SMK CONVENT SITIAWAN SCIENCE FORM 3 FOLIO Student's name : 1) Harathna Kumaran 2) Tishaleneeshree Kanthan I C Number : 1) 081215-14-0252 2) 080209-08-0738 Form : 3 Lily Theme : Earth and Space Exploration Learning Area : 9.0 Space Weather Content Standard : 9.1 The Sun and 9.2 Space Weather Learning Standard : 9.1.1 Explain the structure of the Sun and the phenomena that occur on the Sun’s surface : 9.1.2 Justify the importance of the Earth’s magnetosphere : 9.2.1 Communicate about space weather and its effects on Earth
CONTENT Bil Content Page 1 Frontpage , my profile 1 2 Content 2 3 Introduction 3 4 Acknowledgment 4 5 9.1 Activities of the Sun that Affect Earth 5-14 7 9.2 Space weather 15-16 8 Conclusion 17 9 Reference 18
There are several purposes for this folio to be done. Firstly, (9.1.1) explains the Sun's structure and phenomena that occur on the Sun’s surface. Secondly, (9.1.2) to justify the importance of the Earth’s magnetosphere. Lastly, (9.2.1) to communicate about space weather and its effects on Earth. INTRODUCTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We want to express our science gratitude to all those who have contributed to the success of our science project. First and foremost, we would like to thank our science teacher, Puan Rahayu binti Amat Tosirim, for providing us with the guidance and support we needed to complete this folio.
9 . 1 A CT IVI T I E S O F T H E S U N T H A T A F F ECT E A R T H The Sun appears as a ball of glowing gases.The Sun consists almost entirely of two types of gases, hydrogen and helium. Three layers that form the sun’s atmosphere Corona Chromosphere Photosphere CHAPTER 9: SPACE WEATHER
Granules Sunspots Solar cycles Prominences Solar flares Coronal mass ejections Solar winds Phenomena that occur on the surface of the Sun : A career as a solar scientist is relatively new in the field of solar energy. Besides inventing solar energy equipment, a solar scientist also studies and forecasts space weather which greatly affects daily life on Earth. Science Carers :
The photosphere in the Sun’s atmosphere is made of granules which appear as grainy structures. Granules are the upper part of the extremely hot convection zone of plasma (high as 5 800°C.). The average diameter of a granule is about 1,000 kilometers. Sunspots are dark regions seen on the surface of the Sun as shown in Figure 3. Sunspots appear dark because temperatures are lower than surrounding areas which are made of granules. Sunspots are locations of very large eruptions in the photosphere. This phenomenon may last more than a week. Sunspots are phenomena that always exist in pairs or groups The activity of sunspots seems to appear and disappear according to a cycle that lasts 11 years known as solar cycle. Figure 1 shows the position of sunspots in the photosphere since 1875 Granules , Sunspots and Solar Cycle Figure 1 Position of sunspots on the surface of the Sun
PROMINENCE A prominence in Figure 2 is a huge loop or arched column of glowinggases over the sunspot. Prominences can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers and may last for several days or months. Prominences that are very strong can throw out matter from the Sun into space at speeds ranging from 600 km s-1 to more than 1,000 km s-1 Figure 2 Prominence
SOLAR FLARES A solar flare in Figure 3 is a large amount of charged gases erupting from the Sun and often occurs near sunspots. Strong and spectacular explosions of gases. Solar flares attain their maximum brightness level within a few secondsor minutes and dim after a few minutes or hours. Spout charged gas particles at high speeds into outer space. Light from solar flares which is the speed of light takes eight minutes toreach Earth while the charged gas particles take tens of minutes. Charged gas particles often collide with atoms and molecules in Earth’s atmosphere to produce a stunning light display in the sky known as aurora which uniquely occurs only in air space around Earth’s poles Figure 3 Solar Flares
CORONAL MASS EJECTION A Coronal mass ejection in Figure 4 is a huge cloud of plasma that erupts from the Sun and often occurs with strong solar flares. Ejection of magnetic gas particles. Spouts magnetic particles at high speeds into outer space and appears like expanding clouds. These magnetic particles from the ejection take three days to reach Earth. Like charged gas particles in solar flares, magnetic gas particlesalso react with atoms and molecules in Earth’s atmosphere to produceaurora. Figure 4 Coronal Mass Ejection
SOLAR WIND Particles in plasma like electrons, protons, and alpha particles that erupt from the Sun to outer space travel together at high speeds known as solar wind as shown in Figure 5. Carries interplanetary magnetic field along with it. Speed is supersonic with values ranging from 250 km s-1 to 750 km s1 However, the speed, temperature, and density of the solar wind change along the course of its movement Figure 5 Solar wind (in yellow)
Shape of Earth’s Magnetosphere Figure 6 Shape of Earth’s magnetosphere Even though both of these patterns of magnetic field lines are not fixed, the pattern of Earth’smagnetic field lines changes slightly while the pattern of the magnetic field lines in themagnetosphere changes a lot based on the interaction between solar wind and Earth’s magneticfield
Definition of Earth’s Magnetosphere Earth’s magnetosphere is defined as a region in outer space surroundingEarth where the magnetic field in Earth’s magnetosphere is a combination of Earth’s magnetic field (as the prime magnetic field) and the magnetic field in the region in outer space as shown in Figure 6(b) Formation of Earth’s Magnetosphere The magnetosphere is formed by the interaction between the magnetic field brought by the solar wind and Earth’s magnetic field. As the number and energy of particles brought by the solar wind change, the shape of the magnetosphere also changes Figure 6 (b) Earth’s magnetosphere
Importance of Earth’s Magnetosphere The importance of the magnetosphere is to protect Earth from the adverse effects caused by dangerous particles from the Sun or other bodies in the Universe Figure 7 Protection from Earth’s magnetosphere The magnetosphere: functions as a biological shield to protect life on Earth from adverse effects of solar wind blocks charged particles such as electrons, protons, and alpha particles in the solar wind from reaching Earth excessive numbers of charged particles in Earth’s atmosphere will disrupt telecommunication, navigation systems, and electric power lines reduces the pressure exerted by solar wind on Earth’s atmosphere
9 . 2 S P A CE WE A T H E R Space Weather and its Effect on Earth Space weather is defined as the phenomena that occur: the surface of the Sun - solar flares, prominences, sunspots, and coronal mass ejections space - solar wind, solar radiation storm, and geomagnetic storm Figure 8 Space Weather
Interpretation of Data on Space Weather Data on space weather is used or analysed to: forecast when coronal mass ejections occur in the Sun determine the reasons for the occurrence of solar flares and coronal mass ejections on the surface of the Sun
CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study of space weather in Science Form 3 Chapter 9 has provided us with a profound understanding of the dynamic interactionsthat occur in our solar system. Through this exploration, we have gone intothe sun’s crucial role as the primary source of energy for our planet and itsinfluences on space weather phenomena.
REFERENCE https://www.studocu.com/my/document/sekolah-menengah-kebangsaanmaxwell-kuala-lumpur/science/science-form-3-folio-ch9/37706507 https://www.scribd.com/doc/3353330/Folio-Sains-Ting-3-Chap-9-10- questions https://fliphtml5.com/terxp/nrbq/Science_KSSM_Form_3/
SMK CONVENT SITIAWAN SCIENCE FORM 3 FOLIO Student's name : 1) Harathna Kumaran 2) Tishaleneeshree Kanthan I C Number : 1) 081215-14-0252 2) 080209-08-0738 Form : 3 Lily Theme : Earth and Space Exploration Learning Area : 10.0 Space Exploration Content Standard : 10.1 Development on Astronomy and 10.2 Development of technology and its application in space exploration Learning Standard : 10.1.1 Explain the historical development of the Solar System : 10.2.1 Communicate about the importance of the development of the technology and its application in space exploration : 10.2.2 Justify the need to continue space exploration
Bil Content Page 1 Frontpage , my profile 1 2 Content 2 3 Introduction 3 4 10.1 Development in Astronomy 4-6 5 10.2 Development of Technology and its application Space Exploration 7-19 7 Conclusion 20 8 Reference 21 CONTENT
INTRODUCTION There are several purposes for this folio to be done. Firstly, (10.1.1) Explain the historical development of the Solar System. Secondly, (10.2.1) Communicate about the importance of the development of the technology and its application in space exploration Lastly, (10.2.2) Justify the need to continue space exploration
10.1 Development in Astronomy Historical Development of the Solar System Model Ptolemy (90 - 168 A.D.) Greek astronomer, astrologer, geographer • Built the geocentric model with Earth at the centre and circular orbits 'Geo' means Earth 'Centric' means centre Earth is at centre of the Solar System • Earth is stationary and all objects like the Sun and other planets revolve around Earth in circular orbits Geocentric model 1
2 Copernicus (1473 - 1543) German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer Modified heliocentric model with Sun at one common focal point on elliptical orbits of planets according to Kepler's Law Heliocentric model Helio' means the Sun 'Centric' means centre The Sun is at centre of the Solar System Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun in a circular orbit
3 Kepler (1571 - 1630) German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer Modified heliocentric model with Sun at one common focal point on elliptical orbits of planets according to Kepler's LawGeocentric Modified Heliocentric model to Kepler’s Law
10.2 Development of Technology and its Application in Space Exploration Development in Space Exploration 11th century: Chinese invented gunpowder and used primitive rockets in battles 1609 : The first telescope used in the field of astronomy by Galileo Galilei
1957 : First satellite - USSR Sputnik 1 1961 : The first human to orbit Earth - Yuri Gagarin , aboard USSR Vostok 1
1961 : The first human to set foot on the Moon - Neil Armstrong , US Apollo 11 1973 : First Jupiter flyby - US Pioneer 10
1981 : First flight of US space shuttle - Columbia 1989 : First Neptune flyby - US Voyager 2
1990 : The US launched the Hubble Space Telescope from the space shuttle Discovery 1996 : Malaysian satellites MEASAT 1 and 2 launched
2000 : Malaysia’s first microsatellite TiungSAT-1 launched 2002 : National Space Agency ( Agensi Angkasa Negara) established
2011 : Nat Construction of International Space Station (ISS) completed
Applications of Technology in Space Exploration and their Importances Space Telescope The astronomical sextant is used to measure the altitude of stars. Galileo’s Telescope became the most widely used astronomical instrument. Hubble space telescope was placed in an orbit 500km from the surface of Earth. The Spitzer space telescope detects very distant activities in space. Apart from optical telescopes, radio telescopes are also used to detect radio waves from space.
Rocket The space shuttle is the world's first reusable spacecraft The shuttle consists of three parts namely an orbiter, an outer tank, and a solid rocket booster The three orbiters currently in operation are Discovery, Atlantis, andEndeavor In 2012, SpaceX made history as the company that produced the first commercial spacecraft to successfully deliver cargo to the ISS A rocket is a type of cylindrical engine that is launched through the combustion of fuel The rocket structure consists of 4 main systems namely, structural system, payload system, guide system, and propulsion system The outer layer of the rocket is coated with a thermal protection system to protect the rocket from the heat generated and maintain a low temperature
Satellite The first satellite, Sputnik 1 was sent to outer space in 1957. A satellite is a communication device that interprets a radio signal from the Earth, amplifies it, and then responds to that signal Various types of satellites are used such as weather forecasting, communication, television, navigation, and monitoring the situation on the Earth's surface (remote sensing)
Space Probe A spacecraft is a type of spacecraft that travels in space to gather scientific information and does not carry astronauts but is controlled from Earth Space probes are used to study the atmosphere and use radio signalsThree types of space probes, namely interplanetary to explore long distances, orbiters enter the orbits of the planets, and landers (landers)land on the planets to collect information The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft was launched on October 15, 1997, to study Saturn and took 7 years to reach Saturn
Remote Sensing Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without physically touching it Satellites or airplanes equipped with tracking devices to detect and classify objects on the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and oceans basedon reflected electromagnetic radiation Active remote sensing involves a satellite or aircraft emitting a signal and reflecting the signal on an object detected by a detector on the same satellite and aircraft The Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (ARSM) formerly the National Remote Sensing Center (MACRES) was established in 1988 under theMinistry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MOSTI) The objective of ARSM is to develop various remote sensing technology systems and other related technologies such as Geographic Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Agriculture - to detect suitable regions for agriculture development Geology - To detect locations such as mineral sources, mass depletion, and land depletion Disaster management - To identify pollution and forest fires Defense - To detect instructions of enemy ships, aircraft, and vehicles.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study of space exploration in Science Form 3 Chapter 10 has provided us with a profound understanding of the development of astronomy. Moreover, we can study the development of technology and itsapplication in space exploration.
https://www.studocu.com/my/document/sekolah-menengahkebangsaan-maxwell-kuala-lumpur/science/science-form-3-folioch10/37706481 https://sites.google.com/view/scienceform3/chapter-10 https://fliphtml5.com/terxp/nrbq/Science_KSSM_Form_3/ REFERENCE