SGIB3 SB complete bookmarked 051122 - DONT SHARE

H: Media Literacy XH-2
XH-6
Media Literacy: An Overview
Evaluating Websites

XH-1

APPENDICES SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

Media Literacy: An Overview

Imagine that you’re reading an online article featuring a recent study on the
effectiveness of collagen supplements as a treatment for joint injuries. The study
suggests that certain products, such as collagen-based drinks, may support the healing
process—but the authors emphasize that many more studies need to be conducted in
order to make a reliable claim. Then, as you scroll down, an advertisement from a
health and wellness company pops up, claiming that its collagen drink mix can help
repair joint injuries, improve gut health, and give your immune system a boost!
Such widely different messages in popular media are common. How, then, can you tell
which message is correct? Media literacy encompasses the skills we need to effectively
identify and understand the different messages conveyed by different types of media.
Media literacy also includes the ability to use various media to create and communicate
our own messages.
A strong background in the process of science can help you build two important
aspects of media literacy: (1) identifying whether the evidence behind a claim is valid
and adequate and (2) evaluating if the claim is a logical conclusion, based on this
evidence. These skills share much in common with the process of scientific inquiry, in
which you learn to look for information, assess the information you find, and come to
a conclusion based on your findings.

Evaluating Media Messages

A media message is electronic, digital, print, audible, or visual information transmitted
through various kinds of media, including newspaper articles, websites, blogs, political
advertisements, speeches, artwork, billboards, tweets, and posters. To effectively
analyze and evaluate media messages, you need to be a critical viewer and ask
questions about what is being presented to you—for example:

1. Who created this message? Are they an expert in the content of the message?
What credentials do they have that make them an expert in this topic? Do they
have any conflicts of interest that may make them biased in any way?

2. Who sponsored (or paid for) the message? Does this source of funding have any
conflicts of interest that may make them biased? If this message is trying to sell
you something, do any profits go to the sponsor?

3. What creative techniques does the message use to attract viewers’ attention? Are
there any sensational or emotional words, images, or sounds that may be trying
to stir up emotions and influence viewers’ ideas?

4. Does the message cite or mention appropriate sources of factual information?
Does the author cite first-person sources when reporting facts? Are the author’s
sources from credible organizations?

XH-2

H: MEDIA LITERACY APPENDICES

Media Literacy: An Overview (continued)

5. Does the presented evidence completely support the claim? Might there be other
information that could support or discredit the message? Does the author make
logical inferences and conclusions from the evidence presented?

6. Who is the target audience of this message? How is the message directed to this
particular audience?

7. Does the message promote certain values, lifestyles, positions, or ideas, either
directly or indirectly? Does the message implicitly promote any positions or
ideas that are not explicitly stated?

Below are three examples of media messages, all related to a common theme. Use these
questions to analyze and evaluate the messages in these examples.

• A January 2017 research article published in the World Journal of Orthopedics
states that there is “no convincing evidence” for the efficacy of collagen
supplementation to support joint recovery after an injury or for those with
arthritis. https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v8/i1/1.htm

• In March 2021, WebMD Health News (in the Healthy Beauty section of the
WebMD website) ran an article discussing the use of collagen for arthritis, which
included this statement: “There is very little evidence to show that collagen helps
with arthritis. Many of the studies that have been done weren’t well-designed.
And the better-designed studies didn’t confirm that these supplements reduced
cartilage loss or eased pain from arthritis.” https://www.webmd.com/beauty/
news/20210331/collagen-can-it-really-help-with-skin-and-joints

• In 2021, HVMN (Health Via Modern Nutriton, Inc.), an American company,
sold a collagen-based drink mix. The container features a picture of speed skater
Apollo Ohno, who has endorsed the mix, and the ad copy suggests that collagen
will help build strong joints and bones. https://hvmn.com/products/keto-collagen-
plus?gclid=CjwKCAjwoZWHBhBgEiwAiMN66Rrcyk8SmetxjFFRhg
QMs2DBetidpnLWSOdsaP2EgrRuHq9hmt4chhoCVgYQAvD_BwE

Which message is most credible? Why do you think so?

Evaluating Internet Sources

Imagine that you want to search the Internet to find out about the effectiveness of
collagen-based drinks for joint repair so that you can form your own conclusion. When
you search for information online, a search engine is searching billions of websites and
will usually provide you with a large number of “hits.” Sifting through these results and
determining which websites and sources of information are reliable and which are
biased is difficult. To make an informed decision about this topic, you will need to
identify accurate and unbiased websites.

XH-3

APPENDICES SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

Media Literacy: An Overview (continued)

The following questions can help you determine if a particular website is an accurate
and unbiased source of information.
1. What type of website is it (for example, .gov, .edu, .com, .org)?
The type of website matters when it comes to deciding whether it contains reliable

information. All websites, no matter the type, should be evaluated for accuracy. Look
at the three letters at the end of the site’s domain name, such as “edu” (educational),
“gov” (government), “org” (nonprofit), and “com” (commercial). Generally, .edu and
.gov websites are reliable. Nonprofit websites may also contain reliable information,
but take some time to look into the organization’s purpose to determine if it could be
biased. Commercial websites, such as those of reputable news organizations, can also
be good sources—but, again, do some investigation to look for signs of reliability.
2. Are the authors’ names, contact information, and credentials clearly labeled on the
website?
Accurate websites will usually contain information from knowledgeable authors
whose names, credentials, and contact information are clearly labeled on the
website. Some websites are managed by a collection of people or an organization,
and information on the exact author may not be clearly stated. However,
somewhere on the website the organization should list the names and credentials of
and contact information for the people who represent the organization. At a
minimum, a “Contact us” webpage should be available for individuals to send
inquiries to the organization.
3. Are both the information and the website up to date?
You will likely want the most current information on your topic. For example, if
you’re researching the number of cars in the United States, you’ll want the most
recent data—a study conducted in 1982 would not be helpful. Credible websites
will usually indicate the date the information was created, posted, and/or last
updated. Also, the person or organization maintaining the website should be
regularly updating it with the latest information and to ensure that the majority of
links to other websites work.
4. Are the sources of information clearly cited?
A website might offer linked references so that you can navigate to the original
source of the information. Alternatively, the website may have a references section
with citations that you can look up yourself.

XH-4

H: MEDIA LITERACY APPENDICES

Media Literacy: An Overview (continued)

5. Are there links to more resources on this topic?
Authoritative websites often provide links to further information from other

sources that support their claim. Even social media posts can include references
that connect readers to the original source. In contrast, authors of websites or other
media that contain biased or inaccurate information usually do not provide
additional information that supports their claims.

6. What are other people saying about the author or organization that produced this
information?

If you come across information from an author or organization that you are
unfamiliar with, perform a search for other information about them. What are
experts writing about this author’s or organization’s other work?

7. Why is this website on the Internet?
What is the author’s motivation for providing this information? Was this

information put on the Internet to inform people or to persuade them of
something? Is the author selling something? Considering the purpose of the
website may help you discern whether or not the information is trustworthy.

Media Literacy Resources

Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement [CIRCLE]
(2021). Youth in media for democracy. https://circle.tufts.edu/our-research/
youth-media-democracy#local-news-and-media-literacy

Center for Media Literacy [Website]. http://www.medialit.org

Common Sense Media. (n.d.). What is media literacy, and why is it important?
https://www.commonsensemedia.org/news-and-media-literacy/what-is-media-
literacy-and-why-is-it-important

Digital Civics Toolkit. (n.d.). https://www.digitalcivicstoolkit.org/

Illinois Civics Hub. (n.d.). Media literacy toolkit. https://www.illinoiscivics.org/resources/
media-literacy-toolkit

National Association for Media Literacy Education. (2019). Media literacy basics.
https://medialiteracyweek.us/resources/media-literacy-basics/

News Literacy Project. (n.d.). Are you informable? https://informable.newslit.org/

News Literacy Project. (2021). Is that a fact? [Podcasts]. https://newslit.org/podcast/

XH-5

APPENDICES SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

Evaluating Websites

Website URL: ____________________________________________________________________
Who is the author? _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
What type of website is it (for example, .gov, .edu, .com, .org)? _______________________________
What date was the page published or last updated? _________________________________________
Who is the intended audience? ________________________________________________________
What message does it send? __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
What is the purpose of the reference (for example, to inform, entertain, persuade)?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Does the website present facts or opinions? ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Is there any indication of bias? If so, what? _______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

XH-6

I: Science as a Human Endeavor

If someone asked you, “What is science?,” how would you answer? You might reply that
science is knowledge of such subjects as biology, earth science, and chemical
engineering. But although science is certainly related to the accumulation and
advancement of knowledge, it is much more than that. Science is a way of exploring
and understanding the natural world. Scientists make observations and collect data to
discover patterns that exist in the universe. Eventually, scientists use the data they’ve
gathered and what they’ve observed to develop theories to explain these patterns.
Engineering, like science, also involves knowledge and a set of common practices to
design solutions to all kinds of engineering problems. Engineers draw on scientific
principles to create, design, or fix something, using the resources available to them.
Science and engineering are the result of human effort, imagination, and creativity.
People from all over the world engage in science and engineering. The types of questions
a scientist asks and the types of problems an engineer works to solve are influenced by
what they think is important to investigate—which depends on their own backgrounds,
experiences, and perspectives. This is why it is essential for all types of people to become
scientists and engineers: to be sure that science and engineering respond to a wide range
of interests and needs. Diverse ideas enrich explanations and arguments.

FIGURE 1: Chicago students participating in environmental research in their local community

Science and engineering can be done by people of all ages and backgrounds—including
you! When you gather data or help design a solution to a problem, you are doing
science and engineering. Young people all around the world have made significant
contributions to scientific projects. Members of communities like yours are doing bird
counts to determine the health of local bird populations, testing and monitoring
pollutants in their neighborhoods to track the health of their local environment,

XI-1

APPENDICES SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

Science as a Human Endeavor (continued)

preserving seeds from traditional cultures for future planting, restoring habitats to
maintain local plant species, developing awareness campaigns to prevent infectious
diseases, and constructing apps to address community concerns, such as mental
health. Participation by a wide variety of people in science and engineering can lead to
a better understanding of how the natural world works and toward solving the
problems facing individuals, communities, and the environment.
Visit the SEPUP SGI Third Edition page of the SEPUP website at www.sepuplhs.org/
high/sgi-third-edition to learn more about people who are scientists and engineers
and to explore opportunities to engage in science and engineering in your community
and across the world.

XI-2

    Glossary

abiotic  nonliving  ATP  a molecule used for storing and
accuracy, accurate  how closely a carrying energy in cells, short for
adenosine triphosphate 
measurement or calculation conforms
to the correct or actual value  bacteria  single-celled organisms that do
active site  the specific area of an enzyme not have a nucleus or other membrane-
where a particular substrate will bind  bound organelles 
adaptation  a heritable trait favored by
natural selection for its current function biodiversity, biological diversity  the
aerobic  occurring in the presence of variety of life at every level, from genes
oxygen  to species to ecosystems 
allele  a variant, or version, of a gene 
amino acid  small molecules that are the biofuels   compounds that are produced
building blocks of proteins  from renewable biological sources 
anadromous  species that begin their lives
in freshwater habitats and then migrate biological species  all the populations of
to saltwater habitats  individuals that actually or can
anaerobic  occurring without the presence potentially breed with one another in
of oxygen  nature to produce fertile offspring 
Anthropocene  a human-dominated
geological period, beginning at the biological species concept  a definition of
time when humans started having a a species as a population or group of
major impact on the earth  populations whose members can breed
anthropogenic  caused by humans  with one another in nature and produce
antibiotic resistant  when germs, such as fertile offspring 
bacteria and fungi, develop the ability to
defeat the drugs designed to kill them  biomass  the total mass of organisms living
aquaculture  the growing of fish and other in a given area or ecosystem at a given
aquatic species for human consumption  time 
asexual reproduction  a process by which
organisms make exact copies of biosphere  all of Earth’s ecosystems
themselves without the union of combined 
gametes (sperm and egg) 
atmosphere  the set of layers of gases biotic  living 
surrounding Earth  body systems  a group of organs and
atom  the basic building block of matter 
tissues that work together to perform
important functions for the body;
human body systems include the
digestive, endocrine, and
cardiovascular systems 
bond, chemical bond  a force that holds
atoms together in molecules 
boundary  a limit to a system; how it is
divided from other systems 

Y-1

GLOSSARY SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

brood parasitism  when a species relies on cellular respiration  the process by which
hosts of a different species to raise their an organism’s cells break down glucose
offspring  and release energy that can be used for
life functions, such as movement and
calorie  a unit of energy; the amount of growth 
heat required to raise the temperature
of one gram of water 1° Celsius  chemical energy  energy stored in the
bonds of molecules 
Calorie  a unit of energy that is equivalent
to 1,000 calories (or 1 kilocalorie)  chemosynthesis  the process by which an
organism’s cells make food by using
calorimeter  a device used to measure the energy released from reactions
amount of heat involved in physical involving inorganic chemicals (instead
changes or chemical reactions  of from light energy, as with
photosynthesis) 
cancer  any of more than 100 diseases that
result when cells lose the normal chloroplast  an organelle that contains
controls that regulate their growth and chlorophyll and in which
division in the cell cycle; these cells may photosynthesis occurs; found in plant
invade nearby tissues or spread to other cells and other photosynthesizing cells 
locations in the body 
cholera  an infectious and often severe
carbohydrate  a substance made of large bacterial disease of the small intestine
molecules that are chains of smaller that causes severe vomiting and
sugar molecules  diarrhea; typically contracted from
infected water supplies 
carbon cycle  the global process by which
carbon atoms are cycled throughout circulatory system  sometimes called the
Earth’s systems  cardiovascular system; a human body
system consisting of the heart, arteries,
carbon dioxide  a colorless, odorless gas veins, and capillaries 
produced as a product of cellular
respiration or the combustion of climate  the long-term pattern of weather
carbon-containing substances; used by in an area, typically averaged over a
plants for photosynthesis  period of 30 years 

carrier  an individual who carries and is climate change  a change in global or
capable of passing on a genetic regional climate patterns; in particular,
mutation associated with a disease, or a change apparent from the mid- to
who is infected with a disease-causing late-20th century onward and
microbe, and who may or may not attributed largely to the increased
display disease symptoms  levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide
produced by the use of fossil fuels 
carrying capacity (K)  the maximum
number of individuals that can exist in a combustion  the process of burning
particular environment  something; a chemical reaction with
oxygen that gives off heat and light 
cell  the smallest structural unit, enclosed
by a membrane, that makes up all living common resource  a shared supply of
organisms  something that can be used when
needed 
cell membrane  the structure that
separates the cell from its external comparative anatomy  the study of
environment  similarities and differences in anatomy
among species, typically beyond their
cell wall  the outermost layer of plant and embryonic form 
bacterial cells that gives shape to each
cell and protects it 

Y-2

    GLOSSARY

competition  the interaction of two diarrhea  loose, watery stools (bowel
organisms or two species that compete movements) that occur more frequently
for the same resource that is in limited than usual 
supply 
dihybrid cross  a cross that shows the
component  an abiotic and/or biotic factor possible genetic combinations of two
within a system  traits in offspring from two parent
organisms 
constraint  something that limits the
solution to a problem  diploid  a somatic cell that has two sets of
chromosomes (2n) 
consumer  an organism that gets its food
by eating other organisms  disease  any breakdown in the structure or
function of a living organism 
control  a standard of comparison for
checking or verifying the results of an disruption  a disturbance, break, or
experiment; to see if the variable that interruption that affects the normal
was changed in the experiment caused course or continuation of a function,
any effect, scientists compare the process, event, or system 
results with the control 
DNA  short for deoxyribonucleic acid; a
coronavirus  a large family of viruses that substance inside cells that carries
usually cause mild to moderate upper- genetic information 
respiratory tract illnesses 
dominant  a trait that will mask another
COVID-19  an infectious respiratory version of the trait 
disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus,
first discovered in 2019  ecological efficiency  the percentage of
energy transferred from organisms in
CRISPR  a gene-editing technology that one trophic level of an ecosystem to a
allows scientists to change the DNA in a higher trophic level 
plant and therefore change its traits 
ecology  the branch of biology that deals
criteria  the desired goals and features of a with the relations of organisms to one
solution  another and to their physical
surroundings 
crop yield  a measurement of the amount
of a crop grown (or a product such as economic pillar of sustainability
wool, meat, or milk produced) per unit considerations about the effect of a
area of land  particular action on the ability of the
economy to sustain that action
crossing over  a process during which
homologous chromosomes exchange ecosystem  a set of biotic and abiotic
genetic material  components that interact on a regular
basis within a particular boundary 
cytoplasm  the material that fills much of
the inside of cells  embryology  the study of embryos and
how they develop until they become
dehydration  a condition caused by the fully formed organisms 
loss of too much fluid from the body;
when a person loses more fluids than embryos  organisms in the early stages of
are taken in  development before they are born or
hatched 
deoxyribonucleic acid see DNA 
diabetes  a noninfectious disease that energy  the ability to cause an object to
change, move, or work 
disrupts the body’s ability to process
sugars  energy pyramid  a model showing how
much energy is available for each
trophic level 

Y-3

GLOSSARY SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

environmental pillar of sustainability function  the specialized activities
considerations about the effect of a performed by a system, organ, body
particular action on the ability of the part, object, or device 
environment to sustain that action
gel electrophoresis  a technique used to
enzyme  a molecule that speeds up a separate molecules based on size and
chemical reaction in a cell  charge 

epidemic  a disease that affects a large gene  a specific sequence of DNA that
number of people within a region  determines one or more traits 

evidence  information that supports or gene expression   the activity of genes in a
refutes a claim or hypothesis or that cell, often resulting in the production of
leads to the development of a claim or a protein 
hypothesis 
gene flow  the transfer of genetic material
evolution  a change in the inherited from one population to another 
characteristics of populations from one
generation to the next  gene pool   the set of all genes, or genetic
information, in any population, usually
exponential growth  population growth of a particular species 
with no limits 
genetic engineering  the process by
expressed  genes that are active in an which scientists directly manipulate the
organism, often through production of genes of an organism, often by
a particular protein  inserting or deleting one or more genes
from another species 
extinction  an event in which the last
member of a species or group dies  genetic variation  the variation in genes
and alleles both within and among
extreme heat event  a series of unusually populations 
hot days with temperatures higher than
average for a particular time and place  genetically modified organism an
organism that has had its genes directly
fat  a group of macronutrients composed manipulated by scientists, often by
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that inserting or deleting one or more genes 
are essential for the body to store
energy and for cell growth  genome  the complete set of genes
present in an organism’s cells 
feedback loop  a process where a change
in a system triggers a certain result  glucose  a simple sugar that is small
enough to cross the cell membrane and
fishery  an industry that catches or raises a enter the body’s cells to provide energy
specific type of fish or shellfish to be and matter for basic life functions 
processed or sold 
gross productivity  the total amount of
food quality  substances that can provide energy captured by a trophic level 
the needed nutrients for human health 
habitat  the location where an organism
food supply  the availability of and/or lives, which provides it with necessary
access to nutritious substances required resources (such as food and water) 
for human health 
haploid  a gamete that has one set of
food web  a model of the relationships chromosomes (n) 
within an ecosystem that shows how
each organism derives the energy and health  a state of physical, mental, and
matter required for survival  social well-being 

fossil record  the collection of fossils and heat  the transfer of thermal energy from
their placement in chronological order  hot to cold 

Y-4

GLOSSARY

heat stress  a range of heat-related interacting  acting in such a way as to
disorders that occur when the body have an effect on another 
fails to lose heat to maintain its normal
core temperature  interaction  relationships between
components of a system 
heatstroke  a condition that can occur
when the body temperature rises above intrinsic growth rate (r)  a species’
40°C (104°F), usually as a result of a long maximum rate of population growth 
exposure to high temperatures or
physical exertion in high temperatures  kin  interrelated individuals  
levels of organization  the levels of
hemoglobin  a red protein responsible for
transporting oxygen in human blood  structure in an organism, ranging from
subcellular organelles to cells, tissues,
herbicide  chemicals designed to kill and organs, and organ systems 
prevent weed growth  lithosphere  the part of the earth
consisting of the crust and outer
homeostasis  the body’s ability to mantle, including rocks, minerals, and
maintain internal conditions within a abiotic parts of soils 
healthy range  lumen  the inside space of a tubular
structure, such as an intestine or artery 
homologous genes  genes inherited in macronutrient  a substance (such as
two species from a common ancestor  potassium or protein) that is essential in
relatively large amounts to the growth
hydration  the replacement of body fluids and health of a living organism 
lost through sweating, exhaling, and malaria  a disease caused by a Plasmodium
eliminating waste  parasite that is transmitted by the bite
of infected mosquitoes 
hydrosphere  Earth’s oceans, rivers, lakes, malnutrition  a lack of proper nutrition,
groundwater, and water frozen in caused by not having enough to eat,
glaciers  not eating enough of the right things,
or being unable to use the food that
hypothesis  a possible explanation for one does eat 
observations, facts, or events that may marine reserve  an area designed to
be tested by further investigation  protect biodiversity, where no sport or
commercial fishing is allowed; no plants
inbreeding  how closely related the or animals may be trapped, fished, or
parents of an offspring are  removed from this area 
mass extinction event  a widespread and
indicator  an observation or calculation rapid decrease in Earth’s biodiversity 
that shows the presence or state of a matter  the stuff that makes up all living
condition or trend  and nonliving objects; examples of
matter are carbon dioxide, oxygen, and
infectious   illnesses caused by viruses or sugars 
bacteria that people spread to one meiosis  the process of cell division that
another through contact with occurs in developing sex cells 
contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, metabolism  the chemical reactions that
blood products, or insect bites, or take place in the body 
through the air  microbe  a microscopic cellular organism
or a virus 
inhibitor  molecules that block a substrate
from binding with an enzyme  

insulin  a hormone produced in the
pancreas that regulates the amount of
glucose in the blood; a lack of insulin
causes a form of diabetes 

integrated approach  experts from
multiple fields working together to
address an issue 

Y-5

GLOSSARY SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

micronutrient  a substance required in nutrients  chemicals that an organism
trace amounts for the normal growth takes in from its environment to use as
and development of a living organism  a source of energy or as building blocks
for growth 
mitigating  reducing the severity or
seriousness of something  nutrition  the process of obtaining the
food necessary for health and growth 
mitigation   the reduction of something
harmful, or the reduction of its harmful nutritional sustainability  the ability of a
effects  food system to provide sufficient energy
and the amounts of essential nutrients
mitochondria  the organelles that produce required to maintain the good health of
most of the energy that cells need  the population without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet
mitosis  the process of cell division that their nutritional needs 
produces two identical daughter cells 
organ  a group of tissues organized into a
model  any representation of a system (or structure that performs a specific
its components) used to help one function 
understand and communicate how the
system works  organ system  several organs working
together to perform a function in an
molecule  two or more atoms held organism 
together by chemical bonds 
organelle  cell structures that perform a
mRNA  a type of RNA used as a messenger specific function; they are often
molecule during transcription  surrounded by a separate membrane 

multicellular organisms  consisting of organism  an individual biological entity
more than one cell; these can range that performs basic life functions, such
from organisms with a small number of as growing, metabolizing, and
cells to mammals with trillions of cells  reproducing 

mutation  changes in the sequence of overnutrition  the excessive intake of
nucleotides in a strand of DNA that may nutrients, leading to accumulation of
lead to a different trait  body fat that impairs health 

natural selection  the evolutionary oxygen  a gas used by organisms in cellular
process by which heritable traits that respiration  
increase the probability an organism to
survive and reproduce become more pandemic  a disease that has spread across
common in a population over many regions, countries, and even
generations   continents 

negative feedback loop  the system by pattern  something that happens in a
which the body recognizes a change repeated or predictable way 
and brings conditions back to normal 
photosynthesis  the process by which the
net productivity  the amount of energy cells of green plants and some other
that is available to the next trophic level  organisms use carbon dioxide and
water to produce glucose and oxygen
nondisjunction  the failure of in the presence of light energy 
chromosomes to separate during cell
division  pillars of sustainability  the three aspects
used to analyze the sustainability of an
noninfectious   illnesses that cannot be action: economic, environmental, and
transmitted from one person to social 
another, caused by such factors as the
environment, genetics, and aging  plankton  drifting organisms that live for
at least part of their life in the ocean or
nucleus  the part of the cell that contains another body of water 
the genetic material 

Y-6

GLOSSARY

population  a group of the same species resilient  able to return to the original
living in the same habitat  stable state after a disturbance 

positive feedback loop  the system by resistant  stable and able to withstand a
which the body recognizes a change disturbance without experiencing
and stimulates more of the same much change 
response 
resource  a source or supply that can be
precise, precision  how close repeated used when needed 
measurements are to each other 
ribonucleic acid see RNA 
producer  an organism that produces its RNA  a macromolecule composed of
own food 
nitrogenous bases, sugar, and
product  a substance that is formed as the phosphate subunits; similar to DNA but
result of a chemical reaction  formed of a single strand, with the base
uracil instead of thymine and sugar
protein synthesis  the process by which ribose instead of deoxyribose 
the DNA in a gene is translated to rotavirus  an infectious virus that causes
produce a protein  diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms
in humans 
proteins  large molecules made of chains scale  the relative size or duration of
of subunits called amino acids that have something, such as a system or an event  
many functions in an organism; scientific theory  a carefully thought-out
proteins are encoded by genes, and explanation for observations of the
changes in proteins can result in natural world that has been
changes in an organism’s traits  constructed using the scientific method
and that brings together many facts
Punnett square  a tool that shows and and hypotheses 
helps predict the possible offspring selective breeding  mating organisms
when two organisms reproduce that have desirable traits with the goal
sexually  of producing even more desirable
offspring 
qualitative  non-numerical, such as sexual reproduction  a process by which a
observations of color or shape  sperm cell from a male unites with an
egg cell from a female to produce
quantitative  expressed with numbers, offspring that inherit traits from both 
such as measurements of height or sickle cell disease  an inherited disease in
temperature  which the red blood cells have an
abnormal crescent shape that blocks
reactant  a substance that enters into and small blood vessels 
is altered in the course of a chemical single-celled organism  a life form
reaction  consisting of a single cell, such as
archaebacteria, eubacteria, and many
reaction  a process in which one or more protists 
substances, also called reactants, are sixth mass extinction  the potential next
converted to one or more different mass extinction event in which more
substances, known as products  than 75% of all species go extinct 
social behavior  all behavior that
recessive  a trait that will be hidden by a influences, or is influenced by, other
dominant trait  members of the same species 

reliability  how consistently a method
measures something 

repressed  a gene that is present but not
expressed 

reproducible, reproducibility obtaining
the same results using the same
method 

Y-7

GLOSSARY SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

social pillar of sustainability temperature  a measure of the amount of
considerations about the effect of a molecular motion, often using the
particular action on the ability of Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C) scale 
communities and social systems to
sustain that action thermal energy  a form of energy that
causes increases in temperature 
speciation  the formation of species as a
result of barriers to gene flow between tissue  a group of similar cells that work
populations together to perform a specific function 

species  a group of individuals that toxin  a harmful substance produced
actually or potentially interbreed in within living cells or organisms 
nature 
trade-off  an exchange of one outcome for
stable  not changing, or resistant to another; giving up something that is a
change  benefit or advantage in exchange for
something that may be more desirable 
stakeholder  one who is involved in or
affected by a course of action  transcription  the first stage of protein
synthesis, in which DNA is converted
stored energy  energy in a system of from DNA to messenger ribonucleic
objects (including atoms) that depends acid (mRNA) 
on the relative positions of the objects 
transcription factor  a molecule that
structure  the parts of an object or system, controls the transcription of DNA into
including what they are made of, their RNA 
shapes, and their arrangement
transgene migration  when a modified
in biology: the way that an organ or gene is passed from a genetically
body part is made up, including its engineered plant to its wild relative
shape and the types of tissues or other through sexual reproduction 
substructures that form it
translation  the second stage of protein
in chemistry: the type and arrangement synthesis, in which mRNA is converted
of atoms and/or molecules that make into transfer RNA (tRNA), which is used
up a substance   to make a sequence of amino acids that
substrate  the area of a molecule that an form a protein 
enzyme binds to 
sugar  a sweet substance that can be tRNA  a small RNA molecule that carries
broken down to release energy  the amino acids used to make a protein
superweed  weeds that have acquired a molecule 
trait, such as herbicide resistance, that
makes them more difficult to control  trophic level  positions in a food web that
sustainability  the ability to meet a are determined by the number of
community’s present needs without energy transfers from primary
compromising the ability of future producers to that level 
generations to meet their own needs 
system  an organized group of related undernutrition  the insufficient intake of
components that form a whole  energy and nutrients to meet an
system model  a model that specifies the individual’s needs to maintain good
components in a system, the health 
interactions of the components, and
the boundary of that system (what is urban heat island effect when
included and what is considered temperatures in cities are a few
external)  degrees higher than their surrounding
rural areas 
Y-8
vaccine  a preparation that stimulates the
body’s immune response in order to
prevent or control an infection 

GLOSSARY

variable  the only factor in a scientific zone of inhibition   the area around an
experiment that is different from the antibiotic disc where bacteria are
control  unable to grow 

vector  an organism that spreads disease- zoonotic  infectious diseases that are
causing microbes from one host to spread from animals to humans 
another without getting sick itself 

virus  a microbe that must invade another
cell in order to reproduce, composed of
genetic material and a few proteins
surrounded by a protein coat and
(sometimes) a lipid membrane 

Y-9



    Index

Note: Definitions are indicated by page numbers in bold.

A Anthozoa, XF10
Anthropocene, D47, D47–D54, Y1
abiotic, A23, D97, D107, Y1 anthropogenic, A86, Y1
accuracy/accurate, A111–A112, B15, B66, antibiotic resistant, C10, D37, D74–D80, Y1
aphotic zone, A53
B76, Y1 Apicomplexa, XF6
actin, C61–C62 aquaculture, A95, A95–A101, A108–A109,
active site, C73, C74, Y1
acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, D83 C108–109, Y1. See also fishery
adaptation, A32, D24, D26–D27, D94, D107, Aral Sea, A88–A89
Archaea, A56, XF5
Y1. See also evolution Archaebacteria, XF5
aerobic, B19, C61, Y1 Archaeopteryx, D58
aerobic cellular respiration, B109–B110, B126 Archean, XF23
AGA enzyme, C61–C62 argument from evidence, XA5, XC6
AID. See analyzing and interpreting data Arthropoda, XF13
Artiodactyla, XF17
(AID) Ascomycota, XF8
AIDS, B30, C58, D3, D83 asexual reproduction, C21–C25, XF6, Y1
alarm calling, D25 Asteroidea, XF15
allele, C29, C38, Y1 atmosphere, A77, A82, Y1
amino acid, A70, B114–B115, B126, C53, atom
defined, Y1
C53–C57, D85, XF21, Y1 models, B114–B115
Amphibia, XF17 ATP, B108, XF21, Y1
anadromous, A67, D92, Y1 Aves, XF17
anaerobic, Y1
anaerobic cellular respiration, B108–B110 B
analyzing and interpreting data (AID), XC2
anaphase, C23, C25, C80 Bacillariophyta, XF6
anatomy, comparative, D57, D57–D59, bacteria

D65, Y2 antibiotic resistant, D74–D80
anemia, B41, B47, B66–B67, C130 ATP and, B109
angiokeratoma, C84 in biofuel production, C15–C18
ANGUS (Acoustically Navigated Geophysical defined, Y1
genetically modified, C9–C19
Underwater System), A55 in hydrothermal vents, A56–A57
Animalia, XF10–XF20
Annelida, XF12
Anthcerophyta, XF9
Anthophyta, XF10

Z-1

INDEX SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

Bacteria (domain), XF5 boundary, A29, D93
bar graph, XB3, XB7, XB9 defined, Y1
base deletion, C56 ecosystem, A67–A73
base insertion, C56
baseline, A5–A11 breeding, selective, C2, C27, C27–C35,
Basidiomycota, XF8 C37–C47, Y7
bat, D56
beans, B99–B100 brood parasitism, A23, Y2
behavior, social, Y7. See also human impact Bryophyta, XF9
best-fit line, C99
beta-carotene, C104–C105 C
beta cells, C61
bighead fish, A91–A94 calcium, XF21
biodiversity California, crops in, B90
calorie, B71–B76, Y2
conservation, D66–D67 Calorie, B73, Y2
defined, Y1 calorimeter, B72, Y2
disease and, D4–D5 Cambrian, D107, XF23
ecosystem and, A121 cancer, B21, C58, C61, C89, Y2
evolutionary biology and, D103–D105 canola, C68
genetically modified organisms and, carbohydrate, B113
complex, B97
C97–C100
patterns, A37–A40 defined, Y2
plants, D19 digestion, B70
biofuels carbon, IS12, XF21
defined, C15, Y1 carbon cycle, A75–A79, A76, A122, B79, Y2
production of, from bacteria, C15–C18 carbon dioxide, A50, Y2
biological species, D40, D40, Y1 carbon dioxide emissions, A75, A81, IS17,
biological species concept, Y1 IS19
biology, evolutionary, D103–D105 carbon dioxide levels, A81–A84, B92, B95
biomass, A46, D93, D95, D98–D100, Y1 Carboniferous, XF23
biosphere, A77, A122, Y1 Carnivora, XF17
biotic, A23, A34, A59–A64, A73, A121–A122, carp, silver, A91–A94
D23, D97, Y1 carrier, D30, Y2
Bivalvia, XF13 carrying capacity (K), A18, Y2
Black Death, D82 cause and effect, XG1
blastocyst, C65 cell
blood group protein, C84 animal, B18
blood sugar, B23, B26–B28, B47 daughter, C21–C24, C80, C85
body size, D9–D14, D92–D93, D98–D99 defined, Y2
body systems, B35–B38, B54, B60–B62, Y1 dehydration in, B11–B14
body temperature, 29, B23–B26, B54, differentiation, C59–C66
B125–B126 in disease, B40–B43, B46–B48
Bolivia, B120–B121 function, B18–B20, B46
bond hydration and, B9
chemical, B105, Y1 in levels of organization, B20
peptide, C55 life cycles, by type, B113
bottle, dropper, XB13 matter for, B113–B117
nucleus, B18, B19, C53, C85, Y6
Z-2 parent, C21–C24, C80

    INDEX

plant, B18 circulatory system, Y2
somatic, C85 climate, Y2
specialized, B45–B50 climate change
structure, B18–B20, B46
cell membrane, B18–B19, Y2 agriculture and, B90
cellular respiration, B97–B101 crop yields and, B91, B94
body temperature and, B126 deaths and, B119
carbon cycle and, A76 defined, Y2
defined, Y2 disease and, B43, B49, B119, B123
photosynthesis and, A49–A52 food production and, B94
usable energy and, B106–B109 health and, B2–B3
cellular respiration enzyme, C61–C62 heatstroke and, B25–B26
cellulose, C16 nutrition an, B95
cell wall, B18–B19, Y2 plants and, D17–D21
Cenozoic, XF23 Cnidaria, XF10
centromere, C23 cobalt, XF21
Cephalochordata, XF16 combustion, B103, B106–B107, B109, C15, Y2
Cephalopoda, XF13 common resource, IS21, Y2
Cestoda, XF11 commons, sustaining, IS21–IS26
Cetacea, XF18 communicating concepts and ideas (COM),
change, XG1 XC3
change mitigation, D95–D101 community, global, IS15–IS20
Chelicerata, XF14 comparative anatomy, D57, D57–D59,
chemical bond, B105, Y1 D65, Y2
chemical energy, B78, B108, Y2 competition, A121, D11, D23, D49, D93,
chemosynthesis, A57, Y2 D97–D98, Y3
chicken, D57–D58 complex carbohydrate, B97
chikungunya, D83 component, A28, D93, Y3
Chiroptera, XF18 Coniferophyta, XF10
chlorine, XF21 conservation, D64–D71
Chlorophyta, XF7 conservationist, D63
chloroplast, B18–B19, Y2 constraint, A101, Y3
cholera, A91, B43, B47, B49, D83, Y2 constructing explanations, XA4, XC4
Chondrichthyes, XF16 consumer, A41–A47, A45, A50, Y3
Chordata, XF15 control, IS11, Y3
chromosomes cooperative growing, C125–C126
abnormalities of, C89 copper, XF21
in gene expression, C60–C66 coral diversity, A37–A39
genes and, C83–C90 coral reef, A27, A30, A34
in genetic modification, C57 corn, B94, C6, C27–C35, C37–C46, C99
in meiosis, C78–C81, C87 coronavirus, B52–B54, Y3. See also COVID-19
in mitosis, C22–C25 coverslip, B12
number of, C86 COVID-19, B48, B52–B57, C2, D4, D81, D83,
in reproduction, C85 D85, D88, Y3
Chrysophyta, XF6 Craniata, XF16
cichlids, D50 Cretaceous, XF23
Ciliophora, XF5 Crinoidea, XF15
CRISPR, C107, Y3

Z-3

INDEX SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

criteria, A101, Y3 case study, B120–B121
crop diversification, C125 climate change and, B43, B49, B119,
crop separation, C125
crop yield, B81, B88–B89, B91, B95, C44, Y3 B123
cross, dihybrid, Y3 defined, B32, Y3
crosscutting concepts, XG1 emerging, D81–D89
crossing over, C80, Y3 evidence of, B39–B43
cross-pollination, C68, C105 evolution of, D2–D3, D84–D86
Crustacea, XF14 infectious, B21, B38, B43, B51–B57, B68,
Ctenophora, XF11
cutaneous leishmaniasis, B43 B120–B121, B123, C19, D3, D29, D31,
Cycadophyta, XF9 D52, D82–D83, D86–D87, Y5
Cyclostomata, XF16 malnutrition and, C2
cylinder, graduated, XB12 medical treatments in, B51–B58
cystic fibrosis, D30–D31 specialized cells and, B45–B50
cytoplasm, B18–B19, C53, Y3 zoonotic, D2–D3, D83, Y9
cytoskeleton, B19 disease-resistant rice, C106–C107
disinfectant, D78–D79
D disruption, A86–A89, A122, B21–B33, Y3
DNA
darkness, A53–A58 amino acid sequences and, C56
Darwin, Charles, D55, D58 defined, B116, Y3
data evolution and, D59–D61
analysis and interpretation, XC2 fingerprinting, C93–C94
graphing, C99, XB3–XB5 in genome, C44
daughter cells, C21–C24, C80, C85 mutations, C54–C57
dehydration, B10–B17, Y3 protein sequences and, C72
dengue, B43, D84 protein synthesis and, C52–C57
deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA structure of, D59
deutan, C84 sugar in building of, B116
developing and using models, XC5 dodo bird, D49
Devonian, XF23 dominant, C29, C31, C33–C34, C38, C45,
diabetes, B26–B28, B47 C129, Y3
diarrhea, B28–B30, B51, C15, Y3 Down syndrome, C89
differentiation drawing, microscope, B13
dropper bottle, XB13
cell, C59–C66 dysphotic zone, A53
defined, C64
stem cell, C64–C65 E
digestion, B70, C16, C53, C61
digestive system lining, B113, C61 ebola, D83–D84
dihybrid cross, C37, C37–C46, C48, Y3 Echinodermata, XF14
Dinoflagellata, XF6 Echinoidea, XF15
dinosaur, D58 E. coli, C10–C14, C18–C19, C21, C84
diphtheria, D3 ecological efficiency, A63, A64, Y3
diploid, C86, XF7–XF8, Y3 ecology, Y3
disease, B21, B28–B30, B38, B68 economic pillar of sustainability, IS15, IS15, Y3
biodiversity and, D4–D5 ecosystem, A27–A35, Y3
in Bolivia, B120–B121
boundaries, A67–A73
Z-4 carbon cycle and, A75–A79

INDEX
Z-5
diversity and, A121 functioning of, C73
evaluation, A85 gene expression and, C61
fisheries and, A106–A114 herbicides and, C73–C74
tipping point, A85–A90 epidemic, D82, D82–D83, D85, Y4
efficiency, ecological, A63, A64, Y3 EPSPS, C71, C74–C75
electrophoresis, gel, C92–C95, Y4 Eubacteria, XF5
elements Eukarya, XF5–XF20
organisms and, XF21 eukaryotes, C85
Periodic Table of Elements, XF22 euphotic zone, A53
trace, XF21 evidence
El Niño, D12–D13 argument from, XA5, XC6
embryo, C65, D56, Y3 defined, Y4
embryology, D56, D56–D57, Y3 evolution and, D55–D61, D108
emerging diseases, D81–D89 trade-offs and, XA6, XC7
endoplasmic reticulum, B19 evolution
energy, XG1 body size and, D9–D14
cellular respiration and, B106–B107 changing environment and, D7–D15
chemical, B78, B108, Y2 defined, Y4
chemical bonds and, B105 disease and, D2–D3, D84–D86
in chemosynthesis, A57 DNA and, D59–D61
defined, Y3 ecological change vs., D35–D38
ecosystem boundaries and, A67–A71 evidence and, D55–D61, D108
flow modeling, A59–A66, A121–A122 genes and, D59–D61
in food, B70 genetic variation and, D29–D33
health and, B126 human impact on, D103–D105
for life, B103–B111 of resistance, D73–D80
stored, B71, Y8 social behavior and, D23–D28
thermal, B24, B73, B107, Y8 timescales and, D39–D42
transfer, A62, B74–B76, B104–B106 evolutionary biology, D103–D105
transformation, A62 evolutionary thinking, D63–D71
energy pyramid, Y3 experimental design, XB2
energy use, IS17 explanation construction, XA4, XC4
engineering, A35, IS14 exponential growth, A15, Y4
environment expressed, C34, C59, C62–C64, C129, Y4
body size and, D11–D14 extinction, D43–D45, D48–D54, D107
cellular respiration and, B98–B100 defined, Y4
changing, D7–D15 mass extinction event, Y5
human actions and, IS3, IS3–IS8, IS5, IS7, extinction rate, D43
extreme heat event, B5–B8, Y4
IS9–IS14
in integrated approach, B121 F
mutations and, C54
photosynthesis and, B81–B86 farming, IS9–IS14
environmental pillar of sustainability, IS15, fat, B113
IS15, Y4
enzyme(s) defined, Y4
cellular respiration and, B107 digestion of, B107
defined, C73, Y4 supply, B64

INDEX SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

feedback loop, Y4 gene(s)
in humans, B59–B62 analysis, in conservation, D66
negative, B23, B53, Y6 chromosomes and, C83–C90
positive, A89, A98, A119, A123, B16, B42, comparing, C94–C96
B57, B96, B121, C7, C70, D21, D71, defined, C84, Y4
D73, D89, D91, D93, D95, D101, D108, evolution and, D59–D61
IS15–IS17, IS20, Y6 in heredity, C28–C35
homologous, C80, D60, Y5
fermentation, B109, C16 linked, C86
Fiji, A113–A114 proteins and, C60–C65
fingerprinting, DNA, C93–C94 recessive, C29, C31, C34, C129, D30, Y7
fire, A87 in transgene migration, C68
fish, A5, A91–A101, A108–A109, IS17,
gene expression, C15, C34, C59–C66, C129,
IS21–IS26 Y4
fisheries management, A117–A120
fishery, A2, A2, A3, A103–A114, D91–D94, Y4 gene flow, C130, D40, Y4
fluorine, XF21 gene pool, D40, Y4
food genetically modified organisms (GMOs),

cellular respiration and, B106 C129–C130
energy transfer from, B74–B76, alternatives to, C123–C127
benefits of, C101–C112
B104–B106 biodiversity and, C97–C100
matter from, B115–B116 creation of, C9–C19
need for, B70 defined, Y4
from plants, B77–B79 evaluation of, C113–C121
as resource, A2 identifying, C91–C96
food availability, B64–B65 inheritance in, C22–C24, C51
food consumption, B93 modeling, C57
food demand, B88 policies on, C111
food quality, Y4 trade-offs with, C3, C101–C112
food supply, B64, Y4 transgene migration in, C68–C69
food waste, B96
food web, A43, A44, Y4 genetic engineering, C15, C47, Y4
Foraminifera, XF6 genetic modification, C2–C3, C57
fossil record, D55, D58, D60, Y4 genetic variation, D29–D33, Y4
frameshift, C56 genome, C44, Y4
frog, Mount Glorious torrent, D52 genotype, C40
function, B36, XG1 geologic timescale, XF23
cell, B18–B20, B46 giga-, XF3
defined, Y4 Ginkgophyta, XF10
survival and, B7 global community, IS15–IS20
Fungi, XF8 globalization, B123
global nutrition, B63–B70
G glucose, A50, B26–B28, B70, B114–B115, Y4
glyphosate, C71, C74
G6PD enzyme, C84 GMOs. See genetically modified organisms
gamete, C38, C77, C78, C85–C86
Gastropoda, XF13 (GMOs)
gel electrophoresis, C92–C95, Y4 Gnetophyta, XF10
Goat Island Marine Reserve, A106–A107
Z-6

INDEX

golden rice, C104–C105 HIV, B30, C58, D3, D83–D84
Golgi apparatus, B19 Holothuroidea, XF15
graduated cylinder, XB12 homeostasis
graphing data, C99, XB3–XB5
graph interpretation, XB6–XB10 body systems in, B35–B38, B60–B62
Great Lakes ecosystem, A91–A94 in COVID-19, B56–B57
gross productivity, A62, Y4 defined, B23, Y5
group interactions, XE1–XE4 disruption of, B21–B33
growth, A15, Y4 health and, B125–B126
growth patterns, A7 medical treatment and, B51–B58
homologous genes, C80, D60, Y5
H homozygous, C40, C45
human impact
H1N1 flu, D83 on carbon levels, A81–A84
habitat, Y4 on emerging disease, D86
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, B43 environmental, IS9–IS14
haploid, C86, Y4 on evolution, D103–D105
Hawaii, A108–A109 on extinction, D48–D54
health on global community, IS15–IS20
humpback whales, A33
climate change and, B2–B3 hunger, C2
defined, Y4 hydration, B9–B17, B28–B30, Y5
disease and, B21, B38 hydrogen, XF21
emerging global patterns in, B122, B125 hydrophilic, C75
energy and, B126 hydrophobic, C75
heat and, B5–B8 hydrosphere, A77, Y5
homeostasis and, B125–B126 hydrothermal vents, A55–A56
hydration and, B9–B17, B28–B30 Hydrozoa, XF11
matter and, B126 hypothalamus, B69
medical treatments in, B51–B58 hypothesis, Y5
solutions, B119–B124
survival and, B5–B8 I
sustainability and, B2
heat, Y4 icthyosis, C84
heat event, B5–B8, Y4 iguana, marine, D9–D14
heat stress, Y4 inbreeding, A22, D48, Y5
heatstroke, B24–B25, Y4 independent assortment, C86
helminthiases, B43 independent segregation, C88
hemoglobin, B41, B47, B67, Y5 indicator, IS16, IS17, Y5
hemoglobin B, C61–C62 infectious, B21, B38, B43, B51–B57, B68,
hemophilia A, C84
Hepaticophyta, XF9 B120–B121, B123, C19, D3, D29, D31, D52,
herbicide, C2–C3, C5, C10, C45, C48–C49, D82–D83, D86–D87, Y5
C51, C67–C76, C91–C97, C123, Y5 inflammation, B48, B54–B55
heredity, C22, C28–C35 influenza, B51, B120, D2–D3, D83
heterozygous, C33, C38, C40, C48 inheritance, B41, B47, C28–C35, C129, D29–
Hexapoda, XF14 D30, D60
Hirudinea, XF12 inhibitor, C74, Y5
Insectivora, XF18

Z-7

INDEX SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

insects, C120–C121 lithosphere, A77, Y5
insulin, B26–B28, B47, C15, C61–C62, D60, lumen, B47, Y5
lung alveoli, B113
Y5 Lycophyta, XF9
integrated approach, B119–B125, Y5 Lyme disease, B21, B43, B123
interacting, A29, A77, B52, B54, B60, B125, lysosomes, B19

Y5 M
interaction, A29, A34, A78–A79, A82, A121,
macronutrient, B64, B66, B68, Y5
C59, C66, C73, D108, Y5 magnesium, XF21
International System of Units, XF2–XF3 mahi mahi, A111–A112
Internet sources, evaluation of, XH3–XH6 malaria, B41, B43, C18, D69, Y5
interphase, C23 malnutrition
interpretation, graph, XB6–XB10
intertidal zone, A31–A32 defined, B63, Y5
intestinal lining cell, C61 disease and, C2
intrinsic growth rate, A15, Y5 Mammalia, XF17
investigation, XA7, XC8 mammoths, D48
iodine, XF21 manganese, XF21
iron, B67, XF21 mangrove, D67–D68
marine reserve, A106–A107, Y5
J mark-and-recapture sampling method,
A9–A10
Jurassic, XF23 Marsupialia, XF18
Justinian Plague, D82 mass extinction event, D45, Y5, Y7
mathematics skills, XB1–XB14
K matter, XG1
for cells, B113–B117
karyotype, C60, C85, C89 in chemosynthesis, A57
kilo-, XF3 defined, Y5
kin, D25–D29, D107, Y5 ecosystem boundaries and, A67–A71
kin selection, D28 health and, B126
Klinefelter syndrome, C89 maximum sustainable yield (MSY), A110–A112
measles, B51, B56
L media literacy, XH2–XH6
media messages, XH2–XH3
lactase, C61–C62 medical treatment, B51–B58
Lagomorpha, XF18 meerkats, D27
landscapes, changing, IS3, IS3–IS8, IS5, IS7 mega-, XF3
land use, IS3, IS7, IS9–IS14 meiosis, C77–C82, C78, C85, C87, C89–C90, Y5
leishmaniasis, B43 membrane, cell, B18–B19, Y2
levels of organization, A49, B20, B31, B35– Mesozoic, XF23
metabolism, C61, C104, Y5
B38, B42, B57, B125–B126, XF4, Y5 metaphase, C23, C25, C80, C89
life cycle, A67–A72, D92 methane, B104
life expectancy, B21, B28 micro-, XF3
lignin, C16 microbe, B39, B51, Y5
line graph, XB3
linked genes, C86
Linnaeus, Carl, XF4
literacy strategies, XA1–XA8

Z-8

INDEX
Z-9
microbiome, A33 Nematoda, XF12
micronutrient, B66, B66–B67, B95, Y5 Nemertini, XF12
microscope, A44, B11, B13, XB14 nesting success, A23
milli-, XF3 net productivity, A62, Y6
mitigating, Y5 Ngorongoro Conservation Area, A17
mitigating change, D95–D101 nitrogen, XF21
mitigation, Y5 nondisjunction, C89, Y6
mitochondria, B18–B19, B109, C61, Y6 noninfectious, B21, B38, Y6
mitosis, C21, C21–C25, C65, C81, Y6 nuclear membrane, B18–B19
mobile phones, IS17 nucleus, B18, B19, C53, C85, Y6
model nutrients, A52, A64, A87, B29–B30, B64,

amino acid, B114–B115 B66–B69, B71, B75, B95, C105, D93,
antibiotic resistance, D77–D79 D100, Y6
defined, Y6 nutrition. See also malnutrition;
developing and using, XC5 overnutrition; undernutrition
ecosystem boundary, A71–A72
energy flow, A59–A66 defined, B68, Y6
energy transfer, B74–B76 global, B63–B70
genetic modification, C57 nutritional sustainability, B71, B96, Y6
glucose, B114–B115
herbicide resistance, C75–C76 O
population growth, A13–A19
sugar, B114–B115 obesity, B63, B65–B66, B68, B123
molecule ocean depth, A39
defined, Y6 ocean midnight zone, A53
model, B114–B115 ocean sunlight zone, A29, A53–A58
Mollusca, XF13 ocean surface temperature, A39
molybdenum, XF21 ocean twilight zone, A53
monoculture, C124–C125 ocular albinism, C84
Monotremata, XF18 Oligochaeta, XF12
mosquitoes, C18 onion, C77
moths, D35–D38 On the Origin of Species (Darwin), D58
Mount Glorious torrent frog, D52 Oomycota, XF7
mRNA, C53, C58, Y6 Ophiuroidea, XF15
MSY. See maximum sustainable yield (MSY) oral leishmaniasis, B43
multicellular organisms, Y6 orange roughy, A110–A111
muscle cells, C59 orca population, A42, A60
mutation, C54, C54–C57, C91, D4, Ordovician, XF23
D29–D31, Y6 organ, B20, Y6
Myriapoda, XF14 organelle, B20, Y6
Myxomycota, XF7 organism

N classification of, XF4–XF20
defined, Y6
nano-, XF3 elements and, XF21
natural selection, D26, D36, D94, D99, D107, in levels of organization, B20
multicellular, Y6
Y6. See also evolution single-celled, Y7
negative feedback loop, B23, B53, Y6 organ system, B20, Y6
oropouche, B43

INDEX SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

Osteichthyes, XF16 Platyhelminthes, XF11
outbreak, D85 pneumonia, B51, B54, B56
overnutrition, B65, Y6 Polychaeta, XF12
oxygen, A50, A57, B107, XF21, Y6 polycythemia vera, B41
polyploidy, C89, C90
P population

Paleozoic, XF23 defined, Y6
pandemic, D82, D82–D83, D85, D87, Y6. See estimates, A5–A11
feeding world, B87–B96
also COVID-19 growth models, A13–A19, A121
papaya, C110–C111 size, factors affecting, A21–A26
parasitism, brood, A23, Y2 Porifera, XF10
parent cell, C21–C24, C80 positive feedback loop, B23, B125, Y6
passenger pigeon, D51 potassium, XF21
pattern, XG1, Y6 Prader-Willi syndrome, C89
peptide bond, C55 prairie dogs, D23–D26
Periodic Table of Elements, XF22 precise/precision, B15, Y7
Perissodactyla, XF19 Primates, D64–D71, XF19
Permian, XF23 primatologists, D65
Phaeophyta, XF7 probability, in genetics, C33–C34
phenotype, C33–C34, C39–C40, C45, C59, Proboscidea, XF19
producer, A41–A47, A45, A50, Y7
C59, C83, C89, C129 product, Y7
Pholidota, XF19 product (enzyme), C73
phosphorous, XF21 productivity
photosynthesis gross, A62, Y4
net, A62, Y6
carbon cycle and, B79 prokaryotes, B109, XF5, XF23
cellular respiration and, A49–A52, A76 prophase, C25
chemosynthesis vs., A57 proportion, XG1
defined, C59, Y6 protan, C84
environment and, B81–B86 protein
temperatures and, D17 body structures and, B113
phytoplankton, A46, A60 consumption trends, B85
pigeon, D51 defined, C52, Y7
pigweed, C69 digestion of, B70
pillars of sustainability, A89, A98, A119, gene expression and, C59–C65
A123, B16, B42, B57, B96, B121, C7, C70, sequences, C72
D21, D71, D73, D89, D91, D93, D95, D101, synthesis, C51–C58
D108, IS15–IS17, IS20, Y6 protein supply, B64
Pinnipedia, XF19 protein sustainability, B85
Plague of Athens, D82 protein synthesis, C53, C54–C55, C57, Y7
plankton, A43–A47, Y6 protein synthesis initiator, C61–C62
Plantae, XF8–XF10 Proterozoic, XF23
plants Protista, XF5–XF8
cells, B18–B19 Pteridopsida, XF9
climate change and, D17–D21 Punnett square, C30, C32, C39, C48, Y7
diversity of, D19
food from, B77–B79, B97
plasmids, C12–C13, C84

Z-10

INDEX
Z-11
Q respiratory diseases, B51, B59
respiratory microbiome, A33
quadrat sampling method, A8–A9 respiratory system, A33, B24, B35, B52–B53,
qualitative, B84, B100, Y7
quantitative, B84, B100, Y7 B60–B61
quantity, XG1 restricted fishing areas, A113–A114
Quaternary, XF23 Rhizopoda, XF6
Rhodophyta, XF7
R ribosome protein S7, C61–C62
ribosomes, B19, C53, C61, D76
rabies, D84 rice, B94–B95, C46, C104–C107
Radiolaria, XF8 rice blast fungus, C106–C107
reactant, B74–B75, B110, Y7 Rift valley fever, B43
reaction, B74–B75, B110, Y7 river blindness, B43
“Read, Think, and Take Note” strategy, XA2– RNA

XA8 defined, Y7
recessive, C29, C31, C34, C129, D30, Y7 mRNA, C58, Y6
red blood cells, B16, B40–B41, B45, B47, B49, protein and, C55, C59
tRNA, C53, C55, Y8
B56, B67, B109, B113, C61–C62, C64, C129 Rodentia, XF19
red tide, B43 rotavirus, B28–B30, Y7
reliability, B15, Y7 Rotifera, XF13
repressed, C62, Y7 roundworm, C77
repressor, C63
reproducible/reproducibility, B15, Y7 S
reproduction
safety guidelines, IS10, XD1
asexual, C21–C25, XF6, Y1 salamander, D7, D41
body size and, D9–D11 salmon, A67–A72, A97–A101, C108–109,
meiosis and, C77–C82
selective breeding, C2, C27, C27–C35, D57, D73, D91–D101
sampling methods
C37–C47, Y7
sexual, C85, C88, Y7 mark-and-recapture, A9–A10
transgene migration and, C68 quadrat, A8–A9
variation and, C88 SARS, D83
Reptilia, XF17 scale, A29, XG1, Y7
resilient, A86, Y7 scatterplot, XB3
resistant, A86 schistosomiasis, B43
antibiotic, C10, D37, D74–D80 science, as human endeavor, XI1–XI2
defined, Y7 science notebook, XB11
disease, C106–C107 science skills, XB1–XB14
evolution of, D73–D80 scientific theory, Y7
herbicide, C2–C3, C10, C45, C48–C49, Scyphozoa, XF11
selective breeding, C2, C27, C27–C35, C37–
C51, C67–C76, C91–C97 C47, Y7
resource selenium, XF21
sexual reproduction, C85, C88, Y7
common, IS21, Y2 sickle cell disease, B41, B47, Y7
defined, Y7 Silurian, XF23
food as, A2
respiration, A49–A52, A77, B97–B101, B106,
Y2. See also cellular respiration

INDEX SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

single-celled organism, Y7 superweed, C5–C8, C6, C51, C71, C98–C100,
Sirenia, XF20 C124–C125, Y8
SI units, XF2–XF3
sixth mass extinction, D54, Y7 survival, B5–B8
skeletal muscle cells, C59 sustainability
skin cells, B113
slide, A44, B12 in biofuel production, C16
smallpox, D3, D82 commons in, IS21–IS26
SMV. See soybean mottling virus (SMV) conservation and, D64, D66
snake, D57 defined, IS6, Y8
social behavior, D23–D28, Y7 development, A122–A123
social pillar of sustainability, IS15, IS15, Y7 economic pillar of, IS15, IS15, Y3
sodium, XF21 environmental pillar of, IS15, IS15, Y4
somatic cells, C85 evolutionary biology and, D103–D105
soybean mottling virus (SMV), C113–C121 of fisheries, A3
soybeans, C113–C121 fisheries and, A117–A120
Spanish flu, D83 in food production, C124–C127
specialized cells, B45–B50 health and, B2
speciation, D40, D40–D42, D107, Y8 maximum sustainable yield, A110–A112
species nutritional, B71, B96, Y6
pillars of, A89, A98, A119, A123, B16,
biological, D40, D40, Y1
defined, Y8 B42, B57, B96, B121, C7, C70, D21,
Sphenopsida, XF9 D71, D73, D89, D91, D93, D95, D101,
spherocytosis, B41 D108, IS15–IS17, IS20, Y6
Sporozoa. See Apicomplexa protein, B85
stability, A86, XG1 social pillar of, IS15, IS15, Y7
stable, Y8 swine flu, D83
stacked bar graph, XB9 syphilis, D82
stakeholder, Y8 system, A28, Y8
statistics, in genetics, C33–C34 system model, A28, A59, D93, Y8
stem cell differentiation, C64–C65
sterile technique, C11 T
stored energy, B71, Y8
structure, B36, XG1, Y8 Tabu, A113–A114
cell, B18–B20, B46 telophase, C25
submarines, A55 temperature. See also climate change
substitution, C56
substrate, C73, C74, Y8 body, 29, B23–B26, B54, B125–B126
sugar defined, Y8
in biofuel production, C17 increasing, D17–D22
blood, B26–B28 Tertiary, XF23
cellular respiration and, B107 theory, scientific, Y7
in chemosynthesis, A57 thermal energy, B24, B73, B107, Y8
defined, Y8 three-base insertion, C56
model, B114–B115 thyroid cells, C59
in photosynthesis, A50 timescales, D39–D42
sulfur, XF21 tipping point, A85–A90
tissue, B11, B20, Y8
Z-12 tourism, water use and, B17
toxin, Y8

INDEX

trace elements, XF21 Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, B43
trade-off, C101–C112, IS14, Y8 vertebrate groups, A39–A40
traits, C28–C35, C37–C46, C129 vesicles, B19
transcription, C53, C53–C54, C129, Y8 virus, A109, B21, B28–B30, B39, B43, B48,
transcription factor, C63–C64, Y8
transgene migration, C68, C91, C96–C97, B52–B56, B120, B126, C19, C110–C111,
C113, D3–D4, D82–D83, D85, D88, Y9
C105, C124–C125, Y8 vitamin A, B67, C104–C105
translation, C53, C53–C54, C129, Y8
tree cover loss, D4, IS5, IS13 W
Trematoda, XF11
Triassic, XF23 water, B9–B17
Trilobutomorpha, XF14 water intake, B14
tRNA, C53, C55, Y8 weeds. See superweed
trophic level, A61, A64, Y8 whales, humpback, A33
tuberculosis, D2, D29–D31, D75–D77, D81– wheat, B94, C90, C97
white blood cells, B45, C89
D82 wildfire, A87
Tubulidentata, XF20 woolly mammoth, D48
tuna, A97, A103–A106, A114, A117–A120
Turbellaria, XF11 X
Turner syndrome, C89
typhoid, A91 Xenarthria, XF20

U Y

undernutrition yeast, B109
defined, B63, Y8 yellow fever, B120–B121, D82
disease and, B68 Yellowstone National park fires, A87
as indicator, IS17 yellowtail, A108–A109
with sufficient calories, B117
Z
urban heat island effect, Y8
Urochordata, XF15 Zika virus, D4, D83, D85
zinc, B67, B95, XF21
V zone of inhibition, D79, Y9
zoonotic, D2–D3, D83, Y9
vaccine, B56–B57, C58, C110, Y8 zooplankton, A46
vacuole, B18–B19 Zygomycota, XF8
variable, Y8
vector, B30, Y9

Z-13



    Credits

Cover: Kevin Thurk Photography

Sustainability

All illustrations by Seventeenth Street Studios
Unit opener: nazar_ab/Getty Images; Page IS-9: Rick Bohn / USFWS;
IS-13: Webb et al 2013: IS-21: NOAA; IS-24: Joseph Smith, NOAA /
NMFS / SEFSC / Beaufort Laboratory
Card Sets. Primary Cause: Global Forest Watch; Tree Cover Loss:
Global Forest Watch

Ecology

All illustrations by Seventeenth Street Studios
Unit opener: Tom Mareschal / Alamy Stock Photo; A-2 (clockwise
from top left): SMuldur, Jamie Oliver, State Library and Archives of
Florida, Bluwoad, Hugh Lunnon, U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Luis
Loza Gutierrez); A-5: Ken Hammond / USDA; A-6 t: brewbooks,
b: Christian Ziegler; A-7: Max Pixel; A-8; Keith Morris / Alamy Stock
Photo; A-9: Matt Lavin; A-10: USFWSmidwest; A-11: shutterstock;
A-17 t: PLBechly, b: Demetrius John Kessy; A-21: David Craig;
A-22 l: Fran Brown, r: Galawebdesign; A-27 (clockwise from top):
EPA, Toby Hudson, [email protected], Jerry Reid / U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, NOAA Photo Library, Todd Winner / Stocktrek
Images/Science Source; A-29: Avoini; A-30 l: NOAA, r: Bernard
Dupont; A-32 t: Danita Delimont / shutterstock, b: Mazur Travel /
shutterstock; A-33 t: Kateryna Kon / shutterstock, b: Bud Ellison;
A-34 l: rajarajaraja, m: Curt Storlazzi / USGS, r: Bernard Dupont;
A-41: Christopher P. Michel; A-47: CNX OpenStax/ Rice University;
A-52: NASA; A-55: NOAA; A- 56: NOAA; A-57: NOAA; A-57: pxfuel;
A-69 t: Peter Hamel, b: Jonny Armstrong; A-70: VC Images / Alamy
Stock Photo; A-87 t: Debeo Morium, b: DLILLC/Corbis; A-88: NASA;
A-92 l: Invasive Carp Regional Coordinating Committee, r: U.S.
Geological Survey; A-97 t: fotosearch; b: fotosearch; A-113: Cavan

Z-15

CREDITS SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

Images / Alamy Stock Photo; A-114: Chris McLennan / Alamy Stock
Photo; A-120: Tom Mareschal / Alamy Stock Photo
Card Sets. Abiotic Factor Maps: Biodivirsity Mapping, Freeworldmaps
.net; Vertebrate Diversity Maps: Biodivirsity Mapping; Lake Michigan
Invasive Species: Great Lakes Fishery Commission, NOAA Great
Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, ; Orca Food Web: NOAA
MESA Project, Matt Wilson / Jay Clark, NOAA NMFS AFSC., Marine
Scotland Image Bank, Michael Humling, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Christopher Michel; Plankton: Frank Fox, NOAA, Great
Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Gordon T. Taylor / NOAA,
Picturepest, Wiedehopf20, Matthew A. Robinson, Matthew Herron

Cells

All illustrations by Seventeenth Street Studios
Unit opener: Eva Hambach / Getty Images; B-6: SonoranDesertNPS;
B-8: branestawm2002; B-9: Caia Image / Science Photo Library;
B-11: David Cook / blueshiftstudios / Alamy Stock Photo; B-24: Mike
Schinkel; B-26: Blend Images / Getty Images; B-30: Vladimir
Trofimchuk / Shutterstock; B-41: DJC / Alamy Stock Photo;
B-45 l: NIH, r: NIAID, B-49: Dustin Iskandar; B-54: CDC; B-55: Elvert
Barnes; B-56: NCI / Photo Researchers, Inc.; B-62: Masterfile;
B-66: Dumphasizer; B-72: SEPUP; B-76: MundusImages / iStock;
B-77: Sergii Gnatiuk / Alamy Stock Photo; B-81: Natali Alba /
Alamy Stock Photo; B-82: SEPUP; B-87: Horizon International
Images Limited / Alamy Stock Photo; B-97 l:freefoodphotos.
com, r: freefoodphotos.com; B-107: AleksandarGeorgiev / iStock;
B-116: USDA; B-119: Gorodenkoff / Shutterstock; B-120: Raul Ignacio;
B-122: Rawpixel / iStock
Card Sets. Structure and Function: bccoer, © Legger / Dreamstime.com

Genetics

All illustrations by Seventeenth Street Studios
Unit opener: Bondar Illia / Shutterstock; C-5 (clockwise from top)
University of Delaware Carvel REC , NDDA, Michele Walfred /
UDDA, United Soybean Board, maRRitch / Shutterstock; C-9: © Dr.
Charles Mazel/Visuals Unlimited/Corbis; C-15: Bob Nichols/USDA;
C-17: Luftfahrrad; C-18: Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
C-21: Janice Haney Carr / CDC; C-27: Will Merydith; C-37: USDA;
C-42 t: Ulrike Welsch/Photo Researchers, Inc., b: Inga Spence/

Z-16

CREDITS
Z-17
Photo Researchers, Inc ; C-43 l: Inga Spence/Photo Researchers,
Inc., r: Courtesy of John Doebley; C-47: [email protected] /
Depositphotos; C-51: SEASTOCK / iStock; C-54: University of
California Agriculture and Environment; C-59 l: Biology Pics/Photo
Researchers, Inc., r: Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
C-60: Biophoto Associates /Photo Researchers, Inc.; C-67: Christine
Xuereb Seidu; C-69: Delaware Agriculture; C-71: Alabama Extension;
C-77 l: Visuals Unlimited /Corbis, r: Eye of Science/Photo Researchers,
Inc.; C-83: Lawrence Migdale/Photo Researchers, Inc.; C-85: Biophoto
Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; C-91: Simplylove / Shutterstock;
C-94: Gustoimages /Photo Researchers, Inc.; C-101: ©Benjamin Lowy /
Corbis; C-105: Courtesy Golden Rice Humanitarian Board, www
.goldenrice.org; C-106: Fritz Geller-Grimm; C-107: IRRI; C-108: Sam
Beebe / Ecotrust; C-109: Jonny Armstrong; C-110 t: Veronique Lepla
t/P hoto Researchers, Inc., b: Wayne Nishijima, University of Hawaii
at Manoa; C-113 l: Martin Bond / Photo Reseachers, Inc.; r: © Queen’s
Printer for Ontario, 2009. Reproduced with permission; C-123: Airman
1st Class Kenneth Norman
Item Bank: Roger Givens / Shutterstock, Science Source, Felix Choo /
Alamy Stock Photo

Evolution

All illustrations by Seventeenth Street Studios
Unit opener: C. Weerawat / Shutterstock; D-3 (clockwise from top
left): Neil McAllister / Alamy Stock Photo, Alain Houle (Harvard
University), Florian Prischl, Pavanaja; D-7 (clockwise from top left):
Creeping Things / Alamy Stock Photo, Greg Schechter, Marshal
Hedin, Greg Schechter, Greg Schechter; D-8: Jesse Kraft / Alamy Stock
Photo; D-9 l: surz / 123RF, r: Nature Picture Library / Alamy Stock
Photo, D-17: Michael O'Neill / Science Source; D-23 (clockwise from
left): Rolf Hicker Photography / Alamy Stock Photo, Larry Smith,
Hans Splinter; D-24 l: Larry Smith, r: USFWS Mountain-Prairie;
D-27: Oksana Ariskina, D-29: Rattanachot2525 | Dreamstime.com;
D-42: Mary Martin / Science Source; D-35 t: Siga, m: Janet Graham,
b: Chiswick Chap; D-39: Neal Simpson; D-41: Tom Devitt / UC
Museum of Paleontology; D-43: Public domain; D-47 a: Irene2005,
b: Jan Fidler, c: Mike McBey, d: R. Cammauf / Everglades NPS,
e: BSEE; D-48: Zissoudisctrucker; D-49: Fox Photos/Getty Images;
D-50: Louis Agassiz Fuertes; D-52: Dr. Hal Cogger; D-55: Darwin
Museum, Down House; D-56: R. O'Rahilly; D-57: R. O'Rahilly;
D-58: H. Raab, D-63: ZUMA Press, Inc. / Alamy Stock Photo;

CREDITS SCIENCE & GLOBAL ISSUES: BIOLOGY

D-67: Jacques Jangoux / Photo Researchers, Inc.; D-68: Nigel Cattlin / Photo Researchers,
Inc.; D-69: Nigel Cattlin / Photo Researchers, Inc.; D-70: Fletcher & Baylis/Photo Researchers,
Inc.; D-75: NIAID; D-81: zstock / Shutterstock; D-86: Edward Parker / Alamy Stock Photo;
D-95 (clockwise from top left): Center for Whale Research, bastinda18 / Shutterstock, Bernard
Spragg, C Watts; D-103: Kevin Thurk Photography
Card Sets. Is It Evolution?: Bernard DUPONT, blickwinkel / Alamy Stock Photo, Steve
Gschmeissner, SOTK2011 / Alamy Stock Photo, CANNIVA / Shutterstock, Dorling Kindersley
ltd / Alamy Stock Photo; Life Form: Nobu Tamura, Fritz Geller-Grimm, Kenneth Gass, Nobu
Tamura, Shizhao, Nobu Tamura, Shizhao, Kenneth Gass, Dimitris Siskopoulos, Kenneth
Gass, Joseph Smit, Ville Koistinen, badobadop.co.uk, D. Lloyd, Cindy V. Looy, Johanna H.
A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, and Ivo A. P. Duijnstee, Dmitry Bogdanov, M.C. Rygel,
Wilson44691, Nobu Tamura, Charlie Brenner, 1998 Dr. Richard Paselk, Humboldt State
University Natural History Museum, Kabacchi, Zissoudisctrucker, Brocken Inaglory, John
Alan Elson, Obsidian Soul, Junnn11

Appendices

All illustrations by Seventeenth Street Studios
XI-1: Wendy M. Jackson

Z-18