Before You Read - Glencoe

Before You Read

The Tragedy of Julius Learning Objectives
Caesar, Act 4
For pages 783–799
Connect to the Play In studying this text, you will
focus on the following
Why do people quarrel? Discuss this question with a partner. objectives:
Literary Study: Analyzing plot.
Build Background Reading: Making and
verifying predictions.
When Antony took charge of the city, he was joined by eigh-
teen-year-old Gaius Octavius, Caesar’s great-nephew and Vocabulary
adopted son. Octavius was intelligent, handsome, and skilled at
oratory. Together with a governor named Lepidus, Octavius and barren (bar ən) adj. empty and
Antony created a ruling group of three--a triumvirate. dreary; without life; desolate; p. 786
No one lives in the area surrounding
Set Purposes for Reading the town; the land is barren.

Big Idea Loyalty and Betrayal covert (kō vərt) adj. secret; hid-
den; p. 786 The reporter discov-
As you read, ask yourself, What do the conflicts reveal about ered a covert plan to escape.
various characters’ desire for loyalty and fear of betrayal?
deceitful (di sēt fəl) adj. untruth-
Literary Element Foil ful and cunning; false; p. 787 Some
advertisements are honest; others are
A foil is a character who provides contrast with another. A foil deceitful.
helps readers perceive strengths and weaknesses of another
character. As you read, ask yourself, Which characters are foils? rash (rash) adj. marked by haste and
lack of caution or consideration;
Reading Strategy Make and Verify Predictions p. 789 Meena’s decision to end their
friendship seemed rash to Laura.
When you make predictions as you read, you make reasoned
guesses about what will happen based on clues the author Tip: Denotation and Connotation
provides together with your own understanding of characters A word’s denotation is its dictionary
and events. Then, as you continue reading, you verify the meaning; its connotations are the
accuracy of the predictions, and modify your thinking and emotional association it evokes. To
continue on. As you read, ask yourself, What predictions can I identify a word’s connotations, think
make about the outcome of events in Act 4? about the images and ideas the word
brings to mind. For example, in the
Tip: Chart Predictions Use a chart like the one below to make sentence Meena’s decision to end
and verify predictions as you read. their friendship seemed rash to
Laura, the word rash has a negative
Prediction My Reason Outcome connotation and suggests foolishness.

Brutus and They are very They fight but
Cassius are going different. Brutus reconcile and
to argue and end is thoughtful and resolve their
their alliance. honest. Cassius is differences.
emotional and
cunning.

JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 1 783

David Forbert/SuperStock

SCENE 1. Antony’s house in Rome. A year and a half after 1 prick’d: marked down on a list.
Caesar’s death.
2 Your brother . . . Lepidus: Lepidus’s
[Enter ANTONY, OCTAVIUS, and LEPIDUS.] brother was a prominent politician who
sided with the conspirators after
ANTONY. These many then shall die, their names are Caesar’s assassination.
prick’d.°

OCTAVIUS. Your brother too must die, consent you,
Lepidus?°

LEPIDUS. I do consent—

Ancient Romans. Artist unknown. Mosaic. Currier Gallery of Art, Manchester, NH.

What impressions of people in ancient Rome do you get from this mosaic?
How do those impressions relate to characters in the play?

784 U N IT 4 DRAMA

David Forbert/SuperStock

OCTAVIUS. Prick him down, Antony.

LEPIDUS. Upon condition Publius shall not live,
5 Who is your sister’s son, Mark Antony.

ANTONY. He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him. 9 cut off . . . legacies: reduce the
But, Lepidus, go you to Caesar’s house; amount of money left to the people
Fetch the will hither, and we shall determine in Caesar’s will.
How to cut off some charge in legacies.°
13 Meet: fit.
10 LEPIDUS. What? shall I find you here? 14 threefold world: three parts of
the Roman world. (In the autumn of
OCTAVIUS. Or here or at the Capitol. 43 BC, Antony, Octavius Caesar, and
Lepidus formed a triumvirate—a
[Exit LEPIDUS.] committee of three—to rule Rome.
They divided up among themselves
ANTONY. This is a slight unmeritable man, territory that the Romans had
Meet° to be sent on errands; is it fit, conquered.)
The threefold world° divided, he should stand 15–17 So you . . . proscription:
Octavius wonders why Antony asked
15 One of the three to share it? Lepidus to name people who should
be sentenced to death if he had so
OCTAVIUS. So you thought him, poor an opinion of him.
20 divers sland’rous loads: the
And took his voice who should be prick’d to die burden of accusations for our
various actions.
In our black sentence and proscription.°
24–27 And having . . . commons:
ANTONY. Octavius, I have seen more days than you, When Lepidus has brought our
And though we lay these honors on this man treasure where we want it, we will
send him off to shake his ears and
20 To ease ourselves of divers sland’rous loads,° graze on public land like an
He shall but bear them as the ass bears gold, unburdened donkey.
To groan and sweat under the business,
Either led or driven, as we point the way; 30 appoint . . . provender: allot
And having brought our treasure where we will, him a supply of food.

25 Then take we down his load, and turn him off 32 wind: turn.
(Like to the empty ass) to shake his ears 33 corporal: bodily.
And graze in commons.° 34 taste: degree.

OCTAVIUS. You may do your will;

But he’s a tried and valiant soldier.

ANTONY. So is my horse, Octavius, and for that
30 I do appoint him store of provender.°

It is a creature that I teach to fight,
To wind,° to stop, to run directly on,
His corporal° motion govern’d by my spirit;
And in some taste° is Lepidus but so.
35 He must be taught, and train’d, and bid go forth;

Loyalty and Betrayal What does Antony’s statement here suggest about him?

Foil What does Octavius’s statement indicate about the difference between Octavius

and Antony?

JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 1 785

A barren-spirited fellow; one that feeds 36–39 A barren-spirited . . .
On objects, arts, and imitations, fashion: a man with no originality,
Which, out of use and stal’d by other men, one who indulges in curiosities,
Begin his fashion.° Do not talk of him tricks, and fashions, which he takes
40 But as a property.° And now, Octavius, up only after they have become
Listen great things. Brutus and Cassius outmoded.
Are levying powers; we must straight make head; 40 a property: a mere tool.
Therefore let our alliance be combin’d,
Our best friends made, our means stretch’d; 41–47 Listen great . . . answered:
45 And let us presently go sit in council, Listen to important matters. Brutus
How covert matters may be best disclos’d, and Cassius are raising armies; we
And open perils surest answered.° must press forward immediately.
Therefore let us become united,
OCTAVIUS. Let us do so; for we are at the stake, choose our allies, and make the
And bay’d about with many enemies,° most of our resources. And let us
decide at once how hidden threats
50 And some that smile have in their hearts, I fear, may be uncovered and open
Millions of mischiefs. [They exit.] dangers most safely confronted.
48–49 we are . . . enemies:
SCENE 2. A military camp near Sardis in Asia Minor. Several Octavius’s metaphor refers to bear-
months later. baiting, a popular entertainment in
which bears were tied to stakes and
[Drum. Enter BRUTUS, LUCILIUS, LUCIUS, and the army. TITINIUS and surrounded by vicious dogs.
PINDARUS meet them.]
2 Give the . . . stand: Lucilius, one
BRUTUS. Stand ho! of Brutus’s officers, tells his
subordinates to pass on Brutus’s
LUCILIUS. Give the word ho! and stand.° command for the army to halt
(stand). He has returned from
BRUTUS. What now, Lucilius, is Cassius near? Cassius’s camp with Titinius, one of
Cassius’s officers, and Pindarus,
LUCILIUS. He is at hand, and Pindarus is come Cassius’s servant.
5 To do you salutation from his master.
6–9 Your master . . . undone:
BRUTUS. He greets me well. Your master, Pindarus, Either a change in Cassius or the
In his own change, or by ill officers, misconduct of his officers has given
Hath given me some worthy cause to wish me good reason to wish I could undo
Things done undone,° but if he be at hand, what I have done. (Brutus is having
some misgivings about having
10 I shall be satisfied.° participated in the conspiracy
because of incidents that have
PINDARUS. I do not doubt occurred in Cassius’s army.)
10 be satisfied: receive an
But that my noble master will appear explanation.

Such as he is, full of regard and honor.

Make and Verify Predictions Who do you predict will emerge victorious, the

conspirators or Rome’s new rulers?

Vocabulary

barren (bar´ən) adj. empty and dreary; without life; desolate
covert (kō´vərt) adj. secret; hidden

786 U N IT 4 DRAMA

BRUTUS. He is not doubted. A word, Lucilius. 14 resolv’d: informed.
How he receiv’d you; let me be resolv’d.°
16 familiar instances: signs of
15 LUCILIUS. With courtesy and with respect enough, friendship.
But not with such familiar instances,° 17 conference: conversation
Nor with such free and friendly conference,°
As he hath us’d of old. 21 enforced ceremony: strained
formality.
BRUTUS. Thou hast describ’d 23–27 But hollow . . . trial: Brutus
compares insincere men to horses
A hot friend cooling. Ever note, Lucilius, that are spirited at the start but drop
their proud necks as soon as they
20 When love begins to sicken and decay feel the spur, failing like nags
(jades) when put to the test.
It useth an enforced ceremony.° 29 horse in general: main part of
the cavalry.
There are no tricks in plain and simple faith;
A group of soldiers of the Praetorian
But hollow men, like horses hot at hand, guard, possibly from the Forum of
Emperor Trajan, 1st–3rd century C.E.
Make gallant show and promise of their mettle; Artist unknown. Marble relief. Louvre,
Paris.
[Low march within.]
40 sober form: dignified manner.
25 But when they should endure the bloody spur,
They fall their crests, and like deceitful jades
Sink in the trial.° Comes his army on?

LUCILIUS. They mean this night in Sardis to be quarter’d.
The greater part, the horse in general,°

30 Are come with Cassius.

[Enter CASSIUS and his POWERS.]

BRUTUS. Hark! He is arriv’d.

March gently on to meet him.

CASSIUS. Stand ho!

BRUTUS. Stand ho! Speak the word along.

FIRST SOLDIER. Stand!

35 SECOND SOLDIER. Stand!

THIRD SOLDIER. Stand!

CASSIUS. Most noble brother, you have done me wrong.

BRUTUS. Judge me, you gods! wrong I mine enemies?
And if not so, how should I wrong a brother.

40 CASSIUS. Brutus, this sober form° of yours hides wrongs,
And when you do them—

Loyalty and Betrayal What attitude toward Cassius is Brutus expressing?

Make and Verify Predictions What do you predict will happen when Brutus and

Cassius meet?

Vocabulary

deceitful (di sēt´fəl) adj. untruthful and cunning; false

JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 2 787

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

BRUTUS. Cassius, be content. 47–48 enlarge . . . audience:
Speak your griefs softly; I do know you well. Explain your grievances, and I will
Before the eyes of both our armies here listen.

45 (Which should perceive nothing but love from us) 1–5 That you . . . off: Cassius
Let us not wrangle. Bid them move away; complains that Brutus publicly
Then in my tent, Cassius, enlarge your griefs, disgraced (noted) a man for taking
And I will give you audience.° bribes, ignoring Cassius’s request for
leniency.
CASSIUS. Pindarus, 7–8 not meet . . . comment: not
fitting that each minor offense
Bid our commanders lead their charges off should be criticized.
10 condemn’d to . . . palm:
50 A little from this ground. blamed for being greedy.
11 mart: trade.
BRUTUS. Lucius, do you the like, and let no man
Come to our tent till we have done our conference. 15–16 The name . . . head:
Let Lucilius and Titinius guard our door. Because you have become
associated with this corruption, the
[They exit. BRUTUS and CASSIUS remain and withdraw into BRUTUS’s bribe-takers go unpunished.
tent, while LUCILIUS and TITINIUS mount guard without.]

SCENE 3. brutus’s tent. A few minutes later.

CASSIUS. That you wrong’d me doth appear in this;
You have condemn’d and noted Lucius Pella
For taking bribes here of the Sardians;
Wherein my letters, praying on his side,

5 Because I knew the man, was slighted off.°

BRUTUS. You wrong’d yourself to write in such a case.

CASSIUS. In such a time as this it is not meet
That every nice offense should bear his comment.°

BRUTUS. Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself
10 Are much condemn’d to have an itching palm,°

To sell and mart° your offices for gold
To undeservers.

CASSIUS. I, an itching palm?

You know that you are Brutus that speaks this,

Or, by the gods, this speech were else your last.

15 BRUTUS. The name of Cassius honors this corruption,
And chastisement doth therefore hide his head.°

CASSIUS. Chastisement?

Foil What contrast between Cassius and Brutus does this passage suggest?
788 U N IT 4 DRAMA

BRUTUS. Remember March, the ides of March remember: 23 supporting robbers: Brutus
Did not great Julius bleed for justice’ sake? now suggests that one of Caesar’s
offenses was to protect corrupt
20 What villain touch’d his body, that did stab officials.
And not for justice? What? shall one of us,
That struck the foremost man of all this world 28 bait: provoke.
But for supporting robbers,° shall we now 30 hedge me in: limit my freedom.
Contaminate our fingers with base bribes? 32 conditions: regulations.

25 And sell the mighty space of our large honors 39 rash choler: quick temper.
For so much trash as may be grasped thus?
I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon, 44 budge: flinch.
Than such a Roman. 45 observe you: defer to you.
46 testy humor: irritable mood.
CASSIUS. Brutus, bait° not me, 47–48 digest . . . split you:
swallow the poison of your own
I’ll not endure it. You forget yourself anger, even if it makes you burst.
(The spleen was thought to be the
30 To hedge me in.° I am a soldier, I, source of anger.)

Older in practice, abler than yourself

To make conditions.°

BRUTUS. Go to; you are not, Cassius.

CASSIUS. I am.

BRUTUS. I say you are not.

35 CASSIUS. Urge me no more, I shall forget myself;
Have mind upon your health; tempt me no farther.

BRUTUS. Away, slight man!

CASSIUS. Is’t possible?

BRUTUS. Hear me, for I will speak.

Must I give way and room to your rash choler?°

40 Shall I be frighted when a madman stares?

CASSIUS. O ye gods, ye gods, must I endure all this?

BRUTUS. All this? ay, more. Fret till your proud heart break.
Go show your slaves how choleric you are,
And make your bondmen tremble. Must I budge?°

45 Must I observe you?° Must I stand and crouch
Under your testy humor?° By the gods,
You shall digest the venom of your spleen
Though it do split you;° for, from his day forth,
I’ll use you for my mirth, yea, for my laughter,

50 When you are waspish.

CASSIUS. Is it come to this?

Loyalty and Betrayal What point does Brutus make in these lines?

789 U N IT 4 DRAMA JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 2 789

BRUTUS. You say you are a better soldier; 52 vaunting: boasting.
Let it appear so; make your vaunting° true, 54 learn of noble men: “learn
And it shall please me well. For mine own part, from noble men” or “find out that
I shall be glad to learn of noble men.° you are noble.”

55 CASSIUS. You wrong me every way; you wrong me, Brutus; 58 durst: dared. mov’d: provoked.
I said, an elder soldier, not a better.
Did I say “better”? 64 that: something that.
74 vile trash: small sums of money.
BRUTUS. If you did, I care not. 75 indirection: dishonest means.
80 rascal counters: grubby coins.
CASSIUS. When Caesar liv’d, he durst° not thus have
mov’d° me.

BRUTUS. Peace, peace, you durst not so have tempted him.

60 CASSIUS. I durst not?

BRUTUS. No.

CASSIUS. What? durst not tempt him?

BRUTUS. For your life you

durst not.

CASSIUS. Do not presume too much upon my love,
I may do that° I shall be sorry for.

65 BRUTUS. You have done that you should be sorry for.
There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats;
For I am arm’d so strong in honesty
That they pass by me as the idle wind,
Which I respect not. I did send to you

70 For certain sums of gold, which you denied me;
For I can raise no money by vile means.
By heaven, I had rather coin my heart
And drop my blood for drachmas than to wring
From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash°

75 By any indirection.° I did send
To you for gold to pay my legions,
Which you denied me. Was that done like Cassius?
Should I have answer’d Caius Cassius so?
When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous

80 To lock such rascal counters° from his friends,
Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts,

Make and Verify Predictions What do you predict will happen next? Jupiter Hurling a Flash of Lightning at the
Titan, 17th century. Alessandro Algardi.
Foil What distinction does Brutus draw between himself and Cassius? Bronze sculpture. Louvre, Paris.

790 U N IT 4 DRAMA

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

Dash him to pieces!

CASSIUS. I denied you not.

BRUTUS. You did.

CASSIUS. I did not. He was but a fool that brought 85 riv’d: broken.
85 My answer back. Brutus hath riv’d° my heart. 86 bear . . . infirmities: accept his
friend’s faults.
A friend should bear his friend’s infirmities;°
But Brutus makes mine greater than they are. 96 brav’d: challenged.
97 Check’d like a bondman:
BRUTUS. I do not, till you practice them on me. scolded like a slave.
98 conn’d by rote: memorized.
CASSIUS. You love me not.
102 Pluto’s mine: all the riches in
BRUTUS. I do not like your faults. the earth. (Pluto, the Roman god of
the underworld, was often confused
90 CASSIUS. A friendly eye could never see such faults. with Plutus, the god of wealth.)

BRUTUS. A flatterer’s would not, though they do appear 108–109 Be angry . . . humor:
As huge as high Olympus. Brutus says that he will give Cassius’s
anger free play (scope) and will
CASSIUS. Come, Antony, and young Octavius, come, consider his insults merely the result
Revenge yourselves alone on Cassius, of a bad mood.
110 yoked: allied.
95 For Cassius is aweary of the world; 112 enforced: struck hard; irritated.
Hated by one he loves, brav’d° by his brother, 113 straight: immediately.
Check’d like a bondman,° all his faults observ’d,
Set in a notebook, learn’d and conn’d by rote,°
To cast into my teeth. O, I could weep

100 My spirit from mine eyes! There is my dagger,
And here my naked breast; within, a heart
Dearer than Pluto’s mine,° richer than gold:
If that thou be’st a Roman, take it forth.
I, that denied thee gold, will give my heart:

105 Strike as thou didst at Caesar; for I know,
When thou didst hate him worst, thou lovedst him better
Than ever thou lovedst Cassius.

BRUTUS. Sheathe your dagger.

Be angry when you will, it shall have scope;

Do what you will, dishonor shall be humor.°

110 O Cassius, you are yoked° with a lamb

That carries anger as the flint bears fire,

Who, much enforced,° shows a hasty spark,

And straight° is cold again.

CASSIUS. Hath Cassius liv’d

Loyalty and Betrayal What different ideas about loyalty and friendship are

expressed here? With whose ideas do you agree?

JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 2 791

To be but mirth and laughter to his Brutus
115 When grief and blood ill-temper’d° vexeth him?

BRUTUS. When I spoke that, I was ill-temper’d too.

CASSIUS. Do you confess so much? Give me your hand.

BRUTUS. And my heart too.

CASSIUS. O Brutus!

BRUTUS. What’s the matter?

CASSIUS. Have you not love enough to bear with me, Statuette of Jupiter Dolichenus
120 When that rash humor which my mother gave me (standing on a bull) detail of the
god, from a shrine, 200–250.
Makes me forgetful?° Bronze, height 32 cm.
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna,
BRUTUS. Yes, Cassius, and from henceforth, Austria.

When you are over-earnest with your Brutus, 115 blood ill-temper’d: moodiness.
121 forgetful: forget myself.
He’ll think your mother chides, and leave you so.° 122–123 When you . . . so: When
you are too difficult with me, I will
[Enter a POET (to LUCILIUS and TITINIUS as they stand on guard).] attribute it to the quick temper you
inherited from your mother, and
POET. Let me go in to see the generals; leave it at that.
125 There is some grudge between ’em; ’tis not meet
133 cynic: rude fellow.
They be alone.
136 I’ll know . . . time: I’ll accept
LUCILIUS. You shall not come to them. his quirks when he learns the proper
time for them.
POET. Nothing but death shall stay me. 137 jigging: rhyming.
138 Companion: fellow (used here
[BRUTUS and CASSIUS step out of the tent.] as a term of contempt).

CASSIUS. How now. What’s the matter?

130 POET. For shame, you generals! what do you mean?
Love, and be friends, as two such men should be,
For I have seen more years, I’m sure, than ye.

CASSIUS. Ha, ha! how vilely doth this cynic° rhyme!

BRUTUS. Get you hence, sirrah! saucy fellow, hence!

135 CASSIUS. Bear with him, Brutus, ’tis his fashion.

BRUTUS. I’ll know his humor when he knows his time.°
What should the wars do with these jigging° fools?
Companion,° hence!

Make and Verify Predictions Is this how you predicted the argument would end?

What will likely happen next?

Foil How might the poet be said to act as a foil to Brutus and Cassius?

Vocabulary

rash (rash) adj. marked by haste and lack of caution or consideration

792 U N IT 4 DRAMA

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria, Ali Meyer/Bridgeman Art Library

CASSIUS. Away, away, be gone! [Exit POET.]

BRUTUS. Lucilius and Titinius, bid the commanders
140 Prepare to lodge their companies tonight.

CASSIUS. And come yourselves, and bring Messala with you
Immediately to us.

[LUCILIUS and TITINIUS exit.]

BRUTUS. [To LUCIUS within.] Lucius, a bowl of wine!
[BRUTUS and CASSIUS return into the tent.]

CASSIUS. I did not think you could have been so angry.

BRUTUS. O Cassius, I am sick of many griefs.

145 CASSIUS. Of your philosophy you make no use, Brutus. c. 1539–1540.
If you give place to accidental evils.° Michelangelo Buonarroti. Marble,
height: 291/8, in. Museo Nazionale
BRUTUS. No man bears sorrow better. Portia is dead. del Bargello, Florence, Italy.

CASSIUS. Ha? Portia? What traits of Brutus
are depicted in this statue? How do
BRUTUS. She is dead. they compare with the character
you have read about?
150 CASSIUS. How scap’d I killing° when I cross’d you so?
O insupportable and touching° loss! 145–146 Of your . . . evils:
Upon what sickness? According to the philosophy Brutus
studied, people should not accept
BRUTUS. Impatient of° my absence, chance misfortunes.
150 How scap’d I killing: How did
And grief that young Octavius with Mark Antony I escape being killed?
151 touching: painful.
Have made themselves so strong—for with her death 152 Impatient of: unable to
endure.
155 That tidings came.° With this she fell distract,° 154–155: with her death . . . came:
I received news of her death and of
And (her attendants absent) swallow’d fire.° their strength at the same time.
155 distract: insane.
CASSIUS. And died so? 156 fire: burning coals.

BRUTUS. Even so.

CASSIUS. O ye immortal gods!

[Enter Boy (LUCIUS) with wine and tapers.]

BRUTUS. Speak no more of her. Give me a bowl of wine.
In this I bury all unkindness, Cassius. [Drinks.]

160 CASSIUS. My heart is thirsty for that noble pledge.
Fill, Lucius, till the wine o’erswell the cup;
I cannot drink too much of Brutus’ love.

[Drinks. Exit LUCIUS.]

BRUTUS. Come in, Titinius. [Enter TITINIUS and MESSALA.]
Welcome, good Messala.

Now sit we close about this taper here,

Loyalty and Betrayal How would you characterize Portia’s loyalty to Brutus?

JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 2 793

Museo Nazionale del Bargello/Bridgeman Art Library

165 And call in question our necessities.° 165 call . . . necessities: discuss
what we must do.
CASSIUS. Portia, art thou gone?
169 power: army.
BRUTUS. No more, I pray you. 170 Bending . . . Philippi:
Directing their march toward Philippi
Messala, I have here received letters (an ancient town in northern
Greece).
That young Octavius and Mark Antony 171 tenure: basic meaning.
173 proscription: condemning to
Come down upon us with a mighty power,° death.

170 Bending their expedition toward Philippi.° 191 once: at some time.
181–195 Had you your . . . bear
MESSALA. Myself have letters of the selfsame tenure.° it so: This passage contradicts lines
147–158, where Brutus tells
BRUTUS. With what addition? Cassius of Portia’s death. Many
scholars believe that the second
MESSALA. That by proscription° and bills of outlawry passage was mistakenly printed in a
Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus revised version of the play.
According to this theory,
175 Have put to death an hundred senators. Shakespeare originally emphasized
Brutus’s philosophical composure,
BRUTUS. Therein our letters do not well agree; but in rewriting the play, he decided
Mine speak of seventy senators that died to offer a warmer view of Brutus
By their proscriptions, Cicero being one. grieving for his wife.
194–195 I have as . . . so: Cassius
CASSIUS. Cicero one? says that although he shares Brutus’s
ideal of philosophical self-control, he
MESSALA. Cicero is dead, could not practice it as Brutus does.
196 alive: “at hand” or “of the
180 And by that order of proscription. living.”

Had you your letters from your wife, my lord?

BRUTUS. No, Messala.

MESSALA. Nor nothing in your letters writ of her?

BRUTUS. Nothing, Messala.

MESSALA. That methinks is strange.

185 BRUTUS. Why ask you? Hear you aught of her in yours?

MESSALA. No, my lord.

BRUTUS. Now as you are a Roman, tell me true.

MESSALA. Then like a Roman bear the truth I tell,
For certain she is dead, and by strange manner.

190 BRUTUS. Why, farewell, Portia. We must die, Messala.
With meditating that she must die once,°
I have the patience to endure it now.

MESSALA. Even so great men great losses should endure.

CASSIUS. I have as much of this in art as you,
195 But yet my nature could not bear it so.°

BRUTUS. Well, to our work alive.° What do you think

Foil In comparison to Cassius, how does Brutus react to Portia’s death?

Make and Verify Predictions Considering this news, what do you predict might

happen?

794 U N IT 4 DRAMA

Of marching to Philippi presently?

CASSIUS. I do not think it good.

BRUTUS. Your reason?

CASSIUS. This it is;

’Tis better that the enemy seek us;

200 So shall he waste his means,° weary his soldiers, 200 waste his means: use up his
supplies.
Doing himself offense,° whilst we, lying still, 201 Doing himself offense:
harming himself.
Are full of rest, defense, and nimbleness.
205 Do stand . . . affection: Are
BRUTUS. Good reasons must of force give place to better: friendly toward us only because they
The people ’twixt Philippi and this ground have no choice.

205 Do stand but in a forc’d affection;° 209 new-added: reinforced.
For they have grudg’d us contribution.
The enemy, marching along by them, 213 Under your pardon: I beg
By them shall make a fuller number up, your pardon (let me continue).
Come on refresh’d, new-added° and encourag’d; 214 tried . . . friends: demanded
from our allies all that they can give.
210 From which advantage shall we cut him off 215 brimful: at full strength.
If at Philippi we do face him there,
These people at our back. 218–221 There is a . . . miseries:
Brutus says that if men fail to act
CASSIUS. Here me, good brother. when the tide of fortune is flowing,
they may never get another
BRUTUS. Under your pardon.° You must note beside opportunity.
That we have tried the utmost of our friends,°
224 with your will: as you wish.
215 Our legions are brimful,° our cause is ripe:
The enemy increaseth every day; 227–228 nature must . . . rest:
We, at the height, are ready to decline. Human nature has its needs, which
There is a tide in the affairs of men, we will grudgingly satisfy (niggard)
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; by resting briefly.

220 Omitted, all the voyage of their life
Is bound in shallows and in miseries.°
On such a full sea are we now afloat,
And we must take the current when it serves,
Or lose our ventures.

CASSIUS. Then with your will° go on;

225 We’ll along ourselves, and meet them at Philippi.

BRUTUS. The deep of night is crept upon our talk,
And nature must obey necessity,
Which we will niggard with a little rest.°
There is no more to say?

Make and Verify Predictions How are the plans proposed by Brutus and Cassius

different? What is the likely outcome?

Make and Verify Predictions Whose ideas about strategy do you think will ulti-

mately be proven correct, those of Cassius or those of Brutus?

JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 2 795

CASSIUS. No more. Good night.

230 Early tomorrow will we rise, and hence.

BRUTUS. Lucius. [Enter LUCIUS.] My gown. [Exit LUCIUS.]
Farewell, good Messala.

Good night, Titinius. Noble, noble Cassius,
Good night, and good repose.

CASSIUS. O my dear brother! Young Boy Singing and Playing
the Lute. Michelangelo Merisi
This was an ill beginning of the night. da Caravaggio,
1573–1610. Hermitage, St.
235 Never come such division ’tween our souls! Petersburg, Russia.

Let it not, Brutus. 241 knave: lad. o’erwatch’d: tired
from staying awake too long.
[Enter LUCIUS with the gown.]
247 raise: awaken.
BRUTUS. Everything is well. 249 stand . . . pleasure: stay
awake and be ready to serve you.
CASSIUS. Good night, my lord. 251 It may be . . . me: I might
change my mind.
BRUTUS. Good night, good brother.

TITINIUS AND MESSALA. Good night, Lord Brutus.

BRUTUS. Farewell

every one.

[Exit (all but BRUTUS and LUCIUS).]

Give me the gown. Where is thy instrument?

240 LUCIUS. Here in the tent.

BRUTUS. What, thou speak’st drowsily?

Poor knave,° I blame thee not; thou art o’erwatch’d.°

Call Claudius and some other of my men,

I’ll have them sleep on cushions in my tent.

LUCIUS. Varrus and Claudio!

[Enter VARRUS and CLAUDIO.]

245 VARRUS. Calls my lord?

BRUTUS. I pray you, sirs, lie in my tent and sleep;
It may be I shall raise° you by and by
On business to my brother Cassius.

VARRUS. So please you, we will stand and watch your
pleasure.°

250 BRUTUS. I will not have it so. Lie down, good sirs,
It may be I shall otherwise bethink me.°

[VARRUS and CLAUDIO lie down.]

Look, Lucius, here’s the book I sought for so;

Loyalty and Betrayal Why does Cassius make this request? What does it tell you

about Cassius’s character?

796 U N IT 4 DRAMA JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 3 796

Scala/Art Resource, NY

I put it in the pocket of my gown.

LUCIUS. I was sure your lordship did not give it me.

255 BRUTUS. Bear with me, good boy, I am much forgetful.
Canst thou hold up thy heavy eyes awhile,
And touch thy instrument a strain or two?°

LUCIUS. Ay, my lord, an’t° please you.

BRUTUS. It does, my boy.

I trouble thee too much, but thou are willing.

260 LUCIUS. It is my duty, sir.

BRUTUS. I should not urge thy duty past thy might;
I know young bloods look for a time of rest.

LUCIUS. I have slept, my lord, already. 257 touch thy . . . two: play a
song or two. (Lucius probably plays
BRUTUS. It was well done, and thou shalt sleep again; the lute, a stringed instrument.)
265 I will not hold thee long. If I do live, 258 an’t: if it.

I will be good to thee. 267–268 O murd’rous . . . mace:
Officers used to touch a rod (mace)
[Music, and a song.] to a person’s shoulder as a sign of
arrest. Brutus calls the mace of
This is a sleepy tune. O murd’rous slumber! deathlike (murd’rous) sleep
Layest thou thy leaden mace° upon my boy, “leaden” because of its heaviness.
That plays thee music? Gentle knave, good night; 275 How ill . . . burns: It was
270 I will not do thee so much wrong to wake thee. believed that candles burn dimly
If thou dost nod, thou break’st thy instrument; when a ghost appears.
I’ll take it from thee; and, good boy, good night. 280 stare: stand on end.
Let me see, let me see; is not the leaf turn’d down
Where I left reading? Here it is, I think.

[Enter the GHOST OF CAESAR.]

275 How ill this taper burns!° Ha! who comes here?
I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition.
It comes upon me. Art thou anything?
Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil,

280 That mak’st my blood cold, and my hair to stare?°
Speak to me what thou art.

GHOST. Thy evil spirit, Brutus.

BRUTUS. Why com’st thou?

GHOST. To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi.

BRUTUS. Well; then I shall see thee again?

285 GHOST. Ay, at Philippi.

Loyalty and Betrayal What character traits does Brutus demonstrate in Julius Caesar, Act IV, Scene III, Brutus
& The Ghost, 1906. Edwin Austin
this scene? Abbey. Illustration created for
Harper’s Monthly.

JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 2 797

Mary Evans Picture Library

BRUTUS. Why, I will see thee at Philippi then.

[Exit GHOST.]

Now I have taken heart thou vanishest.
Ill spirit, I would hold more talk with thee.
Boy! Lucius! Varrus! Claudio! Sirs, awake!
290 Claudio!

LUCIUS. The strings, my lord, are false.° 291 false: out of tune.

BRUTUS. He thinks he still is at his instrument. 306 commend me: send my
Lucius, awake! regards.
307 set on . . . before: start his
LUCIUS. My lord? troops moving early, at the lead.

295 BRUTUS. Didst thou dream, Lucius, that thou so criedst out?

LUCIUS. My lord, I do not know that I did cry.

BRUTUS. Yes, that thou didst. Didst thou see anything?

LUCIUS. Nothing, my lord.

BRUTUS. Sleep again, Lucius. Sirrah Claudio!
300 [To CLAUDIO and then VARRUS.] Fellow thou, awake!

VARRUS. My lord?

CLAUDIO. My lord?

BRUTUS. Why did you so cry out, sirs, in your sleep?

BOTH. Did we, my lord?

BRUTUS. Ay. Saw you anything?

305 VARRUS. No, my lord, I saw nothing.

CLAUDIO. Nor I, my lord.

BRUTUS. Go and commend me° to my brother Cassius;
Bid him set on his pow’rs betimes before,°
And we will follow.

BOTH. It shall be done, my lord.

[They exit.]

Make and Verify Predictions What does the ghost’s visit suggest to you? What do

you think will happen at Philippi?

798 U N IT 4 DRAMA

After You Read

Respond and Think Critically 6. What is the purpose of the exchange in Brutus’s
tent between Brutus and Lucius as Brutus pre-
Respond and Interpret pares to sleep (Scene 3, lines 239–244)?

1. What do you think about the relationship Connect
between Brutus and Cassius?
7. Big Idea Loyalty and Betrayal What exam-
2. Compare the political situation in Rome after ples of loyalty do you see in this act of the play?
Caesar’s murder with that under Caesar’s rule. Explain and give examples.

3. (a)What battle plan does Cassius propose? 8. Connect to Today (a)What point does
(b)Why does he agree to march to Philippi? Shakespeare make about the effect of political
power on those who hold it? (b)To which lead-
Analyze and Evaluate ers in recent history might Shakespeare’s point
apply? Explain.
4. (a)What is your impression of Antony in Act 4?
(b)Do his actions surprise you? Explain.

5. Why, do you think, did Shakespeare include the
conflict between Cassius and Brutus?

Literary Element Foil Vocabulary Practice

One character’s personality traits are sharper when a Practice with Denotation and Connotation
character with contrasting traits, a foil, is on stage.
Denotation is the literal, or dictionary, meaning
1. (a)In Scene 1, which character serves as a foil
to Antony? (b)What is the difference between of a word. Connotation is the implied, or cul-
that character and Antony?
tural, meaning of a word. For example, the
2. What differences do you see between Cassius
and Brutus? Explain. words feeble and weak have a similar denota-

Reading Strategy Make and Verify tion, “lack of strength or vigor,” but they have
Predictions
different connotations.
In making a prediction when you read, you gener-
ally look for evidence and then make an informed Negative weak More Negative feeble
guess, using your knowledge of life and human
behavior. Review the chart you made on page 783 Each of the vocabulary words is listed with a
and then answer the following questions.
word that has a similar denotation. Choose the
1. What have you predicted correctly in the play so
far? What has surprised you? Explain. word that has a more negative connotation.

2. What will happen at Philippi? Why? 1. barren empty

Literature Online 2. covert secret

Selection Resources For Selection Quizzes, eFlashcards, 3. deceitful false
and Reading-Writing Connection activities, go to
glencoe.com and enter QuickPass code GL59794u4. 4. rash careless

Writing

Write a Journal Entry In your journal, describe
a quarrel you had with a close friend. What
caused the disagreement? How did you try to set-
tle it? Were you able to remain friends afterward?
Compare your conflict with that between Cassius
and Brutus.

JULIUS CAESAR 799

Before You Read Before You Read

The Tragedy of Julius Learning Objectives Focus
Caesar, Act 4
For pages 783–799 Summary
Connect to the Play In studying this text, you will
focus on the following After Caesar’s murder, Rome is led
Why do people quarrel? Discuss this question with a partner. objectives: by Antony and Octavius. Brutus
Literary Study: Analyzing plot. and Cassius are raising an army,
Build Background Reading: Making and so Antony and Octavius decide to
verifying predictions. go after them. Months later, Brutus
When Antony took charge of the city, he was joined by eigh- and Cassius argue over tactics
teen-year-old Gaius Octavius, Caesar’s great-nephew and Vocabulary but then decide how best to fight
adopted son. Octavius was intelligent, handsome, and skilled at Antony and Octavius. Brutus sees
oratory. Together with a governor named Lepidus, Octavius and barren (bar ən) adj. empty and Caesar’s ghost in his sleep.
Antony created a ruling group of three-—a triumvirate. dreary; without life; desolate; p. 786
No one lives in the area surrounding For summaries in languages other
Set Purposes for Reading the town; the land is barren. than English, see Unit 4 Teaching
Resources Book, pp. 99–104.
Big Idea Loyalty and Betrayal covert (kō vərt) adj. secret; hid-
den; p. 786 The reporter discov- Interactive Read and Write
As you read, ask yourself, What do the conflicts reveal about ered a covert plan to escape. • Interactive Read and Write for
various characters’ desire for loyalty and fear of betrayal?
deceitful (di sēt fəl) adj. untruth- EL Students, pp. 235–246
Literary Element Foil ful and cunning; false; p. 787 Some • Interactive Read and Write for
advertisements are honest; others are
A foil is a character who provides contrast with another. A foil deceitful. Approaching-Level Students,
helps readers perceive strengths and weaknesses of another pp. 235–246
character. As you read, ask yourself, Which characters are foils? rash (rash) adj. marked by haste and • Interactive Read and Write for
lack of caution or consideration; On-Level Students, pp. 235–246
Reading Strategy Make and Verify Predictions p. 792 Meena’s decision to end their
friendship seemed rash to Laura. Vocabulary
When you make predictions as you read, you make reasoned Denotation and Connotation
guesses about what will happen based on clues the author Tip: Denotation and Connotation
provides together with your own understanding of charac- A word’s denotation is its dictionary Ask students to discuss the words’
ters and events. Then, as you continue reading, you verify meaning; its connotations are the connotations, or associated or implied
the accuracy of the predictions and modify your thinking and emotional association it evokes. To meanings. Have students determine
continue on. As you read, ask yourself, What predictions can I identify a word’s connotations, think whether the words have positive,
make about the outcome of events in Act 4? about the images and ideas the word negative, or neutral connotations.
brings to mind. For example, in the
Tip: Chart Predictions Use a chart like the one below to make sentence Meena’s decision to end
and verify predictions as you read. their friendship seemed rash to
Laura, the word rash has a negative
Prediction My Reason Outcome connotation and suggests foolishness.

Brutus and They are very They fight but
Cassius are going different. Brutus reconcile and
to argue and end is thoughtful and resolve their
their alliance. honest. Cassius is differences.
emotional and
cunning.

JULIUS CAESAR 783

0783_U4P1_877979.indd 783 The Tragedy of 3/24/08 1:45:34 PM
Julius Caesar, Act 4
Literary Elements Listening/Speaking/Viewing Skills
Vocabulary Skills
• Foil (SE pp. 783–799) • Analyze Art (SE pp. 784, 793)
• Theme (TE p. 794) • Denotation and Connotation • Deliver Oral Reports (TE p. 790)
• Metaphor (TE p. 795)
• Foreshadow (TE p. 798) (SE pp. 783, 799) Writing Skills/Grammar

Reading Skills • Write a Journal Entry (SE p. 799)
• Commas (TE p. 784)
• Make and Verify Predictions (SE pp. • Research Reports (TE p. 788)

783–799) Study Skills/Research/Assessment

• Analyze Characters (TE p. 791) • Collaborate (TE p. 786)
• Summarize (TE p. 796)
783

Teach

Big Idea 1

Loyalty and Betrayal Say: SCENE 1. Antony’s house in Rome. A year and a half after 1 prick’d: marked down on a list.
Caesar’s death.
Keep the following question in 2 Your brother . . . Lepidus: Lepidus’s
mind as you read: When per- [Enter ANTONY, OCTAVIUS, and LEPIDUS.] brother was a prominent politician who
sonal convictions come into sided with the conspirators after
conflict with interpersonal ANTONY. These many then shall die, their names are Caesar’s assassination.
relationships, what is the prick’d.°
outcome? (Answers will vary.
Brutus and Cassius argue pettily. OCTAVIUS. Your brother too must die, consent you,
Because Cassius does not want to Lepidus?°
resume the argument, he gives in
when Brutus makes a poor battle LEPIDUS. I do consent—
decision.)

S

Answer: Students may notice the
emphasis on wealth, dignity, and
honor symbolized by the rich garb,
armor, and laurels.
Ask: Do these figures closely
resemble the characters? (Yes,
they reflect the main characters)

For an audio recording of this
selection, use Listening Library
Audio CD-ROM.

Ancient Romans. Artist unknown. Mosaic. Currier Gallery of Art, Manchester, NH.

What impressions of people in ancient Rome do you get from this mosaic?
How do those impressions relate to characters in the play?

784 U N IT 4 DRAMA

Grammar Practice

0784_0798_U4P1_877979.indd 784 12/14/07 4:36:40 PM

SPIRAL Commas in a Series Write

REVIEW

the following sentences adapted
from Act 4 on the board. Omit the
commas between the items in the series.
Then have students place the commas
correctly.

1. Lepidus is a barren-spirited fellow,
one that feeds on objects, arts, and
imitations.

2. We, lying still, are full of rest, defense,
and nimbleness.

784

OCTAVIUS. Prick him down, Antony. Teach

LEPIDUS. Upon condition Publius shall not live,
5 Who is your sister’s son, Mark Antony.

ANTONY. He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him. Literary Element 2
But, Lepidus, go you to Caesar’s house;
Fetch the will hither, and we shall determine 9 cut off . . . legacies: reduce the Dialogue Have students
How to cut off some charge in legacies.° amount of money left to the people
in Caesar’s will. describe the relationship between
10 LEPIDUS. What? shall I find you here? Antony and Octavius. (The two
13 Meet: fit. leaders seem to have a fragile
OCTAVIUS. Or here or at the Capitol. 14 threefold world: three parts of relationship.)
the Roman world. (In the autumn of
[Exit LEPIDUS.] 43 BC, Antony, Octavius Caesar, and
Lepidus formed a triumvirate—a
ANTONY. This is a slight unmeritable man, committee of three—to rule Rome.
Meet° to be sent on errands; is it fit, They divided up among themselves
The threefold world° divided, he should stand territory that the Romans had
conquered.)
15 One of the three to share it? 15–17 So you . . . proscription:
Octavius wonders why Antony asked
OCTAVIUS. So you thought him, Lepidus to name people who should APPROACHING For approaching-
be sentenced to death if he had so level students, ask: What is Antony’s
And took his voice who should be prick’d to die poor an opinion of him. tone when he talks about Lepidus
20 divers sland’rous loads: the just after Lepidus exits? (dismissive,
In our black sentence and proscription.° 2 burden of accusations for our insulting) Ask: Does Octavius stand
various actions. up to Antony? (No; he disagrees,
ANTONY. Octavius, I have seen more days than you, but he defers to Antony.)
And though we lay these honors on this man 24–27 And having . . . commons:
When Lepidus has brought our
20 To ease ourselves of divers sland’rous loads,° treasure where we want it, we will
He shall but bear them as the ass bears gold, send him off to shake his ears and
To groan and sweat under the business, graze on public land like an
Either led or driven, as we point the way; unburdened donkey.
And having brought our treasure where we will,
30 appoint . . . provender: allot
25 Then take we down his load, and turn him off him a supply of food.
(Like to the empty ass) to shake his ears
And graze in commons.° 32 wind: turn.
33 corporal: bodily.
OCTAVIUS. You may do your will; 34 taste: degree.

But he’s a tried and valiant soldier.

ANTONY. So is my horse, Octavius, and for that Big Idea 3
30 I do appoint him store of provender.°
Loyalty and Betrayal
It is a creature that I teach to fight,
To wind,° to stop, to run directly on, Answer: Answers will vary. Stu-
His corporal° motion govern’d by my spirit; dents may say that Antony did not
And in some taste° is Lepidus but so. deal honestly with the Romans;
35 He must be taught, and train’d, and bid go forth; he pretended to have their best
interests at heart, but his motiva-
Loyalty and Betrayal What does Antony’s statement here suggest about him? 3 tions were political.
4
Foil What does Octavius’s statement indicate about the difference between Octavius Literary Element 4

and Antony?

English Learners JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 1 785 Foil Answer: Octavius is hon-

0784_0798_U4P1_8779D79.iInFddF7E85R E N T I AT E D I N S T R U C T I O N 12/20/07 11:27:58 PM est and fair; Antony is dishonest
and unfair.
Intermediate In Act 4, English learners • Interpret any similes and other figures
may find the play more abstract and dif- For additional literary element
ficult to follow. Encourage students to slow of speech in the dialogue to make the practice, see Unit 4 Teaching
down when they come to dialogue that abstract ideas more concrete. Resources Book, p. 105.
they find challenging. Have students look
at Antony’s speech in lines 18–27. Encour-
age them to use the following methods to
comprehend the speech:

• Paraphrase.
• Look up abstract and unknown words.

785

Teach A barren-spirited fellow; one that feeds
On objects, arts, and imitations,
Reading Strategy 1 Which, out of use and stal’d by other men, 36–39 A barren-spirited . . .
Begin his fashion.° Do not talk of him fashion: a man with no originality,
Make and Verify 40 But as a property.° And now, Octavius, one who indulges in curiosities,
Predictions Answer: An- Listen great things. Brutus and Cassius tricks, and fashions, which he takes
Are levying powers; we must straight make head; up only after they have become
swers will vary. Students should Therefore let our alliance be combin’d, outmoded.
Our best friends made, our means stretch’d; 40 a property: a mere tool.
support their answers. 45 And let us presently go sit in council,
How covert matters may be best disclos’d, 41–47 Listen great . . . answered:
ENGLISH LEAR N ERS Encourage And open perils surest answered.° Listen to important matters. Brutus
English learners to list characteristics and Cassius are raising armies; we
of Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus, OCTAVIUS. Let us do so; for we are at the stake, must press forward immediately.
as well as Brutus and Cassius. Ask: And bay’d about with many enemies,° Therefore let us become united,
Which man seems smartest and choose our allies, and make the
most powerful? Does it matter 50 And some that smile have in their hearts, I fear, most of our resources. And let us
whether he has the support of Millions of mischiefs. [They exit.] decide at once how hidden threats
the people? (Answers will vary.) may be uncovered and open
SCENE 2. A military camp near Sardis in Asia Minor. Several dangers most safely confronted.
months later. 48–49 we are . . . enemies:
Octavius’s metaphor refers to bear-
[Drum. Enter BRUTUS, LUCILIUS, LUCIUS, and the army. TITINIUS and baiting, a popular entertainment in
PINDARUS meet them.] which bears were tied to stakes and
surrounded by vicious dogs.
BRUTUS. Stand ho!
2 Give the . . . stand: Lucilius, one
LUCILIUS. Give the word ho! and stand.° of Brutus’s officers, tells his
subordinates to pass on Brutus’s
BRUTUS. What now, Lucilius, is Cassius near? command for the army to halt
(stand). He has returned from
LUCILIUS. He is at hand, and Pindarus is come Cassius’s camp with Titinius, one of
5 To do you salutation from his master. Cassius’s officers, and Pindarus,
Cassius’s servant.
Political History S BRUTUS. He greets me well. Your master, Pindarus,
In his own change, or by ill officers, 6–9 Your master . . . undone:
Octavius Caesar Octavius was Hath given me some worthy cause to wish Either a change in Cassius or the
the nephew of Julius Caesar. After Things done undone,° but if he be at hand, misconduct of his officers has given
Caesar’s death in 44 b.c.e., Octa- me good reason to wish I could undo
vius, commanding Caesar’s forces, 10 I shall be satisfied.° what I have done. (Brutus is having
defeated Antony’s army. He forced some misgivings about having
Antony to accept him as a chief offi- PINDARUS. I do not doubt participated in the conspiracy
cer. Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus because of incidents that have
formed the Second Triumvirate. This But that my noble master will appear occurred in Cassius’s army.)
is the situation at the beginning of 10 be satisfied: receive an
Act 4. In 27 . . ., Octavius became Such as he is, full of regard and honor. explanation.
the first Roman emperor and
became known as Augustus. 1 Make and Verify Predictions Who do you predict will emerge victorious, the
conspirators or Rome’s new rulers?

Vocabulary

barren (bar´ən) adj. empty and dreary; without life; desolate
covert (kō´vərt) adj. secret; hidden

786 U N IT 4 DRAMA

Study Practice

0784_0798_U4P1_877979.indd 786 12/14/07 4:36:54 PM

SMALL GROUP SPIRAL Collaborate Have beginning of Act 4, Antony excludes Lepi-
REVIEW dus and then insults him behind his back;
students consider the

advantages and disadvan- Octavius bickers with Antony, and Antony

tages of three men of equal power trying pulls rank on Octavius by saying: “I have

to run a country together. Point out that seen more days than you.” Have students

collaborating with others is an important continue their lists as they complete the

life skill with which students have some play. Then discuss these advantages and

experience. Have students work in small disadvantages once they have finished

groups to begin a list of mistakes made Act 4.

by Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus in their

political collaboration. For example, in the

786

BRUTUS. He is not doubted. A word, Lucilius. 14 resolv’d: informed. Teach
How he receiv’d you; let me be resolv’d.°
16 familiar instances: signs of
15 LUCILIUS. With courtesy and with respect enough, friendship. Big Idea 2
But not with such familiar instances,° 17 conference: conversation.
Nor with such free and friendly conference,° Loyalty and Betrayal
As he hath us’d of old. 21 enforced ceremony: strained
formality. Answer: Brutus is expressing a
BRUTUS. Thou hast describ’d 23–27 But hollow . . . trial: Brutus skeptical, critical attitude toward
compares insincere men to horses Cassius.
A hot friend cooling. Ever note, Lucilius, that are spirited at the start but drop
their proud necks as soon as they
20 When love begins to sicken and decay feel the spur, failing like nags
(jades) when put to the test.
It useth an enforced ceremony.° 29 horse in general: main part of
the cavalry.
There are no tricks in plain and simple faith;
A group of soldiers of the Praetorian
But hollow men, like horses hot at hand, guard, possibly from the Forum of Reading Strategy 3
Emperor Trajan, 1st–3rd century C.E.
Make gallant show and promise of their mettle; Artist unknown. Marble relief. Louvre,
Paris.
[Low march within.] Make and Verify
40 sober form: dignified manner. Predictions Answer: An-
25 But when they should endure the bloody spur,
They fall their crests, and like deceitful jades swers will vary. Students should
Sink in the trial.° Comes his army on? support their answers.

LUCILIUS. They mean this night in Sardis to be quarter’d. APPROACHING Before making
The greater part, the horse in general,° predictions, have approaching-level
students reread scene 2, lines
30 Are come with Cassius. 3–18. Ask: How did Cassius
receive Lucilius? (Politely and
[Enter CASSIUS and his POWERS.] respectfully but not as friendly as
he used to be)
BRUTUS. Hark! He is arriv’d.

March gently on to meet him.

CASSIUS. Stand ho!

BRUTUS. Stand ho! Speak the word along.

FIRST SOLDIER. Stand!

35 SECOND SOLDIER. Stand! Political History S

THIRD SOLDIER. Stand! The Roman Army The Roman
army was very strong, numbering
CASSIUS. Most noble brother, you have done me wrong. about 300,000 men at its height.
At first, only landed citizens could
BRUTUS. Judge me, you gods! wrong I mine enemies? become soldiers, but the army later
And if not so, how should I wrong a brother. increased its ranks and developed
a professional, well-trained army.
40 CASSIUS. Brutus, this sober form° of yours hides wrongs, In addition to fighting, soldiers built
And when you do them— roads, aqueducts, bridges, and
walls. Soldiers often developed a
Loyalty and Betrayal What attitude toward Cassius is Brutus expressing? 2 strong loyalty to their general, espe-
3 cially if they were rewarded with
Make and Verify Predictions What do you predict will happen when Brutus and some of the spoils of battle.

Cassius meet?

Vocabulary

deceitful (di sēt´fəl) adj. untruthful and cunning; false

Approaching Level JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 2 787

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Established Approaching-level students makes the sentence more dramatic.) Say:
may find some of Shakespeare’s construc- Does anyone notice anything unusual
tions confusing. Say: Brutus says, “. . . about the line “he is arriv’d” (scene 2,
if he be at hand, / I shall be satisfied” line 31)? (Students may say that it should
(scene 2, lines 9–10). Ask: How would be “he has arrived.”) Ask students to note
we say this in Standard Academic Eng- any other places in the text where they find
lish? (If he is [or were] at hand, I shall be Shakespeare’s style confusing, and have
[or will be] satisfied.) Why do you think students rephrase those lines in Standard
Shakespeare constructed the sentence Academic English.
as he did? (It was the style at the time; it

787

Teach BRUTUS. Cassius, be content.
Speak your griefs softly; I do know you well.
Literary Element 1 Before the eyes of both our armies here

Foil Answer: Cassius seems 45 (Which should perceive nothing but love from us) 47–48 enlarge . . . audience:
Let us not wrangle. Bid them move away; Explain your grievances, and I will
excitable; Brutus seems calmer Then in my tent, Cassius, enlarge your griefs, listen.
and more reasonable. And I will give you audience.°
1–5 That you . . . off: Cassius
ENGLISH LEAR N ERS Have English CASSIUS. Pindarus, complains that Brutus publicly
learners reread scene 3, lines disgraced (noted) a man for taking
1–16. If necessary, paraphrase Bid our commanders lead their charges off bribes, ignoring Cassius’s request for
the dialogue for them. Ask: How leniency.
does Cassius respond to Brutus? 50 A little from this ground. 7–8 not meet . . . comment: not
(He acts as though he is innocent fitting that each minor offense
but then gets angry at the accusa- BRUTUS. Lucius, do you the like, and let no man should be criticized.
tions.) If students do not under- Come to our tent till we have done our conference. 10 condemn’d to . . . palm:
stand lines 12–14, clarify for them Let Lucilius and Titinius guard our door. blamed for being greedy.
that Cassius is telling Brutus that 11 mart: trade.
if he (Brutus) were anyone else, [They exit. BRUTUS and CASSIUS remain and withdraw into BRUTUS’s
Cassius would have him killed. tent, while LUCILIUS and TITINIUS mount guard without.] 15–16 The name . . . head:
Because you have become
SCENE 3. brutus’s tent. A few minutes later. associated with this corruption, the
bribe-takers go unpunished.
CASSIUS. That you wrong’d me doth appear in this;
You have condemn’d and noted Lucius Pella
For taking bribes here of the Sardians;
Wherein my letters, praying on his side,

5 Because I knew the man, was slighted off.°

BRUTUS. You wrong’d yourself to write in such a case.

CASSIUS. In such a time as this it is not meet
That every nice offense should bear his comment.°

BRUTUS. Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself
10 Are much condemn’d to have an itching palm,°

To sell and mart° your offices for gold
To undeservers.

CASSIUS. I, an itching palm?

You know that you are Brutus that speaks this,

Or, by the gods, this speech were else your last.

15 BRUTUS. The name of Cassius honors this corruption,
And chastisement doth therefore hide his head.°

CASSIUS. Chastisement?

1 Foil What contrast between Cassius and Brutus does this passage suggest?

788 U N IT 4 DRAMA

Writing Practice

0784_0798_U4P1_877979.indd 788 12/14/07 4:37:03 PM

SPIRAL Write a Research division of the empire in 284, and the
final fall of the empire. They may also
REVIEW

Report As seen in the play,

Caesar’s assassination set research some of the Roman Empire’s

off infighting and warfare in Rome. This most famous leaders, such as Augustus

climaxed in the crowning of Octavius as (Octavius), Marcus Aurelius, Diocletian,

the first Roman emperor in 27 . . . Have and Constantine.

students choose a topic to research on Students should write several paragraphs

the history of the Roman Empire from describing their findings.

27 . . . until its fall in . . 476. Possible

topics include the empire’s height from

. . 96 to 180, the rise of Christianity, the

788









CASSIUS. Away, away, be gone! [Exit POET.] Teach

BRUTUS. Lucilius and Titinius, bid the commanders
140 Prepare to lodge their companies tonight.

CASSIUS. And come yourselves, and bring Messala with you Big Idea 3
Immediately to us.

[LUCILIUS and TITINIUS exit.] Loyalty and Betrayal

BRUTUS. [To LUCIUS within.] Lucius, a bowl of wine! Answer: Students may say
[BRUTUS and CASSIUS return into the tent.] that Portia’s loyalty is great, even
extreme.

CASSIUS. I did not think you could have been so angry.

BRUTUS. O Cassius, I am sick of many griefs.

145 CASSIUS. Of your philosophy you make no use, Brutus. c. 1539–1540. S
If you give place to accidental evils.° Michelangelo Buonarroti. Marble,
height: 291/8, in. Museo Nazionale Answer: Brutus’s nobility, intro-
BRUTUS. No man bears sorrow better. Portia is dead. del Bargello, Florence, Italy. spection, and resolve are depicted
in this bust. These are some of the
CASSIUS. Ha? Portia? What traits of Brutus traits that Shakespeare’s Brutus
are depicted in this statue? How do possesses.
BRUTUS. She is dead. they compare with the character
you have read about?
150 CASSIUS. How scap’d I killing° when I cross’d you so?
O insupportable and touching° loss! 145–146 Of your . . . evils:
Upon what sickness? According to the philosophy Brutus
studied, people should not accept
BRUTUS. Impatient of° my absence, chance misfortunes.
150 How scap’d I killing: How did
And grief that young Octavius with Mark Antony I escape being killed?
151 touching: painful.
Have made themselves so strong—for with her death 152 Impatient of: unable to
endure.
155 That tidings came.° With this she fell distract,° 154–155: with her death . . . came:
I received news of her death and of
And (her attendants absent) swallow’d fire.° their strength at the same time.
155 distract: insane.
CASSIUS. And died so? 156 fire: burning coals.

BRUTUS. Even so.

CASSIUS. O ye immortal gods!

[Enter Boy (LUCIUS) with wine and tapers.]

BRUTUS. Speak no more of her. Give me a bowl of wine.
In this I bury all unkindness, Cassius. [Drinks.]

160 CASSIUS. My heart is thirsty for that noble pledge.
Fill, Lucius, till the wine o’erswell the cup;
I cannot drink too much of Brutus’ love.

[Drinks. Exit LUCIUS.]

BRUTUS. Come in, Titinius. [Enter TITINIUS and MESSALA.]
Welcome, good Messala.

Now sit we close about this taper here,

Loyalty and Betrayal How would you characterize Portia’s loyalty to Brutus? 3

English Learners JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 3 793

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Intermediate Tell English learners that their lists with the class. Instruct them to
reviewing what they have read can help use details from the play to support their
clarify their understanding of the play. With proposed themes.
a partner, have students briefly discuss the
main events, characters, and settings in
Acts 1, 2, and 3 and what they have com-
pleted of Act 4. After they have reviewed
the play, have them analyze whether any
themes are emerging. Have students brain-
storm a list of possible themes and share

793

Teach 165 And call in question our necessities.° 165 call . . . necessities: discuss
what we must do.
Literary Element 1 CASSIUS. Portia, art thou gone?
169 power: army.
BRUTUS. No more, I pray you. 170 Bending . . . Philippi:
Directing their march toward Philippi
Foil Answer: Brutus reacts Messala, I have here received letters (an ancient town in northern
Greece).
calmly and stoically to Portia’s That young Octavius and Mark Antony 171 tenure: basic meaning.
death. 173 proscription: condemning to
Come down upon us with a mighty power,° death.
Have students discuss Brutus’s
reaction in greater detail. Ask: Is it 170 Bending their expedition toward Philippi.° 191 once: at some time.
heartless and uncaring? (Some 181–195 Had you your . . . bear
students may say that Brutus’s MESSALA. Myself have letters of the selfsame tenure.° it so: This passage contradicts lines
reaction is reasonable; others, that 147–158, where Brutus tells
he is denying his feelings of grief.) BRUTUS. With what addition? Cassius of Portia’s death. Many
scholars believe that the second
ENGLISH LEAR N ERS If English MESSALA. That by proscription° and bills of outlawry passage was mistakenly printed in a
learners have difficulty understand- Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus revised version of the play.
ing this part of the scene, help According to this theory,
them summarize lines 143–170. 175 Have put to death an hundred senators. Shakespeare originally emphasized
Brutus’s philosophical composure,
BRUTUS. Therein our letters do not well agree; but in rewriting the play, he decided
Mine speak of seventy senators that died to offer a warmer view of Brutus
By their proscriptions, Cicero being one. grieving for his wife.
194–195 I have as . . . so: Cassius
CASSIUS. Cicero one? says that although he shares Brutus’s
ideal of philosophical self-control, he
MESSALA. Cicero is dead, could not practice it as Brutus does.
196 alive: “at hand” or “of the
180 And by that order of proscription. living.”

Had you your letters from your wife, my lord? 12/14/07 4:37:25 PM

BRUTUS. No, Messala.

MESSALA. Nor nothing in your letters writ of her?

BRUTUS. Nothing, Messala.

MESSALA. That methinks is strange.

185 BRUTUS. Why ask you? Hear you aught of her in yours?

Reading Strategy 2 MESSALA. No, my lord.

BRUTUS. Now as you are a Roman, tell me true.

Make and Verify MESSALA. Then like a Roman bear the truth I tell,
Predictions Answer: An- For certain she is dead, and by strange manner.

swers will vary. Students’ predic- 190 BRUTUS. Why, farewell, Portia. We must die, Messala.
With meditating that she must die once,°
tions may reflect the growing I have the patience to endure it now.

strength of Antony and Octavius.

MESSALA. Even so great men great losses should endure.

Literary History S CASSIUS. I have as much of this in art as you,
195 But yet my nature could not bear it so.°
Portia’s Death According to
Plutarch’s history, Portia put “hot BRUTUS. Well, to our work alive.° What do you think
burning coals . . . into her mouth,
and kept her mouth closed so that 1 Foil In comparison to Cassius, how does Brutus react to Portia’s death?
she choked herself.”
2 Make and Verify Predictions Considering this news, what do you predict might
happen?

794 U N IT 4 DRAMA

Speaking Practice

0784_0798_U4P1_877979.indd 794

SPIRAL Recite a Famous Speech Bru- vocal tone and emphasis. Then ask them
why the speech may be popular. (It uses
REVIEW

tus’s speech in lines 213–223 is

one of Shakespeare’s often-quoted a vivid extended metaphor; it describes a

speeches. Reading the speech aloud can popular philosophy of life.)

help students understand why this speech

is widely admired. Have pairs of students

practice reading the speech aloud. Encour-

age them to discuss the best ways to use

794

Of marching to Philippi presently? Teach

CASSIUS. I do not think it good.

BRUTUS. Your reason?

CASSIUS. This it is; Literary Element 3

’Tis better that the enemy seek us; Metaphor Have students

200 So shall he waste his means,° weary his soldiers, 200 waste his means: use up his identify the figure of speech in
supplies. lines 218–224. (It is a metaphor.
Doing himself offense,° whilst we, lying still, 201 Doing himself offense: Events in men’s lives are com-
harming himself. pared to ocean currents.)
Are full of rest, defense, and nimbleness.
205 Do stand . . . affection: Are
BRUTUS. Good reasons must of force give place to better: friendly toward us only because they
The people ’twixt Philippi and this ground have no choice.

205 Do stand but in a forc’d affection;° 209 new-added: reinforced.
For they have grudg’d us contribution.
The enemy, marching along by them, 213 Under your pardon: I beg
By them shall make a fuller number up, your pardon (let me continue).
Come on refresh’d, new-added° and encourag’d; 214 tried . . . friends: demanded
from our allies all that they can give.
210 From which advantage shall we cut him off 215 brimful: at full strength.
If at Philippi we do face him there,
These people at our back. 218–221 There is a . . . miseries:
Brutus says that if men fail to act
CASSIUS. Here me, good brother. when the tide of fortune is flowing,
they may never get another
BRUTUS. Under your pardon.° You must note beside opportunity. Reading Strategy 4

That we have tried the utmost of our friends,° 224 with your will: as you wish.

215 Our legions are brimful,° our cause is ripe: 227–228 nature must . . . rest: Make and Verify Predic-
Human nature has its needs, which tions Answer: The two leaders
The enemy increaseth every day; we will grudgingly satisfy (niggard)
by resting briefly. disagree on a clear way to win
We, at the height, are ready to decline.
the conflict, indicating trouble
There is a tide in the affairs of men,
ahead.
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;

220 Omitted, all the voyage of their life

Is bound in shallows and in miseries.° 3
On such a full sea are we now afloat,

And we must take the current when it serves, Reading Strategy 5

Or lose our ventures.

CASSIUS. Then with your will° go on; Make and Verify
Predictions Answer: An-
225 We’ll along ourselves, and meet them at Philippi.
swers will vary. Students should
BRUTUS. The deep of night is crept upon our talk, support their answers.
And nature must obey necessity,
Which we will niggard with a little rest.° Ask: Why do you think Cassius
There is no more to say? agrees to Brutus’s plan? (Stu-
dents may say Brutus’s speech
Make and Verify Predictions How are the plans proposed by Brutus and Cassius 4 was convincing, Cassius does not
5 want to argue anymore, or he
different? What is the likely outcome? realizes he cannot win an argu-
ment with Brutus.)
Make and Verify Predictions Whose ideas about strategy do you think will ulti-

mately be proven correct, those of Cassius or those of Brutus?

Approaching Level JULIUS CAESAR, ACT 4, SCENE 3 795

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SMALL GROUP the play also reflects the Elizabethan time
period in which it was written.
Established Tell students that Have students research how the play
one way to understand a literary reflects the themes and issues of its histori-
text is to analyze how the text reflects the cal period and share their findings with the
themes and issues of its historical period. class.
Explain that analyzing Julius Caesar with
a historical approach to literary criticism
requires looking at the time period and
setting in which it was written, Elizabethan
England. Explain to students that though
the play may be set in Rome in year B.C.,

795













Learning Objectives
For pages 235–246
In studying this text, you
will focus on the following
objectives:
Literary Study: Analyzing
characters.
Reading: Making and
verifying predictions.

The Tragedy of

Julius Caesar Act 4 Scene 1

by William Shakespeare

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Act 4 Scene 1 235

Before You Read The Tragedy of

Julius Caesar Act 4 Scene 1

Connect to the Play

By this point in the play, Caesar is dead, but the outcome has not been what Brutus
hoped. Three of Caesar’s allies have taken power in his place. Suppose you were in
a position to lead a country. Sharing power with you will be two other people. What
qualities do you think would be important in your co-leaders? Think of three qualities
that are important in leading and write these in the blanks below. Then explain why
each quality is important in a leader.

Quality: ______________________________________________________ because ______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Quality: ______________________________________________________ because ______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Quality: ______________________________________________________ because ______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Build Background

Read the events that happen between Act 2 Scene 1, and Act 4:
• Following their plan, Brutus and the other conspirators murder Caesar, stabbing

him to death outside the Senate building.
• Brutus speaks at Caesar’s funeral, trying to convince the people that they had

acted for the good of Rome.
• Mark Antony speaks after Brutus and reminds the people of all the good that

Caesar had done for them.
• The crowd turns on the conspirators, forcing them to leave Rome in fear of

their lives.
• Mark Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus form a committee of three, called the Second

Triumvirate, to rule Rome.

Now go back through the Build Background and underline the details that you think
will be most important to what follows.

Set Purposes for Reading

Read The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Act 4, Scene 1 to find out what conflicts develop

under the rule of the Second Triumvirate.

236

Literary Element Foil

A foil is a character who provides contrast with another character. A foil helps readers
see the strengths and weaknesses of another character. For example, two sisters
might be foils to each other if one were quiet, had no sense of humor, and loved
math, while the other was outgoing, funny, and spent her time playing sports. Imagine
a character named Lenny who is honest, loyal to his friends, and thinks that the
best way to succeed is through cooperation. Now imagine a foil to Lenny. Use the
sentence from below to describe this character.

A foil to Lenny might be _______________________________________________________________________________.

Reading Strategy Make and Verify Predictions

When you read, you can make informed guesses about what will happen next. This
will help you read with more attention. You can change your predictions as you read
and get more information. Based on your reading of Act 2, Scene 1 and the Building
Background above, how do you predict the members of the Second Triumvirate will
act toward the conspirators and their allies? Write your prediction on the lines below.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Denotations and Connotations Vocabulary

A word’s denotation is its literal meaning that you can find in a barren (barʼ ən) adj. empty and dreary; without
dictionary. However, a word can also have different “shades of life; desolate
meaning”—either positive or negative. A word’s connotation
is its suggested or implied meaning that goes beyond its covert (kōʼ vərt) adj. secret; hidden
dictionary meaning. For example, aspiring and driven all share a
common meaning of “ambitious.” However, aspiring has positive
connotations; driven has negative connotations. Decide whether
each of the following words has a positive or negative connotation.
Then write it under the correct heading in the chart.

power-hungry purposeful determined pushy

Positive Connotation Negative Connotation

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Act 4 Scene 1 237

The Tragedy of

Julius Caesar Act 4 Scene 1

A year and a half has passed since Caesar’s death. Mark Antony,
Octavius, and Lepidus, now rulers of Rome, meet in Antony’s
house to plan their next actions.

ACT 4

SCENE 1. Antony’s house in Rome. A year and a half after

Caesar’s death.

[Enter ANTONY, OCTAVIUS, and LEPIDUS.]

antony. These many then shall die, their names are

prick’d.°

octavius. Your brother too must die, consent you,

Lepidus?°

lepidus. I do consent—

octavius. Prick him down, Antony.

lepidus. Upon condition Publius shall not live,

Literary Element 5 Who is your sister’s son, Mark Antony.

Foil In this scene, does Lepidus antony. He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him.
serve as a foil to either Octavius
or Mark Antony? Check the box But, Lepidus, go you to Caesar’s house;
for your answer; then explain your
reason. Fetch the will hither, and we shall determine

■ Yes How to cut off some charge in legacies.°
■ No
10 lepidus. What? shall I find you here?
Reason:
octavius. Or here or at the Capitol.
_______________________________
[Exit LEPIDUS.]
_______________________________
antony. This is a slight unmeritable man,
_______________________________
Meet° to be sent on errands; is it fit,
_______________________________
The threefold world° divided, he should stand
_______________________________
15 One of the three to share it?
_______________________________
octavius. So you thought him,
_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

238

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar,
Act 4 Scene 1

1 prick’d: marked down on a list.
2 Your brother . . . Lepidus: Lepidus’s brother was a prominent politician who sided

with the conspirators after Caesar’s assassination.

9 cut off . . . legacies: reduce the amount of money left to the people in Caesar’s
will.

13 Meet: fit.
14 threefold world: three parts of the Roman world. (In the autumn of 43 ,

Antony, Octavius Caesar, and Lepidus formed a triumvirate—a committee of
three—to rule Rome. They divided up among themselves territory that the Romans
had conquered.)
15–17 So you . . . proscription: Octavius wonders why Antony asked Lepidus to

name people who should be sentenced to death if he had so poor an opinion of
him.

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Act 4 Scene 1 239

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar,
Act 4 Scene 1

And took his voice who should be prick’d to die

In our black sentence and proscription.°

antony. Octavius, I have seen more days than you,

And though we lay these honors on this man

20 To ease ourselves of divers sland’rous loads,°

He shall but bear them as the ass bears gold,

To groan and sweat under the business,

Either led or driven, as we point the way;

And having brought our treasure where we will,

25 Then take we down his load, and turn him off

(Like to the empty ass) to shake his ears

Literary Element And graze in commons.°

Foil Summarize Octavius’s octavius. You may do your will;
speeches by completing the
first two sentences below. Then But he’s a tried and valiant soldier.
complete the third sentence to
describe Octavius as a foil to antony. So is my horse, Octavius, and for that
Mark Antony.
30 I do appoint him store of provender.°
When you took Lepidus’s advice
about who should be sentenced to It is a creature that I teach to fight,
die, you seemed to think that he
To wind,° to stop, to run directly on,
was __________________________
His corporal° motion govern’d by my spirit;
______________________________ .
And in some taste° is Lepidus but so.
Do as you think best, but
remember that Lepidus is _______ 35 He must be taught, and train’d, and bid go forth;

______________________________ . A barren-spirited fellow; one that feeds

In this scene, when Mark Antony is On objects, arts, and imitations,

acting ________________________ , Which, out of use and stal’d by other men,
Octavius shows that he is a foil by
Begin his fashion.° Do not talk of him
acting ________________________ .

240

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar,
Act 4 Scene 1

20 divers sland’rous loads: the burden of accusations for our various actions.

24–27 And having . . . commons: When Lepidus has brought our treasure where we
want it, we will send him off to shake his ears and graze on public land like an
unburdened donkey.

30 appoint . . . provender: allot him a supply of food. Vocabulary

32 wind: turn. barren (barʼ ən) adj. empty and
33 corporal: bodily. dreary; without life; desolate
34 taste: degree.
Vocabulary Skill
36–39 A barren-spirited . . . fashion: a man with no originality, one who indulges in
curiosities, tricks, and fashions, which he takes up only after they have become Denotations and Connotations
outmoded. Replace the word barren in
the sentence below with a
synonym that has more positive
connotations. Use a dictionary or
thesaurus if you need help.
The explorer loved the barren
___________ plains of the arctic,
with their endless distances and
harsh light.

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Act 4 Scene 1 241

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar,
Act 4 Scene 1

Vocabulary 40 But as a property.° And now, Octavius,
Listen great things. Brutus and Cassius
covert (kōˊ vərt) adj. secret; Are levying powers; we must straight make head;
hidden Therefore let our alliance be combin’d,
Our best friends made, our means stretch’d;
Vocabulary Skill
45 And let us presently go sit in council,
Denotations and Connotations How covert matters may be best disclos’d,
Would you describe the And open perils surest answered.°
connotations of covert in the
following sentence below as octavius. Let us do so; for we are at the stake,
positive or negative? Put a check And bay’d about with many enemies,°
in the box next to your answer
and give your reason on the 50 And some that smile have in their hearts, I fear,
lines below. Millions of mischiefs. [They exit.]
He demanded that the club’s
meetings remain covert. MY NOTES

■ Positive ______________________________________________________
■ Negative ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________ ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________ ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

242

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar,
Act 4 Scene 1

40 a property: a mere tool.

41–47 Listen great . . . answered: Listen to important matters. Brutus and Cassius
are raising armies; we must press forward immediately. Therefore let us become
united, choose our allies, and make the most of our resources. And let us decide
at once how hidden threats may be uncovered and open dangers most safely
confronted.

48–49 we are . . . enemies: Octavius’s metaphor refers to bear-baiting, a popular Reading Strategy
entertainment in which bears were tied to stakes and surrounded by
vicious dogs. Make Predictions Who do you
predict will win, the conspirators
or Rome’s new rulers? Why? Write
your prediction on the lines below.

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Act 4 Scene 1 243

After You Read The Tragedy of

Julius Caesar Act 4 Scene 1

Connect to the Play

At this point, Rome has three rulers. Look back at the qualities of a ruler you
named on page 236. So far, does either Mark Antony or Octavius seem to be
acting like a good leader? Check the box for your answer; then give your reasons
in the lines that follow.

Antony ■ bad ■ mixed

■ good

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Octavius ■ bad ■ mixed

■ good

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Literary Element Foil
Fill in the following sentence frame to describe the use of character foils in this
scene.

Octavius acts as a foil to _________________________________ by behaving ________________________________

to Lepidus while Mark Antony is behaving _____________________________________________________________ .

Reading Strategy Make and Verify Predictions
What will happen to Rome next? Make a prediction by checking one of the boxes
below; then explain your reasons on the lines that follow.

■ Rome will have peace when Brutus yields power to Mark Antony.
■ Rome will have war when Brutus fights Mark Antony.
■ Rome will have peace when Mark Antony yields power to Brutus.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

244

After You Read The Tragedy of

Vocabulary Julius Caesar Act 4 Scene 1

barren covert

A. Word Meaning Think about the meaning of the boldface word as you read
each sentence. Check the box for the best answer.

1. The field of grain was barren after the grasshoppers fed on the growing
wheat.

■ valuable
■ enlarged
■ destroyed

2. Mr. Lewellen accused Kate and Lisa of sending each other covert text
messages during class.

■ private
■ funny
■ lengthy

3. The eruption of the volcano left the forested hills for miles around it a
barren wilderness.

■ desolate
■ picturesque
■ protected

4. She had conducted covert operations for the U.S. government in many
parts of the world.

■ dangerous
■ secret
■ exciting

B. Denotations and Connotations Connotation is the meaning of a word that
goes beyond the dictionary definition. The words below present connotations
for the vocabulary words. Under each vocabulary word, write the connotation
that is the most negative and the connotation that is the most positive.

concealed clean unproductive blighted confidential sneaky

1. barren most positive ________________
most negative ________________

2. covert most positive ________________
most negative ________________

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Act 4 Scene 1 245

After You Read The Tragedy of

Julius Caesar Act 4 Scene 1

Reasoning Map

1. In this scene, Mark Antony tries to persuade Octavius to agree with him about
Lepidus. Read his conclusion in the box at the right. Then, in the boxes at the
left, write three reasons he gives to support his conclusion.

Reason 1

Reason 2 Conclusion
Reason 3 Lepidus doesn’t deserve to rule
Rome with us.

2. To what two animals does Mark Antony compare Lepidus in order to prove his
reasoning? Write your answer on the lines below.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

246

Learning Objectives
For pages 235–246
In studying this text, you
will focus on the following
objectives:
Literary Study: Analyzing
characters.
Reading: Making and
verifying predictions.

The Tragedy of

Julius Caesar Act 4 Scene 1

by William Shakespeare

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Act 4 Scene 1 235

Before You Read The Tragedy of

Julius Caesar Act 4 Scene 1

Connect to the Play

By this point in the play, Caesar is dead, but the outcome has not been what Brutus
hoped. Three of Caesar’s allies have taken power in his place. Suppose you were in
a position to lead a country. Sharing power with you will be two other people. What
qualities do you think would be important in your co-leaders? Think of three qualities
that are important in leading and write these in the blanks below. Then explain why
each quality is important in a leader.

Quality: p_o__s_si_b_l_e_r_e_s_p_o_n_s_e_:_e__n_e_rg__y_______________________________ because p__o_s_s_ib_l_e_r_e_s_p_o_n_s_e_:__b_e_c_a_u_s_e_a_____

l_e_a_d_e_r__h_a_s_a__lo_t__to__a_c_c_o_m__p_l_is_h__________________________________________________________________________.

Quality: p_o__s_si_b_l_e_r_e_s_p_o_n_s_e_:_c_o__m_m__o_n__s_e_n_s_e________________________ because p__o_s_s_ib_l_e_r_e_s_p_o_n_s_e_:__it_h_e__lp_s__a_____

l_e_a_d_e_r__m_a_k_e__g_o_o_d__d_e_c_i_s_io_n__s___________________________________________________________________________.

Quality: p_o__s_si_b_l_e_r_e_s_p_o_n_s_e_:_i_d_e_a_l_is_m_______________________________ because p__o_s_s_ib_l_e_r_e_s_p_o_n_s_e_:__a_l_e_a_d_e_r______

s_h_o__u_ld__w__a_n_t_t_o_d__o_g_o__o_d_______________________________________________________________________________.

Build Background

Read the events that happen between Act 2 Scene 1, and Act 4:
• Following their plan, Brutus and the other conspirators murder Caesar, stabbing

him to death outside the Senate building.
• Brutus speaks at Caesar’s funeral, trying to convince the people that they had

acted for the good of Rome.
• Mark Antony speaks after Brutus and reminds the people of all the good that

Caesar had done for them.
• The crowd turns on the conspirators, forcing them to leave Rome in fear of

their lives.
• Mark Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus form a committee of three, called the Second

Triumvirate, to rule Rome.

Now go back through the Build Background and underline the details that you think
will be most important to what follows.

Set Purposes for Reading

Read The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Act 4, Scene 1 to find out what conflicts develop

under the rule of the Second Triumvirate.

236