Mastering The World of Psychology

NI-2 Name Index

Bowen-Reid, T., 334 Butler, L., 128 Charles, S., 285 Crick, F., 65
Bower, G. H., 195 Byne, W., 313 Charness, N., 284 Crick, N., 475
Bower, J., 341 Byth, K., 440 Chart, H., 230 Crits-Cristoph, P., 427, 445, 447
Bowers, K. S., 130 Chase, W. G., 191–192 Crogan, M., 480
Bowers, M., 337 C Chassin, L., 349 Crombag, H., 133
Boyce, J., 91 Cabral, R., 445 Chee, M., 123 Crone, E., 278
Boykin, S., 348 Caby’oglu, M., 94 Chelminski, I., 438 Crowder, R. G., 180
Boyle, R., 85 Cahill, L., 199 Cherry, E. C., 97 Crowther, J., 308
Bozorg, A., 124, 125 Cahn, B., 128 Chess, S., 268 Cruess, D., 336
Brackbill, R., 331 Calhoun, S., 416 Chilosi, A., 61 Csikszentmihalyi, M., 244, 320, 321
Brainard, G., 119 Calker, L., 192 Chiu, C., 205 Cui, L., 277
Brakemeier, E., 427 Calkins, M. W., 8 Cho, K., 119 Cui, X-J., 405
Brand, B., 413 Calton, T., 440 Cho, S., 443 Cumming, G., 39
Brannon, L., 336 Calvo, A., 226 Choca, J., 385 Cummings, J., 170
Brasic, J., 437 Camargo, C. A., 308 Choi, D., 337 Cunningham, M. R., 458
Brasic, R., 40 Camerer, C., 217 Choi, H., 197 Cupach, W. R., 318
Braun, 331 Cameron, S., 135, 136 Choi, I., 457 Cupples, A., 201
Brawman-Mintzer, O., 399, 439 Camp, D. S., 160 Choi, J., 242 Curci, A., 190
Bray, G. A., 307 Campbell, F., 237, 238 Chollar, S., 225 Curhan, G., 87
Brazelton, T., 270 Campbell, J., 171 Chomsky, N., 224, 272 Curhan, S., 87
Bredemeirer, K., 95 Campbell, P., 307 Chowdhury, R., 404 Cutting, A., 274
Bregman, N., 455 Campion, M., 383 Christens, P., 96 Cyranowski, J. M., 312, 405
Bremmer, F., 84 Canary, D. J., 318 Christensen, A., 461
Bremner, J., 412 Cannon, T. D., 408 Christianson, S.-Å, 202 D
Brennan, B., 266 Cannon, W., 48, 315 Chung, R., 274 Dadds, M., 380
Brenner, I., 412 Cantalupo, C., 54 Church, R. M., 160 Dahloef, P., 125
Brent, D. A., 406 Cantor, J., 170 Cialdini, R. B., 465 Dale, N., 198
Bressan, P., 95 Capel, B., 66 Ciraulo, D., 134 Dale, P., 237
Brewer, N., 203 Caramaschi, D., 475 Clark, K., 9 Daley, T., 238
Brewer, W. F., 190 Cardoso, S. H., 43 Clark, L., 317, 436 Dalgleish, T., 317
Brighton, H., 216 Cardozo, J., 192 Clark, M., 368, 395 Dalle Grave, R., 434
Brim, 285 Carey, G., 376, 474 Clark, M. P., 9 Damasio, A., 317
Britt, R., 88 Carey, J., 132 Clay, R., 283 Dandy, J., 240
Brobeck, J. R., 304 Carlat, D., 308 Cloninger, C. R., 474 Danforth, L., 445
Broca, P., 59 Carlsmith, J. M., 471 Cloos, J., 439, 440 Dang-Vu, T., 126
Brody, 29 Carlsson, I., 244 Cobb, Y., 232 Danielides, V., 91
Brody, L. R., 318 Carnagey, N., 170, 477 Codina, C., 77 Dantzker, M., 309
Broide, G., 260 Carpenter, S., 107 Cohen, A., 444 Darby, J., 468
Brondolo, E., 334 Carpenter, S. L., 479 Cohen, H., 417 Darley, J. M., 473, 474
Brooks-Gunn, J., 277 Carpentier, P., 418 Cohen, J., 215 Darwin, C., 8, 319
Brotherton, D., 444 Carr, A., 418 Cohen, R., 348, 418 Das, P., 412
Brown, A., 196 Carrey, J., 403 Cohen, S., 334, 337, 342 Dasen, P. R., 255
Brown, A. S., 469 Carriba, P., 198 Cohen Silver, R., 473 Dattilio, F., 429
Brown, G. W., 405 Carroll, M., 190 Cohn, E. G., 476 Daum, I., 51
Brown, P. K., 83 Carskadon, M. A., 122 Colas, J., 106 Davalos, D., 408
Brown, R., 190, 196, 271, 272 Carson, P., 61 Colburn, H., 89 Davidson, J. R. T., 40, 439, 479
Brown, T., 400–401 Carson, R., 440 Colby, A., 259, 261 Davies, I., 267
Bruch, M., 400 Carstensen, L., 191, 285 Cole, R., 119 Davies, L., 280
Brundage, S., 67 Caruso, D., 243 Collaer, M. L., 275 Davies, S., 375
Brunetti, A., 221 Carver, C. S., 347 Colwell, J., 477 Davis, 276
Bruno-Petrina, A., 62 Cary, P., 135 Compson, 404 Davis, L., 204
Bryant, R., 412 Casey, B., 242 Compton, R., 96 Davis, S., 199
Buchanan, N., 333 Cash, T. F., 459 Condon, W. S., 270 Dawood, K., 313
Buchert, S., 455 Caspi, A., 276 Coney, J., 243 Day, S., 443
Buck, L. B., 92 Cassell, M., 354 Conger, A., 478 Dayan, P., 439
Buckingham, H. W., 60 Castellini, G., 307 Conroy, D., 300 D’Azevedo, W. A., 193
Buckner, R., 121 Castonguay, J., 171 Conway, M., 191 de Boer, S., 475
Budson, A., 198 Cattell, A., 373 Cooke, M., 170 De Brito, S., 318
Buehler, B., 66 Cattell, H., 373 Cooper, S., 375 De Bruin, E., 133
Buhusi, C., 132 Cattell, R., 373, 381 Corbett, D., 284 de Groot, E., 445
Buijtels, H., 472 Cauffman, E., 273 Corenblum, B., 192 de Lacoste, M., 61
Bulevich, J., 203 Cavanaugh, S., 276 Corker, K., 375 De Martino, B., 217
Buller, D. B., 472 Cazden, C., 272 Cos, 476 de Mello, L. C., 43
Burge, S., 368 Cervetti, 273 Cosmides, L., 12 de Mello, M., 119
Burke, A., 202 Chabris, C., 95 Costa, P., 374, 376, 378 De Raad, B., 372
Burns, B., 417 Chambers, C., 129 Cotton, S., 168 De Roo, M., 199
Burriss, R., 459 Chamley, C., 61 Courage, M. L., 267 de Voogd, J., 345
Burton, C., 456 Chamorro-Premuzic, T., 375 Cowan, P., 181, 274 De Vos, S., 285
Burton, D., 477 Chan, J., 203 Coyne, J., 477 Deacon, B., 402
Bushman, B., 170, 477 Chandler, M., 300 Coyne, J. C., 329, 345 Dean, J., 468
Busnel, M. C., 267 Chang, E., 472 Craighead, W., 434, 435 DeBlassie, R. R., 277
Buss, D. M., 12, 295, 310, 459, 460 Chang, F., 417 Craik, F., 183, 226 DeCasper, A. J., 265
Bussey, K., 275 Chang, K., 377 Craik, K. H., 10 Deese, J., 190
Butcher, J. N., 382, 384 Chao, R., 274 Crambert, R. F., 283 deGelder, B., 97
Butler, A., 3 Chaplin, W. F., 455 Crano, W., 471 DeGrassi, S., 455

Deinzer, R., 338 Duyme, M., 237 Farber, B., 368 Name Index NI-3
Delgado, J. M. R., 304 D’Ydewalle, G., 227 Farde, L., 40
Dell’Osso, B., 410 Dyne, L., 375 Farooqi, I. S., 305 Franklin, A., 267
DeLongis, A., 331, 332 Farrer, L. A., 201 Franklin, C., 159
Dement, K., 117 E Fasano, S., 46 Franklin, S., 406
Dement, W., 121 Eagly, A., 311, 460 Fasotti, L., 159 Frase, 427
Denollet, J., 345 Eagly, A. H., 459 Faunce, G., 307 Fraser, S. C., 464
Denton, K., 262 Eaton, D., 277 Fauth, J., 263 Fratiglioni, L., 201
DePrince, A., 205 Eavey, R., 87 Fazio, R. H., 281, 470 Frazer, A., 438
Derebery, M., 88 Ebbinghaus, H., 193, 194, 205 Fearon, R., 270 Frazer, N., 345
DeSpelder, 286 Eber, H. W., 373 Fechner, G., 7 Fredericks, J., 242
Detterman, D., 232 Eccles, J., 242 Federman, R., 404 Fredrickson, B., 320
Devine, P. G., 471, 479 Echterhoff, G., 190 Fee, F., 331 Fredrikson, M., 400
DeYoung, C., 57, 462 Eck, 119 Feeney, K., 117 Freedman, J. L., 464
Dhand, R., 307 Edwards, J., 162 Feingold, A., 459 Freeman, E., 396
Dhar, V., 472 Edwards, K., 472 Feist, J., 336 Freeman, W. J., 91
Diamond, M., 313 Ehlers, C., 132 Feldman, S., 368 Freud, A., 364
Diaper, A., 122 Eichenbaum, H., 199 Ferea, 440 Freud, S., 10, 16, 116, 126,
Dickel, N., 469 Eidelson, J., 476 Ferguson, C., 170, 477
Dickens, W., 238 Eidelson, R., 476 Ferguson, S., 133 127, 196, 262, 364, 365,
Dickerson Mayes, S., 416 Einstein, A., 245, 302, 373 Fernald, A., 273 366–367, 368, 369, 380,
Diefendorff, J., 300, 320 Eisenman, R., 309 Fernandez, G., 471 396, 411, 426
Diehl, S. R., 408 Eisold, B., 368 Fernandez, H., 438 Freudenberger, H., 333
DiFabio, A., 243 Eklund, M., 332 Ferrari, J., 466 Frew, J., 444
Dijk, D., 122 Ekman, P., 318, 319, 320 Ferreira, S., 133 Frey, M., 232
Dijksterhuis, A., 479 Ekstrom, A., 198 Ferreira, V., 439, 440 Freyd, J., 205
Dijkstra, M., 472 Elal, G., 308 Ferrier, I., 404 Frick, P., 380
Dill, K. E., 477 Elfenbein, H., 319 Festinger, L., 468, 470, 471 Friedland, N., 343
Dillard, J., 472 Elkin, D., 427 Fiatarone, M. A., 284 Friedman, M., 345
Dilorio, C., 354 Elkind, D., 255 Fidler, F., 39 Friedman, M. I., 283, 304
DiMaria, C., 458 Elliot, A. J., 458, 471 Field, T., 93, 267, 444 Friedman, N., 418
Din-Dzietham, R., 334 Elliott, J., 239 Fieman, R., 200 Friend, R., 343
Dion, K., 458 Ellis, A., 434–435 Fiksenbaum, L., 341 Friesen, W. V., 319, 320
Dishion, T., 132 Ellison, P., 242 Fink, B., 458 Frijda, N., 314
Dixon, R. A., 284 Ellsworth, P. C., 203 Finniss, D., 94 Fuchs, A., 405
Dobson, R., 310 Elman, J. D., 274 Fiorella, L., 171 Fulmer, I., 375
Dodson, C. S., 205 Else-Quest, N., 241 Fischbach, G. D., 199 Fung, H., 405
Doghramji, K., 119 Emde, R., 270 Fisher, K., 76 Furdon, S., 266
Dohanich, G., 200 Emmorey, K., 197 Fisher, N., 274 Furey, M., 404
Doherty, W., 429 Engels, R., 375 Fitzgerald, J., 243 Furnham, A., 375, 380
Dohrenwend, B., 331 Engen, T., 91 Fitzgerald, L., 333 Furniss, F., 431
Dolan, R., 200 Epel, E., 341 Fitzsimmons, C. M., 271 Furstenberg, F. F., 277
Dolan, S., 331 Epperson, C., 200 Fixx, J. F., 220 Fuzhong, L., 76
Dollard, J., 475 Epstein, D., 152 Flavell, J. H., 257
Domellöf, E., 54 Epstein, N., 429 Fleck, D., 445 G
Domjan, M., 152, 153 Erdberg, P., 385 Fleming, D. W., 286 Gabora, L., 214
Donoghue, J. P., 59 Ergene, N., 94 Fleming, J. D., 224 Gadea, M., 49
Doob, L. W., 475 Erikson, E., 262–263, 278, 368 Fleshner, M., 337 Gaertner, L., 377
Dorn, L., 276 Erlandsson, 332 Fligor, B., 88 Gage, P., 57, 59, 68, 410
Dornbusch, S., 274 Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L., 236 Flinchbaugh, 340 Gaggioli, A., 443
Downing, P., 99 Eron, L. D., 477 Flora, D., 429 Gailliot, M., 459
Doyle, J. A., 275 Erskine, A., 443 Florio, V., 410 Gajdos, E., 433
Doyle, W. J., 334 Escorial, S., 459 Flynn, J. R., 238 Galambos, N., 278
Drachman, D., 43 Espeland, M., 200 Flynn, R., 238 Gall, T., 342
Draper, J., 265 Estes, W. K., 214 Foa, E. B., 402, 432 Gallagher, M., 283, 433
Dreikurs, R., 369 Etcoff, N., 55 Fobil, J., 348 Gallup, G., Jr., 480
Dresler, 126 Evans, D., 12 Fock, K., 347 Galton, F., 236
Drevets, W., 404 Evans, G. W., 476 Foehr, U., 168 Galvani, L., 43
Drews, F., 96 Evans, S., 333 Fogel, S., 196 Ganellen, R., 385
Driver, V., 97 Everson, S. A., 341 Foley, H. J., 89 Ganey, H., 298
Droyère, 317 Exner, J. E., 385 Folkman, S., 286, 332, 339 Ganis, G., 213
Drummond, S., 123 Eyberg, S., 274 Fong, C., 466 Ganschow, L., 227
Dryden-Edwards, R., 350 Eysenbach, G., 349 Fontaine, D., 201 Garcia, J., 151
Dubin, L., 128 Eysenck, H., 373–374, 381, 445 Foran, H., 475 Gardner, A., 224
Duckworth, A., 241 Eysenck, M., 188 Fosco, G., 132 Gardner, B., 224
Dudley, M., 439 Foster, R., 118 Gardner, H., 228–229
Dufel, S., 411 F Fourkas, A., 213 Garfield, C., 213
Dunkel-Schetter, C., 347 Fagot, B., 275 Fournier, J., 184 Garmon, L. C., 262
Dunn, J., 274, 317 Fallon, J., 61 Fox, N. A., 270 Garrett, J., 30, 444
Durante, K., 311 Fallon, M., 400 Francis, W. D., 274 Garrett, M., 444
Durbin, C., 414 Famighetti, R., 440 Francis-Smyth, J., 282 Garry, M., 134, 204
Durlach, N., 89 Fang, C., 334 Francks, C., 54 Garssen, B., 346
Durso, K., 126 Fanous, A., 404 Frank, E., 405, 427 Gary, M., 480
Duster, T., 348 Fantz, R., 267 Frankenburg, W. K., 269 Gates, G., 313
Gauchet, A., 162
Gawin, F. H., 134
Gawronski, B., 455

NI-4 Name Index Grandin, T., 415 Harkins, S. G., 466 Hockett, C., 223
Granic, I., 13 Harlow, H. F., 268, 269 Hoebel, B. G., 304
Gazzaniga, M., 56, 244 Granier-Deferre, C., 265, 267 Harlow, J. M., 57 Hofer, H., 85
Geary, N., 304 Grant, H., 398 Harlow, M. K., 373 Hoffman, J., 270
Gee, C., 240 Grant, P., 402 Harmer, P., 76 Hoffman, M., 473
Gee, D., 410 Green, J. P., 133 Harmon-Jones, E., 479 Hoffmann, M., 60
Gee, G., 334 Green, R., 458 Harms, P., 374 Hofstede, G., 377
Geen, R. G., 300 Green, S., 456 Harrell, J., 334 Holcomb, D., 277
Gehart, D., 445 Greenberg, L. S., 428 Harris, A., 440 Holden, C., 311
Gehring, D., 429 Greenberg, W., 401, 441 Harris, J., 415 Holland, C., 96, 282
Geiselman, R. E., 203 Greenfield, S., 134 Harris, T. O., 405 Hollon, S., 403, 404, 445
Geller, E., 164 Greenglass, E., 341 Harrold, J., 304 Holmes, T., 330
Genen, L., 135, 136 Greenwald, A., 106 Harrold, L., 96 Holz, W. C., 160
Gentile, D., 170 Greer, M., 445 Hart, J., 466 Holzner, B., 96
George, M., 356, 441 Gregory, R. J., 105, 384, 385 Hart, S., 237 Home, S., 281
George, T., 438 Greitmeyer, T., 171 Hartel, D. M., 283 Hong, K., 466
Gero, S., 225 Griffith, J., 431 Harter, S., 372 Honzik, C. H., 165, 166
Gerstein, P., 437 Griffiths, M., 217 Hashtroudi, S., 189 Hooten, W., 345
Gerstorf, D., 280 Grigorenko, E., 230, 238 Haslam, A., 468–469 Hopkins, W., 54
Gevins, A., 39 Grimbos, T., 313 Hatano, G., 273 Horberry, T., 96
Gibbons, A., 225 Grime, R., 261 Hatashita-Wong, M., 408 Horn, J. L., 280
Gibbs, J., 261 Grimme, T., 95 Hatch, T., 228 Horney, K., 10, 369–370
Gibson, E., 267 Gron, G., 63 Hathaway, S., 382 Horvitz, M., 355
Gibson, J., 103, 104 Gross, A., 431 Hauser, M. D., 55 Hoshi, R., 136
Gigerenzer, G., 216, 217 Gross, J., 316 Haworth, C., 237 Hovland, C. I., 472
Gilbert, D., 321, 405, 406 Grünbaum, A., 368 Haxby, J., 99 Howard, A. D., 64
Giles, J., 240 Guéguene, N., 458 Haywood, H., 239 Howlander, N., 347
Gilligan, C., 262 Guenther, K., 183 Hazlett-Stevens, H., 445 Hrushesky, W. J. M., 118
Gingell, C., 309 Guilford, J. P., 243, 244 Hebb, D. O., 199 Hsieh, P., 106
Ginsberg, S., 255 Guinard, J., 92 Hecht, S., 81 Hua, M., 457
Ginzburg, K., 340 Guirgis-Younger, M., 342 Heckhausen, J., 285 Huang, T., 458
Girolamo, G., 405 Gulick, D., 133 Hedberg, K., 286 Hubel, D., 82
Gitchell, J., 133 Gur, R. C., 63 Hedges, L. B., 240 Huesmann, L. R., 170, 477
Glannon, W., 441 Gurin, J., 305 Hegarty, M., 171 Hughes, S., 94, 416
Glantz, L. A., 410 Gurman, A. S., 427 Heider, F., 456 Hugick, L., 480
Glaser, R., 337 Guse, B., 408, 441 Heil, M., 95 Hull, C., 297
Glass, D., 343 Guthrie, J. P., 116 Heimberg, R., 400 Hulsebosch, C., 42
Glenberg, A., 187 Gwak, Y., 42 Held, R., 267 Hultsch, D. F., 284
Gluck, M. A., 198 Hellige, J. B., 54 Hume, I., 106
Glucksman, M., 127 H Hellstrom, Y., 285 Humphreys, G., 273
Gobbo, C., 257 Haag, L., 226 Hels, T., 96 Humphreys, K., 429
Godart, N., 308 Haaken, J., 204 Hen, R., 66 Hunton, J., 96
Godden, D. R., 187 Haas, A. P., 331 Henderson, M., 437 Hupbach, A., 200
Goffman, E., 455 Haber, R. N., 180 Hendin, H., 331 Hur, Y., 402
Gogtay, N., 278 Haberlandt, D., 243, 245 Henkel, L. A., 205 Hurlemann, R., 200
Gökcebay, N., 120 Ha-Brookshire, J., 371 Hennessy, G., 134 Hurley, A., 417
Goldberg, L., 374 Hada, M., 351 Hepper, P. G., 91 Hurvich, L., 83
Goldney, R., 439 Hadzi-Pavolic, D., 439 Hepworth, C., 405 Huttenlocher, P., 62
Goleman, D., 243 Hager, R., 312 Herek, G., 314 Huys, Q., 439
Gollan, T., 196, 197 Hakuta, K., 226, 227 Hering, E., 83 Hyde, J., 240, 281, 376, 456, 475
Golz, A., 12 Halaas, J. L., 305 Hernandez, L., 304
Gonsalves, B., 205 Halama, P., 228 Herness, S., 92 I
Gonzalez, R., 203 Halaris, A., 312 Heron, M., 344, 346 Iacoboni, M., 99
Good, M., 170 Haldeman, D., 480 Herpetz, S., 475 Inhelder, B., 253
Goodie, J., 345 Hall, C., 127 Herrmann, W. M., 118 Intons-Peterson, M. J., 184
Goodin, B., 129 Hall, G. S., 276 Herschkowitz, N., 417 Iredale, W., 474
Goodman, E., 334 Hall, L. K., 191 Herzog, D. B., 308 Irvine, D., 61
Goodman, G., 205 Hallberg, I., 285 Hetherington, A. W., 304 Isaksson, K., 335
Gorman, J., 41 Hallon, S., 435, 440 Heuer, F., 202 Ishii, K., 319
Gorresman, 68 Hallschmid, M., 305 Heyman, G., 240 Iwata, B. A., 430
Gosling, S., 10, 19, 376 Halverson, J., 403, 438 Hickman, J., 164 Izard, C., 318, 320
Gosseries, O., 333 Ham, P., 439 Higgins, D., 462
Gottesman, I. I., 408, 409 Hamdy, O., 305 Higgins, E., 441 J
Gottesmann, C., 126 Hamilton, B., 277 Highley, J., 331 Jacklin, C. N., 275
Gough, H., 384 Hammersmith, S. K., 313 Hilgard, E., 130 Jackson, J., 375
Gougoux, F., 77 Hampson, S., 276, 375 Hill, M., 480 Jacobs, D., 59
Gouin, J., 337, 342 Hancock, P., 298 Himabindhu, G., 29 Jacoby, L., 191, 196
Gould, T., 133 Hankin, B., 456 Hindmarch, I., 122 Jain, V., 266
Gowen, C., 265 Hankins, M., 118 Hines, M., 275 James, W., 8, 116, 315, 316
Gower, A., 475 Hannover, B., 383 Hirsch, D., 337 Jamison, D., 83
Graham, J., 342 Hanoch, Y., 298 Hirsch, J., 431 Janda, L. H., 459
Graham, J. R., 384 Hantsoo, L., 342 Hirsh, J., 375 Janik, V., 225
Graham, K., 476 Hare, R., 380 Hirst, W., 190 Janis, I., 467
Graham, S., 28 Hargadon, R., 130 Hobson, J. A., 126, 127 Jansz, J., 170
Grammar, K., 311
Grande, G., 345

Jarvik, L. F., 236 Keller, H., 255 Knutson, B., 405 Name Index NI-5
Jarvin, L., 230 Keller, M. B., 439 Knyazev, G., 374
Jaynes, J., 39 Kellett, S., 434 Kobasa, S., 341 LaFarge, L., 365
Jefferson, T., 302 Kelley, C., 191 Kochaska, G., 380 Lafferty, K., 134
Jeffery, R. W., 433 Kellogg, N., 368 Koehler, T., 365 Lagnado, D., 216
Jelicic, M., 200 Kelly, C., 438 Koelling, A., 151 Lahon, K., 413
Jellinek, E. M., 351, 418 Kelly, J., 429 Koenig, L., 342 Laitinen, H., 88
Jeltova, I., 239 Kelly, K., 162 Koffka, K., 11 Lam, L., 334
Jenike, M. A., 433 Kendler, K. S., 395, 408 Kohlberg, L., 259, 260, 261, Lamberg, L., 124
Jenkins, J. J., 59 Kennedy, Q., 191 Lamborn, S. D., 274, 277
Jensen, A., 238, 239 Kenney-Benson, G., 241 262, 275 Lambright, L., 12
Jewell, J., 66 Kermer, D., 406 Köhler, W., 11 Lamplugh, C., 399
Jing, L., 165 Kerr, N., 467 Kokkonen, M., 372 Lamy, L., 458
Johansson, G., 397–398 Kertesz, A., 60 Kökler, W., 165 Lancet, D., 91
John, L., 343 Kesici, S., 380 Kolivas, E., 431 Landemore, H., 470
Johnson, J., 479 Kesner, R., 199 Koltz, C., 476 Landers, D., 298
Johnson, M., 189, 281 Kessler, R., 405 Könen, T., 244 Laney, C., 202, 203, 204
Johnson, M. P., 118 Kessler, R. C., 399, 405 Konkel, A., 196 Lang, A., 23, 24, 188
Johnson, S., 28 Khaleefa, O., 238 Konstan, J., 168 Lang, M., 346
Johnson, V., 311 Khan, A., 438 Konstantareas, M., 417 Langdon, K., 284
Johnson, W., 67, 237, 377 Khanfer, R., 285, 338 Koob, G., 132 Lange, C., 315
Johnston, D., 331 Khurgin-Bott, R., 368 Koolhaas, J., 475 Langer, E. J., 343
Johnston, L. D., 20 Ki, M., 345 Kopelowicz, A., 430 Langer, P., 96
Joiner, T., 413 Kidd, G., 89 Kopp, D., 413 Langlois, J. H., 458
Jones, E. E., 456 Kiecolt-Glaser, J., 318, 337, 342 Kopp, M., 96 Lanzi, R., 237
Jones, M. C., 150 Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., 338 Korman, K., 242 Lao, J., 467, 470
Jones, P., 117 Kieler, H., 94 Korobov, N., 279 LaPaglia, J., 203
Jones, R., 168 Kihlstrom, J., 130 Korten, N., 375 Larkin, K., 345
Jones, S., 171 Kilbride, J. E., 268 Kosslyn, S., 213 Larsson, H., 380
Jordan, C., 470 Kilbride, P. L., 268 Kouider, S., 106 Latané, B., 466, 473, 474
Jordan, T., 97 Kilburn, J., 477 Kounios, J., 55 Latham, G., 300
Jorgensen, M., 262, 276 Kim, B., 334 Koutstaal, W., 205 Latner, J., 308
Josephs, L., 426 Kim, C., 347 Kovacs, D., 307 Laudenslager, M., 337, 338
Josephs, R., 241 Kim, H., 274 Kovas, Y., 237 Laurent, J., 233
Judd, L. L., 403, 404 Kim, J. J., 410 Kozak, M. J., 402 Lauritsen, M., 416
Julien, R. M., 266 Kim, K. H. S., 227 Kozarian, L., 455 Law, A., 168
Junco, R., 168 Kim, L., 65 Kramer, M., 127 Lawrence, T., 106
Jung, C., 10, 368–369, 369, 381, 384 Kim, U., 335 Kranzler, H., 134 Lawrence, V., 417
Just, M., 55 Kim, Y., 313, 377 Kranzler, H. R., 399 Laws, E., 455
Kimber, L., 94 Kraus, S. J., 470 Lawton, B., 88
K Kimura, D., 241 Krebs, D., 262 Layton, L., 273
Kagan, J., 377, 417 King, B., 304 Krebs, D. L., 262 Lazarus, R. S., 316, 329, 331,
Kahn, R., 285 King, D., 464 Krebs, N., 306
Kahn, S., 341 Kinnunen, T., 129 Kremar, M., 170 332, 339
Kahneman, D., 213, 217 Kinsey, A., 309, 313 Krieger, S., 117 Lecanuet, J. P., 267
Kail, R., 258 Kirch, W., 405 Kripke, D., 118, 122 LeDoux, J. E., 55, 317
Kaiser, C., 479 Kirchner, T., 134 Krishman, K. R. R., 40 Lee, I., 199
Kaladindi, 404 Kirkcaldy, B., 380 Krosnick, J. A., 470 Lee, J., 162
Kallio, S., 130 Kirsch, I., 129, 130 Krueger, R., 377 Lee, S., 443
Kaltiala-Heino, R., 276 Kirshner, H., 59, 60 Kruk, M., 65 Lee, Y., 96
Kandel, E. R., 198, 199 Kirvan, C., 402 Kübler-Ross, E., 286 Lehman, D., 12
Kang, J., 42 Kisley, M., 408 Kubzansky, L., 345 Lembke, A., 429
Kanner, A. D., 329, 332 Kisley, S., 129 Kucharska-Pietura, K., 55 Lenhart, A., 171
Kao, A., 40 Kitayama, S., 377, 406 Kudielka, B., 119 Leon, M., 267
Kaplan, U., 377 Kiyatkin, E., 133 Kuehnen, U., 383 Leonardo, E., 66
Karau, S. J., 466 Klaczynski, P., 263 Kuhn, D., 467, 470 Lepore, S. J., 476
Karlson, B., 119 Klar, A., 54 Kulik, J., 190 Lerman, D. C., 430
Karnes, F., 232 Klatzky, R. L., 180 Kumpfer, K., 444 Lesch, K., 404
Karni, A., 121 Klein, D., 414 Kunda, Z., 479 Lester, B., 270
Karpicke, J., 3 Klein, K., 191 Kung, L. C., 213 Levashina, J., 383
Kasparov, G., 221 Kleinman, A., 444 Kunkel, D., 171 LeVay, S., 313
Kass, S., 96 Kleitman, N., 121 Kunz, D., 118 Levenson, R. W., 318
Katerndahl, D., 368 Klerman, E., 122 Kuo, C., 380 Leveroni, C., 242
Katzell, R. A., 300 Klimkowski, M., 55 Kuo, W., 318 Levine, M., 219
Katz-Wise, S., 281 Kline, D. W., 283 Kupfer, D., 439 Levinson, G., 94
Kaufman, P., 239, 243 Kline, G., 280 Kurup, P., 12 Levitt, I., 273
Kawanishi, Y., 437 Klohnen, E., 459 Kurup, R., 12 Levrini, A., 162
Kean, Y. M., 400 Klucharev, V., 471 Kwong, O., 221 Levy, J., 56
Keane, M., 188 Kluwer, E., 281 Lewald, J., 63
Keating, C. R., 320 Knafo, D., 368 L Lewis, D. A., 410
Keesey, R., 305 Knapp, C., 134 Labar, K., 51 Lewis, M., 320
Keiding, N., 276 Knowlton, B., 204 Laboovie, B., 132 Lewontin, R., 237
Keiser, R., 435 Knudsen, H., 433 Ladd-Franklin, C., 8 Li, J., 240
Keitner, N., 440 Knussen, C., 470 Ladouceur, R., 432 Liao, H., 171
Laenen, A., 227 Libby, D., 337
Liberman, R., 430
Lichtenberger, E., 239

NI-6 Name Index Majerscik, E., 370 McCreadie, R., 438 Mok, D., 335
Makdissi, A., 65 McCue, J. M., 349 Molnar, M., 404
Lichtenstein, P., 380 Malle, B., 456 McCullough, M. E., 342 Moniz, E., 441
Lidz, C., 239 Maltz, W., 204 McDaniel, S., 429 Monk, T. H., 118
Lilienfeld, S., 44 Mandara, J., 274, 277 McDonald, J. L., 227, 242 Monroe, S., 405
Lin, H., 136 Mandersheid, R., 437 McDowell, C., 386 Montejo, A., 413
Lincoln, A., 302, 373 Mandler, J. M., 257 McElwain, N., 270 Montgomery, G., 129
Lindell, A., 39 Maner, J., 459 McGaugh, J., 199 Montmayeur, J.-P., 92
Linder, J., 170 Manes, F., 192 McGrath, P., 129 Montoya, E., 475
Lindsay, D., 203, 205 Mangen, A., 171 McGue, M., 236 Moore, K. A., 265
Lindsay, R. C. L., 203 Manhal-Baugus, M., 443 McGuffin, P., 404 Moore, T., 407, 408
Lindsay, S., 189 Manke, F., 307 McGuire, W. J., 472 Moraille-Bhalla, P., 403
Lindzey, G., 238 Manly, T., 118 McKinley, J. C., 382 Morales, J., 226
Lipnevich, A., 116 Mann, R., 457 McLaren, D., 126 Morewedge, C., 126
Lishman, W. A., 350 Mantooth, R., 135 McLaughlin, D., 263 Morey, L., 373, 374
Little, J. K., 275 Manzardo, A., 134 McMahon, F., 66 Morgan, C. D., 386
Litz, B., 331 Maquet, P., 126 McMillan, C., 198 Morgan, R., 429
Liu, B., 96 Marcia, J., 263 McNally, R., 204, 205 Morgenthaler, T., 119
Liu, O., 241 Marcus, G. F., 272 McNamara, P., 126 Morofushi, M., 118
Liu, S., 171 Margulies, D., 416 McNaughton, B. L., 52, 198 Morra, S., 257
Livingston, E., 306 Marini, Z., 257 McNeil, D., 196 Morris, A., 277
Lo, S., 285 Marker, C., 398 Mead, A., 373 Morris, S., 205
Lockhart, R., 183 Markman, E. M., 271 Meck, W., 132 Morsella, E., 117
Loehlin, J. C., 67, 238, 377 Markowitz, J., 403 Mednick, M. T., 245 Mortensen, P., 416
Loewenstein, G., 215 Marks, I. M., 270 Mednick, S. A., 245 Moseley, B., 270
Lofquist, D., 280 Markus, H. R., 377 Mefoh, P., 466 Moser, G., 331
Loft, H., 440 Marquie, J., 119 Meissner, C., 192 Moskowitz, J., 341
Loftus, E. F., 188, 202, 203, 204, Marriott, L., 200 Meltzer, H. Y., 437, 438 Moss, J., 57
Marsh, A., 319 Melzack, M., 93 Moss, T., 438
205 Marshall, L., 262 Memmert, D., 95 Motti-Stefanidi, F., 335
Loftus, G. R., 237 Marshall, R. E., 267 Memon, A., 204 Mounts, N. S., 274
Logie, L., 168 Marshall, W., 262 Mendoza-Denton, R., 480 Moynihan, J., 337
Logothetis, N., 41 Marshall, W. L., 431 Menon, V., 57 Mueller, J., 131, 171
Lohr, J., 320 Martens, L., 170 Mercier, H., 470 Mufson, L., 427
Long, D., 54 Martin, C., 341 Merson, M., 352 Muller, D., 445
Long, G. M., 283 Martin, C. I., 275 Messer, S., 427 Müller, M., 411
Lord, J., 338 Martin, J. A., 273, 274, 277, 313 Meyer, 99 Mumtaz, S., 273
Lott, B., 480 Martin, L. L., 320 Meyer, A., 312 Munafó, M., 374
Low, C., 341 Martin, N., 313 Meyer, P., 463 Munroe, R. H., 275
Lu, J., 51 Martin-Buro, C., 459 Mezulis, A., 456 Munroe, R. L., 275
Lubart, T., 243 Martinez, C., 427, 444 Michaels, J. W., 466 Munzar, P., 131
Lubinski, D., 242 Martinez, I., 285 Milburn, N., 270 Murphy, R., 239
Lubit, R., 123 Maruna, S., 457 Miles, D. R., 376, 474 Murray, B., 128
Luchins, A. S., 455 Masland, R. H., 84 Milgram, S., 463–464 Murray, H., 386
Lucia, M., 123 Maslow, A., 10, 16, 302, Milkie, M., 281 Murray, J., 170
Luck, S., 95 Milkman, K., 472 Murty, V., 51
Luders, E., 129 370–371, 381 Miller, B., 277 Musen, G., 204
Luiselli, J., 417 Mason, R., 55 Miller, G. A., 181 Must, O., 238
Lumsdaine, A. A., 472 Masten, A., 375 Miller, H., 384 Myers, C. E., 198
Luo, L., 459 Masters, W., 311 Miller, J., 337, 375 Myers, D. G., 467
Lustig, C., 196 Mata, I., 135 Miller, J. G., 473 Myers, H., 334
Lydiard, R. B., 399, 439 Mather, G., 66, 84 Miller, M. B., 244
Lyle, R., 445 Mather, M., 191, 285 Miller, N. E., 475 N
Lynn, R., 238, 240 Mathur, N., 88 Miller, S., 459 Nahin, R., 356
Lynn, S., 44, 48, 413 Mathy, R., 19 Milling, L., 129 Nair, B., 341
Lynn, S. J., 129, 130, 133 Matlin, M. W., 89 Millman, R., 122 Najavits, L., 331
Lyvers, M., 475 Matsunami, H., 92 Milner, B., 198 Namy, L., 44
Matthews, K. A., 334, 347, 408 Milos, G., 308 Nannery, R., 198
M Matz, D., 471 Milton, J., 106 Narvaez, D., 260
Maccoby, E. E., 258, 273, 274 Maurer, D., 107 Minde, T., 335 Nass, C., 168
Macey, P., 124 Mayer, R., 171, 179, 243 Mineka, S., 151 Nawrot, M., 134
Macgill, A., 171 Mayes, S., 416 Minotte, K., 333 Nebert, D., 91
Macht, M., 131 Mays, 54 Miranda, R., 444 Neisser, U., 228
MacLin, M., 180 Mayur, P., 440 Mischel, W., 275, 378 Neitz, J., 85
MacLin, O., 180 Mazur, E., 455 Mishra, R., 255 Neitz, M., 85
MacWhinney, B., 272, 273 Mazzoni, G., 204 Mistry, J., 193 Nelson, A., 242
Maddi, S. R., 341 McAuley, E., 76 Mitchell, A., 307 Nelson, J., 439
Magnet, W., 96 McCaffrey, T., 220 Mitchell, K. J., 204 Nelson, J. C., 439
Maguire, E., 198 McCain, G., 476 Mittal, V., 410 Nelson, T., 116
Maguire, E. A., 52, 59 McCarley, R. W., 127 Mitura, K., 311 Nestor, P., 198
Mahalik, J., 445 McCarthy, P. R., 402 Mobbs, D., 317 Nettelbeck, T., 240
Mahler, H., 348 McClelland, D. C., 300 Mohan, J., 345 Neubauer, A., 244
Mahon, J., 307 McClelland, J. L., 198 Mohr, D., 331 Neumann, I., 266
Mahowald, M. W., 123 McCown, B., 435 Mohr, J., 343 Newberg, A., 128, 129
Maier, S. F., 338 McCrae, R., 374, 376, 377, 378
Main, M., 270
Mainz, V., 307

Newcomb, T., 468 Paivio, S. C., 428 Pinsker, D., 263 Name Index NI-7
Newell, B., 216 Palazzeschi, L., 243 Piper, W., 429
Newman, M., 343 Palinscar, A. S., 469 Pirenne, M. H., 81 Rasetti, R., 410
Newport, F., 313 Palmer, R., 132, 307 Pittenger, D., 385 Rasinski, K. A., 20
Newton, E., 437 Palmer, S., 165 Pizarro, D., 243 Rathod, V., 96
Nezworski, M. T., 386 Paludi, M. A., 275 Pizzighello, S., 95 Ratty, H., 242
Nickerson, R. S., 194, 195 Panksepp, J., 131 Plaks, J., 456 Raven, M., 415
Nicol, S. E., 409 Pansky, A., 202 Pletcher, M., 136 Ravindran, A., 402, 439
Niedeggen, M., 134 Panter, A., 243 Plomin, R., 237 Ray, M., 243
Nielsen, S., 307 Papolos, D., 416 Polanco-Roman, L., 444 Ray, S., 134
Nieto-Hernandez, R., 470 Paquette, D., 271 Polderman, T., 417 Raymond, G. A., 160
Nisbett, R. E., 238, 456, 458 Parish, B., 135, 136 Poldrack, R., 54 Rayner, R., 149
Nishida, M., 121 Park, G., 242 Polich, J., 128 Raz, N., 62
Niyuhire, F., 135 Parke, R. D., 160 Pomerantz, E., 240 Razoumnikova, O., 244
Noltemeyer, A., 370 Parkinson, W. L., 304 Popenoe, D., 281 Reavey, P., 204
Norasakkunkit, V., 406 Parry, P., 415 Popma, A., 475 Rebs, S., 242
Noriko, S., 283 Passaro, E., 125 Popper, K., 2 Reczek, C., 281
Norman, S., 350 Pastore, N., 475 Porges, S. W., 267 Redish, A., 198
Norman, W., 374 Patrick, A., 223 Porjesz, B., 351 Reeves, W., 395
North, C., 331 Patrick, H., 301 Porter, F. L., 267 Reicher, S., 468–469
North, F., 349 Patterson, G., 13 Porter, S., 202 Reid, M., 405
Norton, M., 126 Patton, J., 227 Posada, G., 270 Reinhardt, J., 343
Nowell, A., 240 Paul, T., 308 Posternak, K., 438 Reisberg, D., 202
Noyes, R., Jr., 439 Paul, W. E., 337 Postman, L., 187 Reitman, D., 163
Nunn, J., 107 Paulhus, D., 383 Potenza, M., 152 Rendell, L., 225
Nutt, D., 438 Paulus, P. B., 476 Potter, J., 376 Rensink, R., 95
Nwanosike, C., 466 Pavizi, J., 99 Potts, N. L. S., 40 Rescorla, R., 150
Pavlov, I., 146–149 Poulin, M., 473 Resick, P., 433
O Pavuluri, M., 416 Powell, C., 473 Ressler, K., 337
Oates, C., 171 Payami, H., 201 Power, C., 345 Restak, R., 226
Obama, B., 479–480 Payne, J., 477 Power, R., 411, 412 Revonsuo, A., 130
O’Brien, C. P., 19, 132 Pearsall, J., 121 Powlishta, K. K., 275 Reyna, V., 218
Odbert, J. S., 372 Pearson, D., 168 Powsner, S., 411 Reynolds, A., 237
Oden, M. H., 234, 243 Pearson, P., 273 Pöysti, L., 96 Reynolds, S., 395
O’Donovan, M., 408, 417 Pecchinenda, A., 95 Pozzulo, J. D., 203 Rhéaume, J., 432
Oehlberg, K., 151 Pedersen, A., 346 Prabhu, V., 351 Richard, E., 320
Oerlemans, W., 335 Pedersen, C., 416 Pratt, J., 171 Richards, M., 135, 136
Ogawa, A., 307 Pedersen, D., 333 Pratt-Hyatt, J., 479 Richelson, G., 333
Ogle, C., 205 Pedersen, D. M., 106 Preckel, F., 116 Richeson, J., 480
Ogrodniczuk, J., 429 Pedersen, S., 345 Preda, A., 135 Rick, S., 215
Olatunji, B., 402 Peek, K., 183 Premack, A. J., 224 Rickard, T., 11
O’Leary, K. D., 459, 475 Peeters, M., 335 Premack, D., 224 Ricks, T., 192
Olender, T., 91 Peirson, S., 118 Preston, K., 152 Ridderinkhof, K., 418
Oleson, K. C., 479 Pembroke, M., 203 Prevatt, F., 162 Rideout, V., 168
Oliver, J. E., 376, 477 Penfield, W., 57–58, 186 Price, D., 94 Riedel, G., 199
Olle, C., 445 Penhune, V., 55 Price, J., 404 Rieker, P., 347
Olson, M., 345 Penton-Voak, L., 458 Priess, H., 281 Rini, C., 341
O’Malley, P. M., 20 Pepitone, A., 468 Primak, L., 306 Riordan, P., 431
Ono, H., 311 Peplau, L., 309 Prislin, R., 471 Rissman, J., 198
Ophir, E., 168 Pepperberg, I. M., 225 Pryke, S., 203 Riva, G., 443
Oquendo, M., 404 Pereira, S., 345 Purves, D., 46, 59 Roan, S., 443
O’Rahilly, S., 305 Perez-Felkner, L., 242 Pychyl, T., 466 Roberts, B., 374
Orban, P., 49 Pérez-Navarro, J., 106 Roberts, D., 168
Ørboek, P., 119 Perfect, T., 190 Q Roberts, G., 300
O’Reilly, R. C., 198 Perls, F. S., 428 Quaid, K., 67 Roberts, J., 61
Orenstein, W., 417 Perron, H., 409 Quas, J., 205 Roberts, M., 407
Orman, M., 400 Peters, A., 283 Querido, J., 274 Roberts, N., 343
Osborn, D., 285 Peters, M., 408 Quick, N., 225 Roberts, P., 270
Osland, T., 119 Peterson, J., 462 Quill, T., 286 Roberts, R., 116
Ossorio, P., 348 Peterson, L. R., 181 Quiroga, T., 273 Robin, M., 331
Osswald, S., 171 Peterson, M. J., 181, 276 Robins, R. W., 10, 11, 372
Österberg, K., 119 Petrill, S., 237 R Robinson, F., 2
Osterhout, C., 308 Petry, N., 430 Raeikkoenen, K., 334 Robinson, J., 270
Ostrom, T. M., 479 Phillips, A., 285, 338 Rahe, R. J., 330, 331 Robinson, M., 376
Ostrove, J., 263 Phillips, K., 459 Rajalin, S., 96 Robinson, T., 133
O’Sullivan, L., 309 Phillips, L. W., 187 Ramey, C., 237, 238, 239 Robles, T., 337
Otto, M., 199 Piaget, J., 253–254, 255, 257, 259, Ramey, S., 237 Rock, I., 165
Overmeier, J. B., 161 Ramirez, I., 304 Rodin, J., 304, 343
Owen, M., 408, 417 260, 262 Rammstedt, B., 459 Roediger, H., 3, 184, 188
Ozcan, L., 305 Piffer, D., 245 Ramsey, J., 458 Roemer, L., 342
Pillard, R. C., 313 Rangaswamy, M., 351 Rogers, C., 10, 371, 428
P Pilling, M., 267 Ranson, S. W., 304 Rogers, M., 346
Packard, M., 188 Pillow, D. R., 332 Rapp, P. R., 283 Rogoff, B., 193
Page-Gould, E., 480 Pinel, J. P. L., 43, 304 Rasch, R., 375 Roiser, J., 404
Pinker, S., 226 Roisman, G., 252, 279
Roland, P., 88

NI-8 Name Index Sandwell, M., 61 Sheikhiani, M., 341 Solomon, Z., 340
Sanes, J. N., 59 Shelley, M., 43 Solso, R., 180
Rolke, B., 237 Sansone, L., 413, 414 Shelton, J., 480 Somers, V., 124
Roman, P., 433 Sansone, R., 413, 414 Shephard, R., 380 Sonnentag, S., 281
Romppel, M., 345 Santiago-Rivera, A., 444 Shepherd, R., 61 Soreff, S., 439
Rönnqvist, L., 54 Saper, C., 51 Sher, A. E., 345 Sorkhabi, N., 274, 277
Roorda, A., 83 Sattler, J., 235 Sherif, C. W., 478, 480 Soto, C., 376
Roosevelt, E., 302 Saudino, K., 268 Sherif, M., 478, 480 Soussignan, R., 320
Roozendaal, B., 51 Savage, M., 277 Shiba, Y., 92 South, S., 376
Rorschach, H., 385 Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., 224 Shiffman, S., 133 Spandler, H., 440
Rosch, 214 Saxon, S., 480 Shiffrin, R., 180 Spanos, N. P., 129
Rosch, E., 214, 226 Sayette, M., 134 Shikina, I., 133 Sparks, R., 227
Rose, J., 96, 349 Scammell, T., 51 Shimmin, H., 275 Spearman, C., 228
Roselli, C., 313 Scarr, S., 237 Shinar, D., 96, 375 Spector, F., 107
Rosen, M., 94 Schachter, S., 315–316 Shiner, R., 375 Spence, I., 265
Rosenberg-Lee, M., 57 Schacter, D. L., 205 Shinn-Cunningham, B., 89 Spencer, R., 49
Rosenhan, D., 98 Schaie, K. W., 28, 280, 284 Shlaer, S., 81 Sperling, G., 180
Rosenman, R., 345 Schauer, P., 306 Shneidman, E., 235 Sperry, R., 56, 57
Rosenzweig, M. R., 89, 337 Schenck, C. H., 123 Shnider, S., 94 Spiegler, M., 444
Rösner, S., 351 Schenkel, L., 416 Shone, G., 91 Spiers, H., 198
Ross, C., 171 Scherer, K. R., 319, 320 Siegel, J., 120 Spreen, O., 61
Ross, J., 439 Schiff, M., 237 Siegel, R., 122 Spuhler, J. N., 238
Ross, L., 456 Schmidt, P., 283 Siegfried, N., 354 Squire, L. R., 185, 204
Ross, R., 408 Schmitt, 405 Siegler, I. C., 343 Stabell, B., 83
Rossow, I., 350 Schmitt, D., 312 Siegler, R. S., 257 Stabell, U., 83
Rothblum, E., 281 Schmitt, N., 231 Siegmund, A., 432 Stanton, A., 340
Rotheram-Borus, M., 270 Schneider, B., 242 Sigmon, S., 133 Steele, C., 239–240
Rotter, J. B., 379–380, 381 Schneider, P., 443 Sikorski, C., 457 Steele, J., 54
Rotton, J., 476 Schneider, S., 116 Silverman, I., 242 Steers, W. N., 455
Rouch, I., 119 Schnoll, S., 136 Simon, H., 215 Steeves, R., 284
Rowe, D., 475 Schoeller, D., 355 Simon, H. A., 191–192 Steffensen, M., 192
Rowe, D. C., 378 Schofield, J. W., 171, 274 Simon, T., 233 Stein, J., 270
Rowe, J., 285 Scholz, U., 379 Simons, D., 95 Stein, L., 134
Rowe, W., 106 Schreppel, T., 182 Simons, J., 132 Stein, M. B., 399, 400
Rubin, D., 191 Schuerger, J., 373 Simpson, P., 318 Stein, N., 331
Rubino, T., 135 Schulenberg, J. E., 20 Simunovic, M., 85 Stein-Behrens, B., 339
Ruble, D., 275 Schulz, T., 225 Singer, J. E., 315, 343 Steinberg, L., 273, 274, 277
Ruby, N., 118 Schwab, J., 187 Singh, B., 94, 480 Stejskal, W. J., 386
Rudebeck, P., 318 Schwartz, S., 126 Sinke, C., 107 Stephenson, M. T., 472
Rudman, L., 480 Schwarz, M., 51 Skinner, B. F., 9, 16, 153, 154, 164, Stepper, S., 320
Ruetzler, T., 383 Schweitzer, A., 302 Stern, W., 226, 233
Ruggero, M. A., 89 Sears, R. R., 475 272, 296 Sternberg, 230
Rumbaugh, D., 224 Sedikides, C., 377, 479 Skrabalo, A., 408 Sternberg, R. J., 229–230, 232,
Rummel, C., 40 Sedlmeier, P., 128 Slawinski, E. B., 283
Ruscio, J., 341 Seegert, C., 163 Slaymaker, V., 429 245, 460–461
Rushton, J. P., 376 Seeman, T., 128 Sloan, M., 318 Stevenson, H. W., 240
Rushton, P., 238 Segal, Z., 431 Slobin, 272 Stewart, A., 263
Russell, T., 106 Segall, M. H., 105 Small, G., 284 Stewart, G., 375, 376
Ryan, A., 240 Seidman, S., 413 Smidts, A., 471 Stewart, J., 334
Ryan, R., 377 Seih, Y., 455 Smith, C., 196 Stewart, M., 435
Ryburn, M., 233 Seitjs, G., 300 Smith, D. A., 459 Stewart, N., 218–219
Self, M., 82 Smith, E. E., 472 Stickgold, R., 121, 196
S Seligman, M. E. P., 10, 151, 161, Smith, G., 438 Still, C., 357
Sabbatini, R. M. E., 43 Smith, H., 274 Stingaris, A., 415
Saber, T., 306 241, 320, 321, 447 Smith, J., 266 Stockhorst, U., 152
Sack, R., 119, 120 Selye, H., 338–339 Smith, M., 260 Stoll, E., 371
Sackeim, 441 Serido, J., 283 Smith, M. L., 445 Stone, J., 470
Sackett, H. A., 240 Serpell, R., 273 Smith, P. H., 83, 282 Stout, R., 429
Sacks, O., 412 Serpico, F., 468 Smith, S. M., 187, 197 Strack, F., 218, 320
Saczynski, J., 284 Serran, G., 262 Smith, T., 417, 445 Strange, B., 200
Sadhu, J., 418 Shackelford, T., 310, 311, 460 Smith, T. W., 20 Strayer, D., 96
Safir, M., 431 Shaffer, J., 455 Smith, Y., 94 Strickland, A., 286
Sagarin, B., 310 Shalev, A., 202 Smith-Janik, S., 398 Strízenec, M., 228
Sahin, I., 380 Shanks, D., 216 Smouse, A., 106 Stroh, L., 318
Sales, S. M., 466 Shapka, J., 276 Smrt, D., 466 Strohmetz, D., 131
Salisch, M., 320 Shargorodsky, J., 87 Smucny, J., 305 Struck, D., 435
Salmon, D., 201 Sharma, S., 123 Snarey, J. R., 261 Stuss, D., 184
Salmon, J., 355 Shaunessy, 232 Snow, C. E., 226 Stussman, B., 348
Saloman, K., 334 Shaw, J. I., 455 Snyder, D., 429 Suarez, M. G., 444
Salovey, P., 243, 343 Shaw, J. S., 203 Snyder, E., 275 Sucala, M., 443
Salthouse, T., 280 Shaw, V. N., 134 Soares-Weiser, K., 438 Sugita, M., 92
Sánchez, G., 9 Shears, J., 270 Soei, E., 51 Sullivan, A., 351
Sander, L. W., 270 Sheese, R., 257 Sokolov, E. N., 84 Sullivan, A. D., 286
Sanderman, R., 345 Sheets, R., 343 Solomon, J., 270 Sullivan, L., 429
Sanderson, W., 427 Sheffield, F. D., 472 Solomon, S., 281 Sullman, M., 96
Sandlar, I., 332

Summala, H., 96 Thurstone, T. G., 228 Van Knippenberg, A., 479 Name Index NI-9
Sumner, F. C., 9 Tiede, G., 365 Van Lommel, S., 227
Sung, K., 11 Tiedemann, J., 242 Van Raaij, W., 472 Ward, C., 117
Sung, K-T., 285 Tilton-Weaver, L., 278 Van Ryzin, M., 132 Ward, S., 171
Super, D., 282 Tindale, S., 467 van Schie, E. G., 477 Wark, G. R., 262
Surris, A., 331 Tinsley, B., 60 van Schoor, G., 375 Warner, T., 274
Susman, E., 276 Titchener, E. B., 7–8 Van Vianen, A., 238 Warshaw, M. G., 439
Sutin, A., 375 Tobin, M., 439 Van Vugt, M., 473, 474 Warzak, W., 431
Suzuki, T., 437 Todorov, A., 106 Vandewater, E., 170 Washburn, M. F., 9
Swanger, A., 263 Toguchi, Y., 377 Varley, A., 285 Waterman, A., 263
Swann, W., 455 Tohidian, I., 225 Vasterling, J., 331 Watkins, R., 384
Swanson, S., 307 Tolman, E. C., 165, 166 Vaugeois, P., 135 Watson, D., 365, 395
Swartz, H., 427 Tondo, L., 439 Vaux, K., 266 Watson, J., 65, 116
Swartz, M., 163, 430 Tooby, J., 12 Ventura, S., 277 Watson, J. B., 9, 149–150, 151, 164
Sweatt, J. D., 199 Topolinski, S., 218 Venu, 119 Wearing, C., 201, 205
Swedo, S., 402 Tordoff, M. G., 304 Verdejo-Garcia, A., 135 Weaver, M., 136
Sweller, J., 219 Torrey, E., 368, 409 Verhaegen. P., 479 Webb, D., 384
Swerdik, M., 233 Totterdell, P., 434 Verheul, R., 445 Webb, W., 118
Symister, P., 343 Tourangeau, R., 20 Verissimo, M., 270 Weber, E., 7, 77
Sysko, R., 308 Tovar-Murray, D., 334 Vermeersch, H., 475 Weber, N., 203
Tower, J., 411 Vermetten, E., 412 Wechsler, D., 233
T Tractinsky, N., 96 Vernon, L., 341 Weigman, O., 477
Tachikawa, H., 437 Traverso, A., 308 Verwijk, E., 441 Weikel, W., 428
Taitz, I., 126 Treasure, D., 300 Vessicchio, J., 438 Weinberg, M. S., 313
Taki, Y., 53 Triandis, H. C., 320 Victor, T., 404 Weinberg, R., 237
Talarico, J., 191 Trijsburg, R., 445 Viding, E., 380 Weinberger, J., 426
Tamir, M., 376 Triplett, N., 466 Vieta, E., 439 Weiner, I. B., 385
Tan, A., 457 Troglauer, T., 96 Viney, W., 464 Weingarten, H. P., 304
Tan, U., 94 Tropp, L., 480 Vingerhoets, G., 55 Weinstein, S., 416
Tanner, J. M., 61, 238, 276 Troxel, W., 334 Violari, A., 352 Weinstock, M., 260
Tartaglia, L. A., 307 Trzesniewski, K., 372 Visser, P., 470 Weisberg, M., 129
Tate, D., 354 Tsai, J., 405, 406, 458 Vitouch, O., 298 Weiss, P., 384
Taub, G., 230 Tsaur, C., 380 Vitousek, K., 307 Wells, B., 309
Tay, C., 375 Tullett, A., 318 Vittinghoff, E., 136 Wells, D. L., 91
Tchanturia, K., 307 Tulving, E., 183, 184, 185, 187, Voelbel, G., 132 Wells, G. L., 202, 203
te Njienhuis, J., 238 Vogel, P., 56 Wells, K., 133
Teachman, B., 398 195, 198 Volkow, N., 46 Wenk, G., 200
Teachman, J., 280 Tuminello, E., 479 Volling, B., 270 Wertheimer, M., 11, 104
Teitelbaum, P., 304 Turkheimer, E., 67 Volpato, V., 54 Weschke, S., 134
Temple, J., 237 Turner, J. C., 478 Von Bonsdorff, M., 284 West, A., 416
Tenison, C., 57 Turner, P., 278 Von Dras, D. D., 343 Wester, S., 445
Tennant, C., 405 Turner, R., 479 Von Frey, M., 93 Westerhof, G., 286
Tepper, B., 92, 93 Tversky, A., 213, 215, 217 Von Helmholtz, H., 7, 89 Westling, E., 276
Tercyak, K., 67 Tweed, R., 12 Votruba, S., 355 Wethington, E., 283
Terman, L. M., 233, 234, 235, 243 Twenge, J., 309–310 Vroomen, J., 97, 99 Wheeler, J., 106
Terrace, H., 224, 225 Vyas, M., 16 Wheeler, M., 184, 198
Tessner, K., 410 U Vygotsky, L., 258, 259, 262 Whisenhunt, B. L., 307
Testsuoka, 373 Uchida, Y., 406 Whisman, M., 429
Thaaker, S., 29 Uchiumi, O., 438 W Whitam, F. L., 313
Thakker, J., 444 Ullian, D. Z., 275 Wachter, T., 84 White, S. D., 277
Thapar, A., 417 Ullrich, N., 93 Wade, T., 136, 458 Whitehead, B., 281
Thase, M., 403 Ulupinar, P., 96 Wadey, R., 342 Whitehead, H., 225
Thase, M. E., 439 Uman, L., 129 Wagner, A., 54, 168, 198 Whitehurst, G. J., 273
Theuns, D., 345 Umberson, D., 281 Wagner, A. R., 150 Whorf, B., 225
Thirthalli, J., 133 Umeh, K., 472 Wagner, S., 341 Wickelgren, I., 283
Thoens, M., 365 Unabia, G., 42 Wald, G., 83 Wicker, A. W., 470
Thomas, A., 203, 268 Underwood, B. J., 195 Waldenström, U., 94 Widom, C. S., 205
Thomas, S., 97 Ushikubo, M., 285 Wales, J., 307 Wiederhold, B., 41
Thompson, A., 309 Utsey, S., 334 Walk, R. D., 267 Wiederhold, M., 41
Thompson, D. E., 300 Walker, E., 408, 409, 410–411 Wiesel, T. N., 82
Thompson, D. M., 187 V Walker, I., 480 Wigand, J., 468
Thompson, L., 237 Vaccarino, V., 347 Walker, L., 262 Wigboldus, D., 479
Thompson, P., 354, 410 Vaillant, G., 342 Walker, M., 121, 196 Wilcox, D., 312
Thompson, R., 197 Vaillant, G. E., 405 Wall, P., 93 Wild, P., 119
Thompson, S. C., 343 Valadez, J., 170 Wallace, J., 124 Wilde, D., 385
Thompson, W., 213 Valeo, T., 121 Wallach, H., 431 Wiley, J., 192
Thompson-Schill, S., 195 Valipour, A., 124 Wallbott, H. G., 319, 320 Wilhelm, K., 333
Thornberry, T., 477 Valtonen, H., 413 Wallentin, M., 241 Wilken, J. A., 315
Thorndike, E. L., 153 Van Assema, P., 472 Walsemann, K., 334 Wilkinson, R., 277
Thorne, A., 279 van Beest, I., 476 Walster, E., 458, 459 Williams, C. J., 470
Thorne, B., 341 Van der Elst, W., 284 Walster, G. W., 459 Williams, D. R., 83
Thornton, L., 380 Van der Kloet, D., 413 Wang, H., 201 Williams, J., 201
Thorsteinsson, E., 331 Van Domburg, R., 345 Wang, J., 340 Williams, K., 466
Thurstone, L. L., 228 van Eijk, J., 350 Warburton, J., 263 Williams, K. D., 466
Van Gulick, A., 479 Williams, L. M., 205
Williams, R., 345

NI-10 Name Index Wolk, D., 198 Y Zarate, R., 430
Wolpe, J., 431 Yackinous, C., 92 Zatorre, R., 55
Willis, S., 284 Wolsko, P., 128 Yanagita, T., 134 Zautra, A. J., 332
Willner-Reid, J., 152 Wolters, C., 162, 301 Yasui-Furukori, N., 409 Zeki, S., 82
Willoughby, T., 170, 171 Wood, E., 171 Yates, W., 399, 400 Zentner, M., 311
Wilson, G., 308 Wood, J., 274 Yeh, S., 285 Zhang, X., 438
Wilson, M., 241 Wood, J. M., 386 Yip, S., 438 Zhang, Y., 168
Wilson, M. A., 52 Wood, W., 191, 311, 460, 462, 471 Yolken, R., 409 Zimbardo, P., 468
Wilson, T., 308 Woodman, G., 95 Young, G., 51 Zimmerman, M., 438
Wilson, T. D., 458 Woodward, A. L., 271 Yovell, Y., 202 Zinbarg, R., 431
Wilson, W., 135 Woody, E. Z., 130 Yu, H., 458 Zubieta, J., 94
Winograd, E., 196 Woody, W., 464 Yule, F., 470 Zucker, A., 263
Winter, D., 374 Wootton, D., 203 Zukowska, Z., 337
Wirth, S., 51 Wozniak, J., 415 Z
Wirz-Justice, A., 51 Wright, K., 118 Zajonc, R. B., 316, 466
Wise, R., 131, 133, 134 Wuerger, 99 Zane, J., 270
Wiseman, R., 106 Wundt, W., 7, 8 Zaragoza, M. S., 204
Witte, 472 Wyer, R., 466 Zarate, O., 12
Wittenberg, M., 84
Wolf, O., 44, 187, 202
Wolford, G., 244

Glossary G-1

Subject Index

A Aggression, 474–477 Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 318
ABC theory, 434–435 alcohol and, 475 Anterograde amnesia, 200–201
Abnormal behavior, 393–394 biological factors in, 474–475 Antianxiety drugs, 439–440
crowding and, 476 Antibodies, 337, 338
criteria for, 393–394 frustration-aggression hypothesis, 475 Anticonvulsant drugs, 439, 440
causing personal distress, 394 media and, 169–170 Antidepressant drugs, 438–439
danger to self or others, 394 against outsiders, 476 Antigens, 337
legal responsibility for one’s own acts, 394 pain and, 476 Antipsychotics, 437–438
maladaptive behavior, 393–394 scapegoating, 476 Antiretroviral drugs, 352
strange within the person’s culture, 394 social learning theory of, 476–477 Antisocial personality disorder, 414
unusual for age group, 394 testosterone and, 475 Anvil, 86–87
Anxiety, 393, 398
Absolute threshold, 76–77 Agoraphobia, 398 Anxiety disorders, 395, 397–402
Acamprosate, 351 Agreeableness, 375
Acceptance stage, death and dying, 286 AIDS. See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome agoraphobia, 398
Accommodation, 80, 253 explanations for, 400–401
Accountability, 333 (AIDS) generalized anxiety disorder, 399
Acculturative stress, 335 AIDS-related dementia, 355 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 401–402
Acetylcholine (Ach), 45, 46, 61 Alarm stage, 338 panic attacks, 398
Achievement motivation, 296, 300–301, 466 Alcohol, 131, 134, 137 panic disorder, 399
Achievement tests, 231 performance anxiety, 399
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), abuse, 132, 350–351 phobias, 400, 401
aggression and, 475 social anxiety disorder, 399–400
352–355 poisoning, 350 APA code of ethics, 28–29
Acrophobia, 400 during pregnancy, 266 Aphasia, 59, 60
Action potential, 43, 44 Alcoholic Anonymous (AA), 351, 429 Applied research, 6
Activation phase, of motivation, 295 Alertness, 118–119 Approach-approach conflict, 332
Activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, 127 Algorithms, 220 Approach-avoidance conflict, 332
Active euthanasia, 287 All-or-none law, 43 Aptitude tests, 231
Active listening, 428 All-or-nothing thinking, 436 Arbitrariness, 223
Actor-observer effect, 456 Alpha waves, 120–121 Archetypes, 369
Acupuncture, 94 Altered states of consciousness, 117 Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery
Adaptive theory of sleep, 120 Alternative medicine, 356–357
Addiction, 152. See also Substance abuse and Altruism, 473 (ASVAB), 231
Alzheimer’s disease, 200, 201 Arousal, 298
addiction Amacrine cells, 81 Arousal theory, 298, 299, 303
Additive strategy, 215, 216 Ambiguous figures, 104 Arthritis, 94, 283–284
ADHD. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Amenorrhea, 307 Artificial intelligence, 221
American College Testing Program (ACT), 231 Artificial neural networks (ANNs), 221
disorder (ADHD) American Psychological Association (APA), ethics Artistic personality type, 282
Adolescence, 276–279 Asian Americans, 347
code, 442–443 Asperger’s Syndrome, 416–417
emerging adulthood, 278–279 Amnesia, 200–201 Assimilation, 253
puberty, 276–277 Assisted suicide, 287
sexual behavior, 276–277 anterograde, 200 Association areas, 53
sleep patterns in, 122 dissociative, 412 Asthma, 348
social relationships, 277–278 infantile, 204 Atkinson-Shiffrin model, 188
Adolescent egocentrism, 255 retrograde, 200 Atmospheric perspective, 103
Adolescent growth spurt, 276 Amphetamines, 131, 133–134, 137, 417–418 Atmospheric perspective, 102, 268–271
Adoption studies, 68, 237–238, 376, 377, 474–475 Amplitude, 86 Attachment
Adrenal glands, 65, 312 Amygdala, 51, 317
Adrenalin, 199 Anal retentive personality, 366 avoidant attachment, 270
Adulthood Analogy heuristic, 219 contact comfort, 269
early and middle, 279–283 Anchoring, 218–219 disorganized/disoriented attachment, 270
emerging, 278–279 Androgens, 65, 275, 312 father-child, 270–271
late, 283–287 Anecdotal evidence, 17 infant-caregiver attachment, 268–271
Adult-onset genetic disorders, 67 Anemia, 355 resistant attachment, 270
Aerial perspective, 102, 103 Anger, 318, 319, 345 secure attachment, 270
Aerobic exercise, 355 Animal language, 223–225 separation anxiety, 270
Affective neuroscience, 317–318 arbitrariness, 223 stranger anxiety, 270
Afferent (sensory) neurons, 41, 49 cultural transmission, 223 Attention, 95–97
African Americans displacement, 223 cocktail party phenomenon, 96–97
culturally sensitive therapy and, 445 duality of patterning, 223 cross-modal perception, 97
health and illness in, 347–348 interchangeability, 223 inattentional blindness, 95–96
racism experienced by, 334 prevarication, 223 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
Afterimage, 83–84 productivity, 223
Age/aging, 285 reflexiveness, 223 46, 348, 417–418
brain and, 61–62, 76 specialization, 223 in adulthood, 418
sleep patterns and, 122 Animals, used in research, 29–30 explanations for, 417
successful aging, 285 Anorexia nervosa, 307–308 treatment of, 417–418
suicide rates and, 406 Antabuse, 433
Ageism, 28 SI-1

SI-2 Subject Index

Attitudes and attitude change, 469–472 Behavioral assessment, 381–382 major structures of, 50
behavioral component, 469–470 Behavioral genetics, 67–68, 236 memory and the, 197–199
cognitive component, 469, 470 Behavioral perspective, 13, 14 midbrain, 50–51
cognitive dissonance and, 470–471 Behaviorism, 9–10, 116, 149 vision and, 81–82
emotional component, 469, 470 Bell curve, 234 Brain reserve theory, 201
persuasion and, 471–472 Belonging needs, 302 Brainstem, 49
Benzodiazepines, 131, 135, 439–440 Brain-wave patterns, during sleep, 120–121
Attraction, 458–461 Bereavement, 287, 338 Brief psychodynamic therapy, 427
factors influencing, 458–459 Beta waves, 121 Brightness, 83
mere-exposure effect, 458 Bias Brightness constancy, 101
physical attractiveness, 458–459 Broca’s aphasia, 59
proximity, 458 experimenter, 25 Broca’s area, 58, 59, 227
halo effect, 458 gender, 28 Bulimia nervosa, 308
intimate relationships, 459–461 observer, 18 Burnout, 333
reciprocity or reciprocal liking, 458 participant, 24–25, 28 Bystander effect, 473–474
romantic attraction, 459–460 selection, 24
Biased sample, 19 C
Attribution, 454, 456–457 Big Five personality dimensions, 374 Caffeine, 133, 137
actor-observer effect, 456 Bilateral ECT, 441 California Personality Inventory (CPI), 384
dispositional attribution, 456 Bilingualism, 226–227 California Test of Mental Maturity, 234
fundamental attribution error, 456–457 Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, 232–233 Callous-unemotional (CU) traits, 380
self-serving bias, 456 Binocular depth cues, 102 Cancer, 346
situational attribution, 456 Binocular disparity, 102 Cannon-Bard theory, 315, 316
Biofeedback, 162, 163 Cardinal traits, 372–373
Atypical neuroleptics, 437–438, 440 Biological (physiological) psychology, 12 Careers, 281–282
Audience effects, 465–466 Biological clock, 51 Caring, 262
Audition, 86. See also Hearing Biological perspective, 13, 14, 396, 397 Case study, 18–19, 27, 368
Auditory canal, 86, 87 Biological predispositions, 151–152 Catastrophic events, 331
Auditory cortex, 60 Biomedical model, 335–336 Catastrophizing, 436
Auditory nerve, 87 Biomedical therapies, 436–441, 446 Catharsis, 368
Authoritarian parents, 273 drug therapy, 437–440 Causal hypothesis, 23
Authoritative parents, 273–274 electroconvulsive therapy, 440–441 Causation, 21
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 415, 416–417 psychosurgery, 441 Cause-effect conclusions, 21
rapid transcranial magnetic Cell body, 41, 42, 45
explanations for, 417 Cell phones, using while driving, 96
social functioning, variations, 416–417 stimulation, 441 Central nervous system (CNS), 47, 49–52
treatment of, 417 Biopsychosocial perspective, 396, 397
Autobiographical memories, 191 Bipolar cells, 81 brain, 47
Autokinetic illusion, 104 Bipolar disorders, 403–407 forebrain, 51–52
Automatic thoughts, 436 hindbrain, 49–50
Automaticity, 183 bipolar I disorder, 403–404 midbrain, 50–51
Autonomic nervous system, 47–48 bipolar II disorder, 403–404
parasympathetic nervous system, 47, 48–49 explanations for, 404–405 cerebellum, 49–50
sympathetic nervous system, 47, 48–49 genetic basis for, 404 pons, 49
Autonomy, 377 manic episodes, 403 reticular activating system (RAS), 49
Autonomy versus shame and doubt, 263, 264 pediatric bipolar disorder, 415 spinal cord, 47, 49
Autosomes, 65 prevalence of, 403–404 spinal reflex, 49
Availability heuristic, 216, 217, 219 Birth, 266 Central traits, 373
Aversion therapy, 433 Birth defects, 67 Cerebellum, 49–50, 53
Avoidance learning, 161 Blind spot, 80, 81, 82 Cerebral cortex, 52–53
Avoidance-avoidance conflict, 332 Blood sugar levels, 304 association areas, 53
Avoidant attachment, 270 Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, 229 lobes, 53
Avoidant personality disorder, 414 Body mass index (BMI), 305, 355 Cerebral hemispheres, 52–57
Axon, 42 Body temperature, 51, 118 lateralization, 54
Axon terminal, 42 Body weight, 305. See also Eating disorders left hemisphere, 54–55
obesity, 305–307 right hemisphere, 55
B weight loss, 305–307 split-brain operation, 55–57
B cells, 337 Bone conduction, 88–89 Cerebral lobes, 53, 57–60
Babbling, 271 Borderline personality disorder, 413, 414 frontal lobes
Backward search, 219 Bottom-up processing, 97–98, 99
Bacterial STDs, 351 Bounded rationality, 215 Broca’s area, 59
Balance, 76 Brain, 47 motor cortex, 57–59
affect of alcohol abuse on, 350–351 prefrontal cortex, 57
hearing and, 85–90 AIDS and the, 354–355 occipital lobes, 59–60
movement and, 89–90 cerebrum, 52–60 parietal lobes, 59
Barbiturates, 131, 134–135, 137 EEG, 39–40 temporal lobes, 60
Bargaining stage, death and dying, 286 emotion and the, 317–318 Cerebrum, 52–60
Bariatric surgery, 306 ever-changing, 61–62 cerebral hemispheres, 53–57
Basic emotions, 318–319 components of, 52–53
Basic research, 6 myelination, 61 cerebral cortex, 52–53
BBC Prison Study, 469 plasticity, 61–62 cerebral hemispheres, 52
Beck’s cognitive therapy, 435–436 pruning, 61 corpus callosum, 52, 53
Behavior modification, 162–164, 430–431 forebrain, 51–52 Cervical cancer, 352
Behavior therapies, 430–433, 446 gender differences in, 63 Challenge, 341
aversion therapy, 433 hindbrain, 49–50 Childhood development, 271–276
based on operant conditioning, 430–431 how drugs affect the, 131 Childhood disorders, 415–418
exposure and response prevention, 432–433 hunger and, 304 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,
flooding, 431–432 imaging techniques, 40–41, 117 417–418
participant modeling, 433 keeping track of time by, 118
systematic desensitization, 431

Subject Index SI-3

autism spectrum disorder, 415, 416–417 Cognitive behavior therapies (CBTs), Conformity, 461–462
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 434–436, 446 Confounding variables, 24
Confucianism, 377
415–416 Cognitive behavioral therapist, 426 Congruence, 428
fragile X syndrome, 417 Cognitive development Conscience, 380
pediatric bipolar disorder, 415 Conscientiousness, 374–375
Children alternative theories of, 257–259 Consciousness, 115–143
exposure to aggressive model, 169–170 moral development and, 260–261
false memories in, 204 neo-Piagetian approach, 257–258 altered states of, 117
obesity in, 306 Piaget’s theory of, 253–257 changing views of, 116–117
sleep patterns in, 122 circadian rhythms and, 117–120
Chimpanzees, use of language by, 224–225 accomodation, 253 description, 116–117
Chlamydia, 351 adolescent egocentrism, 255 dreams, 126–128
Chromosomes, 65–66 assimilation, 253 hypnosis, 129–130
Chronic disease, 283–284 concrete operations stage, 254–255, 257 meditation, 128–129
Chronic pain, 94, 337 conservation task, 256 psychoactive drugs and, 130–137
Chunking, 181 cross-cultural research on, 255 sleep, 120–125
Cigarettes. See Smoking cigarettes formal education, 255 Consequences Test, 245
Cingulotomy, 441 formal operations stage, 255, 257 Conservation, 254–255
Cingulum, 441 object permanence, 253 Conservation tasks, 256
Circadian rhythms, 117–120 preoperational stage, 253–254, 257 Consolidation, 179
disruptions in, 119 schemes, 253 Consolidation failure, 196, 197
influence of, 118–119 sensorimotor stage, 253, 257 Constitutional vulnerability, 408–409
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 118 symbolic function, 253–254 Consummate love, 460, 461
Circadian theory of sleep, 120 Vygotsky’s sociocultural approach, 258–259 Contact comfort, 269
Circumcision, 354 Cognitive development theory, 275 Contemporary psychological perspectives, 13–14
Clairvoyance, 106 Cognitive dissonance, 470–471 behavioral perspective, 13, 14
Classical conditioning, 145–153 Cognitive errors, 436 biological perspective, 13, 14
biological predispositions, 151–152 Cognitive learning, 164–173 cognitive perspective, 13, 14
changing conditioned responses, insight, 165, 167 evolutionary perspective, 13, 14
latent learning, 165–166, 167 humanistic perspective, 13, 14
147–149 observational learning, 166–167 psychoanalytic perspective, 13, 14
characteristics of, 164 Cognitive maps, 165 sociocultural perspective, 13, 14
cognitive perspective, 150–151 Cognitive perspective, 13, 14, 150–151, 396–397 Context effect, 187
conditioned response, 146 Cognitive processes, 165 Contextual intelligence, 229, 230
conditioned stimulus, 146 Cognitive psychology, 10–11 Continuity, 100
discrimination, 149 Cognitive theory of dreaming, 127 Contraception, 351
ecological relevance, 152–153 Cognitive theory of stress, Lazarus’s, 339–340 Control, 341, 343
emotional conditioning, 149–150 Cognitive therapy (CT), 435–436, 446 Control group, 24–25
in everyday life, 152–153 Cognitive-neoassociationistic model, 476 Conventional level, of moral development,
extinction, 147–148 Cohabitation, 280
generalization, 148 Collective unconscious, 369 259, 261
higher-order conditioning, 146–147 Collectivism, 377 Conventional personality type, 282
Pavlov and, 146–147 Color blindness, 84–85 Convergent thinking, 244
phobias and, 401 Color vision, 82–85 Conversion disorder, 411–412
stimulus, 145 brightness, 83 Convolutions, 53
spontaneous recovery, 148 color blindness, 84–85 Coping, 340–341
taste aversion, 151–152 hue, 83 Coping strategies, 340–341
unconditioned response, 146 saturation, 83
unconditioned stimulus, 146 sensing color, 82–83 emotion-focused coping, 340, 341
Classically conditioned responses, 147–148 theories of, 83–84 proactive coping, 340–341
Claustrophobia, 400 afterimage, 83–84 problem-focused coping, 340, 341
Client-centered therapy, 10, 428 opponent-process theory, 83 Cornea, 79–80, 82
Clinical or psychiatric social worker, 442 trichromatic theory, 83, 84 Coronary heart disease, 344–345
Clinical psychologists, 14, 442 Colored hearing, 107 Corpus callosum, 52, 53
Closure, 100, 101 Combat-related guilt, 331 Correlation coefficient, 20
Clozapine, 437–438 Commitment, 341, 460 Correlational methods, 20–21, 27
Coaction effects, 465–466 Companionate love, 460, 461 causation and, 21
Cocaine, 131, 134, 137, 266 Comparative psychology, 225 cause-effect conclusions, 21
Cochlea, 87 Compassion, 262 correlation coefficient, 20
Cocktail party phenomenon, 96–97 Compliance, 464–465 negative correlations, 20–21
Codeine, 135 Componential intelligence, 229, 230 positive correlations, 20
Cognition, 213–222 Comprehensive System, 385–386 uses of, 21
artificial intelligence, 221 Compulsions, 401–402 Cortex, 317
concepts, 213–215 Concept-driven processing, 98 Cortisol, 119, 200, 318
decision making, 215–219 Concepts Counseling psychologists, 15, 442
imagery, 213 exemplars, 214 Couple therapy, 429, 446
problem solving, 219–221 formal concepts, 214 Crack, 134, 266
Cognitive abilities. See also Intelligence natural concepts, 214 Cramming, 182, 184
gender differences in, 240–242 prototypes, 214, 215 Creativity, 243–245
in late adulthood, 283–284 Concrete operations stage, 254–255, 257 creative problem-solving process
measuring, 230–232 Conditioned response (CR), 146, 149–150
Conditioned stimulus (CS), 146 illumination, 243
achievement test, 231 Conditions of worth, 371 incubation, 243
aptitude test, 231 Cones, 80–81, 82 preparation, 243
characteristics of, 231–232 Confederates, 461 translation, 243
intelligence test, 231, 232 Confidentiality, 443 divergent thinking, 244
Cognitive Abilities Test, 234 Confirmation bias, 221 Credit score, 22
Criminal identity, 278

SI-4 Subject Index Dementia, 201 Discounting the positive, 436
AIDS-related dementia, 355 Discrimination, 149, 154–155, 477–481
Criterion-referenced achievement tests, 231
Critical period, 265 Dendrites, 41, 42 decrease in, 479–480
Critical thinking, 16–17 Denial, 366 roots of, 477–479
Cross-cultural research, 25 Denial stage, death and dying, 286 Discriminative stimulus, 155
Dependent personality disorder, 414 Disgust, 319
on cognitive development, 255 Dependent variable, 23–24 Disinhibitory effect, 167
Cross-modal perception, 97, 99 Depressants, 131, 134–135 Disorganized/disoriented attachment, 270
Crowding, 476 Displacement, 181, 223, 366
Cryptomnesia, 190 alcohol, 134, 137 Display rules, 320
Crystallized intelligence, 280 barbiturates, 134–135, 137 Dispositional attribution, 456
CT scan (computerized axial tomography), 40 minor tranquilizers, 135, 137 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Cultural transmission, 223 narcotics, 135, 137
Culturally sensitive therapy, 444–445 Depression, 384 (DMDD), 415–416
Culture Depression stage, death and dying, 286 Dissociation, 205, 412
Depressive disorders, 403–407 Dissociative amnesia, 412
abnormal behavior and, 394 culture and, 406 Dissociative disorders, 412–413
altered states of consciousness and, 117 explanations for, 404–406 Dissociative fugue, 412
attributional biases and, 457 gender and, 405 Dissociative identity disorder (DID), 412–413
depression and, 406 major depressive disorder, 403 Divergent thinking, 244
emotion and, 319–320 stressors, 405 Diversity education, 480
individualism/collectivism dimension, 377 suicide, 406–407 Divorce, 281
mood disorders and, 405 Depth perception, 101–103 Dogs, sense of smell in, 91
moral development and, 261 binocular depth cues, 102 Dominant-recessive pattern, 66
personality and, 377 binocular disparity, 102 Door-in-the-face technique, 464–465
punishment and, 160–161 infants, 267 Dopamine (DA), 46, 131, 404, 411
reaction to death and dying and, 286 monocular depth cues, 102–103 Double-blind technique, 25
reconstructive memory and, 192–193 Dream analysis, 426
Culture-fair intelligence test, 232 atmospheric perspective, 102, 103 Dreams, 126–128
Cumulative recorder, 154 interposition, 102, 103
Curve of forgetting, 193–194 linear perspective, 102, 103 activation-synthesis hypothesis of
Cytomegalovirus, 409 motion parallax, 102–103 dreaming, 127
relative size, 102, 103
D shadow or shading, 102, 103 cognitive theory of dreaming, 127
Dalmane, 135 texture gradient, 102, 103 content of, 126
Dark adaptation, 81 Derailment, 408 evolutionary theory of dreaming, 127
Data collection, 5 Description, as goal of psychology, 6 interpreting, 126–127
Data-driven processing, 97–98 Descriptive research methods, 18–21 latent content, 127
Death and dying, 285–287 correlational method, 20–21 lucid dreams, 126, 127
observational and case studies, 18–19 manifest content, 127
acceptance stage, 286 case study, 18–19 NREM dreams, 126
bargaining stage, 286 laboratory observation, 18 REM dreams, 126
cultural differences in reactions to, 286 naturalistic observation, 18 Drive, 297
On Death and Dying, 286 survey research, 19–20 Drive-reduction theory, 297–298, 299, 303
denial stage, 286 Descriptors, 364 Driving, while texting or using cell phone, 96
depression stage, 286 Designer drugs, 136 Drug therapy, 437–440
euthanasia, 286–287 Development antianxiety drugs, 439–440
grieving process, 287 adolescence, 276–279 anticonvulsant drugs, 439
hospice care, 287 career development, 281–282 antidepressant drugs, 438–439
Debriefing, 29 early and middle adulthood, 279–283 antipsychotics, 437–438
Decay theory, 194–195, 197 early and middle childhood, 271–276 disadvantages of, 440
Deception, 29 gender role development, 274–275 lithium, 439
Decibels (dB), 86 infant development, 267–271 maintenance doses, 440
Decision making, 215–219 language development, 271–273 Drug tolerance, 132
additive strategy, 215, 216 late adulthood, 283–287 Duality of patterning, 223
anchoring, 218–219 prenatal development, 263, 264–267 Durex Global Sex Survey, 310
bounded rationality, 215 psychosexual stages of, 366–367 Dynamic assessment, 239
elimination by aspects, 215–216, 219 theories of, 252–264 Dyssomnias, 124–125
emotion and, 317–318 alternative theories of, 257–259
framing, 217–218, 219 Erikson’s theory of psychosocial E
group decision making, 467–468 Ear and hearing, 86–89
heuristics, 216–217, 219 development, 262–264
intuition, 218, 219, 317–318 Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, audition, 86
Declarative memory, 184–185 auditory nerve, 87
Deep brain stimulation, 201 259–262 balance and movement, 89–90
Defense mechanisms, 365–366 Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, eardrum (tympanic membrane), 86
denial, 366 inner ear
displacement, 366 253–257
projection, 366 zone of proximal development, 258–259 cochlea, 87
rationalization, 366 Developmental psychologists, 15 hair cells, 87
reaction formation, 366 Developmental psychology, 252 semicircular canals, 87, 90
regression, 366 Developmental theories, 252 middle ear, 86–87
repression, 365, 366 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental eardrum (tympanic membrane), 87
sublimation, 366 ossicles, 86–87
Deindividuation, 468 Disorder, 5th Edition (DSM-5), 395 oval window, 87
Delta waves, 121 Diet, 355–356 outer ear, 86
Delusion of grandeur, 408 Dieting, 306–307 auditory canal, 86, 87
Delusion of persecution, 408 Difference threshold, 76–77 pinna, 86, 87
Delusions, 408 Diffusion of responsibility, 473–474 Eardrum, 86, 87
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 41 Early adulthood, 263
Directive therapy, 428

Subject Index SI-5

Early and middle adulthood development, thymus gland, 65 optic nerve, 80, 81, 82
279–283 thyroid gland, 65 pupil, 80, 82
Endorphins, 46, 94, 131, 266 retina, 80, 81, 82
social development, 280–283 Enterprising personality type, 282 rhodopsin, 81
careers, 281–282 Entertainment media, 169–170 rods, 80–81, 82
living arrangements, 280–281 Epinephrine, 46, 65, 121, 126, 131, 199 Eyewitness testimony, 202–203
marriage and divorce, 281 Episodic memory, 184–185
parenthood, 281 Erogenous zone, 366 F
Escape learning, 161 Facial expressions, 39, 99, 319–320
Early and middle childhood development, Esteem needs, 302, 370–371 Facial-feedback hypothesis, 320
271–276 Estrogen, 65, 94, 200, 312 Facilitation effect, 167
E-therapy, 443 False memories, 190, 204, 205
gender role development, 274–275 Ethics code, 442–443 False-motion perceptions, 104
language development, 271–273 Ethnic group differences Family therapy, 429, 446
physical and cognitive changes, 279–280 in health, 347–348 Farsightedness (hyperopia), 80
socialization, 273–274 in IQ scores, 232, 238–240 Fast food, 355
Early childhood, 263 Ethnocentrism, 479 Father-child attachment, 270–271
Early intervention, 237–238 Euthanasia, 286–287 Fatuous love, 460, 461
Early-maturing boys, 276 Everyday stressors, 331–332 Fear, 319
Early-maturing girls, 276 Evidence
Eating disorders, 307–309 anecdotal, 17 hierarchy of fears, 432
anorexia nervosa, 307–308 evaluation of new, 17 irrational, 395
bulimia nervosa, 308 quality of, 17 of public speaking, 400
Eclectic position, 14 Evolution, 8 Feature detectors, 82
Ecological relevance, 152–153 Evolutionary perspective, 13, 14 Feminine psychology, 369–370
Ecstasy, 136, 137 Evolutionary psychology, 11–12 Fertilization, 266
Educational psychologists, 15 Evolutionary theory of dreaming, 127 Fetal alcohol effects, 266
EEG. See Electroencephalogram (EEG) Evolutionary theory of sleep, 120 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 266
Efferent (motor) neurons, 41, 49 Excitement phase, of sexual response cycle, 311 Fetus, 265
Egg cells, 65 Executive control, 226 Fidelity, 311
Ego, 365 Executive processing, 57 Fight-or-flight response, 48, 65, 199, 337, 341
Ego integrity versus despair, 263, 264 Exemplars, 214 Figure-ground, 100
Eidetic imagery, 180 Exercise, 284, 355–356 “5-a-day” plan, 355
Ejaculation, 312 Exhaustion stage, 338 Five-factor model, 374–376, 381
Elaborative rehearsal, 183 Existential intelligence, 228 agreeableness, 375
Elderly, 283–287. See also Late adulthood; Older Expectancy, 300 conscientiousness, 374–375
Expectancy theory, 300, 303 extraversion, 375
adults Experiential intelligence, 229, 230 gender differences in, 376
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 440–441 Experimental group, 24 neuroticism, 375–376
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 39–40 Experimental method, 23–26, 27 openness, 374
Electromagnetic spectrum, 79 causal hypothesis, 23 Fixation, 366
Electronic games, 170–171 control group, 24–25 Fixed-interval (FI) schedule, 157, 158
Electronic multitasking environment, 168–169 dependent variable, 23–24 Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule, 156, 158
Elektra complex, 366–367 example of experimental study, 23 Flashbacks, 136, 331
Elimination by aspects, 215–216, 219 experimental group, 24 Flashbulb memories, 190–191, 199
Embryo, 265 independent variable, 23–24 Flat affect, 408
Emerging adulthood, 252, 278–279 limitations of, 25–26 Flooding, 431–432
Emotion, 314–321 Flow, 321
confounding variables, 24 Fluid intelligence, 280
basic emotions, 318–319 double-blind technique, 25 Fluoxetine (Prozac), 439
brain and, 317–318 experimenter bias, 25 Flynn effect, 238
display rules, 320 placebo effect, 24–25 Foot-in-the-door technique, 464
expression of, 318–320 quasi-experiments, 25 Forebrain, 51–52
facial-feedback hypothesis, 320 random assignment, 24, 25 amygdala, 51
gender differences in, 318 selection bias, 24 cerebral cortex, 52
theories of, 314–316 variables, 23 cerebrum, 52–60
Experimental psychologists, 15 hippocampus, 51–52
Cannon-Bard theory, 315, 316 Experimenter bias, 25 hypothalamus, 51
James-Lange theory, 315, 316 Experiments, 21 limbic system, 51–52
Lazarus theory, 316 Expert systems, 221 thalamus, 51
Schachter-Singer theory, 315–316 Expertise, 191–192 Forensic psychologists, 14, 394
Emotional conditioning, 149–150 Explanation, as goal of psychology, 6 Forgetting, 193–197
Emotional infidelity, 295, 310 Explicit memory, 184–185 curve of, 193–194
Emotional intelligence, 243 Exposure and response prevention, 432–433 reasons for, 194–197
Emotional quotient (EQ), 243, 244 External locus of control, 380
Emotional reasoning, 436 Extinction, 147–148, 154 consolidation failure, 196, 197
Emotional states, cultural beliefs about, 406 Extrasensory perception (ESP), 106 decay theory, 194–195, 197
Emotion-focused coping, 340, 341 Extraversion, 374, 375 encoding failure, 194, 197
Empathy, 243, 473 Extrinsic motivation, 296–297 interference, 195–196, 197
“Empty chair” technique, 428 Eye, 79–81 motivated forgetting, 196, 197
Empty love, 460 blind spot, 80, 81, 82 prospective forgetting, 196, 197
Empty nest syndrome, 282–283 cones, 80–81, 82 retrieval failure, 196–197
Encoding, 179 cornea, 82 Formal academic knowledge, 229
Encoding failure, 194, 197 fovea, 80, 81, 82 Formal concepts, 214
Endocrine system, 63–65 iris, 80, 82 Formal education, 255
adrenal glands, 65 lens, 80, 82 Formal operations stage, 255, 257
hormones, 63–64 Fortune-telling, 436
pancreas, 65
parathyroid glands, 65
pineal gland, 64
pituitary gland, 64

SI-6 Subject Index

Fovea, 80, 81, 82 Glial cells, 42 ear and, 86–89
Fragile X syndrome, 66, 417 Glucagon, 65 frequency theory of, 89
Frames of mind, 228, 230 Glucocorticoids, 338, 339 hearing loss, 87–88
Framing, 217–218, 219 Glucose, 304 infants, 267
Fraternal twins, 68 Glutamate, 46, 92 place theory of, 89
Free association, 426 Goal orientation theory, 301, 303 sound, 85–86
Free will, 10 Goal setting, 300, 303 Heart disease, 344–345
Frequency, 85–86 Goals, of psychology, 6 Heinz dilemma, 259
Frequency theory, 89 Gonads, 65 Helicobacter pylori, 347
Frontal lobe Gonorrhea, 351 Hepatitis, 347
Good boy-nice girl orientation, 259 Hereditary cancers, 67
Broca’s area, 59 Gray matter, 53, 63, 283 Heredity
motor cortex, 57–59 Grieving process, 286, 287 aggression and, 475
prefrontal cortex, 57 Grossly disorganized behavior, 408 mechanisms of, 65–66
Frustration-aggression hypothesis, 475 Group, 446 mood disorders and, 404
Full-scale IQ score, 234 Group influence, 465–468 personality and, 376–377
Fully functioning person, 371 Heritability, 236–237, 376
Functional fixedness, 220 group decision making, 467–468 Heroin, 131, 135, 266
Functional MRI (fMRI), 40, 41 social facilitation, 465–466 Herpes, genital, 352
Functionalism, 8 social loafing, 466 Hertz (Hz), 85
Fundamental attribution error, 456–457 social roles, 468–469 HERV-W viruses, 409
Group intelligence tests, 234 Heuristic value, 16
G Group polarization, 467 Heuristics, 216–217
g factor, 228, 230 Group therapy, 10, 429 analogy heuristic, 219
GABA, 46, 404 Groupthink, 467–468 availability heuristic, 216, 217, 219
Ganglion cells, 81–82 Guided imagery, 204 means-ends analysis, 219–220
Ganzfeld procedure, 106 Gustation, 92 recognition heuristic, 216–217
Gate-control theory, 93–94 representativeness heuristic, 216, 219
Gay men, social attitudes toward, 314 H working backward, 219
Gender bias, 28, 262 Hair cells, 87 Hierarchy of needs, Maslow’s, 10, 302, 303
Gender constancy, 275 Hallucinations, 407–408 High school students, sexual activity among, 277
Gender differences Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder Higher-order conditioning, 146–147
High-pitched tones, 88
in the brain, 63 (HPPD), 136 Hindbrain, 49–50
in cognitive abilities, 240–242 Hallucinogens, 135–136 brainstem, 49
in emotion, 318 cerebellum, 49–50
in health, 346–347 designer drugs, 136 medulla, 49
in intellectual functioning, 280 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 136, 137 pons, 49
in rates of depression, 405 marijuana, 135–136, 137 reticular formation, 49
in sexual attitudes and behavior, 309–311 MDMA (Ecstasy), 137 Hippocampal region, 198
in suicide rates, 406 Halo effect, 382, 458 Hippocampus, 51–52, 59, 198, 199
Gender role development, 274–275 Hammer, 86–87 Hispanic Americans, 347, 348
Gender stability, 275 Handedness, 39, 53–54, 66 Historical racism, 334
Gender-schema theory, 275 Happiness, 319, 321, 406 Histrionic personality disorder, 414
Gender-sensitive therapy, 445 Hardiness, 341–342 Hoarding disorder, 401–402
General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 338–339 Hassles, 331–332 Hobbies, dangerous, 299
General slowing, 283–284 Hassles Scale, 332 Homeostasis, 297
Generalization, 148, 154 Healing circles, 444 Homophobia, 314
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 399 Health Homosexuality
Generativity versus stagnation, 263, 264 biopsychosocial model, 335–337 causes, 313
Genes/genetics, 65–67 hardiness and, 342 Freud’s theory of, 367
of alcoholism, 351 socioeconomic status and, 334 prevalence, 312–313
behavioral genetics, 67–68 stress and, 330–331 social attitudes toward, 314
dominant-recessive pattern, 66 Health and illness, 344–348 Hop-disappointment cycle, 321
genetic code, 66 cancer, 346 Hopelessness, 341
genotype, 66 coronary heart disease, 344–345 Horizontal cells, 81
of handedness, 54 ethnic group differences, 347–348 Hormone replacement therapy, 200
of personality, 376–377 gender and, 346–347 Hormones, 63–64
phenotype, 66 Health and lifestyle, 348–357 hunger and, 304
polygenetic inheritance, 66 alcohol abuse, 350–351 memory and, 199–200
of schizophrenia, 409 alternative medicine, 356–357 sexual response cycle and, 312
Genetic counseling, 67 benefits of lifestyle changes, 357 Hospice care, 287
Genital herpes, 352 diet, 355–356 Hostility, 345
Genital warts, 352 exercise, 355–356 Hot flashes, 279
Genotype, 66 sexually transmitted diseases, 351–355 Hue, 83
Genuineness, 428 smoking, 348–350 Human contact, 333
Germinal stage, 265 Health information, on Internet, 349 Human development. See Development
Gestalt principles of perceptual organization, Health psychology, 336–337 Human Genome Project, 65
Health-stress connection, 335–344 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
100–101 biopsychosocial model, 335–337
closure, 100, 101 immune system, 337–338 352–355
continuity, 100 physiology of, 337–340 Human nature, 10
figure-ground, 100 theories of stress response, 338–340 Human nervous system. See Nervous system
proximity, 100 Hearing, 85–90 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 352
similarity, 100 affect of aging on, 283 Humanistic perspective, 13, 14
Gestalt psychology, 11 audition, 86 Humanistic psychology, 10, 370
Gestalt therapy, 428, 446 bone conduction, 88–89
Gestational age, 266 colored hearing, 107

Humanistic theories perceptual and motor development, Subject Index SI-7
of personality, 370–372, 381 267–268
conditions of worth, 371 culture-fair intelligence test, 232
esteem needs, 370–371 preterm infants, 266 group, 234
self-actualization, 371 reflexes, 267 mental age, 232–233
sleep patterns in, 122 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 233
Humanistic therapies, 427–428 temperament, 268 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 233
Hunger, 303–309 Infantile amnesia, 204 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Infatuated love, 460
eating disorders, 307–309 Inferiority complex, 369 (WISC), 233–234
external cues, 303–304 Inflammation, 337 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
internal cues, 303–304 Influence, as goal of psychology, 6
obesity, 305–307 Influenza virus, 409 Intelligence (WPPSI), 233
variations in body weight, 305 Information-processing theory, 11, 179–180 Intensity, 296
weight loss, 305–307 Informed consent, 29, 443 Interactionist approach, to language development, 273
Hygiene, sleep, 123, 124 In-groups, 478 Interchangeability, 223
Hyperopia, 80 Inheritance Interference, 195–196, 197
Hypertension, 283, 347 mechanisms of heredity, 65–66
Hypnosis, 129–130, 204 multifactorial, 66 proactive, 195
myths about, 129 polygenetic, 66 retroactive, 195–196
neodissociation theory of hypnosis, 130 sex-linked, 66 Intergroup contact, 480
sociocognitive theory of, 129, 130 Inherited diseases of childhood, 67 Internal locus of control, 379
theories of, 129–130 Inhibitory effect, 167 Internet, 171
theory of dissociated control, 130 Initiative versus guilt, 263, 264 health information on, 349
Hypochondriasis, 384 Inner ear, 87 surveys, 19
Hypomania, 384 Insanity, 394 Interneurons, 41, 49
Hypothalamus, 51 Insight, 165, 167 Interpersonal intelligence, 229
Hypothesis, 4 Insight therapies, 426–428, 446 Interpersonal therapy (IPT), 427
applying results of, 5–6 Insomnia, 125 Interposition, 102, 103
causal, 23 Institutional approval, 29 Interviews, 381–382
formulating, 4–5 Instrumentality, 300 job interviews, 383
Hypothetico-deductive thinking, 255 Insulin, 65, 304 structured interviews, 382
Hysteria, 384 Integration orientation, 335 Intimacy, 460
Intellectual disabilities, 232, 235 Intimacy versus isolation, 263, 264
I Intellectual functions, changes in, during Intimate relationships, 459–461
Id, 364–365 Intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG), 40
Identical twins, 68 adulthood, 280 Intrapersonal intelligence, 229
Identity versus role confusion, 263, 264 Intelligence, 228–245 Intrinsic motivation, 296–297
Illness Introspection, 7–8
artificial intelligence, 221 Intuition, 218, 219, 317–318
biomedical model, 335–336 bodily-kinesthetic, 229 Inventory, 382–385
biopsychosocial model, 335–337 componential, 229, 230 Investigative personality type, 282
cancer, 346–347 contextual, 229, 230 Ions, 43
coronary heart disease, 344–345 creativity and, 243–245 IQ score, 228, 234, 238–240
health and, 344–348 crystallized, 280 IQ tests, 230, 232
Illusions, 105–106 emotional, 243 Iris, 80, 82
Imagery, 213 existential, 228 Irrational fears, 395
Imaginary audience, 255 experiential, 229, 230
Imaging techniques, 40–41, 117 explaining differences in, 236–242 J
CT scan (computerized axial tomography), 40 fluid, 280 James-Lange theory, 315, 316
diffusion tensor imaging, 41 frames of mind, 228, 230 Jealousy, 295
functional MRI, 40, 41 g factor, 228, 230 Jet lag, 119
MEG (magnetoencephalography), 40 gender differences in, 240–242 Jigsaw technique, 480
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 40 interpersonal, 229 Job description, 332
PET scan (positron-emission tomography), 40 intrapersonal, 229 Job interviews, 383
SQUID (superconduction quantum linguistic, 229 Job responsibilities, 332
logical-mathematical, 229 Job satisfaction, 281
interference device), 40 measuring, 230–232 Job status, 332
Immune system, stress and the, 337–338 mental age, 232–233 Just noticeable difference (JND), 77
Implicit memory, 185 musical, 229 Justice, 262
Impression formation, 454–455 naturalistic, 229
Impression management, 383, 455–456 nature-nurture debate, 236–238 K
In vivo flooding, 431–432 Kinesthetic sense, 89
Inappropriate effect, 408 adoption, 237–238 Knowledge
Inattentional blindness, 95–96 early intervention, 237–238
Incentive, 296 heritability, 236–237 formal academic, 229
Inclusion, 235 Ramey’s infant intervention, 237–238 tacit, 229–230
Independent thinking, 17 twin studies on, 237
Independent variable, 23–24 primary mental abilities, 228, 230 L
Individual differences, 12 race and IQ, 238–240 Labeling, 436
Individual psychology, 369 range of, 234–235 Labor, 266
Individualism/collectivism dimension, 377 s factors, 228 Laboratory observation, 18, 27
Industrial/organizational (I/O) pychologists, spatial, 229 Language, 222–227
testing, 232–234
15, 300 theory of multiple intelligences, 228–229 animal, 223–225
Industry versus inferiority, 263, 264 triarchic theory of intelligence, 229–230 learning a second language, 226–227
Infancy, 263 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 233 linguistic relativity hypothesis, 225–226
Intelligence tests, 231–234 morphemes, 222
attachment, 268–271 Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, 232–233 phonemes, 222
low-birth-weight babies, 266 pragmatics, 223
motor development, 269 psycholinguistics, 222

SI-8 Subject Index

semantics, 222–223 Light adaptation, 81 Medulla, 49
structure of, 222–223 Light mask, 119 MEG (magnetoencephalography), 40
syntax, 222 Light waves, 79 Melatonin, 64, 118, 119
thinking and, 225–226 Liking, 460 Memory, 178–211
Language acquisition device (LAD), 272 Limbic system, 51–52
Language development, 271–273 aids, 184
environmental factors influencing, 272–273 amygdala, 51, 317 automaticity, 183
literacy, 273 hippocampus, 51–52 biology and, 197–202
motherese, 273 hypothalamus, 51
phases of, 271–272 thalamus, 51 hippocampal region, 198
Linear perspective, 102, 103 hippocampus, 198, 199
babbling, 271 Linguistic intelligence, 229 long-term potentiation, 199
overextension, 271–272 Linguistic relativity hypothesis, 225–226 neuronal changes, 198–199
overregulatization, 272 Literacy, 273 declarative, 184–185
telegraphic speech, 272 Lithium, 439, 440 encoding, 179
underextension, 272 Little Albert, 149–150 episodic, 184–185
phonological awareness, 273 Living arrangements, 280–281, 285 false memory, 190, 204, 205
theories of, 272–273 Lobes. See Cerebral lobes flashbulb memories, 199
ineractionist approach, 273 Lobotomy, 441 forgetting, 193–197
learning perspective, 272 Locus of control, 379–380, 381 hormones and, 199–200
nativist perspective, 272 Logical-mathematical intelligence, 229 information-processing theory of, 179–180
Language processing, 61 Long-term memory (LTM), 183–185 in legal and therapeutic settings, 202–205
Late adulthood, 263, 283–287 declarative memory, 184–185 eyewitness testimony, 202–203
death and dying, 285–287 nondeclarative memory, 185 repressed memory controversy, 204–205
general slowing, 283–284 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 199 long-term memory, 183–185
physical and cognitive changes, 283–284 Lottery, chance of winning, 217 memory loss, 200–201
social adjustment, 284–285 Love amnesia, 200–201
successful aging, 285 companionate, 460, 461 dementia, 201
Late-maturing girls, 276 consummate, 460, 461 memory strategies, 182–183
Latent content, 127 empty, 460 elaborative rehearsal, 183
Latent learning, 165–166, 167 fatuous, 460, 461 maintenance rehearsal, 183
Lateral hypothesis (LH), 304 infatuated, 460 mnemonics, 184
Lateralization, 54 romantic, 460, 461 nodeclarative, 185
Law of effect, 153 triangular theory of, 460–461 photographic, 180
Lazarus theory, 316 Love needs, 302 reconstructive, 188–193
Lead exposure, 235 Low arousal level, 475 autobiographical memories, 191
Learned helplessness, 161 Low-ball technique, 465 flashbulb memories, 190–191
Learning, 144–177 Low-birth-weight babies, 266 influences on, 191–193
avoidance, 161 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 136, 137 process of, 188–189
classical conditioning, 145–153 Lucid dreams, 126, 127 schemas, 188–189
cognitive, 164–173 Lymphocytes, 337 source memory, 189–190
coping strategies and, 341 retrieval, 179, 186–188
defined, 145 M semantic, 185
escape, 161 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 40 sensory, 180
by insight, 165 Magnification, 436 short-term memory, 180–183
latent, 165–166, 167 Mainstreaming, 235 storage, 179
from media, 167–171 Maintenance rehearsal, 183 structure of human memory, 179–185
multitasking environment and, 168–169 Major depressive disorder, 403 super-memories, 183
observational, 166–167 Maladaptive behavior, 393–394 working, 182–183
operant conditioning, 153–164 Manic episodes, 403 Men
scaffolding, 258–259 Manifest content, 127 emotion and, 318
theories, 252 Marijuana, 135–136, 137 orgasm in, 311–312
Learning perspective, 272 Marriage, 281 sexual attitudes and behavior, 309–311
Left hemisphere, 54–55 Married households, 280 Menarche, 276
Legal settings, memory in, 202–205 Masculinity/femininity, 384 Menopause, 279
Legality, 28–29 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 10, 302 Mental age, 232–233
Lens, 80, 82 Mass practice, 184 Mental challenge, 333
Leptin, 305 Mastery, 193 Mental filter, 436
Lesbians, social attitudes toward, 314 Mastery/approach orientation, 301 Mental health professionals, 442
Levels-of-processing model, 183 Mastery/avoidance orientation, 301 Mental hospital patient populations, 437
Librium, 135, 439 Matching hypothesis, 459 Mental retardation, 235
Licensed chemical dependency counselor, 442 Mate preferences, 311 Mental set, 220–221
Licensed marriage and family therapist, 442 Maternal health, 265 Mercy killing, 286–287
Licensed professional counselor, 442 Math achievement, gender differences in, Mere-exposure effect, 458
Life events approach, 329–331 Metabolic rate, 305
Life expectancy, 283 241–242 Methamphetamine, 133
Life partner, choosing, 459–460 Mating strategies, 295 Method of loci, 184
Life satisfaction, 321 Maturation, 268 Methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA),
Lifestyle and health, 348–357 Mean-ends analysis, 219–220 136, 137
alcohol abuse, 350–351 Media Methylphenidate, 417–418
alternative medicine, 356–357 Metronome, 7
benefits of lifestyle changes, 357 Internet, 171 Microelectrode, 39–40
diet, 355–356 learning from, 167–171 Midbrain, 50–51
exercise, 355–356 television, 169–170, 477 Middle adulthood, 263, 271–276
sexually transmitted diseases, 351–355 video games, 170–171 Middle age, 282–283
smoking, 348–350 violence, 169–171, 477 Middle childhood, 263
Meditation, 128–129 Middle ear, 86–87
Mediums, 472

Subject Index SI-9

Midlife crisis, 283 Movement, 89–90 structure of, 41–42
Mind reading, 436 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 40 synapse, 43
Minimization, 436 Müller-Lyer illusion, 105–106 synaptic cleft, 42–43, 45
Minnesota Center for Twin and Adoption Multifactorial disorders, 67 synaptic transmission, 45
Multifactorial inheritance, 66 Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 337
Research, 237 Multigenerational households, 285 Neuroscience, 12
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Multitasking environment, 168–169 affective neuroscience, 317–318
Muses, 117 Neurotic personality, 369
(MMPI), 382–384 Musical intelligence, 229 Neuroticism, 374, 375–376, 400–401, 404
Minor tranquilizers, 135, 137 “Must” statements, 436 Neurotransmitters, 41–46, 404, 411
Mirror neuron system (MNS), 99 Mutual help groups, 429 action potential, 43, 44
Mirror tracing, 62 Myelin sheath, 42, 44, 283 influence of drugs on, 46
Misinformation effect, 202–203 Myelination, 61 major, 46
MMPI-2, 382–384 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 384–385 receptors, 44–45
MMPI-A, 384 Myopia, 80 reuptake, 45
Mnemonics, 184 synaptic vesicles, 44
Modafinil, 119 N Newborns, 266. See also Infancy
Model, 166 Naive idealism, 255 Nicotine, 133, 137, 266
Modeling effect, 167 Naive subject, 462 Night vision, 283
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, 439, 440 Narcissistic personality disorder, 413, 414 Nightmares, 123
Monocular depth cues, 102–103 Narcolepsy, 124, 125 Nodes of Ranvier, 42
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), 92 Narcotics, 135, 137 Nondeclarative memory, 185
Mood disorders, 403–407 National Assessment of Educational Progress Nondirective therapy, 428
Moon illusion, 105 Nontasters, 92
Moral development, Kohlberg’s theory of, (NAEP), 241 Norepinephrine (NE), 46, 64, 65, 199, 404
Native American Church, 117 Normal curve, 234
259–262 Native Americans, 347, 444 Norm-referenced achievement tests, 231
challenges to, 262 Nativist perspective, 272 Norms, 231, 461
cognitive development and, 260–261 Natural concepts, 214 Nose, 90–91
conventional level, 259, 261 Natural selection, 11 NREM (non-REM) sleep, 120
culture and, 261 Naturalistic intelligence, 229 NREM dreams, 126
gender bias, 262 Naturalistic observation, 18, 27 Nucleus accumbens, 131
Heinz dilemma, 259 Nature-nurture debate, 236–238, 252, 376–377 Nursery rhymes, 273
moral reasoning, measuring, 259 Nearsightedness (myopia), 80 Nutrition, 355
postconventional level, 260, 261 Need for achievement (n Ach), 300–301, 303
preconventional level, 259, 261 Needs, Maslow’s hierarchy of, 10, 302, 303 O
stages, 259–261 Negative correlations, 20–21 Obedience, 462–464
Moral injury, 331 Negative punishment, 158–159 Obesity, 305–307, 355
Moral reasoning, 259 Negative reinforcement, 155–156 Object relations, 426–427
Morphemes, 222 Negative symptoms, of schizophrenia, 408 Observational and case studies, 18–19
Morphine, 131, 135 Neodissociation theory of hypnosis, 130 Observational learning, 166–167
Mosquito ringtone hearing test, 88 Neo-Freudians, 10, 368–370, 381
Mother-child attachment, 268–270 Neonate, 266 attention, 166
Motherese, 273 Neo-Piagetians, 257–258 disinhibitory effect, 167
Motion, perception of, 103 Nerve endings, 93 facilitation effect, 167
Motion parallax, 102–103 Nervous system, 47–52 inhibitory effect, 167
Motivated forgetting, 196, 197 modeling effect, 167
Motivation, 295–303 central nervous system (CNS), 47, 49–52 reinforcement, 167
achievement motivation, 296, 300–301, 466 EEG, 39–40 reproduction, 166–167
activation phase, 295 imaging techniques, 40–41 retention, 166
arousal theory, 298, 299, 303 microelectrode, 39–40 Observer bias, 18
behavioral approach to, 299–303 mysteries of, discovering, 39–41 Observers, 456
biological approaches to, 297–298 neurons, 41–46 Obsessions, 401–402
components of, 295–296 neurotransmitters, 44–46 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 401–402
drive-reduction theory, 297–298, 299, 303 peripheral nervous system (PNS), 47–49 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder,
expectancy theory, 300, 303
extrinsic, 296–297 autonomic nervous system, 47–48 413, 414
foundations of, 295–297 somatic nervous system, 47 Occipital lobe, 58–60
goal orientation theory, 301, 303 Neural maps, 52 Odor receptors, 91
goal setting, 300, 303 Neurodevelopmental disorders, 417 Odors, as retrieval cues, 187
incentive, 296 Neuroleptics, 437, 440 Oedipus complex, 366
intensity, 296 Neuronal changes, memory and, 198–199 “Old Woman/Young Woman,” 104
intrinsic, 296–297 Neurons, 41–46 Older adults. See also Late adulthood
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 302, 303 action potential, 43, 44
n Ach, 300–301, 303 afferent (sensory), 41, 49 sleep patterns in, 122
persistence, 295–296 axon terminal, 42 suicide by, 406
primary drives, 296 axons, 42 Olfaction, 90–91
sexual motivation, 309–314 cell body, 41, 42, 45 Olfactory bulbs, 91
social motives, 296 communication between, 42–44 Olfactory epithelium, 91
social-cognitive approach to, 299–303 dendrites, 41, 42 Olfactory system, 90–91
stimulus motives, 298 efferent (motor), 41, 49 On-the-job stress, 332–333
work motivation, 296, 300 glial cells, 42 Openness, 374
Yerkes-Dodson law, 298 interneurons, 41, 49 Operant, 153
Motives, 296 myelin sheath, 42, 44 Operant conditioning, 9–10, 153–164
Motor cortex, 57–59 nodes of Ranvier, 42 applications of, 162–164
Motor development, infancy, 267–268, 269 olfactory, 91 behavior modification techniques based on,
Motor neurons, 41, 49 refractory period, 43
Motor skills, 185, 268 resting potential, 43 430–431
characteristics of, 164

SI-10 Subject Index Patient, 371 neuroticism, 374
Pavlovian conditioning. See Classical prefrontal cortex and, 57
discrimination, 154–155 theory and assessment, 363–391
discriminative stimulus, 155 conditioning
extinction, 154 Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD), 415 Adler’s conception of, 369
generalization, 154 Peer relationships, 274, 277–278 conscious mind, 364
law of effect, 153 Peer review, 5 defense mechanisms, 365–366
operant, 153 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 351 ego, 365
process of, 154–155 PEN model, 373–374 Freud’s theory, 364–368, 381
punisher, 153 Penis envy, 366–367 Horney’s conception of, 369–370
punishment, 158–161 Perceived control, 343 humanistic theories, 370–372, 381
puzzle box, 153 Perceived support, 343 id, 364–365
reinforcement, 155–158 Perception, 76 inferiority complex, 369
reinforcer, 153 Jung’s conception of, 368–369
shaping, 154 cocktail party phenomenon, 96–97 Maslow’s theory of, 370–371
Skinner box, 154 cross-modal, 97, 99 neo-Freudians, 368–370, 381
spontaneous recovery, 154 depth, 101–103 psychoanalytic theories, 364–370
successive approximations, 154 Gestalt principles of perceptual organization, Roger’s theory of, 371
Opiates, 131 self-esteem, 371–372
Opium, 135 100–101 social-cognitive theories, 378–381
Opponent-process theory, 83 closure, 100, 101 superego, 365
Opsin, 81 continuity, 100 trait approach, 364
Optic nerve, 80, 81, 82 figure-ground, 100 trait theories, 372–378, 381
Optimism, 320, 341 proximity, 100 Personality disorders, 413–414
Orbitofrontal cortex, 91 similarity, 100 prevalence of, 414
Orgasm, 311–312 inattentional blindness, 95–96 treatment of, 414
Ossicles, 86–87 influences on, 95–100 types of, 414
Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test, 234 attention, 95–97 Personality inventories, 382–385
Outer ear, 86, 87 prior knowledge, 97–99 Personalization, 436
Out-groups, 478 of motion, 103–104 Person-centered therapy, 371, 428, 446
Oval window, 87 perceptual constancy, 101 Persuasion, 471–472
Ovaries, 65 brightness constancy, 101 Pessimism, 341
Overextension, 271–272 shape constancy, 101 PET scan (positron-emission tomography), 40
Overgeneralization, 436 size constancy, 101 Peyote/peyotism, 117
Overlearning, 4, 184 perceptual organization, 100–101 Phenobarbital, 134–135
Overregularization, 272 perceptual set, 98–99 Phenotype, 66
Overweight, 305–307 principles of, 100–104 Pheromones, 311
Oxytocin, 135, 266 social, 99–100 Phi phenomenon, 11, 104
unusual perceptual experiences, 104–107 Phobias, 400, 401
P extrasensory perception, 106 Phonemes, 222, 271
Pain, 93–94 puzzling perceptions, 104–106 Phonological awareness, 273
subliminal perception, 106 Photographic memory, 180
aggression and, 476 synesthesia, 107 Photoreceptors, 118
chronic, 94, 337 Perceptual constancy, 101 Physical attractiveness, 458–459
endorphins, 94 Perceptual development, infancy, 267–268 Physical challenge, 333
gate-control theory of, 93–94 Perceptual reasoning index, 233 Physical changes, in late adulthood,
management of, 94 Perceptual set, 98–99 283–284
Pancreas, 65 Performance, arousal and, 298 Physical drug dependence, 132
Panic attacks, 398 Performance anxiety, 399 Physical exercise, 284, 355–356
Panic disorder, 399 Performance/approach orientation, 301 Physiological (biological) psychology, 12
Papillae, 92 Performance/avoidance orientation, 301 Physiological needs, 302
Parallel processing, 11 Period of the embryo, 265 Physiological psychologists, 15
Parallelisms, 55 Period of the fetus, 265 Pineal gland, 64, 118
Paranoia, 384 Period of the zygote, 265 Pinna, 86, 87
Paranoid personality disorder, 414 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 47–49 Pitch, 85–86
Paraphilic disorders, 413 autonomic nervous system, 47–48 Pituitary gland, 64
Parasomnias, 123 somatic nervous system, 47 Place theory, 89
Parasympathetic nervous system, 47, 48–49 Permissive parents, 274 Placebo, 24–25
Parathyroid glands, 65 Permissive-indulgent parents, 274 Placebo effect, 24–25
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 65 Permissive-neglectful parents, 274 Plasticity, 61–62
Parental investment, 310 Persistence, 295–296 Plateau phase, of sexual response cycle, 311
Parenthood, 281 Personal fable, 255 Pleasure principle, 365
Parenting styles, 273–274 Personal space, 476 Polygenetic inheritance, 66
authoritarian parents, 273 Personal unconscious, 369 Polysomnograms, 120
authoritative parents, 273–274 Personality Pons, 49
permissive parents, 274 assessment, 381–386 Ponzo illusion, 105
Parents, relationship between adolescents and, interviews, 381–382 Pop quizzes, 341
inventories, 382–385 Population, 19
277–278 observation, 381–382 Positive bias, 191
Parietal lobe, 58, 59 projective tests, 385–386 Positive correlations, 20
Parkinson’s disease, 51 rating scales, 381–382 Positive outlook, 321
Partial reinforcement effect, 157 culture and, 377 Positive psychology, 10, 320
Participant bias, 24–25 descriptors, 364 Positive punishment, 158
Participant modeling, 433 extraversion, 374 Positive regard, unconditional, 371, 428
Participant-related bias, 28 gender differences in, 376 Positive reinforcement, 155
Passion, 460 heart disease and, 345
Passive euthanasia, 287 Holland’s personality types, 282
Passive smoking, 349 nature-nurture debate on, 376–377
Pathogens, 336

Subject Index SI-11

Positive symptoms, of schizophrenia, Propofol, 131, 134–135 development of field, 7–15
407–408 Prosocial behavior, 472–474 goals of, 6
as science, 3–6
Postconventional level, of moral development, altruism, 473 specialties in, 14–15
260, 261 bystander effect, 473–474 SQ3R method for studying, 2–3
empathy, 473 Psychoneuroimmunology, 337–338
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 331 reasons for helping, 473 Psychopathic deviate, 384
Pragmatics, 223 Prospective forgetting, 196, 197 Psychopathy, 380
Precognition, 106 Prostate gland, 280 Psychosexual stages of development,
Preconscious, 364, 365 Prototypes, 214, 215
Preconventional level, of moral development, Proximity, 100, 458 366–367
Pruning, 61 Elektra complex, 366–367
259, 261 Psychasthenia, 384 fixation, 366
Predictable rewards, 145 Psychedelics, 135–136 Freud’s theory, 366–367
Prediction, as goal of psychology, 6 Psychiatrists, 442 Oedipus complex, 366
Prefrontal cortex, 57 Psychoactive drugs, 130–137, 437–440. See also Psychosis, 407
Pregnancy Psychosocial development, Erikson’s theory of,
Drug therapy
drug and alcohol use in, 266 affect on brain of, 131 262–264
endorphin levels during, 94 depressants, 134–135, 137 Psychosocial stages, 262–264
negative influences during, 265–266 hallucinogens, 135–136, 137 Psychosurgery, 441
prenatal development during, 264–267 stimulants, 133–134, 137 Psychotherapy, 426. See also Therapies
smoking during, 266, 349 substance abuse and addiction, 131–133
teenage, 277 Psychoanalysis, 10, 365, 426–427, 446 culturally sensitive therapy, 444–445
trimesters, 264 Psychoanalytic perspective, 13, 14 gender-sensitive therapy, 445
Prejudice, 477–481 Psychoanalytic theories, 364–370 practical issues in, 442–447
decrease in, 479–480 Freud’s theory of personality, 364–368, 381 therapist, choosing, 442–444
roots of, 477–479 Psychoticism, 374
unlearning, 480 conscious, 364 Psychotics, 374
Prenatal development, 263, 264–267 defense mechanisms, 365–366 Puberty, 276–277
critical periods, 265 ego, 365 Public speaking, fear of, 400
negative influences during evaluating, 368 Publication, 29
id, 364–365 Punisher, 153
drug and alcohol use, 266 preconscious, 364, 365 Punishment, 158–161
smoking, 266 psychosexual stages of development, alternatives to, 159–160
teratogens, 265 culture and, 160–161
negative influences on, 265–266 366–367 disadvantages of, 159
stages superego, 365 effects of, 159
embryo, 265 unconscious, 364, 365 making more effective, 160
fetus, 265 neo-Freudians, 368–370, 381 negative, 158–159
zygote, 265 Psychodynamic perspective, 396, 397 positive, 158
stages of, 265 Psychodynamic therapies, 426–427 Pupil, 80, 82
Prenatal sex hormones, 274–275 Psycholinguistics, 222 Puzzle box, 153
Prenatal testing, 67 Psychological disorders, 392–424 Puzzling perceptions, 104–106
Preoperational stage, 253–254, 257 abnormal behavior, 393–394
Presbyopia, 279 anxiety disorders, 397–402 Q
Pretend play, 254 bipolar disorders, 403–407 Quasi-experiments, 25
Preterm infants, 266 childhood disorders, 415–418 Questionnaires, 19
Prevarication, 223 classifying, 395–396
Primacy effect, 187, 455 defining, 393–397 R
Primary appraisal, 339 depressive disorders, 403–407 Race
Primary auditory cortex, 58, 60 dissociative disorders, 412–413
Primary drives, 296 explanations for, 396–397 IQ and, 238–240
Primary mental abilities, 228, 230 biological perspective, 396, 397 stereotype threat, 239–240
Primary Mental Abilities Tests, 228 biopsychosocial perspective, 396, 397 Racial patterning, 348
Primary reinforcer, 156 cognitive perspective, 396–397 Racism, 334
Primary visual cortex, 58, 59–60, 82 psychodynamic perspective, 396, 397 Random assignment, 24, 25
Primates, use of language by, 224–225 lifetime prevalence of, 395–396 Random sample, 19
Principles of Psychology (James), 8 neurodevelopmental disorders, 417 Rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation
Prior knowledge, 97–99, 191–193 paraphilic disorders, 413
Private speech, 258 personality disorders, 413–414 (rTMS), 441
Proactive coping, 340–341 schizophrenia, 407–411 Rare events, overestimation of likelihood
Proactive interference, 195 sexual dysfunctions, 413
Problem solving, 219–221 somatic disorders, 411–412 of, 217
algorithm, 220 tracking, 395–396 Rating scales, 381–382
analogy heuristic, 219 Psychological drug dependence, 132–133 Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT),
means-ends analysis, 219–220 Psychological perspectives, 13–14, 15
obstacles to, 220–221 Psychological tests 434–435
confirmation bias, 221 achievement test, 231 Rationalization, 366
functional fixedness, 220 aptitude test, 231 Reaction formation, 366
mental set, 220–221 intelligence test, 231, 232 Realistic conflict theory, 477–478
working backward, 219 norms, 231 Realistic personality type, 282
Problem-focused coping, 340, 341 reliability of, 231 Recall, 186
Processed foods, 355 standardization, 231 Received support, 343
Processing speed index, 233 validity of, 231 Recency effect, 187
Procrastination, 161, 162 Psychologists, 442 Receptors, 44–45
Productivity, 223 goals of, 6 Reciprocal determinism, 379, 381
Progesterone, 64, 65, 200, 312 Psychology Reciprocal liking, 458
Projection, 366 defined, 3 Reciprocity, 458
Projective tests, 385–386 Recitation, 184
Recognition, 186
Recognition heuristic, 216–217

SI-12 Subject Index

Reconstruction/reconstructive memory, laboratory observation, 27 delusions, 408
188–193 naturalistic observation, 18, 27 derailment, 408
participants, 27–30 explanations for, 408–411
autobiographical memories, 191 flat affect, 408
flashbulb memories, 190–191 ageism, 28 genetic basis for, 409
influences on, 191–193 characteristics influencing, 28 grossly disorganized behavior, 408
positive bias, 191 gender bias, 28 hallucinations, 407–408
process of, 188–189 participant-related bias, 24–25, 28 inappropriate effect, 408
schemas, 188–189 protecting, 28–30 neuromaturational processes, 410–411
source memory, 189–190 representativeness of, 28 psychosis, 407
source monitoring, 190 survey, 19–20, 27 smoking rates of individuals with, 438
Red-green color blindness, 66 Resilience, 340–344 stress and, 409–410
Reference point, 103–104 Resistance, 426 symptoms of, 407–408
Reflexes, 267 Resistance stage, 338 Schizotypal personality disorder, 414
Reflexiveness, 223 Resistant attachment, 270 School psychologists, 14, 442
Refractory period, 43 Resolution phase, of sexual response cycle, 312 Schools of thought in psychology, 9–13
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), 245 Respondent conditioning. See Classical behaviorism, 9–10
Regression, 366 conditioning biological (physiological) psychology, 12
Rehearsal, 181–182 Response prevention, 432–433 cognitive psychology, 10–11
Reinforcement, 155–158 Resting potential, 43 evolutionary psychology, 11–12
effects of, 159 Restorative theory of sleep, 120 Gestalt psychology, 11
negative, 155–156 Reticular activating system (RAS), 49 humanistic psychology, 10
partial reinforcement effect, 157 Reticular formation, 49 positive psychology, 10
positive, 155 Retina, 80, 81, 82 psychoanalysis, 10
primary reinforcer, 156 Retinal, 81 sociocultural approach, 12–13
schedules, 156–158 Retinal disparity, 102 Science, psychology as, question of, 3–6
Retirement, 284 Scientific method, 3–6
fixed-interval, 157, 158 Retrieval, 179, 186–188 applied research, 6
fixed-ratio, 156, 158 failure, 196–197 basic research, 6
variable-interval, 157, 158 influences on, 186–188 data collection, 5
variable-ratio, 156–157, 158 measuring, 186 hypothesis, applying results of, 5–6
secondary reinforcer, 156 primacy effect, 187 hypothesis, formulating, 4–5
Reinforcer, 153 recall, 186 observation, 4
Relationship therapies, 429–430, 446 recency effect, 187 psychologists using, 3–6
Relative size, 102, 103 recognition, 186 study, designing, 5
Relaxation response, 128 relearning method, 186 theorizing, 4
Relearning method, 186 retrieval cue, 186 Seattle Longitudinal Study, 280
Reliability, 231 serial position effect, 187 Second language, learning a, 226–227
Religious involvement, 342 state-dependent memory effect, 188 Secondary appraisal, 339–340
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 121–122 Retroactive interference, 195–196 Secondary reinforcer, 156
REM dreams, 126 Retrograde amnesia, 200–201 Secondary sex characteristics, 65, 276
REM rebound, 121 Reuptake, 45 Second-hand smoke, 349
Remembering, act of, 179. See also memory Reversibility, 254–255 Secure attachment, 270
Remote Associates Test (RAT), 245 Rewards, 145 Sedentary lifestyle, 344–345
Repeated testing, 184 Rhodopsin, 81 Selection bias, 24
Replication, 5 Right hemisphere, 55 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),
Representative sample, 19 Risk, 340–344
Representativeness heuristic, 216, 219 Risk/resilience model, 340 439, 440
Repression, 204–205, 365, 366 Rods, 80–81, 82 Self-actualization, 10, 302, 371, 428
Research. See also Descriptive research methods Romantic attraction, 459–460 Self-efficacy, 379, 381
applied, 6 Romantic love, 460, 461 Self-esteem, 371–372
basic, 6 Rorschach Inkblot Method, 385 Self-fulfilling prophecy, 25
case study, 18–19, 27 Rose-colored glasses, 321 Self-help groups, 429
context effect, 187 Self-injurious behavior, 430–431
correlational method, 20–21, 27 S Self-medication, 437
cross-cultural, 25 s factors, 228 Self-medication hypothesis, 438
evaluating, 16–17 Sadness, 319 Self-serving bias, 456
critical thinking, 16–17 Safety needs, 302 Semantic memory, 185
independent thinking, 17 Same-sex couples, 280–281 Semantics, 222–223
suspension of judgment, 17 Sample, 19 Semicircular canals, 87, 90
willingness to modify or abandon prior Sensation, 76–79
biased, 19
judgments, 17 random, 19 absolute and difference thresholds, 76–77
experimental method, 23–26, 27 representative, 19 adaptation, 78–79
human participants’ and animals’ rights, SAT, 231 just noticeable difference, 77
Saturation, 83 transduction, 78
protecting, 28–30 Savant syndrome, 228–229 Weber’s law, 77
APA code of ethics, 28–29 Savings score, 186 Sensation seeking, 299
clients, patients, students, and subordi- Scaffolding, 258–259 Senses
Scapegoating, 476 hearing, 85–90
nates, 29 Schachter-Singer theory, 315–316 smell, 90–91
debriefing, 29 Schedules of reinforcement, 156–158 taste, 92–93
deception, 29 Schemas, 188–189, 192 touch, 93–94
informed consent, 29 Schemes, 253 vision, 79–85
institutional approval, 29 Schizoid personality disorder, 414 Sensorimotor stage, 253, 257
legality, 28–29 Schizophrenia, 384, 407–411 Sensory adaptation, 78–79
minimization of discomfort, 29 constitutional vulnerability, 408–409 Sensory memory, 180
payment for participation, 29
publication, 29
supervision by experienced personnel, 29

Subject Index SI-13

Sensory neurons, 41, 49 circadian theory of, 120 Social responsibility norms, 473
Sensory receptors, 78 disorders, 123–125 Social roles, 468–469
Separation anxiety, 270 Social sources of stress, 333–335
Serial position effect, 187 dyssomnias, 124–125
Serotonin, 46, 126 insomnia, 125 acculturative stress, 335
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors narcolepsy, 124, 125 racism, 334
nightmares, 123 socioeconomic status, 334
(SNRIs), 439, 440 parasomnias, 123 unemployment, 335
Set point, 305 sleep apnea, 124–125 Social support, 342–343
Set point theory, 305 sleep terrors, 123 Social-cognitive learning, 166–167
Sex chromosomes, 66 sleepwalking, 123 Social-cognitive theories, 378–381
Sex discrimination, 333 somniloquy, 123 locus of control, 379–380, 381
Sex drive, in middle age, 280 dreams, 126–128 on prejudice and discrimination, 478–479
Sex hormones, 65 medications, 123 reciprocal determinism, 379, 381
Sex-linked inheritance, 66 NREM (non-REM), 120 self-efficacy, 379, 381
Sexual abuse, repressed memories and, 204–205 reasons for, 120 situation-trait debate, 378–379, 381
Sexual activity, 309 REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 121–122 Socialization, 273–274
Sexual behavior, adolescence, 276–277 REM rebound, 121 Sociocognitive theory of hypnosis, 129, 130
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, 309 restorative theory of, 120 Sociocultural approach, 12–13, 258–259
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, 309 sleep hygiene, 123, 124 Sociocultural perspective, 13, 14
Sexual dysfunctions, 413 slow-wave sleep, 121 Socioeconomic status, 334, 347
Sexual fantasies, 312 stage 4, 121 Soma, 41
Sexual harassment, 333 variations in, 122 Somatic disorders, 411–412
Sexual infidelity, 295, 310 Sleep deprivation, 123 Somatic nervous system, 47
Sexual motivation, 309–314 Sleep spindles, 121 Somatosensory cortex, 58, 59, 93
Sleep terrors, 123 Somnambulism, 123
arousal, 311–312 Sleep/wakefulness cycle, 118, 120–122 Somniloquy, 123
attitudes, 309–311 regulation of, 51 Sound, 85–86
behavior, 309–311 Sleepwalking, 123 amplitude, 86
desire, 311–312 Slow-wave sleep, 121 bone conduction, 88–89
Sexual orientation, 274, 312–313 Smell, 90–91 decibels, 86
Sexual response cycle, 311–312 Smoking cigarettes determining source of, 89
excitement phase, 311 attempts to quit, 349–350 frequency, 85–86
hormones and, 312 cognitive dissonance and, 471 hertz (Hz), 85
orgasm, 311–312 health and, 348–350 high-pitched tones, 88
plateau phase, 311 learning phase, 168 pitch, 85–86
resolution phase, 312 maintenance phase, 168 timbre, 86
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 351–355 passive smoking, 349 Source memory, 189–190
bacterial STDs, 351 during pregnancy, 266 Source monitoring, 190
quitting phase, 168 Source traits, 373
chlamydia, 351 schizophrenia and, 438 Spaced practice, 184
gonorrhea, 351 Social adjustment, in late adulthood, 284–285 Spatial intelligence, 229
syphilis, 351 Social anxiety disorder, 399–400 Specialties in psychology, 14–15
pelvic inflammatory disease, 351 Social cognition, 454–457, 478–479 clinical psychologists, 14
viral STDs, 352–355 attribution, 454, 456–457 counseling psychologists, 15
genital herpes, 352 impression formation, 454–455 developmental psychologists, 15
genital warts, 352 impression management, 455–456 educational psychologists, 15
HIV/AIDS, 352–355 primacy effect, 455 experimental psychologists, 15
Shading, 102, 103 Social desirability, 384 forensic psychologists, 14
Shadow, 102, 103 Social desirability response, 20 industrial/organizational psychologists, 15
Shape constancy, 101 Social development, 280–283 physiological psychologists, 15
Shaping, 154 Social facilitation, 465–466 school psychologists, 14
Shift workers, 119 Social identity, 468 social psychologists, 15
Shiritori, 273 Social introversion, 384 Specialization, 223
Short-term memory Social involvement, 342 Specific phobia, 400
capacity, 181 Social learning theorists, 275 Sperm, 65
chunking, 181 Social learning theory of aggression, 476–477 Spinal cord, 42, 47, 49
cramming and, 182 Social loafing, 466 Spinal reflex, 49
displacement, 181 Social motives, 296 Split-brain operation, 55–57
duration, 181–182 Social norms, 461 Spontaneous recovery, 148, 154
rehearsal, 181–182 Social perception, 99–100 Spouse, loss of, 284–285
working memory and, 182–183 Social personality type, 282 SQ3R method, 2–3
Short-term memory (STM), 180–183 Social psychologists, 15 SQUID (superconduction quantum interference
“Should” statements, 436 Social psychology, 453–487
Similarity, 100 aggression, 474–477 device), 40
Situational attribution, 456 attitudes and attitude change, 469–472 Stage 4 sleep, 121
Situation-trait debate, 378–379, 381 attraction, 458–461 Stage theories, 252
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire compliance, 464–465 Standardization, 231
(16PF), 373 conformity, 461–462 Stanford Prison Experiment, 468–469
60/60 rule, 88 group influence, 465–468 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 233
Size constancy, 101 obedience, 462–464 State-dependent memory effect, 188
Skin, nerve endings in, 93 prejudice and discrimination, 477–481 Stereograms, 102
Skinner box, 154 prosocial behavior, 472–474 Stereotype threat, 239–240
Sleep, 120–125 social cognition, 454–457 Stereotypes, 479
alpha waves, 120–121 Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), 330–331 Stimulants, 131, 133–134
average hours of, 122 Social relationships, adolescent, 277–278
beta waves, 121 amphetamines, 133–134, 137
brain wave patterns, 120–121 caffeine, 133, 137

SI-14 Subject Index

cocaine, 134, 137 Subliminal perception, 106 Therapeutic settings, memory in, 202–205
nicotine, 133, 137 Subliminal persuasion, 106 Therapies, 425–452
Stimulus, 145 Substance abuse and addiction, 131–133, 350
Stimulus motives, 298 behavior therapies, 430–433, 446
Stirrup, 86–87 classical conditioning and, 152 aversion therapy, 433
Storage, 179 drug tolerance, 132 based on operant conditioning, 430–431
Stranger anxiety, 270 factors leading to, 132 exposure and response prevention,
Stream of consciousness, 8 physical drug dependence, 132 432–433
Stress psychological drug dependence, 132–133 flooding, 431–432
depression and, 405 withdrawal symptoms, 132 participant modeling, 433
health problems and, 330–331 Substantia nigra, 51 systematic desensitization, 431
health-stress connection, 335–344 Successful aging, 285
Successive approximations, 154 biomedical therapies, 436–441, 446
biopsychosocial model, 335–337 Suicide, 406–407 drug therapy, 437–440
physiology of, 337–340 Superego, 365, 380 electroconvulsive therapy, 440–441
management of, 337 Supertasters, 92–93 psychosurgery, 441
risk and resilience, 340–344 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 118 rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation, 441
coping strategies, 340–341 Surface traits, 373
factors promoting resilience, 344 Surprise, 319 client-centered, 10
hardiness, 341–342 Survey/survey research, 19–20, 27 cognitive behavior therapies, 434–436, 446
optimism, 341 biased sample, 19
perceived control, 343 Internet, 19 Beck’s cognitive therapy, 435–436
religious involvement, 342 population, 19 rational emotive behavior therapy,
social involvement, 342 questionnaires, 19
social support, 342–343 random sample, 19 434–435
schizophrenia and, 409–410 representative sample, 19 culturally sensitive therapy, 444–445
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), sample, 19 e-therapy, 443
330–331 social desirability response, 20 evaluating, 445–447
social sources of, 333–335 Survivor guilt, 331 gender-sensitive therapy, 445
acculturative stress, 335 Suspension of judgment, 17 group, 10
racism, 334 Symbolic function, 253–254 insight therapies, 426–428, 446
socioeconomic status, 334 Sympathetic nervous system, 47, 48–49
unemployment, 335 Synapse, 43 Gestalt therapy, 428
sources of, 329–335 Synaptic cleft, 42–43, 45 humanistic therapies, 427–428
approach-approach conflict, 332 Synaptic vesicles, 44 psychodynamic therapies, 426–427
approach-avoidance conflict, 332 Synaptogenesis, 61 relationship therapies, 429–430, 446
avoidance-avoidance conflict, 332 Synesthesia, 107 couple therapy, 429
catastrophic events, 331 Syntax, 222, 272 family therapy, 429
everyday stressors, 331–332 Syphilis, 351 group therapy, 429
hassles, 331–332 Systematic desensitization, 431 therapist, choosing, 442–444
life events approach, 329–331 Systems perspective, 13 virtual reality, 41
theories of stress response, 338–340 Third variable problem, 22
general adaptation syndrome, 338–339 T Threat appraisal, 339–340
Lazarus’s cognitive theory of stress, T cells, 337 Thymosin, 65
Tacit knowledge, 229–230 Thymus gland, 65
339–340 Tactile, 93 Thyroid gland, 65
in the workplace, 332–333 Tantrums, 415 Timbre, 86
Tardive dyskinesia, 437 Time, 118
accountability, 333 Task variety, 333 Time outs, 163, 430, 431
burnout, 333 Taste, 92–93 Tip-of-the-fingers (TOF) phenomenon, 196–197
clarity of job description and evaluation Taste aversion, 151–152 Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon, 196–197
Taste buds, 92 Token economy, 163, 430
criteria, 332 Teenage pregnancy, 277 Tongue, 92
discrimination, 333 Teenagers. See Adolescence Top-down processing, 98, 99
human contact, 333 Telegraphic speech, 272 Touch, 93–94
job status, 332 Telepathy, 106 Toxoplasmosis, 409
mental challenge, 333 “Telephone technique,” 428 Trait approach, 364
physical challenge, 333 Television, 169–170 Trait theories, 372–378, 381
physical variables, 332 Television violence, 477 cardinal traits, 372–373
sexual harassment, 333 Temperament, 268 central traits, 373
task variety, 333 Temporal lobe, 58, 60 early theories, 372–374
workload, 332 Teratogens, 265 five-factor model, 374–376
Stressor, 329 Terminal illness, 285–286 nature-nuture debate on, 376–377
Stressor overload, 283 Testes, 65 PEN model, 373–374
Stroboscopic motion, 104 Testosterone, 280, 312, 475 situation-trait debate, 378–379
Stroke, 62 Texting, while driving, 96 source traits, 373
Stroop test, 195 Texture gradient, 102, 103 surface traits, 373
Structuralism, 8 Thalamus, 51, 91 Traits, 372
Structured interview, 382 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 300, 386 Tranquilizers, 135, 137
Study design, 5 Theories, 4 Transduction, 78
Study strategies, 2–3, 4, 182, 184 Transference, 426
cramming, 182, 184 evaluating, 16 Treatment, 24
organization, 184 heuristic value of, 16 Triangular theory of love, 460–461
overlearning, 184 Theory of dissociated control, 130 Triarchic theory of intelligence, 229–230
recitation, 184 Theory of multiple intelligences, 228–229 Trichromatic theory, 83, 84
repeated testing, 184 Therapeutic alliance, 444 Tricyclics, 438–439, 440
spaced practice, 184 Therapeutic relationship, 443–444 Trust versus mistrust, 263, 264
Subjective night, 119 Tuning fork, 85
Sublimation, 366 Tunnel vision, 436
Twin studies, 67–68, 237, 376, 474–475
Twins Early Development Study, 237

Two-factor theory, 315–316 Verbal comprehension index, 233 Subject Index SI-15
Two-point threshold, 93 Vestibular sacs, 90
Tympanic membrane, 86, 87 Vestibular sense, 89–90 Visual input, 76
Type A behavior pattern, 345 Vicodin, 135 Vocabulary, 239
Type B behavior pattern, 345 Video games, 170–171
Type D behavior pattern, 345 Violence, media, 169–171, 477 W
Viral STDs, 352–355 Water lily problem, 220
U Virtual reality therapy, 41, 431 Wavelength, 79
Umami, 92 Visible spectrum, 79 Web-based surveys, 19
Unconditional positive regard, 371, 428 Vision, 79–85 Weber’s law, 77
Unconditioned response (UR), 146 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 233
Unconditioned stimulus (US), 146 accomodation, 80 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC),
Unconscious, 10, 364, 365 affect of aging on, 283
brain and, 81–82 233–234
collective unconscious, 369 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
personal unconscious, 369 blind spot, 81
Unconsciousness, 116 feature detectors, 82 Intelligence (WPPSI), 233
Underextension, 272 optic nerve, 81 Weight loss, 305–307
Unemployment, 335 primary visual cortex, 82 Wernicke’s aphasia, 60
Unhappiness, 321 color vision, 82–85 Wernicke’s area, 58, 60
Unilateral ECT, 441 color blindness, 84–85 White matter, 53, 63, 283
Universals, 12 sensing color, 82–83 Withdrawal symptoms, 132
University of Leipzig, 7 theories of, 83–84 Women
Unpredictable rewards, 145 dark adaptation, 81
Unrealistic expectations, 426 eye, 79–81 emotion and, 318
Unusual Uses Test, 245 blind spot, 80, 82 orgasm in, 312
Uplifts, 332 cones, 80–81, 82 sexual attitudes and behavior, 309–311
Uplifts Scale, 332 cornea, 79–80, 82 Word play, 273
fovea, 80, 81, 82 Work motivation, 296, 300
V iris, 80, 82 Working backward, 219
Vaccine, HPV, 352 lens, 80, 82 Working memory, 182–183
Valence, 300 optic nerve, 80, 82 Working memory index, 233
Validity, 231 pupil, 80, 82 Workload, 332
Validity scales, 384 retina, 80, 81, 82 Workplace stress, 332–333
Valium, 135, 439 rhodopsin, 81
Variable-interval (VI) schedule, 157, 158 rods, 80–81, 82 X
Variable-ratio (VR) schedule, 156–157, 158 farsightedness (hyperopia), 80 X chromosome, 66
Variables, 23 infants, 267 Xanax, 135, 439
light adaptation, 81
confounding, 24 nearsightedness (myopia), 80 Y
dependent, 23–24 presbyopia, 279 Y chromosome, 66
independent, 23–24 structures of visual system, 82 Yerkes-Dodson law, 298
third variable problem, 22 visible spectrum, 79
Vasopressin, 64 Visual cliff, 267 Z
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), 304 Visual cortex, 59–60 Zone of proximal development, 258–259
Zygote, 65, 265