part of speech and simple present tense

PART OF SPEECH

parts of speech is a classification of words categorized according to their roles and
functions in the sentence structure of a language. There are eight parts of speech, namely: noun,
pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection (interjection).

 Nouns (nouns)

This part of speech is used to name people, places, things or ideas. Generally, nouns are preceded
by the particles a, an, and the. Nouns can also be singular or plural and concrete or abstract. In a
sentence, a noun can function as a subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, or
object of a preposition. The various parts of speech include countable and uncountable nouns,
proper and common nouns, abstract and concrete nouns, and collective nouns.

Example:

 Countable nouns (can be counted): Book, car, foot, mountain, tree.
 Uncountable nouns (can't be counted): English, happiness, meat, milk, snow.
 Common noun (common): Country, desert, physicist.
 Proper noun (specific): Indonesia, Sahara, Albert Einstein
 Abstract noun (expressing ideas, concepts, feelings, circumstances, traits, or characters):

Idea, honesty, imagination, kindness, love.
 Concrete noun (in the form of material or tangible form): Cheese, desk, man, sugar,

water.
 Collective noun (name of group or group): Class, deer, couple, furniture, staff.

 Pronouns (pronouns)

Pronouns are used to replace nouns. These parts of speech are useful for avoiding repetition of
the use of nouns. The types include personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative
pronouns, relative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, reflexive pronouns, intensive pronouns and
reciprocal pronouns.

Example:

 Personal pronouns: I, you, we, they, she, he, it.
 Demonstrative pronouns: This, that, these, those.
 Interrogative pronouns: Who, what, which, whom, whose.

 Relative pronouns: Who, which, whom, whose, that.
 Indefinite pronoun: Another, anything, everything, none, someone.
 Reflexive pronoun and intensive pronoun: Myself, myself, myself, myself,

myself.
 Reciprocal pronoun: Each other, one another.

 verbs (verbs)

Verbs are used to show the action of the subject, show events, or circumstances. The types of
verbs include: transitive & intransitive verbs, regular & irregular verbs, action & stative verbs,
finite & non-finite verbs, linking verbs, and causative verbs.

Example:

 Transitive verbs: Ask, buy, hit, make, show.
 Intransitive verbs: arrive, come, go, smile, wait.
 Regular verbs: Accept, bake, decide, live, walk.
 Irregular verbs: Bear, choose, feel, send, write.
 Action Verbs: Eat, grow, jump, run, work.
 Stative verbs: Adore, deserve, forgive, impress, sound.
 Finite verbs: Transitive and intransitive verbs, action and stative verbs, linking verbs and

auxiliary verbs.
 Non-finite verbs: Present participle, past participle, infinitive, bare infinitive.
 Linking verbs: Act, be, look, seem, taste.
 Causative verbs: Get, have, lead, let, make.

 Adjective (adjective)

Adjective is a word that is used to describe or modify a noun or pronoun. Usually located before
a noun or pronoun. However, it can also come after linking verbs related to the senses (seem,
taste). For one noun or pronoun, there can be more than one adjective.

Example: Old, young, bad, fat, thick, big, small, pretty, and so on.

 Adverb (adverb)

Usually used to describe or modify a verb (verb), adjective (adjective), or other adverbs.
However, adverbs never describe a noun and usually answer how, when, where, why, under what
conditions, or to what degree. Not only that, adverbs of an adjective usually end with the particle
–ly, such as deeply, extremely, happily, fairly, and others, but there are also adverbs that do not
originate from adjectives such as very, somewhat, only, quite, and others.

The kinds of adverbs in English are:

 Adverbs of time (early, recently, yesterday, now, tonight)
 Adverbs of manner (fast, hard, slowly, softly, quickly)
 Adverbs of degree (enough, quite, so, too, very)
 Adverb of modality (likely, maybe, perhaps, possibly, unlikely)
 Adverb of frequency (always, barely, daily, often, sometimes)
 Adverb of place (away, behind, here, nearby, somewhere)
 Adverb of focus (also, even, just, mainly, only)

 Prepositions

Is a part of speech that is placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase that modifies other
words in a sentence. Therefore, a preposition is always part of a prepositional phrase.
Prepositions almost always function as adjectives or adverbs. Prepositions in English are divided
into several types, including:

 Prepositions of time (after, before, during, since, until)
 Prepositions of place (above, at, in, on, under)
 Prepositions of movement (inside, into, off, toward(s), up)
 Preposition of manner (by, in, like, on, with(out))
 Prepositions of purpose (for)
 Preposition of quantity/measure (for, by)

 Conjunction (conjunction)

These parts of speech function to connect words, phrases, or clauses and also to show the
relationship between the connected sentence elements. There are several types of conjunctions,
namely:

 Coordinate conjunction (connecting two of the same grammatical construction): And,
but, nor, or, yet

 Correlative conjunction (used in pairs): Between … and, either … or, from … to, rather
… than, if … then.

 Subordinate conjunction (form adverbial clause): After, because, before, although, when.
 Conjunctive adverb (connecting logically two successive independent clauses): At last,

besides, however, hence, then.

 Interjection (interjection)

Interjection is a word used to express different levels of emotion. Grammatically, it is usually
seen as a part that is not related to the main sentence.

Example:

Alas, he failed.
“Oy! Look at me!”

Simple Present Tense

 Definition of Simple Present Tense

What is present tense? So, simple means "there was an incident." Well, if it is present, it
means "now." In essence, the simple present tense is a sentence with a pattern of verb forms that
express events that are taking place in the present.

As for the name, the formula for this one tense is not too complicated. The reason is, we
often use these tenses in everyday life to express facts and events that are usually done. Before
diving deeper, it's better if we remember the structure of a "sentence". So, we can say a sentence
if it consists of the following 3 things:

S : Subject (subject)

P : Predicate (predicate)

C : Complement (complementary)

However, only 2 are required, namely the subject and the predicate. So, now that you have
remembered, let's proceed to the explanation of the formula and the examples!

 The Simple Present Tense formula

Have you read the article about types of sentences? If so, of course you understand that a
sentence can be verbal or nominal. So, the name "predicate" is not always a verb. In verbal
sentences, after the subject will be followed by the verb (V). Meanwhile in nominal sentences,
after the subject will be accompanied by a non-verb which we usually know as an auxiliary verb
or to be (auxiliary verb).

In general, the simple present tense formula is Subject + Verb 1(s/es) + Complement for positive
sentences with verbal patterns. If the pattern is nominal, then the present tense formula becomes
Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + Complement.

 Nominal Simple Present Tense

Well, you can see in more detail about the present tense formula according to the type of subject
(singular and plural) through the image below:
Present tense nominal sentence formula
Subject + to be + not + complement (-)
To be + subject + complement (?)
Examples of simple present tense with nominal sentence patterns:
(+) I am an international school student (I am a student)
(-) She is not an international school student (she is not a student)
(?) Is she an international school student? (is he a student?)

 Verbal simple present tense

In accordance with the previous discussion, in verbal sentences, you don't need to add to be after
the subject, because what is "in charge" of being a predicate is a verb. The good thing is, the verb
in this tense is the basic form, in the sense that it hasn't changed. Here is the verbal sentence
formula in the present tense:
Verbal simple present tense
In accordance with the previous discussion, in verbal sentences, you don't need to add to be after
the subject, because what is "in charge" of being a predicate is a verb. The good thing is, the verb
in this tense is the basic form, in the sense that it hasn't changed. Here is the verbal sentence
formula in the present tense
So, if you make a sentence with the subject in the third person (he, she, it, singular subject), there
are several verbs that need to be added s/es at the end.

 Positive/affirmative simple present tense
Just like nominal, verbal sentences also certainly have a positive form as we discussed earlier.
Examples of simple present tense sentences:
I live in Jakarta (I live in Jakarta)
He lives in Jakarta (he lives in Jakarta)

 Negative simple present tense
Now, especially for negative sentences and interrogative sentences, use do/does or do not (don't)
and does not (doesn't). Example:
I don't live in Bandung (I don't live in Bandung)
She doesn't live in Bandung (she doesn't live in Bandung)

Come on, why doesn't live? How come doesn't lives? Yep, because the word doesn't includes the
addition of -es. So you don't need to add anything else to the verb section.

 Simple present questions/interrogative
In the interrogative sentence pattern, it is divided into two parts, namely:
Yes/No Questions
Do I work? (do I work?)
Does he work? (is he working?)
In accordance with the type name, namely Yes/No question, so you only need to answer the
question above with:
Yes, I do
Yes, he does (Yes, he works)
WH Questions
What do you think when you read WH? Exactly! That is a question word in English that is
attached to the prefix W and H.
What do I play?
Who do you play?
When does he play?
Where does she play?
Why do we play?
How do they play?

 Another collection of Simple Present Tense Examples
Positive Sentences:
1. She wants to be a doctor.
2. Cows eat grass.

3. They speak English at the office.
4. He likes bananas.
5. Play basketball every morning.

Negative Sentences:

1. They don't have any money.
2. Lala doesn't see Peter in the class.
3. My best friend doesn't love you.
4. You don't listen to me.
5. California is not in the United Kingdom.

Interrogative/questioning sentences:
1. Do they talk a lot?
2. Does he play tennis?
3. Does your father drink coffee?
4. Where does she have lunch?
5. Does he ride the motorcycle?

Interrogative/questioning sentences:
1. Do they talk a lot?
2. Does he play tennis?
3. Does your father drink coffee?
4. Where does she have lunch?
5. Does he ride the motorcycle?

Time words or adverbs of time alias description of time

The description of time that we will discuss has another term, namely the adverb of frequency.
Actually, time words are not always present in every simple present tense sentence. However,
the sentences that use the time words below are definitely included in the simple present tense.
Here's a list that you should write down!

Adverb of Time Simple Present Tense (adverb of time simple present tense)

General truth/generalization or facts
In the world, we cannot escape the so-called absolute truth or general truth. Well, generalization
means the truth that cannot be contested. So, the simple present tense is a form of a sentence to
express something concrete. Example sentences are:
The earth revolves around the sun.
Earth revolves around the sun.

2. Habitual or daily activities a.k.a repeated actions
If you hear the word habit, surely you can immediately guess its meaning easily. Yep! The
simple present tense also functions to show daily habits or activities, aka activities or schedules
that you do repeatedly. Example:
We go to school by bus every morning.
We go to school by bus every morning.

3. Express feelings and emotions
Are you sad? Or maybe you're thinking about something? Don't hesitate, you can express it
through simple present tense sentences. Example of sentences:
Feelings:
I am sad to hear your bad news.
I'm sad to hear bad news from you.
Emotions:
I'm always thankful because have a great bestfriend.
I'm always grateful for having good friends.

4. The scheduled event in the near future or familiar with future conditions
What is meant by this function is that the simple present tense is also used to discuss
activities/events that are scheduled in the near future. In addition, this tense is commonly used in
discussing transportation schedules. For example:
The train departs at 08.00 a.m.
The train will leave at 08.00 in the morning

5. Command or instruction (Giving Orders or Instructions)
Have you ever watched a cooking tutorial? Hmm, don't go far. You must often read instructions
or orders on your smartphone, right? For example in the following sentence:
Draw pattern or use fingerprint to unlock
Draw pattern or use fingerprint to unlock
Pour the juice into the cup
Pour the juice into a cup
If you already understand the functions of the simple present tense, it's time for us to deep dive
into the next part!

Songs Containing Simple Present Tense
You can learn examples of using this tense form through English song lyrics. Approximately,
what are the lyrics of western songs that use the simple present tense? Examples are as follows:
Example 1:
The lyrics of a western song that has a simple present tense is "You are My Sunshine" by
Christina Perry. If you enjoy watching advertisements on TV, you must be familiar with the
lyrics. Like this:
You are my sunshine
My only sunshine
You make me happy
When skies are gray
You'll never know, dear
How much I love you
Please don't take my sunshine away
So, from the lyrics above, which one do you think uses the verb in the present tense? Here's the
information:

You are my sunshine
(Using the nominal sentence pattern, "You" is the subject, then "are" is to be alias auxiliary verb,
then "my sunshine" is the object.)
Apart from these lyrics, there are also those that include verbal sentence patterns, namely "You
make me happy".
Why "make", not "makes"? You see, "You" is the singular subject form (second person
singular). So, the verb returns to the base form or doesn't add s/es at the end.

Example 2:
The next song lyrics containing the simple present tense is "Just a Friend to You" by Meghan
Trainor. This is how it sounds:
So it breaks my heart
When you say I'm not a friend to you
Cause friends don't do the things we do
Everyone knows you love me too
Tryna be careful with the words I use
I say it cause I'm dying to
Let's analyze it together, shall we! In the first lyric, why "breaks" and not breaks? Yes, the
formula is that verb 1 must be added s/es if the subject is in the third person. In the lyrics above,
the subject is "it". Hence, the base verb is "break" but changed to "breaks".

Example 3:
This time, the song lyrics related to the simple present tense come from Westlife with the title "I
Have a Dream". This song is suitable for those of you who want to learn the present tense while
feeling nostalgic. Look carefully at the lyrics:
I believe in angels
Something good in everything I see
I believe in angels

When I know the time is right for me
I'll cross the stream
I have a Dream

THANK YOU