This book is a compilation of the numerous research undertaken by researchers from the Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia since 2017. FEM is committed to achieving excellence to become a pre-eminent reference centre in the field of human ecology with an international reputation and contribute to the development of the nation through high-quality teaching, impactful research, and meaningful professional and community services. We strive to produce graduates who are competent, ethical, resourceful, resilient, and responsible to God, themselves, and others for the quality of life and the environment. Therefore, this publication is a platform to further our research expertise and capabilities. In addition, through this publication, individuals interested in pursuing a master or PhD degree would have opportunity to evaluate the potential area of study that suits their interests.
