140 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 p. 25 3.12 Ibid., p. 456 p. 25 3.2 Ibid. p. 26 45 Ibid. p. 26 2.5 The Movies to Watch p.28 p. 26 1.13 Ibid., p. 231 In a note system of referencing, you are not required to make a bibliography, because the endnotes can already give you full bibliographical details. However, to help your readers quickly locate the source of the data, it is better if you put in both notes and bibliography. The list of books and other references in your paper are written under the title, Bibliography or Select/Selected Bibliography if some of the data came from your background knowledge or previous reading activities. Use the title, References, if everything in the body of the paper came from books and periodicals you read. The use of the title, References, requires you to list down under this title the names or identities of all sources of knowledge from where you got the data that you mentioned in your paper. Under the MLA system, the items in the Bibliography are arranged alphabetically. You do not need to number them. For a bibliographical entry, write the book information in this order: full author’s surname and first name (optional middle name initial), title of the book or periodical, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication. If there are several entries written by the same author, to avoid repetition of names, use a 3 em dash in place of the first name. Use the following punctuation marks for every entry under this system: period after the author’s name and title; colon after the place of publication; comma after the publisher and after volume and number if it is a periodical material. End every entry with a period. Underline or italicize the title with all the content words in such title capitalized. For periodicals, enclose the title of the article with quotation marks but leave the title of the periodical unmarked. For the MLA documentary notes, the same number and arrangement of the pieces of book information as those in the bibliography; only that, in notes, write the author before his or her family name. Citations or in-text citations under the MLA system just require the presence of the family name of the author plus the number of the page where the information is found. The page number immediately comes after the author’s name; with just one space provided to separate the two. Abbreviations are commonly used in documenting data through the MLA system. The following are some examples of abbreviations that you do not need to document for they exist as common knowledge: (Russell 2013; Corti 2014; Remlen 2011)
UNIT VIII – REPORTING AND SHARING THE FINDINGS • 141 art. and arts. article, articles c. copyright ca. circa chap. and chaps. chapter, chapters col. and cols. column, columns ed. and eds. editor, editors et al. and others f. and ff. following page /line, lines fig. and figs. figure, figures ibid. ibidem (in the same place) loc. cit. loco citato (in the same place cited) op. cit. open citato ( in the work cited) p. and pp. page, pages vol. and vols. volume, volumes sec. and secs. section, sections l. and ll. line, lines n. and nn. note, notes Examples of MLA Referencing Style 1. Citation or In-text Citation (Lizardo 257) (Decena, Obeza, Jurado 120–130) (Fortun et al. 234–250) (Gregorio: 1: 56–80) 2. Documentary Notes The same as the entries in a bibliography or references, except that, here, the first name precedes the family name of the author. Josie Cruz, G. Mt. Pinatubo Quezon City: GB Press. 2016. Manolo De Guzman. Naming of typhoons. 3. Bibliography/References One author Cruz, Josie A. Mt. Pinatubo Lahar. (Quezon City: GB Press. 2016). Paras, Beth M. The Philippine Eagle. (Adarna Publishing House. Manila: 2016).
142 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Two Authors Oteza, Nina C. and David, Jose L. Climate Change. (Baguio City: KLM Co. 2018). Reyes, Mario R. and Cortez, Josie M. Collegiate Athletic Competitions. (Manila: National Bookstore, 2016). Three Authors (List the names in the order they appear on the title page.) Ramos, Celso A., Bautista, Cora C. and Vinluan, Gloria F. Energy-giving Foods. (Pasay City: ABC Press. 2016). Manuel, Joven D., Gregorio, Ben C., and Ferrer, Susan V. The Fury of Super Typhoon Yolanda. (Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House. Manila, 2016). Three or More Authors (Use the first name in the list) Samson, Esther N. et al. Philippine Trial Courts. (Quezon City: Rex Bookstore, 2016). Norman, Vivian. et al. Entry-level Workers’ Pay. (Pasig City: Hope Press. 2016). Anonymous Author (If the authorship of a work is known but not revealed on the title page, the name is given in brackets.) [Evelyn Vargas]. The Bubble Gang. (Nowhere: Nonesuch Press, 2016). [Lina Calderon]. Bulletin-board Postings. (Nowhere: Nonesuch Publication, 2016). (If the identity of the author is guessed, a question mark follows the name before the closing bracket.) [Evelyn Vargas?] The Bubble Gang. (Nowhere: Nonesuch Press, 2016). Editor, Translator, Compiler Parayno, Gabriel. F. ed. Philippine Politics. (Manila: PH Press. 2016). Generoso, Luis F. comp. Banking Systems. (Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House, 2016). Formoso, John S. The Makati Business Club. trans. (Makati City: Rex Press, 2016). Editor, Translator, Compiler with an Author Parayno, Gabriel. F. Philippine Politics. Edited by Kay Abante and Cora Cortez. (Manila: PH Press. 2016). Generoso, Luis F. Banking Systems. Compiled by Gina David. (Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House, 2016).
UNIT VIII – REPORTING AND SHARING THE FINDINGS • 143 Formoso, John S. The Makati Business Club. Translated by Carlos Fojas. (Makati City: Rex Press, 2016). Organization, Association, or Corporation as Author International Monetary Fund, Survey of Asian Economies. Vol. 6, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines (New York International Monetary Fund, 2008). No Ascertainable Publication Facts Carmona, Lory. The Marcos Regime. (n.p., n.d.) Solis, Dianne. Philippine Law Schools. (n.p, n.d.) Popular Magazines Suratos, Mila. “The Ilocano Dishes,” Panorama, March 2016, pp. 23–26. Roldan, Arnold. “Banana Leaves.” World Mission, May 8, 2016, p. 8. Newspapers News items from daily papers are rarely listed in a bibliography. Rather, the name of the paper may be given either in the general alphabetical list or in a separate section devoted to the newspapers. Interviews Interviews are best cited in texts or notes. It is not necessary to include them in a bibliography, but if they are listed, the entries should appear in this manner: Barcelo, Felicitas. “Laguna de Bay: Interview with Felicitas Barcelo.” By Gloria De La Cruz. The Manila Bulletin, 4 August 2016. Theses, Dissertations, and Other Unpublished Works Villar, Rosalina. D. “Modern Language Theories“ (Ph. D diss., U.P. Diliman, 2016). Tiempo, Dolores G. “Critical Evaluation of UST High School Language Books” (M. A. UST, 2016). Reference Books: Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Almanac, Indexes, etc. Well-known reference books are usually not listed in bibliographies. When such reference books are listed in notes, the facts about the publication are usually omitted, but the edition, if not the first, must be specified.
144 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 References to encyclopedia, dictionary, or to the alphabetically arranged works cite the items (not the volume or page number) preceded by S.V. or sub verbo, meaning “under the word.” 1. Encyclopedia Britannica, 10th ed., S.V. “Ozone Layer.” 2. Columbia Encyclopedia, 5th ed., S.V. “Industrial Revolution.” 3. Webster’s New International Dictionary, 3rd ed., S.V. “cantankerous.” Slides and Film’s Videocassettes Fulgencio, Krina C. “Urban Planning.” (Quezon City: Palmall Press, 2016) slides. Arnaiz, Earl A. “Room for Rent” (Manila: SSG Press, 2016) filmstrip. Online Materials 1. Signed article in a magazine Davis, Robert. “Email Craze.” Interactions. July 2016. http://www.inter. com/Jol/labor.htm/. 2. Unsigned article in a magazine “Power Interview.” Business Trends Magazine. August 2016. http://www. BusTRendscom/Bus Trends/Trends/ctshoot.html. 3. Article in Journal “Systemic Functional Grammar.” English Forum. 38.7 (2016). 18 May 2016. http://www.jhu.edu/English Studies Journal/vol.83/83.1 strethson. html. 4. Article in Newspaper Leonardo, Jerome. “Japan and the 2009 Tsunami.” New Daily Life Star. 21 December 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 world/28 MIDE. html. 5. An Editorial “Vatican City: Pope’s Residence.” Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 7, 2016. http://www.a-pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.html. 6. Online books Litchten, Feona D. American Pragmatics Organization. (2014). 2nd AMPRA Conference/Photos http://androgers.smugmug.com/Linguists/ AMPRA-2.
UNIT VIII – REPORTING AND SHARING THE FINDINGS • 145 Dizon, Jomar G. “Political Campaign Strategies” 15–20, May 2016 dialog ERIC AED23376. 7. CD-ROM/Diskette Amante, Peter B. “Stem-Cell Treatment.” Manila Post News Bank. April 2017: TI Manila Post News Bank.CD-ROM. News Bank. April 2017. “Maharishi.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford UP, 2017. APA Style The APA (American Psychological Association) is also called Author-Date Style. This is often used by researchers in the field of natural science and social sciences. The APA style uses space and time; MLA, not much. However, nowadays, for economic reasons, more and more researchers, regardless of their area of specialization, prefer to use the APA style. There are two parts of the APA referencing style that are essential: in-text citation or citation and reference list. The first part, which is enclosed in parentheses, is found in the body of the text; the second part, at the end of the book. In contrast to the MLA style that gives complete biographical information in the footnotes or endnotes, the APA style gives only brief information in the text citation, but gives the full biographical details in the reference list. Under the APA system, the items in the References are arranged alphabetically. You do not need to number them. For each entry under the title, References, write the book information in this order: full author’s surname and first name and middle name initials (optional, middle name initial), date of publication, title of the book or periodical, place of publication, and the publisher. If there are several entries written by the same author, to avoid repetition of names, use a 3 em dash in place of the first name. Use the following punctuation marks for every entry under the APA system: period after the author’s name and title; colon after the place of publication; comma after the publisher and after volume and number if it is a periodical material. End every entry with a period. Italicize the title and capitalize only the initial word of the title. Unless a word in the title is a proper noun, all words in the title are written in small letters. For periodicals, enclose the title of the article with quotation marks but underline the title of the periodical. Citations or in-text citations under the APA system make you write inside the parentheses only the family name of the author; followed by the year of publication, and if some words were copied verbatim; next is the number of the page where the copied words of the author are found. Another APA style of citation is writing the family name of the author separately from the copyright date. In this case, only the date is enclosed in parentheses. (Russel 2013; Burns 2012)
146 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Examples of APA Referencing Style 1. Citation or In-text Citation (Lizardo, 2016) (Millares, 2017) (Decena, Obeza, Jurado, 2016, pp. 120–130) (Fortun et al., 2016) According to Gregorio (2017) Olivares (2016) maintains that... A study on the Yolanda Tent House is a “doable research work “ (Aquino, 2016, p.78) 2. Bibliography/References One author Fajardo, J. A. 2016. The Ebola Virus. Quezon City: GB Press. Perez, B. M. 2017. The Philippine Constitution: The highest law of the land. Manila: Adarna Publishing House. Two Authors Oropesa, N. C. and David, J. L. 2017. Palawan penal colony. Baguio City: KLM Company. Reynoso, M. R. and Saballa, J. M. 2017. Academic freedom. Manila: National Bookstore. Three Authors (List the names in the order they appear on the title page.) Revilla, C. A., Bautista, C. C., and Vinuya, G. F. 2017. Boy scout jamborees. Pasay City: ABC Press. Manaloto, J. D., Gracia, B. C., and Ferrer, S. V. 2017. The victims of super-typhoon Yolanda. Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House. Three or More Authors (Use the name of the first author listed on the title page.) Sonora, E. N. et al. 2016. Regional trial courts. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore. Sevilla, V. et al. 2016. Labour strikes. Pasig City: Hope Press. Anonymous Author (If the authorship of a work is known but not revealed on the title page, the name is given in brackets.) [Valerio, E.]. The millennium condominium craze. 2016. Nowhere: Nonesuc Press. [Valderon, L.]. Non-verbal language. 2016. Nowhere: Nonesuch Publication.
UNIT VIII – REPORTING AND SHARING THE FINDINGS • 147 (If the identity of the author is guessed, a question mark follows the name before the closing bracket.) [Valerio, E.?] The millennium condominium craze. Nowhere: Nonesuch Press. Editor, Translator, Compiler Pareja, G. F. 2016. ed. Pacquio’s lucky charm. Manila: PH Press. Orosa, L. F. 2016. comp. Merging of banks. Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House. Floro, J. S. 2016. Students’ activities. trans. (Makati City: Rex Press. Editor, Translator, Compiler with an Author Lauriano, G. F. 2016. Language textbook writing. Edited by Gina Alamares and Ching Cortez. Manila: PH Press. Bravo, Luisa F. 2016. Faculty Evaluation System. Compiled by Baby Lapid. Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House. Clemente, J. S. 2016. Pope Francis’ papal visits. Translated by Carina Davalos. Makati City: Rex Press. Organization, Association, or Corporation as Author International Monetary Fund, 2008. Survey of Asian Economies. Vol. 6, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines New York International Monetary Fund. No Ascertainable Publication Facts Ramona, L. The rise and fall of the Marcos regime. (n.p., n.d.) Soriano, D. Western law schools. (n.p., n.d.) Popular Magazines Salvador, M. March 2016. “The Chinese Dishes,” Panorama, pp. 23–26. Olarte, A. May 8, 2016. “Catholicism in Asia.” World Mission, p. 8. Newspapers Abad, C. S. “Gated subdivisions in Caloocan City,” 2016. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 7 May. Manila Bulletin. 2017. Editorial, 2 December. Malaya. 2016. Editorial, 18 July. Interviews Ballesteros, F. April 2016. “K-12 curriculum: Interview with Felicitas
148 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Ballesteros.” April 2016. Interview by Anabelle De La Cruz. The Manila Bulletin. Templo, E. May 2017. “High-school dropouts: Interview with Dr. Juan. Barrameda.” Interview by Lucy Amarillo. The Daily Tribune. Theses, Dissertations, and Other Unpublished Works Villarica, R. D. 2016. “Contemporary Language Theories.” Ph. D. diss., U.P. Diliman. Corpuz, D. G. 2017. “The UST faculty evaluation system: Critical Analysis.” M.A., UST. Slides and Film’s Videocassettes Gaudencio, K. C. 2016. “Family Planning.” Quezon City: Palmall Press. Slides. Arenas, E. A. 2017. “Philippine Rental Laws.” Manila: SSG Press. Filmstrip. Online Materials 1. Signed article in a magazine Duterte, R. July 2016. “ Social-media networks.” Personality growth. http:// www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm/. 2. Unsigned article in a magazine “Unstructured interview. August 2016.” Business Trends Magazine. http:// www.BusTRendscom/Bus Trends/Trends/ctshoot.htmlz. 3. Article in Journal “Linguistic competence. 18 May 2016.” English Forum. http://www.jhu. edu/English Studies Journal/vol.83/83.1 strethson.html. 4. Article in Newspaper Lepanto, J. “globalization vs. climate change.” 21 December 2016. New Daily Life Star. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 world/28 MIDE. html. 5. An Editorial “Political Dynasty in the Philippines. 7 July 2016.” Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://www.a-pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.html.
UNIT VIII – REPORTING AND SHARING THE FINDINGS • 149 6. Online books Litchten, F. D. 2016. American pragmatics. http: AMPRA 2 etext2014/14w0310txtz. De Gracias, J. G. 15-20, May 2017. “Collaborative language activities” dialog ERIC AED23376. CD-RM/Diskette Dizon, P. B. April 2016. “Herbal treatment.” Manila Post News Bank. TI Manila Post News Bank.CD-ROM. News Bank. “Domestic helper.” 2016. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford UP. Explaining Learned Concepts Activity 1 Directions: INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY. Circle the letter of the correct answer 1. Mentioning in your paper the sources of your data is applying the a. language rules c. school rules b. copyright law d. corporate law 2. Proper referencing of the contents of your paper reflects your a. honesty and gratefulness c. transparency and practicality b. sincerity and sensitivity d. legality and formality 3. MLA is to humanities; APA is to a. American psychologist c. modern linguists b. scientists and chemists d arts and languages 4. Full biographical details are given in the a. footnotes c. APA b. citation d. MLA 5. MLA uses this in-text citation a. (Castro, 2016, p.58) c. (Castro 387) b. Castro (2016) d. (Castro, 2016)
150 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 6. What comes after the publication place is a. comma c. colon b. period d. semi-colon 7. Capitalizes only the initial word and proper nouns in the title of a paper under the referencing style a. MLA c. APA b. Harvardian d. Vancouver 8. All authors appearing in the body of the paper must be listed in the a. endnotes c. References b. Bibliography d. footnotes 9. Additional information about some items in a certain page of the paper placed at the end of the page are called a. footnotes c. endnotes b. discursive notes d. addendum notes 10. Anonymous or unknown authors’ names are put in a. quotation marks c. parentheses b. braces d. brackets Activity 2 Directions: Answer each question intelligently and concisely. 1. Describe a successful reporting or sharing of your findings. 2. How can your readers get an understanding of all important aspects of your research paper in a short period of time? 3. How does citation happen in APA and MLA referencing styles?
UNIT VIII – REPORTING AND SHARING THE FINDINGS • 151 4. Explain the types of MLA documentary notes. 5. Describe the link between the APA citation and the reference list. 6. Are bibliography and references the same? Why or why not? 7. Is a bibliography or reference list absolutely required in each referencing system? Justify your answer. 8. What is common knowledge in relation to referencing your research? 9. What comes to your mind about research papers and academic books with no bibliography or reference list? 10. How do you prove your appreciation for the authors’ expertise and honesty in relation to your research study? Elaborating Learned Concepts Activity 1 Directions: The following are pieces of information about each reading material. Examine each set of data. If each group is correctly written, put a check mark before it; otherwise, rewrite the whole thing correctly on the lines provided below. 1. Regalado, Willy P. Electrical Gadgets, 4th edition: 2017. Manila Publishing House.
152 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 2. Miranda, Elena F. “Philippine Board Licensure Exams” Baguio Chronicle, Baguio City: Pines City Press, Vol. XXII, pp. 30–37, 7 November 2016. 3. Legarda, O. P. 2016. The essence of being an environmentalist. Manila: Rex Publishing Company. 4. Rimando, H. M. Communicative Competence vs. Linguistic Competence. Pasig City: SM Publications, 2017. 5. Alacala, N. A., Banez, V. L., Paras, J. P., Lizardo, B. O., and Lim, D. C. People’s retirement period. Quezon City: UST Publishing House. 2017. Correct Referencing Style Activity 2 Directions: Choose two among the following sets of information on reading materials. Using the APA and MLA referencing styles, write what you’ve chosen as entries in a bibliography and reference list. 1. Title: The Varsitarian Article: Being a Political Science Student Author: Daffodil B. Garra Publisher: UST Publishing House Volume: 38 Pub. date: May 2, 2017 Pub. place: Manila
UNIT VIII – REPORTING AND SHARING THE FINDINGS • 153 2. Title: Proposal Reports Author: Engr. Jose M. Cruz Pub. place: Quezon City Pub. date: 2017 Publisher: Rex Bookstore, Inc. 3. Publisher: ABC Press Pub. date: June 20, 2017 Author: Betty K. Nubla Pub. place: Baguio City Title of the article: Writing Methods and Styles Pages: 3–8 Magazine: Panorama 4. Title of the Article: K-12 Curriculum Date: August 27, 2016 URL: http://jerz.setonhill.edu/resources/FAq/TW.htm Magazine: Education Journal Author: Filipinas B. Cruz Retrieval date: April 8, 2017 5. Date: 2018 Publisher: U.P. Press Author: Dr. Hilario V. David Pub. place: Quezon City Title: Long-distance Education Assessing Learned Concepts Directions: Underline the right expression to indicate the extent of your understanding of the concepts learned from this lesson. 1. I know (very well, very little, nothing) about the proper way of referencing my research. 2. I know (very well, so little, nothing) about the use of APA and MLA in referencing my research.
154 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 3. I know (very much, very little, nothing) about APA and MLA in-text citation. 4. My knowledge about an effective sharing of my research discoveries is (excellent, so little, so poor). 5. Now, I know how to apply the APA and the MLA referencing style in my written work in (excellent, average, poor) manner. Transforming Learned Competencies Think of one topic you love to read about. Look for varied reading materials about this topic: books, journals, studies, Internet, etc. Get assistance from the different academic or library databases, search engines, and other online resources. Read these materials well. Express your understanding of each article in a summary or paraphrase. Present your overall understanding of the topic in a structure or format befitting an academic paper called research paper that has title, abstract, introduction, methodology, discussions of findings, conclusions, recommendations, references, and so on. Keep in mind the explanations and pointers given by this lesson about the proper creation of each of these major parts of your research paper. Come out credibly with your report by practicing proper referencing through the APA or MLA style.
155 References Babbie, E. 2014. The Basics of Social Research. 6th ed. USA: Wadsworth-Cengage Learning. Badke, W. B. 2012. Teaching Research Process: The Faculty Role in the Development of Skilled Student Researchers. New Delhi: CP Chados Publishing. Barbour, R. 2014. Introducing Qualitative Research: A Student Guide. Los Angeles: Sage. Bazeley, P. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis. Los Angeles: Sage. Bernard, R. 2013. Social Research Method: Qualitative and Quantitative Approach. Los Angeles: Sage. Birks, M., and J. Mills. 2014. Qualitative Methodology: A Practical Guide. Los Angeles: Sage. Bloomberg, L., and M. Volpe. 2012. Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation: A Road Map from Beginning to End. Los Angeles: Sage. Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2013. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners. Los Angeles: Sage Burns, A., and R. Bush. 2012. Basic Research Method. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson. Clow, K., and K. James. 2014. Essentials of Marketing Research: Putting Research into Practice. Los Angeles: Sage. Coghan, D., and T. Branneick. 2014. Doing Action Research in Your Own Organization. 4th ed. Los Angeles: Sage. Corti, L. et al. 2014. Managing and Sharing Research Data: A Guide To Good Practice. Los Angeles: Sage. Creswell, J. 2014. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. 4th ed. Los Angeles: Sage. Decilo, P. 2014. Achieving Impact in Research. Los Angeles: Sage. De Mey, L., Dr. and Dr. D. Smith. 2013. Advanced Research Methods. London: Sage. Denzin, N., and Y. Lincoln, eds. 2013. Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials. Los Angeles: Sage. Dixon, J., and R. A. Singleton. 2013. Reading Social Research Studies in Inequalities and Deviance. Los Angeles: Sage. Edmonds, A., and T. Kennedy. 2013. An Applied Reference Guide to Research Designs: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method. Los Angeles: Sage. Emmel, N. 2013. Sampling and Choosing Cases in Qualitative Research. Los Angeles: Sage. Feinberg, F., T. Kinnear, and J. Taylor. 2013. Modern Marketing Research: Concepts, Methods, and Cases. Australia: Cengage Learning.
156 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Fraenkel, J., N. Wallen, and H. Hyun. 2012. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. USA: McGraw Hill. Gibson, B., and J. Hartman. 2014. Rediscovering Grounded Theory. Los Angeles: Sage. Goodwin, J., and K. Goodwin. 2014. Research Methods: Designing and Conducting Research With A Real-World Focus. Los Angeles: Sage. Gorard, S. 2013. Research Design: Creating Robust Appreciation for the Social Research. Los Angeles: Sage. Grbich, C. 2013. Qualitative Data Analysis. Los Angeles: Sage. Hammersley, M., and A. Traianou. 2012. Ethics in Qualitative Research: Controversies and Context. Los Angeles: Sage. Harding, J. 2013. Qualitative Data Analysis from Start to Finish. Los Angeles: Sage. Hollway, W., and T. Jefferson. 2013. Doing Qualitative Research Differently: A Psychological Approach. Los Angeles: Sage. Jesson, J., L. Matheson, and F. Lacy. 2011. Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques. Los Angeles: Sage. Kubicek, J. n.d. “Inquiry-Based Learning.” Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology. www.ericdigect.org. Lapan, S., M. Quartaroli, and F. Riemer. 2012. An Introduction to Research Methods and Designs. USA: Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint. Lappuci, R., and A. K. Haghi. 2013. Education for A Digital World. Toronto: Apple Academy Press. Letherby, G., J. Scott, and M. Williams. 2013. Objectivity and Subjectivity in Social Research. Los Angeles: Sage. Litchman, M. 2013. Qualitative Research in Education: A University’s Guide. 3rd ed. London: Sage. Maxwell, J. A. 2012. A Realistic Approach for Qualitative Research. Los Angeles: Sage. McBride, D. M. 2013. Process of Research in Psychology. Los Angeles: Sage. McLeod, L. C. 2012. What School Needs to Know About Digital Technologies and Social Media. USA: Jossey-Bass. Meng, K. J. 2012. Marketing Research for Beginners: A Practical Guide (Handbook). Singapore: Cengage Learning. Morgan, D. L. 2014. Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: A Pragmatic Approach. Los Angeles: Sage. Packers, M. 2011. The Science of Qualitative Research. New York: Cambridge University. Paris, J., and M. Winn. 2014. Humanizing Research: Decolonizing Qualitative Inquiry With Youth and Communities. Los Angeles: Sage.
REFERENCES • 157 Peggs, K., B. Snort, and J. Burridge. 2013. Observation Method. Los Angeles: Sage. Picardie, C., and K. D. Masick. 2014. Research Methods (Designing and Conduction Research With A Real-World Focus). Los Angeles: Sage. Punch, K. F. 2014. Introduction to Social Research Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 3rd ed. London: Sage. Ransome, P. 2013. Ethics and Values in Social Research. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Remlen, D., and G. Van Ruzzin. 2011. Research Method in Practice: Strategies for Description and Causation. Los Angeles: Sage. Ridley, D. 2012. The Literature Review: A Guide for Students. Los Angeles: Sage. Ritchie, J. et al. 2014. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Los Angeles: Sage. Robylyer, M. D., and A. Doering. 2013. Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching. New York: Pearson. Rubing, H. J., and I. Rubin. 2012. Qualitative Interview (The Art of Hearing Data). Los Angeles: Sage. Russell, B. 2013. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage. Sarantakos, S. 2013. Social Research. 4th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Schreiber, J. K., and K. Ashner-Self. 2011. Educational Research. USA: John Wiley and Sons. Sharp, J. 2012. Success With Your Educational Research Project. Los Angeles: Sage. Silverman, D. 2013. Doing Qualitative Research. 4th ed. London: Sage. Smaldino, S., D. Lawther, and D. James. 2012. Introducing Technology and Media for Learning. 10th ed. New York: Pearson. Small, R. V. et al. 2012. Teaching for Inquiry: Engaging Learners Within. New York: Neal-Shuman Publishers Inc. Suter, N. W. 2012. Introduction to Educational Research: A Critical Approach. Los Angeles: Sage. Thomas, G. 2013. How to Do Your Research Project. London: Sage. Tracy, S. J. 2013. Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting, Evaluating, Crafting Analysis, and Communicating Research Impact. UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Walliman, N. 2014. Your Undergraduate Dissertation. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Sage. Woodwell, R. 2014. Research Foundation. Los Angeles: Sage. Yin, R. K. 2012. Application of Case Studies Research. Los Angeles: Sage.
158 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 ONLINE SOURCES http://www.thirteen.org/edonline.conceptcomponents2htclass/inquiry http://www.neiu.edu/~middlemodules/...Amazon http://wilderdom.com/research?QualitativeVErsusQuantitativeResearch.html http://www.ericdigect.org http://www.ehow.com/how-8245008-write-title-research
159 Index A abbreviations, 140–141 abstract, 137 acknowledgment, 75 action research, 12 active verbs, 69 accuracy, 11 American Psychological Association (APA), 77, 145–149 analysis, 3 appendix, 138 application of research method, 11 applied research, 11 availability sampling, 96 B background of the problem, 47 bibliography, 75, 140 block quotation, 76 Bruner, Jerome, 4 C case study, 22, 85 choosing a research topic, 38–39 availability of information, 38 interest in the subject matter, 38 limitations on the subject, 38 personal resources, 39 timeliness and relevance of the topic, 38 citations or references, 74, 75, 140 integral citation, 75 non-integral citation, 75–76 patterns, 76–77 purposes, 75 styles, 75–76 clarity, 11 cluster sampling, 95 coding, 121 collating, 121 conceptual review, 58 conclusion, 129 drawing conclusion, 129 content analysis, 23 contextualization, 22 continuous monitoring, 105 cooperative learning, 10 correlational research, 12 critical review, 58 D data, 12, 13 measurement of data, 12 non-numerical data, 12, 13 primary data, 12 secondary data, 12 data analysis, 121 results, 21 data gathering, 22 collection methods for qualitative research, 22–23
160 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 techniques, 13, 104, 111 data matrix, 121 definition map, 35–36 descriptive research, 12 design, 85 Dewey, John, 4 direct expressions of man, 57 direct observation, 105 direct quotation, 76 discourse analysis, 23 discursive notes, 139 discussion and conclusion, 138 dissimilarity matrix, 121 dump or stringing method, 68 E end notes, 139–140 ethnography, 23, 85 experience sampling, 106 expert review, 58 explanatory research, 12 exploratory research, 12 extract, 76 evidence-based conclusions, 119 F findings, 137 focus group interview, 112 footnotes or notes, 139 G generalization, 22 Grey Literature, 78 grounded theory, 23, 87 group interview, 112 H hard sciences, 29 versus soft sciences, 30–31 higher-order thinking skills (HOTS), 3 higher education institution, 10 historical analysis, 23 historical research, 30 historical study, 86 humanities, 30 I in-text citation, 75, 140 indirect expression of man, 57 indirect observation, 105 individual interview, 112 inductive method of thinking, 22 inquiry, 3 inquiry-based learning, 4 benefits, 4 inquisitive thinking, 4 internal analysis, 22 Internet, 67 interview schedule, 111 interviews, 111 approaches, 112 steps in conducting an interview, 113–114 types, 111–112 introduction, 137
INDEX • 161 L learning, 3 library, 67 limitations, 38 literature, 57 and art criticism, 30 sources, 67 Literary Digest, 94 M mediated interview, 112 method, 137 MLA documentary notes, 140 Modern Language Association (MLA), 77, 138–145 multi-method research, 21 N naturalistic approach, 13, 29–30 non-probability sampling, 95 O objectiveness, 11 observation, 104 methods, 105–106 types, 104–105 online resources, 71 opening sentences, 68–69 P paraphrase, 76 phenomenology, 23 philosophical research, 31 plagiarism, 78 population, 94 positive approach, 13, 29 postal questionnaire, 115 primary data, 12 primary sources, 67 probability sampling, 94 problem, 10 problem-solving, 3 profile matrix, 121 punctuation marks, 140 pure research, 11 purposive or judgmental sampling, 96 Q qualitative data, 30 qualitative data analysis, 121–122 qualitative research, 12, 21, 101 advantages, 24 definition, 20–21 designs, 85 disadvantages, 24 subjectivity, 21 types, 22–23 qualitative researcher, 22 quantitative data, 29 quantitative research, 12, 21 questionnaire, 114 advantages, 115 disadvantages, 115 purposes, 114 types, 115 quota sampling, 96
162 • PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 R recommendations, 138 references, 75, 138 APA style, 145–149 methods of referencing, 77 MLA style, 140–145 relevance, 11, 38 research, 1, 10, 129 action research, 12 analogous to inquiry, 10 application of research method, 11 applied research, 11 approaches to research, 13 characteristics, 11 correlational research, 12 explanatory research, 12 exploratory research, 12 multi-method research, 21 purposes, 11 qualitative research, 12 quantitative research, 12 types, 11 research design, 85 research problem, 47 research process, 10, 21 research questions, 47–49 formulating research questions, 49 research report, 135 format, 137 research study, 87 research topic guidelines, 38–39 sources, 39–40 topics to be avoided, 39 reporting and sharing the findings, 136–137 review of related literature, 47, 57 poor literature review writing, 68 process, 66–68 reading the source material, 68 search for the literature, 67 writing the review, 68 purposes, 57–58 structure, 60 styles or approaches, 58 systematic review of literature, 59–60 traditional review of literature, 58, 59–60 writing an excellent review, 68–69 S sampling, 94 sampling error, 94 scientific approach, 13, 29 scientific method of thinking, 22 scoping review, 58 secondary data, 12 secondary sources, 67 self-administered questionnaire, 115 semi-structured interview, 112 short direct quotation, 76 similarity matrix, 121 simple random sampling, 95 SMART, 49 snowball sampling, 96
INDEX • 163 social communication network, 44 social issues, 4 soft sciences, 30 versus hard sciences, 30–31 sources, 39–40 pointers in choosing sources, 67–68 primary sources, 67 secondary sources, 67 websites, 67 specificity, 22 spot sampling, 106 state-of-the-art review, 58 stratified sampling, 95 structured interview, 111 subject area research approaches, 29 subject matter, 38 substantive notes, 139 summary, 76 synchronous mediated interview, 112–113 systematic sampling, 95 T theory of connected experiences for exploratory and reflective thinking, 4 thinking strategies, 3 top-level, 3 title, 137 time allocation (TA), 106 timeliness, 11, 38 topic, 38 topics to avoided, 39 traditional review of literature, 58 transitional devices, 69 triangulation approach, 13 U unstructured interview, 111–112 V visuals, 22 voluntary sampling, 96 Vygotsky, Lev, 4 W websites, 67 words, 22 Z zigzag sampling, 87 Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), 4