The large UPS battery handbook - Eaton

Reference handbook

The large UPS
battery handbook

Table of Contents Table of contents

UPS battery overview..........................................................................................................................3
VRLA.................................................................................................................................................3
Wet-cell/flooded-cell..........................................................................................................................4
Battery arrangement and power.......................................................................................................4

Battery facts..........................................................................................................................................5
Four factors that affect battery life....................................................................................................5
Battery disposal................................................................................................................................6
Battery maintenance for extended life..............................................................................................6
Battery safety....................................................................................................................................7

Battery FAQ...........................................................................................................................................8
Eaton battery products and services................................................................................................10

Eaton battery services overview....................................................................................................10
Battery preventive maintenance.....................................................................................................10
Eaton batteries................................................................................................................................10
Why Eaton batteries?...................................................................................................................... 11
Eaton Cellwatch.............................................................................................................................. 11
Thermal runaway............................................................................................................................. 11
Extending battery service life.........................................................................................................12
Customer Support Center...............................................................................................................12
Battery glossary..................................................................................................................................13

The large UPS battery handbook

Understanding your UPS battery can extend its life, Improvements in battery technology have been evolutionary
prevent costly downtime, and save time and money. rather than revolutionary. Capabilities such as advanced
charging regimens, software management for accurate
It’s well understood that the battery in a UPS is the most remaining life information and firmware adding intelligence
vulnerable part of the system. In fact, battery failure is a to batteries have reduced, but not eliminated, the risks
leading cause of load loss. Knowing how to maintain and inherent in depending on any battery. As a result, it’s
manage your UPS batteries will extend their life and save prudent, if not essential, to take a close look at what may
you time and potential trouble in the future. be increasing your risk of unexpected load loss from a failing
UPS battery. After all, even large installations with many
batteries are vulnerable to the failure of a single battery.

2 EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries

UPS battery overview

There are primarily two kinds of batteries used in UPSs — VRL A Overview
valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA), also known as sealed or
maintenance-free, and wet-cell (also called flooded-cell). VRLA VRLA batteries are sealed, usually within polypropylene plastic.
batteries usually have lower up-front costs but have a shorter They were developed because they have the advantage of
lifetime than wet-cell, usually around five years. Wet-cell batteries containing no sloshing liquid that might leak or drip out when
require more advanced maintenance but have a longer lifetime, inverted or handled roughly. The term valve-regulated refers to
up to 20 years. the method of gas release. If the gas pressure becomes too
great inside the battery, the valve will vent when it reaches a
VRLA batteries are frequently certain pressure.
used in UPS or other high-rate
applications. During the charging of a lead-acid battery, hydrogen is normally
liberated. In a vented battery, the hydrogen escapes into the
atmosphere. In a VRLA battery, the hydrogen recombines
with oxygen, so water loss is minimized. Under normal float
conditions, virtually all the hydrogen and oxygen is recombined.
Re-sealable valves vent non-recombined gases only when
pressure exceeds a safety threshold.

A VRLA battery is distinguished from a flooded-cell battery by
the rate at which oxygen is evolved from the positive plate and
diffused to the negative plate, ultimately forming water. This rate
is several orders of magnitude faster than a flooded-cell battery.
Because water can’t be added, its recombination is critical to the
life and health of a VRLA battery. Any factor that increases the
evaporation rate or water loss—such as ambient temperature and
heat from the charging current—reduces the battery life.

Valve Positive flag Extruded intercell
terminal welded connection,
low resistance
current path

Cover/lid

Strap joining
negative
plates in
parallel

Negative
pasted plate
lead alloy
grid

Polypropylene Separator
container/jar

Internal and external components of a valve-regulated lead-acid
(VRLA) battery.

EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries 3

Overview Wet-cell/flooded-cell Like all batteries, UPS batteries are electrochemical devices. A
UPS uses a lead-acid storage battery in which the electrodes are
Wet-cell/flooded-cell batteries have thick lead-based plates that grids of lead containing lead oxides that change in composition
are flooded with an acid electrolyte. This is a highly reliable during charging and discharging, and the electrolyte is dilute
design — failures normally don’t occur until halfway through their sulfuric acid. In other words, they contain components that
20-year pro-rated life, at which time the failure mode is most react with each other to create DC electrical current. These
often a short circuit. This situation is not an extreme emergency components are:
because any one shorted cell only affects overall reserve time
by a very small percentage. However, while they’re very reliable • E lectrolyte – The medium that provides the ion transport
with a long life, there are downsides to wet-cell batteries. They mechanism between the positive and negative electrodes
require more safety measures and a space-consuming separate of a cell, immobilized in VRLA batteries, and in liquid form in
battery room to use. flooded-cell batteries

Regardless of the differences in UPS battery types, both require • G rid – A perforated or corrugated lead or lead alloy plate used
monitoring and maintenance to ensure maximum life and system as a conductor and support for the active material
availability.
• A node – The terminal where the current flows in
Wet-cell batteries
require more advanced • C athode – The terminal where the current flows out
maintenance but have a
longer battery service life. • V alve (used in VRLA batteries) – Used to vent the build-up of
gas that goes beyond pre-determined levels

• S eparator – A device used for the physical separation and
electrical isolation of electrodes of opposing polarities

• J ar – The container holding the battery components

Wet-cell batteries in a large battery room application.

Battery arrangement and power Connecting in series [double voltage, same capacity (ah)]

In most UPSs, you don’t use just one cell at a time. They’re +12V +- +-
normally grouped together serially to form higher voltages, or
in parallel to form higher currents. In a serial arrangement, the 6V 6V
voltages add up. In a parallel arrangement, the currents add up.
Connecting in parallel [same voltage, double capacity (ah)]
However, batteries are not quite as linear as the two graphics
to the right depict. For example, all batteries have a maximum +6V + 6V + 6V
current they can produce; a 500 milliamp-hour battery can’t - -
produce 30,000 milliamps for one second, because there’s no
way for its chemical reactions to happen that quickly. It is also
important to realize that at higher current levels, batteries can
produce a lot of heat, which wastes some of their power.

Series connection Parallel connection

Connecting of the positive terminal Connecting all the positive or
of a cell/battery to the negative negative poles of several batteries
terminal of the next cell/battery increases the capacity of a battery
increases the voltage of the battery network while maintaining a
network while keeping the capacity constant voltage.
constant.

4 EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries

Battery facts

Four factors that affect battery life 2. Battery chemistry

Batteries have limited life, usually showing a slow degradation of UPS batteries are electrochemical devices whose ability to store
capacity until they reach 80 percent of their initial rating, followed and deliver power slowly decreases over time. Even if you follow
by a comparatively rapid failure. Regardless of how or where all the guidelines for proper storage, usage and maintenance,
a UPS is deployed, and what size it is, there are four primary batteries still require replacement after a certain period of time.
factors that affect battery life: ambient temperature, battery
chemistry, cycling and service. 3. Cycling

1. Ambient temperature During a utility power failure, a UPS operates on battery power.
Once utility power is restored, or a switch to generator power is
The rated capacity of a battery is based on an ambient complete, the battery is recharged for future use. This is called
temperature of 25°C (77°F). It’s important to realize that any a discharge cycle. At installation, the battery is at 100 percent of
variation from this operating temperature can alter the battery’s rated capacity. Each discharge and subsequent recharge reduces
performance and shorten its expected life. To help determine its relative capacity by a small percentage. The length of the
battery life in relation to temperature, remember that for every discharge cycle determines the reduction in battery capacity.
8.3°C (15°F) average annual temperature above 25°C (77°F), the
life of the battery is reduced by 50 percent. Lead-acid chemistry, like others used in rechargeable batteries,
can only undergo a maximum number of discharge/recharge
1.2 cycles before the chemistry is depleted. Once the chemistry is
depleted, the cells fail and the battery must be replaced.
1.0 Battery Facts
4. Maintenance
Relative Life 0.8
Battery service and maintenance are critical to UPS reliability. A
0.6 gradual decrease in battery life can be monitored and evaluated
through voltage checks, load testing or monitoring. Periodic
0.4 preventive maintenance extends battery string life by preventing
loose connections, removing corrosion and identifying bad
0.2 batteries before they can affect the rest of the string.

0.0 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 ºF Even though sealed batteries are sometimes referred to as
77 26.7 32.2 37.8 43.3 48.9 54.5 60 ºC maintenance-free, they still require scheduled maintenance and
25 Average Annual Temperature service. Maintenance-free simply refers to the fact that they don’t
require fluid.
Optimum operating temperature for a VRLA battery is 25°C (77°F).
High ambient temperature allows unnecessary large quantities of Without regular maintenance, your UPS battery may experience
charge current to flow which results in a shorter service life. heat-generating resistance at the terminals, improper loading,
reduced protection and premature failure. With proper
maintenance, the end of battery life can be accurately estimated
and replacements scheduled without unexpected downtime or
loss of backup power.

What can go wrong with batteries?

Condition Cause Battery life: design life vs. actual life
Determining battery life can be a tricky business. It’s often
Plate separation Repeated cycling (charging and discharging), promoted based on design life, defined as how long the
Grid corrosion damage during handling and shipping, and battery can be expected to perform under ideal conditions.
Internal short circuit overcharging Estimating actual battery life relies on taking into
Normal aging, operating in an acidic environment consideration the four factors that can affect it.
and high temperatures
Heat (plates expand causing shorts), separator
failure, handling and shipping, and grid corrosion

External short circuit Human error (shorting terminals) and leaks

Sulfation of plates Sitting discharged for an extended period, not on
charge or being undercharged

Excessive gassing Often due to high temperatures or overcharging

Drying out Excessive gassing, high temperatures or
overcharging

EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries 5

Battery disposal Recycling

Batteries that are replaced can still contain a significant amount One of the most successful recycling efforts in the world is for
of hazardous waste, including the electrolyte and lead. Therefore, lead-acid batteries. According to Battery Council International,
you must comply with EPA guidelines for the disposal of all UPS more than 96 percent of lead-acid batteries were recycled
batteries. There are essentially two main categories of disposal, between 1997 and 2001. Many states require lead-acid batteries
one for spent batteries and another for spills. The primary ways to be recycled, and several options exist to dispose of used
handle these two categories are: batteries, including:

Spent batteries • If you’re engaged with Eaton on a battery upgrade or
replacement, we’ll take your old batteries and recycle them
Send to secondary lead smelter for recycling. for you.

Spilled batteries • If you participate in Eaton’s UPSgrade program, we take the old
UPS and recycle it. Visit Eaton.com/upsgrade for details.
Place neutralized leaked material into sealed containers and
dispose of as hazardous waste, as applicable. Large water-diluted • Check your local phone book for a local recycler, or search for a
spills, after neutralization and testing, should be managed in recycler at www.earth911.com.
accordance with approved local, state and federal requirements.
Consult your state environmental agency and/or the EPA. • S ome automotive stores accept batteries for recycling.

Battery Facts • M any municipalities have dump or recycling locations that will
accept batteries for recycling. When disposing of batteries in
this manner, be sure to get a dated receipt clearly detailing
what batteries were dropped off, including quantities with the
recycler’s full name, address and phone noted in the unlikely
event you get audited.

Battery maintenance for extended life Spot replacement of batteries

Quantifying the combined effect of the four factors that affect Batteries in series are similar to a string of holiday lights. When
battery life discussed in the previous page is difficult. You need a one unit fails, the entire string no longer works. When a battery
way to determine when a battery is near the end of its useful life or group of batteries connected in a series ceases to work,
so you can replace it while it still works, before the critical load is not only is the battery string no longer functional, but it can be
left unprotected. The only sure way to determine battery capacity difficult to determine which battery has failed.
is to perform a battery run-down test. The module is taken off
line, connected to a load bank and operated at rated power until The most effective way to combat this potential problem is to
the specified runtime elapses or the unit shuts down due to low “spot” replace bad batteries that are less than three years old.
battery voltage. If battery capacity is less than 80 percent of its While the four factors affecting battery life play a large role in
rated capacity, the battery should be replaced. determining when a battery is vulnerable to failure, there’s no
precise way to ensure that battery failure can be predicted.
Thermal scanning of battery connections during the battery The only way to identify bad batteries early enough for spot
run-down test identifies loose connections. This test gives you replacement is through continuous battery monitoring and
the chance to see the battery during an extended, high-current scheduled maintenance. Spot replace bad batteries that are less
discharge. Scanning should take place during discharge and than three years old and replace the whole string between the
recharge cycles. fourth and fifth year.

An effective UPS battery maintenance program must include Lead-acid batteries: good for the environment?
regular inspections, adjustments and testing, with thorough
records kept of all readings. Trained technicians should: Which commonly used product has the highest rate of
recyclability? Paper? Only 73 percent of paper is recycled for
• Inspect batteries and racks for signs of corrosion or leakage reuse. Aluminum at 54 percent and glass at 25 percent also fall
short of the leader. More than 96 percent of all battery lead is
• M easure and record the float voltage and current of the recycled. Lead-acid batteries top the list of most highly recycled
entire bank consumer product.

• Record the voltage and electrolyte density of selected The processes for lead-acid battery recycling support agriculture
battery cells needs and enhance energy conservation. Beyond the successful
reuse of nearly 100 percent of the battery components, lead
• Check the electrolyte level in each cell recycling facilities harness radiant heat from their furnaces to
offset traditional heating costs. Residual sulfur trapped during
• Log the ambient temperature recycling is processed into fertilizer. Even the plastic casings are
crushed into pellets and are used to manufacture new battery
covers and cases.
Recycling lead is also more energy efficient than smelting or
mining new lead. The recycled lead can be refined into new alloy
repeatedly, giving it unmatched sustainability and cost stability—a
trait unlike most raw materials.

6 EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries

Battery safety Spills or leaks

The materials in batteries make them volatile and therefore Stop the flow of materials and contain/absorb small spills with
potentially hazardous. Performing regular periodic maintenance dry sand, earth or vermiculite. Don’t use combustible materials.
on your UPS batteries can go a long way in preventing unsafe If possible, carefully neutralize spilled electrolyte with soda
situations before they occur. ash, sodium bicarbonate or lime. Wear acid-resistant clothing,
boots and gloves, and a face shield. Do not allow discharge of
Sulfuric acid is very combustible and contact with organic un-neutralized acid to get to the sewer.
materials may cause fire and explosion. It also reacts violently
with strong reducing agents, metals, sulfur trioxide gas, strong
oxidizers and water. Contact with metals may produce toxic
sulfur dioxide fumes and may release flammable hydrogen gas.

For lead compounds, avoid contact with strong acids, bases,
halides, halogenates, potassium nitrate, permanganate,
peroxides, nascent hydrogen and reducing agents.

You should always refer to the material safety data sheet for
specific precautionary measures. Primary steps for safe handling
and use are noted below.

Battery spill trays are designed to contain and absorb Battery Facts
leaking batteries.

Appropriate personal protective equipment is essential when Handling and storage
working on batteries or any UPS equipment.
Store batteries in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas with impervious
surfaces and adequate containment in the event of spills.
Batteries should also be stored under a roof for protection against
adverse weather conditions. Separate them from incompatible
materials. Store and handle only in areas with adequate water
supply and spill control. Avoid damage to containers. Keep away
from fire, sparks and heat.

State and local governments may have regulations concerning
how and where your UPS batteries are installed, usually
depending on the amount of electrolyte the batteries contain.
Flooded-cell batteries require special ventilation because of the
amount of hydrogen they emit and their liquid electrolyte. They
are usually stored away from the load and other equipment.
VRLA batteries are much less hazardous due to their immobilized
electrolyte, so they’re often not subject to the more stringent
regulations covering flooded-cell batteries and are often located in
the data center or near the protected load.

EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries 7

Battery FAQ

1. W hat is the “end of useful life”? 7. Our facility was damaged by a flood and our batteries were
partially submerged in water. What should we do?
The IEEE defines “end of useful life” for a UPS battery as being
the point when it can no longer supply 80 percent of its rated The first concern in this situation is safety. Containing any
capacity in ampere-hours. When your battery reaches 80 percent contamination is critical to preventing hazards to workers and the
of its rated capacity, the aging process accelerates and the environment.
battery should be replaced.
8. My UPS has been in storage for over a year. Are the
2. How can I ensure that my UPS batteries are maintained batteries still good?
and serviced properly?
As batteries sit unused, with no charging regimen, their battery
With proper maintenance, battery life can be predicted and life will decrease. Due to the self-discharge characteristics of
replacements scheduled without interrupting your operations. lead-acid batteries, it’s imperative that they’re charged periodically
These are IEEE and OEM recommendations for general during storage or permanent loss of capacity will occur. To
maintenance: prolong shelf life without charging, store batteries at 10°C (50°F)
or less.
• Comprehensive maintenance programs with regular inspections
9. What is thermal runaway?
• Re-torque all connections, as required
Thermal runaway occurs when the heat generated in a lead-
• Load testing acid cell exceeds its ability to dissipate it, which can lead to an
explosion, especially in sealed cells. The heat generated in the
• C leaning the battery area, as required cell may occur without any warning signs and may be caused
by overcharging, excessive charging, internal physical damage,
3. Do I have to replace my UPS batteries with the same internal short circuit or a hot environment.
brand of batteries?
Battery FAQ Thermal runaway
Eaton recommends that if you use brand X and need to replace incident.
one or two batteries in the string, you should use the same brand
because it will have the same characteristics. If you need to Thermal runaway effects
replace the whole string, then you can change brands with fewer on adjacent battery
risks. cabinet.

4. Are maintenance-free batteries maintenance free? 10. Is it safe to transport sealed batteries?

Though sealed batteries are sometimes referred to as VRLA batteries marked as “non-spillable” are safe and
maintenance-free, they still require scheduled maintenance approved for all transportation methods.
and service. The term maintenance-free refers to the fact that
they don’t require fluid. Preventive maintenance is the key to 11. What is the difference between hot-swappable and
maximizing your UPS battery service life. user-replaceable batteries?

5. What about battery disposal? Hot-swappable batteries can be changed out while the UPS is
running. User-replaceable batteries are usually found in smaller
It’s imperative that your service technicians adhere to EPA UPSs and require no special tools or training to replace. Batteries
guidelines for the disposal of all UPS batteries. Remember, can be both hot-swappable and user-replaceable. Please check
it’s the owner’s responsibility to make sure these guidelines your user’s guide for details on your UPS batteries.
are followed.

6. Is there any difference between the batteries used by
smaller UPSs, from 250 VA to 3 kVA, and the ones used by
larger UPSs?

While basic battery technology, and the risks to battery life,
remain the same regardless of UPS size, there are some inherent
differences between small and large applications. Smaller UPSs
typically have only one VRLA battery that supports the load and
needs maintenance. As systems get larger, increasing battery
capacity to support the load gets more complicated. Larger
systems may require multiple strings of batteries, introducing
complexity to battery maintenance and support. Individual
batteries must be monitored to prevent a single bad battery from
taking down an entire string and putting the load at risk. Also,
as systems get larger, wet-cell batteries become much more
common. The differences in battery maintenance between VRLA
and wet-cell batteries discussed earlier apply.

8 EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries

12. How is battery runtime affected if I reduce the load on All it takes is one bad battery to ruin an entire string and bring Battery FAQ
the UPS? your systems down during a power outage or other interruption.
There is no precise way to predict battery failure. Continuous
The battery runtime will increase if the load is reduced. As a battery monitoring and scheduled maintenance are the most
general rule, if you reduce the load by half, you triple the runtime. effective way to identify bad batteries early enough for spot
replacement.
13. If I add more batteries to a UPS can I add more load?
21. Why do batteries fail?
Adding more batteries to a UPS can increase the battery runtime
to support the load, but it doesn’t increase the UPS capacity. Batteries can fail for a multitude of reasons, but common
Be sure your UPS is adequately sized for your load, then add reasons are:
batteries to fit your runtime needs.
• High or uneven temperatures
14. What is the average lifespan of UPS batteries?
• Inaccurate float charge voltage
The standard lifespan for VRLA batteries is three to five years; for
wet-cell batteries it’s up to 20 years. However, expected life can • Loose inter-cell links or connections
vary greatly due to environmental conditions, number
and depth of discharge cycles, and adequate maintenance. • Loss of electrolyte due to drying out or damaged case
Having a regular schedule of battery maintenance and monitoring
will ensure you know when your batteries are reaching their • Lack of maintenance, aging
end-of-life.
22. What is the importance of power density when talking
15. Why are batteries disconnected on small, single-phase about batteries?
UPSs when they’re shipped?
Batteries differ markedly in the number of watts per cell. A higher
This is so that they’re in compliance with Department of density battery provides more runtime for the footprint. You may
Transportation regulations. even find you can reach your runtime requirements with fewer
battery cabinets, which reduces upfront and lifetime costs of
16. If I have the serial number from the Eaton UPS or battery battery preventive maintenance.
cabinet, can I find out how old the batteries are?
23. How is battery performance generally measured?
Every Eaton battery has a manufacturer date code that indicates
when it was made. The battery or battery cabinet will also feature Batteries are generally rated for 100+ discharges and recharges,
a sticker for each time the batteries have been recharged while but many show a marked decline in charging capacity after as
in storage. Stored batteries require charging periodically during few as 10 discharges. The lower the charge the battery can
storage to avoid loss of capacity. Recharging stored batteries accept, the less runtime it can deliver. Look for batteries with
doesn’t affect battery warranty. a high-rate design that sustains stable performance for a long
service term.
17. Will Eaton replace batteries for other manufacturers’
UPSs? 24. When are 10-year design life SVRLA batteries typically
replaced in standard UPS applications?
Yes. Eaton batteries works on nearly all other manufacturers’
UPSs. In addition, we have extensive knowledge of Best Power, UPS battery life depends on a number of factors, including
Deltec, IPM and Exide Electronics models because these product operating temperature, number and duration of discharges,
lines were purchased by Eaton. and if regular preventive maintenance is performed. While it’s
theoretically possible for SVRLA batteries to last 10 years under
18. What are the risks associated with a lack of battery optimum conditions, the industry typically recommends full
maintenance? replacement between years four and five for reliability purposes
in UPS applications.
The primary risks of improperly maintained batteries are: load
loss, fire, property damage and personal injury. 25. How can I determine the age of a VRLA battery?

19. Who are the major battery manufacturers? Batteries shipped prior to December 31, 1999 have a three-digit
shipping code with the first digit as the year and the following
There are many battery manufacturers, but the major ones are: two as the month in which the battery was shipped from the
C&D, Enersys, CSB, Yuasa, Panasonic and GS – to name a few. factory. For example, a code of 910 would be interpreted as
1999, October. Batteries shipped on or after January 1, 2000
20. If I have one bad battery, should I only replace that faulty have a four-digit shipping code with the first two digits as the
battery, or replace the entire battery string? year and the following two as the month in which the battery
was shipped from the factory. For example, a code of 0010 would
Having one faulty battery doesn’t mean you have to replace the be interpreted as 2000, October.
entire battery string, which can be very costly. You can replace
the bad battery with a fully charged unit but you also need to
test the health of the entire string to the cell level to identify if
additional strain from the faulty battery damaged other units.

EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries 9

Eaton battery products and services

Eaton battery services overview Eaton batteries

Eaton provides a comprehensive set of services for batteries. As a part of our commitment to delivering the highest reliability in
power availability, Eaton offers a line of premium batteries for our
• B attery preventive maintenance/onsite inspection – technicians three-phase UPS models. Eaton batteries combine field-proven
test, inspect, clean and analyze battery performance and performance and quality at competitive pricing and are backed by
provide a detailed report that includes any recommendations for our network of trained battery customer service engineers.
corrective action
Prior to using a battery in an Eaton product, a thorough
• E aton battery – includes options to replace individual batteries review of the performance, manufacturing and design data is
or the entire string conducted. The presence of specific attributes of the design
and manufacturing process, important for UPS battery use, is
• E aton CellWatch – battery monitoring confirmed.

• 1 0 percent partial replacement coverage – coverage for parts Following the review and assuming the outcome is successful,
and labor for a bad battery up to 10 percent of the total count a statistically significant sample of the batteries is obtained from
of batteries installed the manufacturer. This sample is required to have been built from
the manufacturer’s existing process for that battery. A series of
• C ustomer Support Center – complete 24x7 command center tests and physical examinations are conducted on this sample;
for all Eaton services including a set of discharges using various loads to characterize
the performance of the battery, charge tests and tests for float
Battery preventive maintenance current stability at normal to high-float voltages. Failures or
inconsistencies in performance are investigated further and
Preventive maintenance ensures uptime and extends battery life reviewed by the manufacturer. In some cases, a tear-down
by eliminating problems before they happen. Whether a battery analysis is performed to identify the cause of the problem. If the
fails from defect or deterioration, the best time to find out is battery is found acceptable and all open issues are resolved, a
during preventive maintenance service, not when the battery is limited series of discharges, with recharge, are performed.
called on to support the critical load. Eaton will custom design a
preventive maintenance package that’s best for you, including the This intense and thorough quality testing ensures that Eaton
following features: batteries are ready for peak performance at their stated capacity
as soon as they’re deployed.
• Comprehensive maintenance schedule for your VRLA or wet-
Products & Services cell batteries per IEEE guidelines

• Measure cell voltage levels

• V isual inspection for leaks or bad cells

• Spot check for connection torques

• Load testing

• Inspection of battery environment

• D etailed hard copy of battery test and inspection results

• Written inspection report and recommendation

This also includes spot replacement of batteries. When we
identify one or two bad batteries, we replace them immediately
onsite if the Eaton technician has replacements available at the
time of the preventive maintenance regimen, or schedule prompt
replacement if batteries need to be ordered.

Eaton’s line of premium batteries for Eaton three-phase UPS models
is backed by a service network of trained and qualified battery
service technicians.

Eaton battery models available Warranty Labor adder
2-year parts/1-year labor 2-year parts/2-year labor
Model 2-year parts/1-year labor 2-year parts/2-year labor
Eaton 12V 34W battery 3-year parts/1-year labor 3-year parts/3-year labor
Eaton 12V 120W battery 3-year parts/1-year labor 3-year parts/3-year labor
Eaton 12V 200W battery 3-year parts/1-year labor 3-year parts/3-year labor
Eaton 12V 280W battery 3-year parts/1-year labor 3-year parts/3-year labor
Eaton 12V 330W battery 3-year parts/1-year labor 3-year parts/3-year labor
Eaton 12V 390W battery
Eaton 12V 500W battery

10 EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries

Why Eaton batteries? Expert technical support. Eaton batteries are backed by
our service network of trained and qualified battery service
Proven performance. Eaton batteries have been thoroughly engineers who are available to install and maintain your batteries.
tested by our engineering team and shown to adhere to our Beyond the warranty period, you can choose battery monitoring
stringent performance and quality specifications. services and maintenance plans that take the guesswork and
administrative tasks out of battery management.
High power density. An optimized design delivers more watts
per cell, more power for the volume than other batteries on the Easy installation. No special harnesses are needed when these
market. As a result, Eaton batteries provide more runtime for the batteries are installed with new UPSs. Harnesses are readily
footprint, more runtime per dollar. available for legacy UPSs.

High-rate design. Charge after charge, the batteries approved for For more information on Eaton batteries, please visit
the Eaton brand sustained high runtime levels, while performance Eaton.com/UPSbatteries
of non-qualified batteries dropped off markedly after only 10
discharges.

Extended warranty coverage. Eaton offers a full three years
(excluding 34W and 120W battery models which are two years)
of parts coverage with full (not pro-rated) replacement of any
failed battery. In the unlikely event a replacement battery fails
within the first year, Eaton will send a technician on-site to install
the replacement battery at no charge. With regional stocking
locations, we can get replacement batteries to you quickly.

Eaton Cellwatch Thermal runaway

Eaton Cellwatch is an advanced battery monitoring system for Thermal runaway is the most dangerous and potentially
three-phase UPSs. All information collected by Eaton Cellwatch catastrophic situation involving lead-acid batteries. It occurs
is gathered at a central monitoring unit, where it’s analyzed on when the heat generated in a lead-acid cell exceeds its ability to
Windows®-compatible software. The system uses fiber-optic dissipate it, which can lead to an explosion, especially in sealed
technology, which is non-conducting and introduces no electrical cells. The heat generated in the cell may occur without any
noise, so all readings are precise and accurate. warning signs and may be caused by overcharging, excessive
charging, internal physical damage, internal short circuit or a hot
Eaton Cellwatch provides continuous monitoring of your batteries environment.
to allow you to proactively identify and address battery issues.
This includes: By monitoring every jar or cell in the battery system for signs of
failure, Eaton Cellwatch is uniquely suited to find the causes and
• Monitoring of voltage, internal resistance and temperature symptoms of thermal runaway before damage occurs.

• Immediate warning and specific battery identification of Products & Services
deterioration and imminent failure

• Reduction of the possibility of damage to entire battery string

• R eplacement based on actual battery condition, preventing
costly premature replacement

• Minimum of 120 days of activity history, enabling you to trend
individual battery and string performance

• C ontinuous monitoring of string and battery discharge currents
ranging from 25A to 1000A

• Programmable alarm functions

• Remote monitoring capabilities (optional)

• M ay be used to detect thermal runaway in advance

Eaton Cellwatch battery monitoring system monitors key
performance indicators for each individual battery to provide
adequate time to detect and replace a bad battery, mitigating the risk
of downtime.

EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries 11

Extending battery service life Battery BackupTime 15:00 UPS with ABM
12:00 UPS withTrickle Charge
Eaton’s ABM® technology uses a unique three-stage charging (in minutes and seconds)
technique that significantly extends battery service life 9:00
and optimizes recharge time compared to traditional trickle
charging. An integrated battery management system tests and 6:00 I I I I I I I I I I I I I
monitors battery health and remaining lifetime and provides 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
advance notification to guide preventive maintenance. Optional Battery Age
temperature-compensated charging monitors temperature
changes and adjusts the charge rate accordingly to properly (in months)
charge the battery and greatly extend battery life. A variable
battery bus accommodates 384V to 480V configurations, so Although batteries are sold with a variety of published
the battery capacity can be matched to your exact runtime life spans, the fact is, some demonstrate a useful life
requirements—either a specific runtime, an extension to existing of as little as three to five years. Eaton’s exclusive ABM
battery runtime or legacy battery installations. With remote technology significantly increases the life of UPS batteries.
monitoring of the UPS and battery system, Eaton is able to
respond to alarms and real-time battery data to avert potential
battery problems.

The Eaton Customer Monitoring Center stands ready to assist 24x7. Customer Support Center

Products & Services Eaton’s global 24x7 service operations command center is a
hardened, secure facility for all UPS product service scheduling,
technical support and remote monitoring support. Customer
support staff are trained to qualify and prioritize all incoming
calls using defined processes, complemented by a knowledge
database, with tech support and domain experts at their
disposal 24x7.

The benefits of the Customer Support Center include:

• Increased reliability via remote diagnostic and remote repair
tools delivered by Eaton product experts

• Expedited service response to critical UPS and battery alarms
(reduces risk and cost of downtime)

• 24x7 notification of critical alarms or trends

• E ases customer hassle of managing battery health

• Saves time for busy facility or IT managers

• Enhanced internal self-monitoring resources and capabilities

• Monthly reports designed for both technical and non-
technical use

• D evelopment of trending database on both UPS and battery

12 EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries

Battery glossary

Absorbed electrolyte – Anode – The electrode in an Battery rack – A structure Cycle – A discharge and
Electrolyte that’s been electrochemical cell where used to support a group of subsequent charge of a cell.
immobilized in an absorbent oxidation takes place. During cells. The most common
separator. discharge, the negative rack material is steel with a Density – The weight of a
electrode of the cell is the corrosion-resistant coating. given volume of electrolyte at
Absorbed electrolyte cell – A anode. During charge, this a specified temperature.
cell, usually a valve-regulated reverses and the positive Boost charge – An overcharge
sealed lead-acid type, which electrode of the cell is the of any length. Depth of discharge – The
utilizes absorbed electrolyte. anode. ampere-hours removed
Cathode – The electrode from a fully charged battery,
Absorged glass mat (AGM) As found (condition) – A term in an electrochemical cell expressed as a percentage
battery – Designed with used to inform the person where reduction takes place. of its rated capacity at the
electrolytes held in thin glass performing a capacity test that During discharge, the positive applicable discharge rate.
fibers woven into a mat to the battery should be tested electrode of the cell is the
increase surface area enough without performing certain cathode. During charge, this Discharge – The conversion of
to hold sufficient electrolyte on checks, so the test results will reverses and the negative chemical energy into electrical
the cells for their lifetime. AGM reflect the effect (good or bad) electrode of the cell is the energy within a cell.
batteries are also known as of the maintenance practice cathode.
“starved electrolyte” or “dry” followed for the installation. Discharge rate – The rate in
because the fiberglass mat has Carbonization – A condition amperes at which current is
no excess fluid. Average temperature – The where the electrolyte becomes delivered by the battery.
average of the individual cell contaminated with potassium
Accessories – The components temperatures of all the cells in carbonate to a point where it Dry-charged cell – A cell
required to complete the a battery. influences cell performance. that’s been assembled with
battery installation, including its plates dry, and in a charged
connectors, flame-arrestor Average voltage – The Capacity – The ampere-hour state, ready to be activated by
vents, cell numbers and average of the individual capacity assigned to a cell by the addition of electrolyte...
hardware. cell voltages of all the cells the manufacturer for a given allowing easier shipping and
in a battery. This term may discharge time, at a specified storage.
Activation charge – The be applied to a variety of electrolyte temperature and
process of making a dry- conditions, including average specific gravity to a given end- Efficiency – The
charged cell functional by float voltage and average of-discharge voltage. electrochemical efficiency,
introducing electrolyte and discharge voltage. expressed as a percent, of
charging. Cell – The basic electrochemical the ratio of the ampere-hour
Battery – Two or more cells unit, characterized by an anode output of the battery, to the
Active material – The material connected together electrically. and cathode, used to receive, ampere-hour input required
in the electrodes (plates) of Cells may be connected in store and deliver electrical to restore the initial state of
the cell that reacts chemically series or parallel, or both, to energy. charge.
to produce electric energy provide the required operating
when the cell discharges, voltage and current levels. Cell temperature – The Electrode – The site at which
which is restored to its original temperature at which a cell the electrochemical reaction
composition during the charge Battery charger – An is operating. In the U.S., the takes place.
process. apparatus that restores the reference for cell temperature
charge of a secondary battery. is 25°C (77°F). Electrolyte – A conducting
Actual capacity – The total Also known as a rectifier. medium in which the flow of
number of ampere-hours that Charge – The conversion of electric current takes place.
could be withdrawn from a Battery duty cycle – The load electrical energy into chemical
cell based on a specific set of a battery is expected to supply energy within a secondary cell. Element – The positive and
operating conditions (including for a specified time period. negative plate groups with
initial state-of-charge, Closed-circuit voltage – The separators assembled for one
discharge rate, initial cell Battery monitor – A piece of voltage of a cell when it’s cell.
temperature and end voltage) equipment used to monitor discharging.
and the age of the cell. various parameters of a End cell – A cell that can be
battery, such as individual cell Constant current charge – added to or removed from a
Ambient temperature – The voltage, battery voltage and A charge in which the battery circuit to adjust battery
average temperature of the temperature. current output of the charge voltage.
surrounding air that comes into is maintained at a constant
contact with the battery. Battery nominal voltage – value. Sometimes this may be End voltage – The cell voltage
The nominal voltage of one cell accomplished using two-rate at which the discharge is
multiplied by the number of charging. terminated.
cells in the battery.
Constant potential charge – Energy density – The ratio of
A charge in which the potential the available energy from a cell
voltage at the output terminals to its volume or weight.
of the battery charger is
maintained at a constant value. Glossary

EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries 13

Flame-arrestor vent – A cell- General purpose cell – A Inter-cell connector safety Long duration cell – A cell
venting device that prevents cell designed to supply a duty cover – An insulated cover designed to supply a duty
the propagation of an external cycle requiring a high current placed over the inter-cell cycle requiring a low current
flame into the cell. for a short period of time connector and post, used to for a long period of time.
followed by a low current for prevent accidental contact by
Flame-retardant material – A a long period of time. This personnel or accidental short Low level line – A line
material capable of limiting the term is used in the U.S. for circuiting of the cell. on the side of a jar that
propagation of a fire beyond cells designed for switchgear represents the minimum level
the area of influence of the tripping, generating stations Inter-rack connector – An of electrolyte that should be
energy source that initiated it. and control applications. electrical conductor used to present in a cell.
connect cells on two separate
Float current – The current Grid – A framework for a racks, most often insulated Modified-plante plate – A
drawn by a cell that’s being plate in a cell that supports or copper wire. lead-alloy grid containing holes
float charged. retains the active material and into which pure lead corrugate
conducts the electric current. Internal impedance – The strips are placed.
Float voltage – The voltage resistance of a cell to an
applied during full-float High level line – A line on the alternating current of a specific Multi-cell container – A multi-
operation. side of a jar that shows the frequency. compartment container in
maximum level of electrolyte which each compartment may
Flooded-cell – A cell design that should be present in a Internal resistance – The contain an individual cell.
that’s characterized by an cell. resistance of a cell to an
excess of free electrolyte, electric current within a cell. Multi-cell unit – A multi-cell
and in which the products of High performance cell – A container in which cells are
electrolytes, such as gasses, cell designed to supply a duty Internal voltage drop – The installed.
and evaporation, can freely exit cycle requiring a high current product of the current passing
the cell through a vent. (Also for a short period of time. through the cell. Negative plate – The
see wet cell.) electrode to which current
Hit – Indicates that a standby Jar – The container that flows from the external circuit
Freshening charge – A charge battery has been discharged. holds a cell or group of cells. when the cell is discharging.
given to a battery following Common jar materials include
non-use or storage. Hit counter – A device used thermoplastics, but hard Negative terminal – The
to record the number of rubber is sometimes used as terminal toward which positive
Full-float operation – discharges experienced by a well and nickel-cadmium cells charge flows in the external
Operation of a DC system with battery. may be in steel containers. circuit, such as from the
the battery, battery charger and Jars for flooded lead-acid cells positive terminal, when the
load connected in parallel, with Hydration (lead-acid cell) – are normally transparent to cell discharges.
the battery charger supplying A condition caused by allow inspection of the plate
the normal DC load plus any discharging a cell, and failing to and sediment. NiCad battery – A sealed
self-discharge or charging recharge it in a timely manner. storage battery having a nickel
current, or both, required by Jar-to-cover seal – The seal anode, a cadmium cathode,
the battery. Immobilized electrolyte – at the interface of the jar and and an alkaline electrolyte.
Electrolyte that’s retained by a cover.
Fully-charged – The condition gel or absorbent mat. Nominal gravity – The specific
that exists following a long- Lead-acid cell – A secondary gravity of the electrolyte
term constant current charge. Initial charge – The charge cell in which the electrolyte selected for the determination
given to a new battery before is a solution of sulfuric acid in of the rated capacity of the cell
Gassing – Evolution of gas by placing it in service. water. Lead-acid cells include when it’s fully charged.
one or more of the plates in a pure lead cells and lead alloy
cell, resulting from electrolysis Initial voltage – The closed- cells such as lead-antimony, Open-circuit voltage – The
of water into hydrogen and circuit voltage at the beginning lead-calcium and lead- voltage of a cell with no
oxygen within a cell during of a discharge. selenium. current flow in either direction
charging, overcharging or local after the cell has had time to
action. Integrity test – A test used Level line – A line or set of stabilize.
to detect conduction path lines on the sides of the jar
Gelled electrolyte – problems. used to indicate the cell’s Overcharge – The forcing of
Electrolyte that’s been minimum or maximum of current through a battery after
immobilized by the addition of Inter-cell connection electrolyte level. it’s been fully recharged.
a gelling agent. resistance – The total
electrical resistance of the Local action – The internal Oxygen index – The minimum
Gelled electrolyte cell – A connection between the losses of a battery standing on concentration of oxygen,
cell, usually lead-acid or VRLA, terminals of two cells that are open-circuit or on float charge, expressed as volume percent,
that uses gelled electrolyte. electrically connected to each without considering any losses in a mixture of oxygen
other. incidental to any discharge. and nitrogen that will just
support flaming combustion
Inter-cell connector – An of a material initially at room
electrical conductor used to temperature.
connect adjacent cells on the
same rack.

Glossary

14 EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries

Oxygen recombination – Positive terminal – The Separator – An ionic Taper charge – A charge in
A process whereby oxygen terminal from which the permeable, non-conductive which both current and voltage
generated at the positive positive electric charge flows spacer used to prevent decrease over the recharge
electrode recombines with through the external circuit to metallic contact between period.
hydrogen at the negative the negative terminal when the plates of opposite polarity
electrode to convert to water. cell discharges. within a cell. Terminal – The part of a cell
to which the external circuit is
Oxygen recombination Power density – The ratio of Series – The interconnection connected.
efficiency – A ratio of the the available power from a cell of cells in such a manner
quantity of oxygen recombined to its volume or weight. that the positive terminal Thermal runaway – A
to the total amount of oxygen of the first is connected to condition in which a cell
generated. Rated capacity – The ampere- the negative terminal of the on charge or discharge will
hour capacity assigned to a cell second and so on. destroy itself through internal
Parallel – The interconnection by its manufacturer for a given heat generation caused by high
of cells in which all the like discharge time, at a specified Service life – The period of overcharge or over-discharge
terminals are connected. electrolyte temperature to a time during which a fully current or other abusive
given end-of-discharge voltage. charged battery is capable of conditions.
Parallel strings – The delivering at least a specified
interconnection of two or Recombination vent – A vent percentage of its rated Tier rack – A rack in which
more strings in which the like in which most of the gasses capacity. For most lead-acid cells are placed directly above
terminals of each string are escaping from the cell are battery designs this is 80%. each other at different levels.
connected. catalytically recombined and
returned to the cell as water. Shipping vent – The vent Trickle charge – A charge
Pasted plate – A grid filled placed in the cell for the given to a battery with no
with active material applied as Reference electrode – A purpose of shipping it. external load connected to it
a paste. special electrode that has to maintain it in a fully charged
a reproducible potential Specific gravity – The ratio of condition.
Performance test – A against which other electrode the weight of a given volume
constant-current capacity test potentials can be referred. of electrolyte to the weight of Valve – A normally sealed
made on a battery after being an equal volume of water at a mechanism that allows for the
placed in service to detect Retainer – Any material that specified temperature. controlled escape of gasses
any change in the capacity is used to prevent the loss from within a cell.
determined by the acceptance of active material from the Standby battery – A battery
test. positive plate. designed to function only Valve-regulated sealed
when the normal source of lead-acid cell – A cell that’s
Pilot cell – A selected cell Reversal – A changing of the power fails. sealed and fitted with a valve
whose condition is assumed normal polarity of a cell. opens to vent it whenever
to indicate the condition of the State-of-charge – The actual the internal pressure exceeds
entire battery. Rundown test – A partial capacity of a cell, expressed as the external pressure by a set
discharge test to a voltage a percent of its rated capacity, amount.
Plante plate – A pure lead other than the system that would be available if a
plate for a lead-acid cell in designed and voltage. discharge were to occur. Vent – A device that allows
which the active material is the escape of gasses from
formed directly from a lead Sealed, lead-acid (SLA) Stationary battery – A within a cell.
substrate. battery – non-spillable, secondary battery designed
maintenenace-free valve for service in a permanent Voltage efficiency – A ratio
Plate – An assembly of active regulated batteries designed location. of the average voltage during
materials on a supporting with vents that cannot usually discharge to the average
framework grid, frame or be removed. Step rack – A rack in voltage during recharge, under
support strip. (Also called an which cells are placed at specified conditions.
electrode.) Secondary cell – An different levels in a stepped
electrochemical cell that’s arrangement. Voltage spread – A term used
Pocket plate – A plate in capable of being discharged to describe the difference
which the active material and then recharged. Strap – The component in a between the highest and
is held in perforated metal cell where all the plates of like lowest individual cell voltage
pockets on a support strip. Secondary battery – Two polarity are joined. readings in a battery.
Usually used for nickel- or more secondary cells
cadmium cells. connected electrically. String – A common way to Wet-cell – A cell design
refer to a number of cells that’s characterized by an
Point (of specific gravity) – Sediment – The active connected in series to form a excess of free electrolyte,
One-thousandth of specific material that separates from battery. and in which the products of
gravity (SG). the battery plates and falls to electrolytes, such as gasses,
the bottom of the jar. Sulphation (lead-acid cell) – and evaporation can freely exit
Polarization – The change in A state where the battery the cell through a vent. (Also
voltage at the terminals of a Self-discharge rate – The has developed an abnormal see flooded-cell.)
cell when a specified current is amount of capacity reduction amount of sulphate and its
flowing into it. occurring per unit of time in capacity is impaired which is
a battery as a result of self- different from normal sulphate
Positive plate – The electrode discharge. that occurs during discharge.
from which the current flows
to the external circuit when Glossary
the battery is discharging.

EATON CORPORATION The Large UPS Battery Handbook Eaton.com/UPSbatteries 15

For more information,

visit Eaton.com/UPSbatteries
or call 1.800.356.5794

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BAT11LTA
October 2012