Examining on kingdom plantae and animalia. Morphology
Species Genus Family order Phylum Kingdom Class Kingdom plantae Kingdom animalia Taxonomy Taxonomy is a systematic and hierarchical approach to organizing the diversity of life on Earth Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genius Species Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genius Species Plantea Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Brassicales Brassicaceace Brassica Brassica oleracea Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapien
Ki n gdom Pl a n t a e is a t a x o n omi c g r o up tha t i n c l ude s a ll pl a n ts. Pl a n ts a r e a div e rs e g r oup o f o r g a n isms tha t pl a y a vit a l r o l e i n the E a rth's e c o syst em. KINGDOM PLANTAE
INTRODUCTION KINGDOM PLANTAE Kingdom Plantae, also known as the Plant Kingdom, is one of the five kingdoms of life and includes all living organisms that are classified as plants. This kingdom includes a wide variety of multicellular organisms, including flowering plants, ferns, mosses, algae, and more. The main characteristic of plants is their ability to photosynthesize, meaning they are able to produce their own food from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. Plants also play a crucial role in the Earth's ecosystem by producing oxygen and serving as the base of many food chains. PHYLUM PTERIDOPHYTA PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA
what is morphology of plantae ? Definition Morphology in plantae refers to the study of the form, structure, and physical characteristics of plants. This includes the study of the external features of plants, such as their leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits, as well as their internal structures, such as their tissues, cells, and organelles. (Diagram 1) Diagram 1 EXAMPLE
PTERIDOPHYTE Phylum Pteridophyta is a group of vascular plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds. Pteridophytes are commonly known as ferns and fern allies, and they are characterized by their complex leaves, called fronds, and their underground stems, called rhizomes.
KINGDOM Plantea PHYLUM Pteridophyta CLASS Polypodiopsida ORDER Polypodiales FAMILY Athyriaceae GENIUS Diplazium SPECIES Diplazium esculentum Taxonomy Diplazium esculentum
Characteristics Diplazium esculentum Divided into leaflets that are arranged along a central axis. The fronds can grow up to 1 meter in length. Smooth texture with a slightly glossy surface. The leaflets are usually about 15-30 cm long and 5-8 cm wide. has fibrous roots thin and hair-like fleshy rhizomes that grow horizontally underground SHAPE: Oval in shape average size of around 50 micrometers. COLOUR: Light brown in color smooth texture REPRODUCTION : dispersed by wind and germinate to form new plants ARRANGEMENT: The spores are produced in clusters on the underside of the fronds in structures called sori. Leaflet frond spore root Habitat Native to tropical regions of Asia, including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. It grows in damp areas such as forests, riverbanks, and swamps. uses used as a vegetable, Diplazium esculentum has a number of medicinal uses. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat a variety of ailments including fever, cough, and sore throat. cultivated in some areas for its edible rhizomes. It prefers a shady, moist environment and can be grown in areas with temperatures between 20-30 degrees Celsius Cultivation
HHoowwiitt rreepprroodduuccee? Diplazium esculentum by spore by dividing the rhizome REPRODUCTION The spores are produced in structures called sori, which are located on the undersides of the fronds. Each sorus contains numerous spores, and when the spores are mature, they are released and dispersed by wind or water. The process of spore production influenced by environmental factors such as light, temperature, and moisture. spores will germinate and develop into prothalli, which are tiny, ovalshaped structures that produce male and female reproductive cells. Underground stem will grow naturally It is also known as clonal growth they can produce new plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant. These new plants, called clones, can emerge from the ground near the parent plant and grow into mature ferns.
Sporophyte generation: The sporophyte generation is diploid, meaning it has two sets of chromosomes. Spores are produced on the underside of the fronds in structures called sori/ sorus. Gametophyte generation: When the spores are released, they can germinate and develop into a new plant called a gametophyte. The gametophyte generation is haploid, meaning it has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is a small, heart-shaped structure that produces male and female reproductive cells. LIFE CYCLE Diplazium esculentum Fertilization: When the sperm cells swim to the eggs, fertilization occurs, forming a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into a new sporophyte plant, which grows from the prothallus and eventually develops into a mature fern. The sporophyte phase of the fern life cycle is what most people recognize as the fern plant. Spore production (again): The mature fern produces new spores, which are released to begin the cycle anew.
Adaptation Diplazium esculentum Rhizomatous growth: Diplazium esculentum has underground stems called rhizomes that allow it to spread and colonize new areas, as well as store energy and nutrients. Drought tolerance: Diplazium esculentum is adapted to survive in areas with variable rainfall patterns, and can tolerate periods of drought by reducing water loss through its fronds and roots. Shade tolerance: Diplazium esculentum is adapted to grow in areas with limited sunlight, and can photosynthesize with low light levels. Edible roots: The edible roots of Diplazium esculentum are an adaptation that allows it to store energy and nutrients for periods of low growth or stress, and also provides a food source for humans and animals.
Bryophyta a group of non-vascular plants that includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes are small and simple plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. Instead, they have structures called rhizoids that anchor them to surfaces and absorb water and nutrients.
KINGDOM Plantea PHYLUM Bryophyta CLASS Sphagnopsida ORDER Sphagnales FAMILY Sphagnaceae GENIUS Sphagnum SPECIES Sphagnum girgensohnii Taxonomy Sphagnum girgensohnii
characteristics Sphagnum girgensohnii Water retention: Sphagnum girgensohnii is able to absorb and retain large amounts of water, which helps it to survive in wet environments. The plant can hold up to 20 times its weight in water Acidic environment: Sphagnum girgensohnii is adapted to grow in acidic environments, with a pH of around 4.5- 5.5.It results from the presence of a colloidal organic material inside the cell wall. The presence of hyaline retort cell Habitat : Mosses can be found covering tree trunks and branches, rocks, and the forest floor
reproduction Sphagnum girgensohnii Sexual aSexual Sexual reproduction in Sphagnum mosses occurs through the production of male and female reproductive structures, called gametangia. The male gametangia produce sperm, while the female gametangia produce eggs. Once the sperm and egg unite, they form a zygote that develops into a sporophyte, which consists of a capsule that produces spores. The spores are dispersed by the wind and can grow into new moss plants Asexual reproduction in Sphagnum mosses occurs through the growth and fragmentation of the parent plant. As the moss grows, new branches and shoots emerge from the parent plant and eventually break off, forming new individuals. This process, known as vegetative reproduction, allows Sphagnum mosses to rapidly colonize new areas and expand their range. Involve 2 type : sexual and asexual
life cycle Sphagnum girgensohnii The haploid gametophyte is the dominant and permanent generation in the Sphagnum Gametophyte consists of male and female gametophytes, which produce sperm and eggs. The sperm swim through water to fertilize the eggs, which then develop into diploid sporophytes. . Sporophyte The sporophyte generation consists of a capsule, which contains spores, and a stalk called a seta. The spores are released into the environment and can germinate to form new haploid gametophytes. When they die, they do not rot away because the ground is both wet and acidic. Sphagnum mosses produce chemicals which potentially increases the acidity of water and further prevent the decay of dead plants. The dead remains of sphagnum mosses pile up and get pressed together to eventually form the soil we know as peat. .
adaptation Sphagnum girgensohnii several adaptations that allow them to thrive in the wet, acidic environments of bogs and other wetlands. Water retention: Sphagnum mosses are able to absorb and retain large amounts of water, which helps them to survive in wet environments. They can hold up to 20 times their weight in water, and this water retention also helps to create and maintain the boggy conditions that they prefer. Acidic environment: Sphagnum mosses are adapted to grow in acidic environments, with a pH of around 4.5-5.5. This acidity is created by the moss itself, which produces acids that help to break down organic matter and release nutrients. Nutrient-poor soil: Bogs and other wetlands where Sphagnum mosses grow typically have nutrient-poor soil. To compensate for this, the mosses have evolved a number of adaptations that allow them to obtain nutrients more efficiently, such as the ability to trap and digest insects.
DISCUSSION of kingdom PLANTAE THE IMPORTANCE Oxygen food Habitat creation Plants in Kingdom Plantae produce oxygen through photosynthesis, which is a process that uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce energy and oxygen. Without plants, there would be no oxygen for animals to breathe, and life on Earth would not be possible. primary producers of food for the Earth's ecosystem. Many crops, such as grains, fruits, and vegetables, are grown for human consumption, and are essential for feeding the world's population.. Plants in Kingdom Plantae create habitats for many other organisms, providing food, shelter, and a place to live for animals and other plants. Forests, for example, are home to a vast array of species, including birds, insects, mammals, and reptiles.
PRECAUTIONS STEP safety Proper disposal Put safety first when handling plants. To prevent injury or exposure to toxic substances, put on the proper personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety glasses. Choose the healthy plant . Ensure that plants are grown in appropriate conditions, such as appropriate temperature, light, and soil moisture levels. Follow local laws and moral principles while disposing of plant materials and garbage. plant health
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KINGDOM ANIMALIA
KINGDOM ANIMALIA Animals in Kingdom Animalia are characterized by being multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and lacking a cell wall. They are also capable of movement at some point in their life cycle.
Stenocatantops angustifrons
INTRODUCTIoN Phylum Arthropoda is a large and diverse group of invertebrate animals that includes insects, spiders, crustaceans, and many other types of creatures. Arthropods are characterized by their jointed legs, segmented bodies, and hard outer skeletons made of chitin. They are found in nearly every habitat on Earth and play important roles in ecosystems as predators, prey, pollinators, and decomposers. Arthropods also have a significant impact on human societies as sources of food, pests, and vectors of disease. Overall, the phylum Arthropoda is one of the most successful and dominant groups of animals on the planet, with over a million known species and many more yet to be discovered. 01 02 03 04 Characteristics Reproduction Life cycle Adaptation
KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Arthropoda CLASS Insecta ORDER Orthoptera FAMILY Caelifera GENIUS Acrididae SPECIES Stenocatantops angustifrons Taxonomy Stenocatantops angustifrons
CHARACTERISTICS Stenocatantops angustifrons typically reaching lengths of around 3-4 cm. This species is generally brown or gray in color, with darker markings on the head, thorax, and legs. Stenocatantops angustifrons has a slender body with long, narrow wings. Its legs are also long and thin, adapted for jumping. Habitat: This species is found in grassy areas and open forests, and is most commonly found in the tropics and subtropics. Diet: Stenocatantops angustifrons is a herbivorous species, feeding primarily on grasses and other vegetation. Behavior: This grasshopper is active during the day and is known for its strong jumping abilities, which it uses to escape from predators. Reproduction: Stenocatantops angustifrons reproduces sexually, with females laying eggs in the ground.
CHARACTERISTICS Stenocatantops angustifrons abdomen thorax Head Antenna Compound eye Fore leg middle leg Spiracles spiracles Hindleg wing Top view Bottom view Head: The head of Stenocatantops angustifrons is elongated and slightly pointed. It has two large compound eyes, two small antennae, and strong mandibles for biting and chewing. Thorax: The thorax of this grasshopper is divided into three segments: the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. Each segment has a pair of legs, with the hind legs being particularly long and strong for jumping. Abdomen: The abdomen of Stenocatantops angustifrons is elongated and slender, with ten segments. The first six segments have small, pointed appendages called cerci, which are used for sensing the environment. Wings: This species has two pairs of wings. The front wings, called tegmina, are narrow and leathery, while the hind wings are larger and more delicate. Coloration: Stenocatantops angustifrons is typically brown or gray in color, with darker markings on the head, thorax, and legs.
reproduction & life cycle Stenocatantops angustifrons Egg Stage: Female grasshoppers lay their eggs in soil or plant tissue during the fall or early winter. The eggs remain dormant until the following spring, when they hatch into nymphs. Nymph Stage: The nymphs emerge from the eggs and look similar to the adult grasshoppers, but are smaller and lack wings. They go through a series of molts (shedding of the exoskeleton) as they grow and develop. With each molt, they become larger and more similar in appearance to the adult. The nymph stage can last several weeks to several months, Adult Stage: Once the nymphs have gone through several molts and have fully developed wings and reproductive organs, they molt one last time and emerge as adult grasshoppers. The adults mate and lay eggs, starting the life cycle over again. Adult grasshoppers typically live for a few months.
reproduction & life cycle Stenocatantops angustifrons mating process Another aspect of this insect to talk about is its mating behaviour. Grasshoppers have a large number of young. Male and female grasshoppers mate as summer gives way to October. After being impregnated by males, females deposit the eggs that will make up the population of grasshoppers the next season. Fertilization: The female stores the sperm in a specialized sac called the spermatheca until she is ready to lay eggs. When she lays eggs, she uses the stored sperm to fertilize them. Female grasshoppers lay their eggs in soil or plant tissue, depending on the species. Some species lay their eggs in clusters, while others lay them individually. The number of eggs laid can vary greatly between species, with some laying only a few dozen and others laying hundreds. Development: Once the eggs are laid, they hatch into nymphs after a period of dormancy. The nymphs undergo a series of molts as they grow and develop, eventually reaching adulthood and becoming capable of mating and reproducing themselves. Egg laying Fertilization development
Grasshoppers are known for their powerful legs and ability to jump great distances. This adaptation allows them to quickly escape from predators or to move around their environment more efficiently.. Many grasshoppers have evolved wings that allow them to fly. This adaptation can help them escape from predators or travel longer distances in search of food, water, or mates. adaptation Stenocatantops angustifrons Many Stenocatantops have evolved to blend in with their environment, making them harder for predators to spot. They can do this by having coloration similar to their surroundings or by having spines or projections that break up their outline. Grasshoppers have long, sensitive antennae that allow them to detect vibrations and odors in their environment. This adaptation helps them locate food, water, and potential mates. Camouflage Jumping ability Antennae Flight
lumbricus terrestris
KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Clitellata ORDER Opisthopora FAMILY Lumbricidae GENIUS Lumbricus SPECIES lumbricus terrestris Taxonomy lumbricus terrestris
Segmented body: Lumbricus worm family have long, cylindrical bodies that are divided into many segments or rings called "annuli". Each segment contains a set of muscles and other organs. 1. 2. Soft and slimy skin: The skin of earthworms is very thin and moist, which helps them to breathe and stay hydrated. They secrete a slimy mucus that helps them to move through soil and protects their skin from damage. 3. Detritivores: Lumbricus feed on decaying organic matter like dead leaves and plant roots. They help to break down and recycle nutrients in soil, which makes them an important part of many ecosystems. 4. Earthworm feces are rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential for plant growth. They also contain other beneficial nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and trace elements. CHARACTERISTIC lumbricus terrestris Body segment Clitellum Tail end Mouth head end Anterior posterior feces
Sperm exchange: Each worm then releases sperm into the other worm's body through their genital openings. The sperm are stored in special sacs called spermathecae. REPRODUCTION lumbricus terrestris type: sexual hermaphrodites: meaning they have both male and female reproductive organs. When two earthworms meet, they begin a process of courtship that involves touching and aligning their bodies. They then form a mucus cocoon around their bodies, which protects them during mating. Fertilization: The worms then separate and go their separate ways. The sperm is stored in the spermathecae until the eggs are ready to be fertilized. Mucus cocoon Courtship
life cycle Egg laying: After fertilization, the worm lays its eggs in a protective cocoon. The cocoon is made of mucus and soil and is buried in the ground. Hatching: The eggs hatch into small earthworms after a few weeks. The young earthworms are not fully developed and must go through a process of growth and maturation before they are able to reproduce. Cocoon of lumbricus terrestris lumbricus terrestris
adaptation lumbricus terrestris How they can survive in their environment? Earthworms move using muscles that contract and expand their body segments. They have specialized bristles called setae that help them grip the soil and move forward. Earthworms can move both forwards and backwards, and they can also swim in water. Earthworms are able to burrow through soil using their muscular body and the setae on their segments. They create tunnels in the soil, which helps to aerate and fertilize it. This process also helps to break down organic matter, making nutrients more available to plants. Earthworms have a long, cylindrical body that is tapered at both ends. This body shape allows them to move easily through soil and burrow underground. Earthworms also vary in size, with some species being small and others growing up to several feet long. Earthworms have a specialized digestive system that allows them to break down and absorb nutrients from organic matter. They have a muscular gizzard that grinds up food, and a long intestine where nutrients are absorbed. Earthworm Movement Burrowing body shape Digestive system
Uroteuthis duvaucelii
KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Mollusca CLASS Cephalopoda ORDER Teuthida FAMILY Myopsina GENIUS Loliginidea SPECIES Uroteuthis duvaucelii Taxonomy Uroteuthis duvaucelii
CHARACTERISTIC Eye Sucker Mantle Fin Siphon arm The fins work together with the squid's siphon, which is a muscular tube used for jet propulsion, to enable the squid to move through the water in a quick and agile manner. pump water through the siphon, a tubular structure located on the ventral side of the mantle, which generates jet propulsion and allows the squid to move quickly and efficiently through the water grasping and manipulating prey, attaching to surfaces, and providing sensory feedback. generates jet propulsion and allows the squid to move quickly through the water. detecting and tracking prey, avoiding predators, and navigating through the waterTheir eyes are also able to distinguish colors, including ultraviolet and polarized light, which may help them identify potential prey or predators arm also function as sucker. Uroteuthis duvaucelii
REPRODUCTION And life cycle Uroteuthis duvaucelii During reproduction, the male squid uses one of his arms to transfer a packet of sperm, called a spermatophore, to the female. The female then uses her arms to guide the spermatophore to her mantle cavity, where fertilization occurs. After fertilization, the female squid lays a mass of eggs, called an egg case, which contains hundreds to thousands of individual eggs. The egg case is typically attached to the seafloor or other surfaces and is protected by the female until the eggs hatch. The development of the squid embryo occurs within the egg case, and the hatching time can vary depending on the species and environmental conditions. Once the squid hatch, they are known as paralarvae and are capable of swimming and feeding on small planktonic organisms. They gradually grow and mature over the course of several months, eventually reaching adulthood and beginning the reproductive cycle anew.
And life cycle REPRODUCTION Egg laying: After mating, female squids lay a mass of eggs, called an egg case, which contains hundreds to thousands of individual eggs. The egg case is attached to the seafloor or other surfaces, and the female squid protects the eggs until they hatch. Hatching: The development of the squid embryo occurs within the egg case, and the hatching time can vary depending on the species and environmental conditions. Once the squid hatch, they are known as paralarvae, which are small and relatively helpless and need to feed on small planktonic organisms. Paralarvae: Paralarvae gradually grow and mature over the course of several weeks to months. During this stage, they are vulnerable to predators and must feed actively to survive. Juvenile: Once the paralarvae grow and develop to a certain size, they become juveniles. Juvenile squid are larger and more independent than paralarvae, and they are capable of hunting and defending themselves. Adult: After several months of growth, juvenile squid reach adulthood and become reproductively mature. At this stage, they participate in the mating process and lay eggs to continue the life cycle. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Complex explanation of life cycle:
ability to change color rapidly, which allows them to blend in with their surroundings and avoid predators. Squid also have a unique jet propulsion system that enables them to move quickly through the water, and they are capable of reaching speeds of up to 25 miles per hour. Another adaptation of squid is their highly developed sense of vision. They have large, complex eyes that allow them to detect movement and changes in light levels, which is essential for hunting prey and avoiding predators. adaptation Uroteuthis duvaucelii This species can change color
DISCUSSION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA THE IMPORTANCE phylum annelida phylum mollusca Ecological importance: Arthropods play a critical role in many ecosystems as pollinators, decomposers, predators, and prey. They are often key players in food webs, and their activities help to maintain the balance of many natural systems. Annelids are important members of many ecosystems, playing critical roles in nutrient cycling, soil health, and the food web. For example, earthworms help to aerate soil and break down organic matter, while marine worms provide food for many marine organisms. Mollusks play important ecological roles in marine and freshwater ecosystems. For example, oysters and clams filter water, removing pollutants and improving water quality. Other mollusks, such as nudibranchs and sea hares, are important predators and help to control populations of other organisms. phylum arthropoda
Precaution STEP Proper equipment Safety Rescpect Use appropriate equipment, such as microscopes, dissecting tools, and staining solutions, to ensure accurate and clear observations of the animal's morphology. Always prioritize safety when working with animals. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety glasses, to protect yourself from injury or infection. Handle animals with care and respect. Minimize stress and discomfort to the animal by using appropriate handling techniques and anesthetics if necessary.
In conclusion, the morphology of plants and animals is a complex and fascinating field of study. Plants and animals have evolved different structures and adaptations to survive and thrive in their respective environments. While plants rely on structures such as roots, stems, and leaves for photosynthesis and nutrient uptake, animals have evolved specialized organs and appendages for movement, sensory perception, and feeding. We can know the scientific name for each phylum which is Diplazium esculentum, Sphagnum girgensohnii for plant and Stenocatantops angustifrons, lumbricus terrestris and Uroteuthis duvaucelii for animal. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION
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