteria on buildings, The members create a committee
which included architects, real estate agents, a building owner, a lawyer, an
environmentalist, and industry representatives creating the first LEED (The Leadership
in Energy and Environmental Design) Pilot Project Program, in August 1998.

3.1.6.2 Background on LEED for Neighborhood Development

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), the Congress for the New Urbanism
(CNU), and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) all together developed a
rating system for neighborhood planning and development certify exemplary
development projects that perform well in terms of smart growth, New Urbanism, and
green infrastructure and building (LEED, 2009).

It attempts to reduce urban sprawl, limit vehicle miles travel. It encourages the design
of attractive compacted neighborhoods, mixed land uses, walkable neighborhood,
housing for various income levels, alternative transportation, development of existing
communities and more open spaces. Unlike other LEED rating systems, it includes a
major focus on social justice issues.

LEED ND could be applied for projects which may constitute whole neighborhoods,
portions of neighborhoods, or multiple neighborhoods. It could be applied for the
planning and development of new neighborhoods, infill sites, and redevelopment of
aging Brownfield into renovated neighborhoods, integration of any historic buildings
and structures which gives a unique sense of place for neighborhood development,
existing neighborhoods and suburban locations.

3.1.6.3 LEED ND Categories

LEED for Neighborhood Development has three main environmental categories
(figure 3-10) which are:

Table 3-10: LEED ND 3 main environmental categories, Source: (LEED, 2009)

Smart Location and Neighborhood pattern Green Infrastructure
Linkage. and Design. and Buildings.

Credits promote walkable Credits emphasize compact, Credits reduce the
neighborhoods with walkable, vibrant, mixed-use environmental

efficient transportation neighborhoods with good consequences of the
options and open space connections to nearby Construction and operation
communities
of building and
infrastructure

Innovation and Design Process and Regional bonus credits are additional
categories which address sustainable design and construction issues and measures that
not covered under the previous three categories. Certification levels in LEED are
determined as follows in table (3-11):

Table 3-11: LEED ND Certification levels, Source: (LEED, 2009) Credit points

Certification level 40–49 points
LEED ND Certified 50–59 points
60–79 points
LEED ND Silver 80 points and above
LEED ND Gold
LEED ND Platinum

3.1.6.4 When to Use LEED ND?

Neighborhood Size,

 Projects may constitute whole neighborhoods, portions of neighborhoods, or multiple
neighborhoods.

 A reasonable minimum size is at least two habitable buildings while the maximum
area for neighborhood can appropriately be 320 acres (= 1,230,000 square meter
approx.), or half a square mile.

 A project larger than 320 acres is eligible but the area should be divided into separate
LEED-ND projects, each smaller than 320 acres.

Neighborhood Land use,

 Projects are preferable to contain a mix of uses will provide the most amenities to
residents and workers and enable people to drive less and safely walk or bicycle

more.

 Projects that are single use but complement existing neighboring uses which is
already well served by retail and commercial use could be applied for certification.

Neighborhood type and location,

LEED ND can be used in the following cases:

 The planning and development of new green neighborhoods
 Infill sites (the use of land within a built-up area for further construction) which helps

direct growth into places with existing infrastructure and amenities or new
developments proximate to diverse uses or adjacent to connected and previously
developed land.
 The redevelopment of aging Brownfield sites (land previously used
for industrial purposes or some commercial uses) into renovated neighborhoods.
 The integration of any historic buildings and structures which gives a unique sense of
place for neighborhood development.
 Existing neighborhoods and its application in this context could be especially
beneficial in urban areas and historic districts.
 Suburban locations.

 LEED for Neighborhood Development was not applicable for existing campuses like
colleges, universities, and military bases but it could be appropriate for a civilian-
style development on or adjacent to a military base or housing projects that is
affordable to faculty and staff but also walkable to campus and other amenities.

National Standards and regulations,
 LEED for Neighborhood Development is not meant to be a national standard that

replaces zoning Codes or comprehensive plans
 LEED-ND is a voluntary leadership standard, and local governments should consider

promoting its use by the development community or public-private partnerships.
 It can be used to analyze whether existing development regulations, such as zoning

codes, development standards, landscape requirements, building codes, or
comprehensive plans, are agreed with sustainable developments or not.
 By comparing a locality’s development practices with the rating system, public
officials and the planning department can better identify code conflicts with the
aspects of sustainable development

3.1.6.5 LEED ND Credit Weightings

“In LEED 2009, The allocation of points among credits is based on the potential
environmental impacts and human benefits of each credit with respect to a set of impact
categories, the impacts are defined as the environmental or human effect of the design,
construction, operation, and maintenance of a building for example.

In LEED ND Rating System, social and public health benefits were added to the
impact categories, and the impact categories were then applied at the neighborhood
scale. A combination of approaches, including energy modeling, life-cycle assessment,
and transportation analysis, is used to quantify each type of impact. The resulting
allocation of points among credits is called credit weighting.” (LEED, 2009)

The LEED 2009 credit weightings process is based on the following parameters:

 All credits are worth a minimum of 1 point.
 All credits are positive; there are no fractions or negative values.
 All credits obtain a single, static weight in each rating system
 All rating systems have 100 base points; 10 bonus points are required for Innovation

and Design Process and Regional Priority

3.1.6.6 Certification Strategy

After registration, the project design team should begin to collect information and
perform calculations to satisfy prerequisite and credit documentation requirements.
Project teams should study the goals and objectives of LEED for Neighborhood

Development as early in the site selection and conceptual project planning process as
possible. Stages of Certification can be summarized as follows in table (3-12):

Table 3-12: LEED ND Stages of Certification, Source: (LEED, 2009)

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Conditional Approval of Pre-Certified LEED-ND LEED-ND Certified
Neighborhood
a LEED-ND Plan Plan. Development

 Optional for projects at  Available after 100% of  When the project can
any point before the the project’s total new submit documentation for
entitlement process and/or renovated building all prerequisites and
begins. square footage has been credits, and when the
fully entitled by public certificates of occupancy
 A letter will be issued authorities with for buildings and
stating that if the project jurisdiction over the acceptance of
is built as proposed, it project. infrastructure have been
will be eligible to issued by public
achieve LEED ND  The project can also be authorities with
certification. under construction or jurisdiction over the
partially completed but no project
 The purpose of this more than 75%.
letter is to help the  Any changes to the
developer build a case  Any changes to the conditionally approved
for entitlement among conditionally approved plan that could affect any
land-use planning plan that could affect any prerequisite or credit must
authorities, as well as prerequisite or credit must be communicated as part
attract financing and be communicated as part of this submission
occupant commitments. of this submission
 When the certification of
 A certificate will be the completed
issued stating that the neighborhood
plan is a Pre-Certified development is achieved,
LEED ND Plan and it an award for public
will be listed as such on display at the project site
the USGBC website. will be issued and it will
be listed as certified on
the USGBC website.

0% Constructed 0%-75% Constructed 100% Constructed

Timeline and Project Design Phases are explained in table (3-13) corresponding to
the planning and development steps which are commonly used in the land development
industry:

Table 3-13: Timeline and Project Design Phases for LEED ND, Source: (LEED, 2009)

1- Site analysis and programming
• Property selection, stakeholder identification and outreach,

information gathering, environmental review, conceptual planning,
and development programming.

2. Preliminary planning.
• Initial planning of land uses, transportation networks, and major

facilities; public outreach and refinement of plans.

3. Final design.
• Continued public outreach; preparation of final site plan,

infrastructure design, and building designs; acquisition of construction
permits.

4. Construction.
• Construction of infrastructure and buildings.

5. Completion and occupancy
• Acceptance of infrastructure by local jurisdiction, and issuance of

occupancy certificates by building department.

3.2 Analysis of Rating Systems Categories

The following part shows the rating systems categories; BREEAM for Communities,
CASBEE for Urban Development, DGNB for New urban districts, ESTIDAMA - THE
PEARL Community rating system ,LEED for Neighborhood Development and
Cascadia: the Living Community Challenge.

The Categories for each rating system are categorized with color key according to the
proposed classification for design elements which will be discussed and analyzed in the
following chapter 4 as follows in figure (3-10):

Natural Systems Land use Systems Mobility Systems Resource
management

Figure 3-10: Classification of Design Elements Color Key

The following tables show rating systems categories and sub-categories to the
proposed classification for design elements with color key.

5

3.2.1 BREEAM for Communities Rating Categories:

Table 3-14: BREEAM for Communities Rating Categories, Source: (BREEAM, 2014)

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

GO 01 - Consultation plan GO 02 - Consultation and Governance
engagement
GO 04 - Community management
GO 03 - Design review of facilities

Social and economic wellbeing

SE 01 – Economic impact SE 05 – Housing provision SE 14 – Local vernacular

SE 02 – Demographic needs and SE 06 – Delivery of services, SE 15 – Inclusive design
priorities facilities and amenities

SE 03 – Flood Risk Assessment SE 07 – Public realm SE 16 – Light pollution

SE 04 – Noise pollution SE 08 – Microclimate SE 17 – Training and skills

SE 09 – Utilities Resources and energy
SE 10 – Adapting to climate RE 04 - Sustainable buildings
RE 05 - Low impact materials
change
SE 11 – Green infrastructure RE 06 - Resource efficiency
RE 07 - Transport carbon
SE 12 – Local parking emissions
SE 13 – Flood risk management Land use and ecology

RE 01 - Energy strategy LE 06 – Rainwater harvesting

RE 02 - Existing buildings and
infrastructure

RE 03 - Water strategy

LE 01 - Ecology strategy LE 03 - Water pollution

LE 02 - Land use LE 04 - Enhancement of ecological
value

LE 05 - Landscape

Transport and movement

TM 01 – Transport assessment TM 02 - Safe and appealing streets TM 05 - Cycling facilities
TM 03 - Cycling network TM 06 - Public transport facilities

TM 04 - Access to public transport

3.2.2 CASBEE for Urban Development Rating Categories:

Table 3-15: CASBEE for Urban Development Rating Categories, Source: (CASBEE, 2007)

QUD1 Natural Environment (microclimates and ecosystems) 1.1 Consideration and 1.1.1 Mitigation of heat island effect with the passage of air
conservation of 1.1.2 Mitigation of heat island effect with shading
QUD2 Service functions for the designated area microclimates in 1.1.3 Mitigation of heat island effect with green space and open water
pedestrian space in etc.
summer 1.1.4 consideration for the positioning of heat exhaust
1.2.1 Building layout and shape design that consider existing
1.2 Consideration and topographic character
conservation of terrain 1.2.2 Conservation of topsoil
1.2.3 Consideration of soil contamination
1.3 Consideration and 1.3.1 Conservation of water bodies
conservation of water 1.3.2 Conservation of aquifers
environment
1.3.3 Consideration of water quality
1.4 Conservation and
creation of 1.4.1 Grasping the potential of the natural environment
habitat 1.4.2 Conservation or regeneration of natural resources
1.4.3 Creating ecosystem networks
1.5 Other consideration 1.4.4 Providing a suitable habitat for flora and fauna
for the environment 1.5.1 Ensuring good air quality, acoustic and vibration environments
inside the designated 1.5.2 Improving the wind environment
area
2.1 Performance of 1.5.3 Securing sunlight
supply and treatment
systems (mains water, 2.1.1 Reliability of supply and treatment systems
sewerage and energy)
2.1.2 Flexibility to meet changing demand and technical innovation in
2.2 Performance of supply and treatment systems
information
systems 2.2.1 Reliability of information systems
2.2.2 Flexibility to meet changing demand and technical innovation in
2.3 Performance of information systems
transportation systems 2.2.3 Usability
2.3.1 Sufficient capacity of transportation systems
2.4 Disaster and crime 2.3.2 Securing safety in pedestrian areas etc.
prevention 2.4.1 Understanding the risk from natural hazards
performance 2.4.2 Securing open space as wide area shelter
2.4.3 Providing proper evacuation routes
2.5 Convenience of 2.4.4 Crime prevention performance (surveillance and territoriality)
daily life 2.5.1 Distance to daily-use stores and facilities
2.5.2 Distance to medical and welfare facilities
2.5.3 Distance to educational and cultural facilities

2.6 Consideration for universal design

QUD3 Contribution to the 3.1 Use of local 3.1.1 Use of local industries, personnel and skills
local community (history,
resources 3.1.2 Conservation and use of historical, cultural and natural assets
culture, scenery and
revitalization) 3.2 Contribution to the formation of social infrastructure

3.3 Consideration for 3.3.1 Formation of local centers and fostering of vitality and
nurturing a communication

good community 3.3.2 Creation of various opportunities for public involvement

3.4. Consideration for 3.4.1 Formation of urban context and scenery
urban 3.4.2 Harmony with surroundings
context and scenery

LRUD1 Environmental impact on microclimates, 1.1 Reduction of thermal impact on the 1.1.1 Planning of building group layout and forms to avoid
façade and landscape environment outside the designated area blocking wind
in summer 1.1.2 Consideration for paving materials
LRUD2 Social infrastructure 1.2 Mitigation of geological features 1.1.3 Consideration for building cladding materials
outside the designated area 1.1.4 Consideration for reduction of waste heat
LRUD3 Management of the local environment 1.3 Prevention of air pollution affecting 1.2.1 Prevention of soil contamination
outside the designated area
1.4 Prevention of noise ,vibration and 1.2.2 Reduction of ground subsidence
odor affecting outside the designated
area 1.3.1 Source control measures
1.5 Mitigation of sunlight obstruction 1.3.2 Measures concerning means of transport
affecting outside the designated area on 1.3.3 Atmospheric purification measures
of wind hazard 1.4.1 Reduction of the impact of noise
1.6 Mitigation of light pollution affecting 1.4.2 Reduction of the impact of vibration
outside the designated area
1.4.3 Reduction of the impact of odor
2.1 Reduction of mains water supply
(load) 1.5.1 Mitigation of wind hazard

2.2 Reduction of rainwater 1.5.2 Mitigation of sunlight obstruction
discharge load
1.6.1 Mitigation of light pollution from lighting and advertising
2.3 Reduction of the treatment load displays etc.
from sewage and gray water 1.6.2 Mitigation of sunlight reflection from building facade and
landscape materials
2.4 Reduction of waste treatment load 2.1.1 Encouragement for the use of stored rainwater
2.1.2 Water recirculation and use through a miscellaneous water
2.5 Consideration for traffic load system
2.2.1 Mitigation of surface water runoff using permeable paving
2.6 Effective energy use for the entire and percolation trenches
designated area 2.2.2 Mitigation of rainwater outflow using retaining pond and
flood control basins
3.1 Consideration of global warming 2.3.1 Load reduction using high-level treatment of sewage and
gray water
3.2 Environmentally responsible 2.3.2 Load leveling using water discharge balancing tanks etc.
construction management 2.4.1 Reduction of collection load using centralized-storage
facilities
3.3 Regional transportation planning 2.4.2 Installation of facilities to reduce the volume and weight of
waste and employ composting
3.4 Monitoring and management system 2.4.3 Classification, treatment and disposal of waste
2.5.1 Reduction of the total traffic volume through modal shift
2.5.2 Efficient traffic assignment on local road network
2.6.1 Area network of unused and renewable energy
2.6.2 Load leveling of electrical power and heat through area
network
2.6.3 Area network of high-efficient energy system
3.1.1 Construction and materials, etc.
3.1.2 Energy
3.1.3 Transportation
3.2.1 Acquisition of ISO14001 certification
3.2.2 Reduction of by-products of construction
3.2.3 Energy saving activity during construction
3.2.4 Reduction of construction-related impact affecting outside
the designated area
3.2.5 Selection of materials with consideration for the global
environment
3.2.6 Selection of materials with consideration for impact on
health
3.3.1 Coordinating with the administrative master plans for
transportation system
3.3.2 Measures for transportation demand management
3.4.1 Monitoring and management system to reduce energy usage
inside the designated area
3.4.2 Monitoring and management system to conserve the
surrounding environment of the designated area

3.2.3 DGNB for New Urban Districts Rating Categories:

Table 3-16: DGNB for New Urban Districts Rating Categories, Source: (DGNB, 2013)

Environmental Global and Local ENV1.1 Life Cycle Assessment
Quality (ENV) Environmental Impact ENV1.2 Water and Soil Protection
(ENV10) ENV1.3 Changing Urban Microclimate
Economic ENV1.4 Biodiversity and Interlinking Habitats
Quality Resource Consumption and ENV1.5 Considering Possible Impacts on the Environment
(ECO) Waste Generation (ENV20) ENV2.1 Land Use
ENV2.2 Total Primary Energy Demand and Renewable
Socio-cultural Life Cycle Costs (ECO10) Primary Energy Share
and Value Development (ECO20) ENV2.3 Energy-efficient Development Layout
Functional Social Qualities (SOC10) ENV2.4 Resource-efficient Infrastructure, Earthworks
Quality Health, Comfort and User- Management
(SOC) friendliness (SOC20) ENV2.5 Local Food Production
ENV2.6 Water Circulation Systems
Technical Functionality (SOC30)
Quality ECO1.1 Life Cycle Costs
(TEC) Aesthetic Quality (SOC40) ECO1.2 Fiscal Effects on the Municipality
ECO2.1 Value Stability
Process Technical Infrastructure ECO2.2 Efficient Land Use
Quality (PRO) (TEC10)
Technical Quality (TEC20) SOC1.1 Social and Functional Mix
SOC1.2 Social and Commercial Infrastructure
Transport, Mobility (TEC30) SOC2.1 Objective / Subjective Safety
SOC2.2 Public Space Amenity Value
Participation (PRO10) SOC2.3 Noise Protection and Sound Insulation
Quality of Planning (PRO20) SOC3.1 Open Space Offer
SOC3.2 Inclusive Access
Quality of the Management SOC3.3 Development Layout and Flexible Use
and Construction (PRO30) SOC4.1 Urban Integration
SOC4.2 Urban Design
SOC4.3 Use of Existing Structures

TEC1.1 Energy Technology
TEC1.2 Efficient Waste Management
TEC1.3 Rain Water Management
TEC1.4 Information and Telecommunication Management

TEC2.1 Maintenance, Upkeep and Cleaning

TEC3.1 Quality of Transport Systems
TEC3.2 Quality of Motor Transport Infrastructure
TEC3.3 Quality of Public Transport Infrastructure
TEC3.4 Quality of Bicycle Infrastructure
TEC3.5 Quality of Pedestrian Infrastructure

PRO1.1 Participation

PRO2.1 Concept Development Process
PRO2.2 Integrated Planning
PRO2.3 Municipal Involvement
PRO3.1 Management
PRO3.2 Construction Site and Construction Process
PRO3.3 Marketing
PRO3.4 Quality Assurance and Monitoring

9

3.2.4 ESTIDAMA - The PEARL Community Rating Categories:

Table 3-17: PEARL Community Rating Categories, Source: (Estidama, 2010)

Integrated Development Process Cont. Precious Water

IDP-R1 Integrated Development Strategy PW-1.2 Community Water Use Reduction: Heat Rejection
IDP-R2 Sustainable Building Guidelines PW-1.3 Community Water Use Reduction: Water Features
IDP-R3 Community-Dedicated Infrastructure Basic
Commissioning PW-2 Storm water Management
IDP-1 Life Cycle Costing
IDP-2 Guest Worker Accommodation PW-3 Water Efficient Buildings
IDP-3 Construction Environmental Management
IDP-4 Sustainability Awareness Resourceful Energy

Natural Systems RE-R1 Community Energy Strategy
RE-R2 Building Energy Guidelines
NS-R1 Natural Systems Assessment RE-R3 Energy Monitoring and Reporting
NS-R2 Natural Systems Protection RE-1 Community Strategies for Passive Cooling
NS-R3 Natural Systems Design and Management RE-2 Urban Heat Reduction
Strategy RE-3.1 Efficient Infrastructure: Lighting
NS-1 Reuse of Land RE-3.2 Efficient Infrastructure: District Cooling
NS-2 Remediation of Contaminated Land RE-3.3 Efficient Infrastructure: Smart Grid Technology
NS-3 Ecological Enhancement RE-4.1 Renewable Energy: Onsite
NS-4 Habitat Creation and Restoration RE-4.2 Renewable Energy: Offsite
NS-5 Food Systems RE-5 Energy Efficient Buildings

Livable Communities Stewarding Materials

LC-R1 Plan 2030 SM-R1 CCA Treated Timber Elimination
LC-R2 Urban Systems Assessment SM-R2 Basic Construction Waste Management
LC-R3 Provision of Amenities and Facilities SM-R3 Basic Operational Waste Management
LC-R4 Outdoor Thermal Comfort Strategy SM-1 Modular Pavement and Hardscape Cover
LC-R5 Minimum Pearl Rated Buildings Within SM-2 Regional Materials
Communities
LC-1 Transit Supportive Practices SM-3 Recycled Materials
LC-2 Neighborhood Connectivity
LC-3 Open Space Network SM-4 Reused or Certified Timber
LC-4 Accessible Community Facilities SM-5 Improved Construction Waste Management
LC-5 Housing Diversity SM-6 Improved Operational Waste Management
LC-6 Community Walkability SM-7 Organic Waste Management
LC-7 Active Urban Environments SM-8 Hazardous Waste Management
LC-8 Travel Plan
LC-9 Improved Outdoor Thermal Comfort Innovating Practice
LC-10 Regionally Responsive Planning
LC-11 Pearl Rated Buildings Within Communities IP-1 Showcase of Regional & Cultural Practices
LC-12 Safe and Secure Community IP-2 Innovating Practice

Precious Water Credit Section

PW-R1 Community Water Strategy IDP - Integrated Development Process
PW-R2 Building Water Guidelines NS - Natural Systems
PW-R3 Water Monitoring and Leak Detection LC - Livable Communities
PW-1.1 Community Water Use Reduction: PW - Precious Water
Landscaping RE - Resourceful Energy
SM - Stewarding Materials

IP - Innovating Practice

3.2.5 LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating Categories

Table 3-18: LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating Categories, Source: (LEED, 2009)

Prereq. Smart Location & Linkage Green Infrastructure & Buildings
Prereq. Prereq. Certified Green Building
Prereq. Smart Location
Imperiled Species and Ecological Prereq. Minimum Building Energy Performance
Communities
Wetland and Water Body Conservation Prereq. Indoor Water Use Reduction
Construction Activity Pollution
Prereq. Agricultural Land Conservation Prereq. Prevention
Certified Green Buildings
Prereq. Floodplain Avoidance Credit Optimize Building Energy Performance
Credit Preferred Locations Credit Indoor Water Use Reduction
Credit Brownfield Remediation Credit Outdoor Water Use Reduction
Credit Access to Quality Transit Credit Building Reuse
Credit Bicycle Facilities Credit Historic Resource Preservation and
Adaptive Reuse
Credit Housing and Jobs Proximity Credit Minimized Site Disturbance

Credit Steep Slope Protection Credit
Credit Site Design for Habitat or Wetland and
Credit Water Body Conservation Credit Rainwater Management
Credit Restoration of Habitat or Wetlands and
Water Bodies Credit Heat Island Reduction

Long-Term Conservation Management of Credit Solar Orientation
Habitat or Wetlands and Water Bodies Credit Renewable Energy Production
Credit
Neighborhood Pattern & Design Credit District Heating and Cooling
Credit Infrastructure Energy Efficiency
Prereq. Walkable Streets Credit
Prereq. Compact Development Wastewater Management
Recycled and Reused Infrastructure
Prereq. Connected and Open Community
Credit Walkable Streets Innovation & Design Process
Credit
Credit Compact Development Credit Innovation
Mixed-Use Neighborhoods Credit LEED Accredited Professional
Credit
Credit Housing Types and Affordability Regional Priority Credits
Reduced Parking Footprint
Credit Credit Regional Priority Credit: Region Defined
Credit Connected and Open Community Credit Regional Priority Credit: Region Defined
Credit Transit Facilities Credit Regional Priority Credit: Region Defined
Credit Transportation Demand Management Credit Regional Priority Credit: Region Defined
Access to Civic & Public Space
Credit
Credit Access to Recreation Facilities
Credit Visitability and Universal Design
Credit Community Outreach and Involvement
Credit Local Food Production
Credit Tree-Lined and Shaded Streetscapes
Neighborhood Schools

3.2.6 Cascadia: the Living Community Challenge Rating Categories

Table 3-19: Cascadia: the Living Community Challenge Rating Categories, Source: (Cascadia, 2014)

Place 21. Limits to Growth.
Water 22. Urban Agriculture.
Energy 23. Habitat Exchange.
Health and 24. Human Powered Living
Happiness 25. Net Positive Water.
26. Net Positive Energy
Materials 27. Civilized Environment
28. Healthy Neighborhood design
Equity 29. Biophilic Environment
30. Resilient Community Connections
Beauty 31. Living Material Plan
32. Embodied Carbon Footprint
33. Net Positive Waste
34. Universal Scale + Humane Places
35. Universal Access to Nature & Place
36. Universal Access to Community Services
37. Equitable Investment
38. Just Organizations
39. Beauty + Spirit
40. Inspiration + Education

3.3 National Green Building Rating System

In January 2009, a major step was taken by establishing the Egyptian Green Building
Council (EGBC). They developed a national Green Building Rating System called the
Green Pyramid Rating System (GPRS). The goals of green building can be summarized
as (EGBC, 2011):

 Efficient, effective and sustainable site location (including transport needs);
 Efficient, effective and sustainable design of structure, façade and fenestration;
 Efficient, effective and sustainable use of water, energy, and materials;
 Efficient, effective and sustainable operation and maintenance;
 Efficient, effective and sustainable indoor environmental quality;
 Reduction of waste, pollution, embodied energy and carbon emissions.

They Steps Towards a More Sustainable Built Environment in Egypt, They are
working on GPRS for Sustainable Community. The sub-categories of category 1: Urban
Pattern & Design could be shown in table (3-20):

Table 3-20: Urban Pattern & Design Category in GPRS for Communities, Source: (Farouh, 2012)

Category 1: Urban Pattern & Design

1. Land Use & Mixed Use Development
Development Effective Use of Land

2. Accessibility Services and Access to Civic and Community
Facilities Facilities
Access to Recreation Facilities
Streets Network and Public Spaces
Neighborhood connectivity
Public Transport Community Walkability
and Traffic Road Design Speed Control
Movement Transport Location
Low Carbon Transport /Vehicles
Transport Availability
PWD accessibility
A Balanced Transportation
System

Parking Footprint

3. Regionally Responsive Planning

4. Safe and Secure Providing proper evacuation
Community Secure By Design routes

Security lighting

Crime Prevention Performance

5. Sustainable Buildings

3.4 Conclusion

Most of countries are designed to achieve the sustainability of new and existing
buildings, neighborhood and urban development or infrastructure through creating
rating systems to be used locally or globally. It is important to develop design criteria
and procedures as a guide for urban development and neighborhood design.

The Categories for each rating system with their different weights and credits are
responsible for achieving sustainable environments. They are classified to 4 main design
elements (Natural systems, land-use systems, mobility systems and resource
management) to be easily discussed and analyzed in the chapter 4.

Chapter 4

Planning Process and
Design Elements

 Planning Process.
 Design Elements.
 Computational Simulation for Urban and

Neighborhood Analysis

4 Planning Process and Design Elements

In this chapter, planning and design process are identified to approach sustainable
cities and neighborhoods. Planning steps are defined; the thesis focuses on the urban
structure step for understanding and shaping the spatial framework as an approach to
working out a sustainable urban pattern. At this phase, six-stage process for new urban
extensions and renewal strategies of existing urban areas are discussed and analyzed.

The research focused on 5 main systems as design elements for sustainable
neighborhood design which are natural systems, land use systems, mobility systems and
resource management including energy systems and environmental management
systems. It also discusses the importance of computational simulation for urban and
neighborhood analysis.

4.1 Design Process

The following study provides a framework to organize the design process and
planning the various activities and the community participation. This enables the focus
on quality to be environmentally sustained throughout a project’s life-time and the
realization of the long-term vision from inception through construction and ongoing
management.

4.1.1 Design process and management flowchart

The flowchart (figure 4-1) provides a simplified framework for the management of
the design process and highlights the major steps. It illustrates also the journey along
which the commissioning client and design team travel, at each step there should be a
client review to sign off. These steps define only urban design process not the
development process as a whole. It is only a simplified process where in reality, more
detailed than this sequence which should require numerous feedback loops and
iterations, continuous reevaluations and reviews. The stages could be summarized as
follow (Llewelyn-Davies, 2007):

Stage 1: Getting Started
The Main issue in this stage is to identify the main driving force behind the project.

Project objectives are set, together with an outline strategy to be achieved, the resource
requirements, funding and resource constraints should be taken into account. The
process should encourage the active participation of all sectors of the community.

Stage 2: Appreciating the context
It is important to Collation of existing data and information and this requires meeting

stakeholders, canvassing local opinions and analyzing community needs, delving into
archives and looking at local assets. The contextual appreciation will begin to suggest
development potential and define of any constraints that will impact on the
development.

5

Figure 4-1: Design process and management flowchart, Source: (Llewelyn-Davies, 2007)

Stage 3: Creating the urban structure/ making the connections
At this stage, combine the design principles with community need, economic

viability and engineering feasibility. Design proposals are developed to answer how the
existing place can be improved. Evaluation of the options establishes the preferred
approach amongst the project team. Depending on the scale and scope of the project, the
design rationale will then be presented to the client team and, if appropriate, to the wider
community.

Stage 4: Detailing the place
Ideas for development form, content and mix, require more rigorous research and

testing. Plan assessments may take the form of environmental, community and/or traffic
impact studies.

Stage 5: Following Up
Once detailed designs have been agreed upon, confirmation of the implementation

and management arrangements needs to targeted and sustained.

As the thesis focuses on the urban structure phase from the previous flowchart, the
following part will concern with the design process for understanding and shaping the
spatial framework as an approach to working out a sustainable urban pattern. The
following will define six-stage process for new urban extensions and it could be applied
to renewal strategies (reinforcement and restructuring) of existing urban areas.

4.1.2 New urban extensions six-
stages

The six-stage process for new urban
extensions can be summarized as shown in
figure (4-2). This approach starts with the
public transport and green space system
while current practice in defining
development pattern often starts with the
specific land release and the main roads.
This process is discussed as an approach to
working out a sustainable urban pattern.

The six-stage process in detail will be
discussed as following (Hugh Barton and
others, 2003) :

Stage 1: Public transport routes and nodes Figure 4-2: New urban extensions six-stages, Source:
(Hugh Barton and others, 2003)
Identify the main existing public
transport routes, their effectiveness,
viability, and the degree of flexibility.
Consider on potential improvements (or

threats) to the system. As shown in figure (4-3) we could define
 "A" as intercity links and good local connections to all main areas.
 "B" as good local connections to all main areas.
 "C" as some regular connections but not comprehensive.

Stage 2: The greenspace/waterspace system

Identify elements critical to local environmental capital in relation to biodiversity,
landscape, and water and energy/pollution management.
 Identify currently valued or proposed recreational open spaces and route ways.
 Define potential open space corridors linking between existing facilities.

See figure (4-4).

Stage 3: Analyzing pedestrian accessibility
 Map existing pedestrian accessibility to public transport stops and local centers,

identifying barriers and other deterrents to movement.
 Analyze pedestrian accessibility to potential new routes or nodes/ centers.
 Evaluate the potential local catchments of alternative routes/nodes in the light of the

prime greenspace/waterspace system. See figure (4-5).

Figure 4-3: Stage 1 - Public transport Figure 4-4: Stage 2 - The Figure 4-5: Stage 3 - Analyzing
routes and nodes greenspace/waterspace system pedestrian accessibility

Source: (Hugh Barton and others, 2003)

Stage 4: Land-use pattern and density gradient

Formulate and evaluate patterns of land-use intensity, and their relations directly to
the accessibility and open space analyses, and distinguish four levels of intensity:

1. Town-center activities: retail, leisure, business, civic and high-density residential
development.

2. Local high streets and environs: small-scale mixed uses (retail, etc.) with medium- to
high-density residential development.

3. Local catchments: areas within easy reach of public transport services and nodes,
mainly medium- density residential, development.

4. Greenspace system: areas dedicated to water/ecology/recreation/landscape, where
new building is deterred. See figure (4-6).

Stage 5: Main networks of streets and route ways

1. Create a network of distributor roads on a modified grid basis respecting the
contours, ensures permeability, and gives natural centrality to the town/township
center.

2. Encourage the cycling/walking network on about a 200m grid, using semi-car-free
"safe routes" as well as the distributor roads (20 mph).

3. Identify neighborhoods, based on historic associations when they exist, or the pattern
of streets and catchment when they do not. See figure (4-7).

Figure 4-6: Stage 4 - Land-use pattern and density Figure 4-7: Stage 5 - Main networks of streets and route
gradient ways

Source: (Hugh Barton and others, 2003)

Stage 6: The township spatial framework

The spatial framework is the combination of land-use pattern and the main networks.
It should cover the whole town and adjacent open space. It should show how the
settlement is linked to wider area. Some issues should be taken into account:

9

1. The criteria of pedestrian accessibility or of facility location should be the basic
principles on which the planning is based

2. The density gradient, and specify the activities which are appropriate to each of use-
intensity.

3. The distributor network for walking/cycling, public transport and general traffic, but
should not normally detail the minor access streets.

4. Specific sites for new development proposals (such as school, park, cinema) where
they can be safely identified.

5. Spatial manifestations of policies for recreation, wildlife, water, energy/
microclimate, cultural landscape.

6. Areas requiring a detailed master plan and/or a development brief, with an indication
of phasing where appropriate.

7. Neighborhoods of function and/or character, existing and planned.

4.1.3 Design alternatives and approaches

After developing core urban design principles from client/stakeholders inputs,
designing and testing alternative approaches to the physical frameworks is an important
phase in urban planning and design process.

For example shown in table (4-1), Vladinar New Town Charrette is a project entailed
the design of a new town for employees and families of a large Indian corporation near
its production facilities in a coastal region of Gujarat. The scope included 3.000 units of
housing with a mixed-use component of K-12 schools, neighborhood retail and regional
retail services, health services, hotel and restaurants, recreation, and civic uses.

UDA was selected to lead a design team that comprised both U.S.-based firms
(including Design Workshop and Applied Ecological System, Inc.) and India-based
firms (including CRA Architects, Sathe Landscape Architecture, and Apostle
Engineering). After full participation of many members of the corporate staff and
management as well as the local design consultants and meeting with team working
sessions and specific topic area focus groups, including water and wastewater treatment,
market requirements for apartment and villa designs, street and utility construction and
design, energy requirements, education and health facilities, landscape and
environmental strategies, and so on, the process centered three alternative development
patterns that could accommodate the proposed development program (Urban Design
Associates, 2013).

The client team selected Plan Alternative Two as the preferred direction for the
concept plan. They responded to the more regular block patterns and sense of
organization this concept provided. While this clarified the primary layout of blocks,
streets, and park systems, a good deal of specific detail such as land-use patterns,
building types, and street types remained to be worked out in the next phase of design.

Table 4-1: Design alternative Casesttudy - Vladinar New Town Charrette, Source: (Urban Design Associates, 2013)

Plan Alternative One Plan Alternative Two Plan Alternative Three

The Pools The Maidan The Gardens Option

 Central park with reservoir  Formal Park spaces Linked  Formal Boulevard links
and recreation center as by signature streets. schools, retail, and religious
civic heart. sites.
 High Street retail at regional
 Dispersed water storage highway entrance.  Naturalized reservoir at
within neighborhoods as a southeastern terminus of
system of park spaces.  School complex anchors boulevard.
eastern axis on large maidan
 Concentrated retail center. space.  Dispersed gardens and parks
as focal points in
Alt. 1 Land use  Single reservoir as focal neighborhoods.
point in maidan at terminus
of High Street retail.  Agricultural production of
fruits and vegetables at
Alt. 2 Land use entrance and southern
perimeter.

Alt. 3 Land use

Alt. 1 Road Network Alt. 2 Road Network Alt. 3 Road Network

4.1.4 Renewal Strategies: Reinforcement and Restructuring

For existing planned sites, the main scope is to reinforce the established pattern of
development, concentrating higher intensity activities along the main spine while
working towards reduced car reliance and greater continuity of green space (figure 4-8).
Design strategies for renewal can be discussed as following (Hugh Barton and others,
2003):

1. Township/Neighborhood centers:
 Provide a new township/district center, with a good range of jobs and facilities.
 Encourage /allow further intensification of center activities.
 Encourage quite high density commercial, retail, leisure and residential

development
 Achieve improved pedestrian environment

2. Density and Housing
 Increase population levels, particularly of under-represented groups
 Encourage diversification of housing stock.
 A priority for new sites close to the station and center with high density, it may be

flats aimed at young singles and couples.
 New frontage development along potential local high streets should be three or four

storeys, with use flexibility on the ground floor.
 Gradual renewal and intensification of the low-density housing estates, with three-

storey development and terracing encouraged.

3. Local streets functions
 Reinforce the main public transport node.
 Increase the general quality and use of public transport.
 Maximizing pedestrian, cycling and public transport accessibility.
 At narrow streets conditions, apply a set-back building line to increase long-term

capacity, compensating the owners/developer with higher plot ratios.
 Support innovation and diversity of shops and local facilities, with a flexible

approach and access along local high streets.
 Permit small-scale commercial development on main bus routes.

4. Inner accessible zones
 It is defined as areas within 200 m walking distance or 400 m of the township

center.
 Promote gradual intensification of the area; it should be three storeys minimum for

any new development with parking / garden provision.
 Flats and terraces predominating; aim for gross density of at least 50 dph, with

average net densities of 60 or 70 dph.
 Varied uses (e.g. workshops, primary schools, pocket parks).
 Removing barriers to pedestrian access.

5. Outer accessible zones
 Defined as the built-up area between 200 and 400 m actual distance of a good bus

route and 800 m of the township center.
 Varied housing types, but aiming for at least 30 dph gross density, and at least 40

dph net density average.
 High-density housing not permitted.
 Industrial estates (but not office / business use) ideally form part of this zone.

6. Poor access zones
 Defined as built-up areas more than 400 m from the township center.
 No intensification should be permitted, unless and until a strategy for improved

accessibility is in place.
 Backland and 'infill' plots should remain unfilled, and any redevelopment should be

at modest densities.
 Temporary low-intensity uses may be promoted pending public transport

investment.

7. Greenspace areas
 Includes all greenspaces including any 'waste' and liner zones of biodiversity /

shelterbelt value.
 Work to increase public access open space, where needed, in the outer accessible

and poor access zones.

Before After

Figure 4-8: Renewal Strategies illustrative diagrams, Source: (Hugh Barton and others, 2003)

Previous chapters described the various principles and processes involved in the
design. The following case study discusses North Wathba in Emirates, a new master
planned city. It is comprised of approximately 17,000 residential units, with a total

projected residential population of approximately 125,000. The development area also
contains some mixed use elements in the form of office, retail, community facilities, and
light industrial uses.

The street network for North Wathba was developed with the overall goal of
establishing a network of safe, legible, and efficient streets. Interconnected streets and
small block lengths are intended to encourage walking, bicycling, transit use, and
efficient vehicular movements, thus reducing vehicle trip generation. The changing land
use context along the street and anticipated traffic flows defined the street types to be
incorporated (UPC, 2012). Table (4-2) shows the design process of urban structure
phase.

Table 4-2: Planning Concept for urban structure - Case study North Wathba, Source: (UPC, 2012)

Context Plan Land Use Requirements

Transport Requirements Low Land and Desert Ridges

Transport Elements and Nodes 600 m Grid Pattern

Table 4-3: Urban structure of North Wathba, Source: (UPC, 2012)
Land Use Plan

Multimodal Networks & Street Hierarchy

Neighborhood Detail Pedestrian/Bicycle Circulation

5