Modern Concept Science and Technology 4

OUR FOOD AND NUTRIENTS Unit 18

4. Select the correct answer from the given alternatives.

a) Which is the most basic requirement of a living thing?

i. Clothes ii. Food

iii. Shelter iv. Entertainment

b) What is the main source of food for human beings?

i. Animals ii. Plants

iii. Animals and plants iv. None of the above

c) Our diet should have…….amount of nutrients.

i. Lower ii. Higher

iii. Proper iv. None of the above

d) Which is energy giving food?

i. Carbohydrate ii. Protein

iii. Fat iv. Vitamin

e) Which is protective food?

i. Carbohydrate ii. Protein

iii. Fat iv. Vitamin

f ) De ciency of iodine causes…..

i. Polio ii. Goitre

iii. In uenza iv. Rabies

Step: 2

5. Di erentiate between:
a) Proteins and carbohydrates
b) Meat and potato
c) Balanced diet and junk food
6. Give reasons.
a) Proteins are called body building food.
b) Carbohydrates and fats are called energy giving food.
c) Vitamins are called protective food.
d) Salts are packaged and stored in a cool and dark place.
e) We should discard junk food.

7. Name any three sources of each.
a) Proteins
b) Carbohydrates
c) Fats
d) Vitamins
e) Minerals

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Unit 18 OUR FOOD AND NUTRIENTS

8. Look at the given gures and name the nutrients obtained from them.

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

g) h) i)

Step: 3

9. Answer the following questions.
a) What are food and nutrients?
b) Name the ve nutrients which are required in our diet.
c) What are carbohydrates? Name any three sources of carbohydrates.
d) What are proteins? Name any three sources of proteins.
e) What does fat give us? Name its three sources.
f ) Write down the function of water in our body.
g) What does vitamins do? Name any three sources of vitamins.
h) What are minerals? Name any three sources of minerals.
i) What is junk food? Write down its disadvantages.
j) How is iodine preserved? Write down any two methods.

10. Draw a gure showing a balanced diet.

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19Unit DISEASES
Scientific terms and terminologies of the unit

1. Health : Health is a state of physical, mental and social
well-being.

2. Disease : The disorder in the normal functioning of the body
even without of external injuries is called disease.

3. Communicable disease : Diseases that can be transmitted from an infected
person to a healthy person are called communicable

diseases.

4. Non-communicable diseases : Diseases that do not transfer from one person to another
person are called non-communicable diseases.

5. Germs : Germs are the tiny living organisms that can cause
diseases to us.

6. Host : The infected body from which the germs take their
nutrients is called the host.

7. Vector : The living things that transfer germs from one body to
another body are called the vector.

Introduction

Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being. It is a state of the body and
mind with the absence of illness and fear. We do our best to keep ourselves healthy.
But, sometime we may not feel well. We may not have any external wounds but we
may feel unwell. It causes disorder in the normal function of the body. It also makes a
person unwell and weak. In this condition, a person cannot work properly. This is
called disease. Thus, the disorder in the normal functioning of the body even without
external injuries is called a disease. The person su ering from a disease does not feel
happy, relaxed and comfortable.

Types of diseases

There are some diseases that are transmitted from one person to another. For example,
mumps, measles, chicken pox, malaria, common cold. Similarly, there are some
diseases which do not transmit from one person to another. For example, heart
disease, anaemia, goitre, scurvy. So, on the basis of transmission, there are two types
of diseases. They are communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases.

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DISEASES Unit 19

Communicable diseases

Diseases that can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person are
called communicable diseases. Diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, measles, small pox,
chicken pox, tuberculosis, AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis, jaundice are examples of
communicable diseases. Most of the communicable diseases are caused by germs like
bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa. Communicable diseases can be transmitted by various
living and non-living agents.

Non-communicable diseases

Diseases that do not transfer from one person to another person are called non-
communicable diseases. Blood pressure, cancer, heart diseases, asthma, diabetes,
goitre are examples of non-communicable diseases. Non-communicable diseases are
not caused by germs. They are mainly caused by de ciency of nutrients or due to
disorder in the body.

Causes of diseases

There are various causes of diseases. Personal hygiene, food habits, hereditary charac-
ters, lifestyle are some major causes of diseases.

Germs are the causative agents of most of the diseases. We get germs due to lack of
personal hygiene and safety measures. Air, water, soil, food, animal are some
mediums that carry diseases from one person to another. For example, we carry
germs in our ngers, nails or feet when we play outside. These germs enter our body
when we eat food without washing our hands and legs.

Germs are the tiny living organisms that can cause
diseases to us. We cannot see germs with our eyes.
So, they are also called micro-organisms. Virus,
bacteria, protozoa are examples of germs.

Germs enter into our body and destroy the capacity TMV Bacillus

of the body to ght against diseases. They take

nutrients from the body and make the body weak

and ill. The infected body from which the germs

take their nutrients is called host. The living things Amoeba Plasmodium

that transfer germs from one body to another body Fig. 19.1

are called the vector. For example, plasmodium is the causative agent of malaria.
Mosquito carries plasmodium from an infected person to a healthy person. So a
mosquito is a vector of malaria.

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Unit 19 DISEASES

Treatment of sick people

Di erent people may get di erent diseases and become sick. Sickness makes people
physically and mentally weak. So, we should give special care to sick people. They
should be taken to a hospital. Most of the diseases are curable if they are treated on
time. We should never waste time thinking that the disease will cure by itself.
A diseased person should be provided with medicines prescribed by the doctors. They
should be given a balanced diet and medicines regularly. We should encourage them
to get well soon.

We should take care ourselves while taking care of sick people. This is because com-
municable diseases can get transfer to us. We should not use the utensils used by the
patients su ering from communicable diseases. We should use safety measures while
handling sick people.

Activity 1

List the names of communicable and non-communicable diseases prevalent in your
society.

Activity 2

Write down the symptoms of the common cold and diarrhea. Discuss these symptoms
in your class. Also discuss the safety measures of these diseases.

Rapid fire revision

* Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being.
* The disorder in the normal functioning of the body even without external injuries

is called disease.
* Aperson su ering from disease does not feel happy, relaxed and comfortable.
* On the basis of transmission, there are two types of diseases. They are communica-

ble diseases and non-communicable diseases.
* The diseases which can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person

are called communicable diseases.
* Diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, measles, small pox, chicken pox, tuberculosis, AIDS,

hepatitis, encephalitis, jaundice are examples of communicable diseases.
* The diseases which do not transfer from one person to another person are called

non-communicable diseases.
* Blood pressure, cancer, heart diseases, asthma, diabetes, goitre are examples of

non-communicable diseases.
* Personal hygiene, food habits, hereditary characters, lifestyle are major causes of

diseases.
* Germs are the causative agents of most diseases.
* Air, water, soil, food, animals are some mediums that carry diseases from one

person to another.

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DISEASES Unit 19

* Germs are the tiny living organisms that can cause diseases to us.
* Virus, bacteria, protozoa are some examples of germs.
* The infected body from which the germs take their nutrients is called the host.
* The living things that transfer germs from one body to another body are called the

vector.
* A diseased person should be provided with medicines prescribed by the doctors.

Three steps exercise

Step: 1

1. Tick (√) the correct statement and cross (x) the false one.
a) Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being. ( )
b) A sick person can work properly. ( )
c) Most of the diseases are curable. ( )
d) Germs are the causative agents of diseases. ( )
e) Non-communicable diseases transfer from one person to another person. ( )
f ) Goitre is a communicable disease. ( )
g) We should not hate sick people. ( )

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

a) ………diseases transfer from one person to another.
b) ………diseases do not transfer from one person to another.
c) Diarrhea, cholera, dysentery are ………diseases.
d) Blood pressure, cancer, asthma, diabetes are………diseases.
e) Patients should be given medicines prescribed by the ………
f ) Living beings that transfer germs from one body to another body are called

………
g) Bacteria, virus, protozoa are some examples of………

3. Match the following.
a) Mosquitoes
b) Bacteria o Example of germ

c) Doctors o Example of vector

d) Communicable diseases o Do not transfer from one person to another

o Prescribe medicines
e) Non-communicable diseases o Transfer from one person to another

4. Select the correct alternatives.

a) Which of the following is a vector?

i. Bacteria ii. Virus

iii. Mosquito iv. Protozoa

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Unit 19 DISEASES

a) Which of the following is a germ?

i. Bacteria ii. House y

iii. Mosquito iv. Rat

b) Human body is the ………for many diseases.

i. Host ii. Parasite

iii. Vector iv. None of the above

c) Who prescribes medicine?

i. Pharmacist ii. Doctor

iii. Nurse iv. Accountant

d) Which of the following is a communicable disease?

i. Common cold ii. Goitre

iii. Heart disease iv. Marasmus

e) Which of the following is a non-communicable disease?

i. Common cold ii. Tuberculosis

iii. Heart disease iv. Malaria

Step: 2

5. Di erentiate between:
a) Host and vector
b) Health and illness
c) Communicable and non-communicable diseases

6. Give reasons.
a) Cholera is a communicable disease. Why?
b) Why is cancer a non-communicable disease?
c) Why is the mosquito called a vector for malaria?

7. Observe the following gures and identify the healthy and unhealthy life style.

a) b)

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DISEASES Unit 19

c) d)

8. Write down the answer in one word
a) What types of diseases transfer from one person to another person?
b) What are the causative agents of various diseases?
c) A person who is physically, mentally and socially well is called
9. Identify the given micro-organisms and write down their names.

a) b) c)

Step: 3

10. Answer the following questions.
a) What does health mean?
b) What is meant by disease?
c) What are germs, host and vectors?
d) On the basis of transmission, classify diseases.
e) De ne communicable diseases with any three examples.
f ) What are non-communicable diseases? List any three examples.
g) What are the causes of diseases?
h) Describe in short about the treatment of a sick person.

11. Draw two gures, one of a healthy person and another of a sick person.

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20Unit SOME
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES

Scientific terms and terminologies of the unit

1. Communicables diseases : Diseases that transfer from a sick person to a healthy person
are called communicable diseases.

2. Dysentry : Dysentery is a serious water-borne and food-borne disease
in which a patient passes out loose stool frequently.

3. Measles : Measles is a viral disease which affects the skin, eyes,
windpipe, lungs and intestine of children.

4. Tuberculosis : Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease which affects different
parts of the body like the lungs, intestine, kidneys, bones.

5. Diphtheria : Diphtheria is a bacterial disease which is common among
the children of age 2 to 5 years. This disease mainly affects
the throat, nose and tonsils.

6. Pneumonia : Pneumonia is a bacterial disease which is caused due to
cold and entry of dust and dirt into the lungs.

7. Trachoma : Trachoma is a bacterial disease which mainly affects the
eyes.

8. Polio : Polio is a viral disease which mainly occurs in children
below five years of age. It affects the nervous system and
causes paralysis.

Introduction

Diseases that transfer from a sick person to a healthy person are called communicable
diseases. Diseases like measles, dysentery, cholera, tuberculosis, trachoma and jaundice
are examples of communicable diseases. These diseases transfer through di erent
media like air, water, soil, foods, stool, cough, utensils, insects and animals. Personal
hygiene, safety measures, cleanliness play an important barrier in the transfer of
communicable diseases from one person to another.
Tiny living organisms called microbes are the causative agents of communicable
diseases. Microbes include viruses, bacteria and protozoa.

In this unit, we will discuss some communicable diseases in brief.

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SOME COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Unit 20

I. Dysentery

Dysentery is a serious water-borne and food-borne disease in which a patient passes
out loose stool frequently. It is characterized by abdominal pain, loss of water in the
body, sunken eyes and hollow cheeks.

Causes of dysentery

Amoeba and bacteria are the causative agents of dysentery. Entamoeba histolytica
causes amoebic dysentery and Shigella shiga causes bacterial dysentery.

Modes of transmission of dysentery

Dysentery is transmitted through contaminated water and food. The stool of a dysen-
tery patient contains microbes. These microbes are responsible for dysentery. Flies
transfer microbes from the stool to the food and water. When people take such
contaminated food and water, they get dysentery.

Symptoms of dysentery

i) Frequent passing out of loose stool.
ii) Appearance of blood and mucus in the stool.
iii) In ammation in the intestine and abdominal pain.
iv) Patient feels weak and thirsty due to loss of water.
v) Dysentery patient has sunken eyes and hollow cheeks.

Prevention and control measures of dysentery Fig. 20.1 Dysentry patient

i) Avoid eating stale food.
ii) Always drink clean and boiled drinking water.
iii) Make your surroundings clean and free of ies.
iv) Wash your hands after going to the toilet and before eating food.
v) Do not defecate in the open eld.
vi) Vegetables and fruits should be washed properly
vii) Oral rehydration solution like Navajeevan, Jeevanjal or sugar and salt solution
should be given to the patients.

II. Measles

Measles is a serious viral disease which occurs Fig. 20.2 Measles patient
generally in children.
It can be transmitted through nasal secretion
and direct contact with the patients.

Causes of measles

Measles is a viral disease. Paramyxo virus causes
measles. It a ects the skin, eyes, windpipe,
lungs and intestine of children.

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Unit 20 SOME COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Modes of transmission of measles

Measles is transmitted through nasal secretion and physical contact with the patient.
It can be transmitted through the utensils and materials used by a measles patient.

Symptoms of measles

i) Sudden fever and cough in the children
ii) Headache, diarrhea, watery eyes, loss of appetite.
iii) Red blisters appear all over the body and inside the mouth.
iv) Blisters are itchy and contain watery liquid inside them.

Prevention and control measures of measles

i) Children should be vaccinated against measles.
ii) Blisters of the patient should not be touched or popped.
iii) Utensils used by patients should be disinfected.
iv) Patient should be kept separately in a clean place.
v) The nasal secretion, mucus, sputum of the patients should be disposed of safely.

III. Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a serious bacterial disease. People of all age
groups could be infected by tuberculosis.

Causes of tuberculosis

A bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causa-
tive agent of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis a ects di erent parts
of the body like the lungs, intestine, kidneys, bones.

Modes of transmission of tuberculosis

When a sick person sneezes or coughs, the droplets of TB
bacteria are released in the air. When a healthy person
inhales these droplets, he or she can get infected. Physical
contact with the patient, sharing the utensils and materials Fig. 20.3 Tuberculosis patient
of the patients can also transmit the bacteria of tuberculosis to a healthy person.

Symptoms of tuberculosis

i) The patients cough continuously for more than three weeks.
ii) While coughing, blood comes in the sputum.
iii) Weakness and weight loss.
iv) Low fever, sweating, loss of appetite, chest pain.

Prevention and control measures of tuberculosis

i) Children should be vaccinated with BCG vaccine.
ii) We should not share utensils and clothes of TB patients.
iii) People should have the habit of sneezing and coughing using a handkerchief.
iv) TB patient should take antibiotics under the supervision of a medical person.
v) TB patient should not spit anywhere they like.

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SOME COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Unit 20

IV. Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a bacterial disease which is common among the
children of age 2 to 5 years. This disease mainly a ects the
throat, nose and tonsils.

Causes of diptheria

Corynebacterium diphtheria is the causative agent of diphthe-
ria. It is a respiratory disease among children.

Modes of transmission of diptheria

Diphtheria transfers from a sick person to a healthy person Fig. 20.4 Diphtheria patient
through mucus and sputum. It can also transfer through direct contact and by sharing
the utensils of the sick person.

Symptoms of diptheria

i) Fever and weakness.
ii) Swelling of neck and throat.
iii) Painful breathing.
iv) Di culty in swallowing food and drinking water.

Prevention and control measures of diptheria

i) Avoid direct contact with the infected person.
ii) Dispose of sputum and mucus in safe places.
iii) Avoid sharing the utensils used by the patient without disinfecting them rst.
iv) DPT vaccine should be given to an infant below one year of age.

V. Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a serious bacterial disease. It is mainly Fig. 20.5 Pneumonia patient
caused due to cold and entry of dust and dirt into
the lungs.

Causes of pneumonia

Pneumonia is caused due to a bacterium called
Streptococcus pneumoniae. It infects the lungs of
the patient. If we neglect this disease for a long
time, it can result in heart diseases, rheumatism
and even paralysis

Modes of transmission of pneumonia

Pneumonia mainly transfers through the cough and sputum of the patient. It also
transfers when contaminated utensils of the sick person are used by a healthy person.

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Unit 20 SOME COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Symptoms of pneumonia

i) Fever for long time with pain in head and body.
ii) Di culty in breathing.
iii) Hoarse whistling sound while breathing and coughing.
iv) Running nose and swelling of lungs.

Prevention and control measures of pneumonia

i) We should protect ourselves form cold, dirt and dust.
ii) We should wear warm clothes and mask.
iii) We should maintain personal hygiene.
iv) We should not smoke and drink alcohol.
v) We should not share the utensils and clothes of the patient.
vi) The patient should be isolated.
vii) We should take nutritious food and a balanced diet.
viii) We should do regular physical exercise.

VI. Trachoma

Trachoma is a bacterial disease. It mainly a ects the eyes.

Causes of trachoma

Trachoma is an eye disease. It is mainly caused by the
bacteria ‘Chlamydia trachomatis’.

Modes of transmission of trachoma

Trachoma mainly transfers from an infected person to Fig. 20.6 Trachoma patient

a healthy person through contaminated ngers, handkerchief, etc. Flies also transfer
this disease from one person to another.

Symptoms of trachoma

i) Eyes become itching red with slippery discharge
ii) Cornea becomes cloudy.
iii) Eyelids swell and there is persistent pain in the eye ball
iv) Eyelash turns in and pokes the cornea.
v) Continuous rubbing of the eyelash against the cornea can cause ulcer, scars,

vision-loss and blindness.

Prevention and control measures of trachoma

i) We should wash our eyes with pure and clean water.
ii) We should avoid physical contact with the patient like touching the eyes.
iii) Utensils and clothes of the sick person should not be used without sterilizing.
iv) Our home and surroundings should be free of ies.
v) Antibiotics should be given to the sick person.

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SOME COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Unit 20

VII. Polio

Polio is a serious viral disease. It mainly occurs in children below ve years of age.

Fig. 20.7(a) Giving polio drops Fig. 20.7(b) Polio patient

Causes of polio

Polio is caused by the polio virus. This disease mainly a ects the nervous system. As a
result, the patient su ers from paralysis. Polio may a ect the veins and arteries.

Modes of transmission of polio

The major source of the polio virus is the mucus from the nose and stool of the
infected person. Polio virus may transfer through contaminated materials and uten-
sils of the patient. Flies can also transfer the polio virus from contaminated food to
fresh food.

Symptoms of polio

i) Problem in chewing food.
ii) High fever and headache.
iii) Di culty in moving body organs.
iv) Paralysis at times.

Prevention and control measures of polio

i) Polio drops should be provided to children below one year of age.
ii) Personal hygiene should be maintained.
iii) Defecation should always be done in the toilet.
iv) We should keep the surroundings clean and free from ies.
v) We should not share clothes and utensils used by the infected person.
vi) We should keep the polio patient in a separate room.

Activity 1

Which one is the most common communicable disease in your locality? List its
causes, modes of transmission, symptoms and prevention and control measures.

Activity 2

Which types of vaccinations were given to you when you were below ve years of
age? Ask your parents and write them down in the project work exercise book.

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Unit 20 SOME COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Rapid fire revision

* Diseases that transfer from a sick person to a healthy person are called communicable
diseases.

* Diseases like measles, dysentery, cholera, tuberculosis, trachoma, jaundice are
examples of communicable diseases.

* Dysentery is a serious water-borne and food-borne disease in which a patient
passes out loose stool frequently.

* Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery and Shigella shiga causes bacterial
dysentery.

* Measles is a viral disease which generally occurs in the children.
* Measles a ects the skin, eyes, windpipe, lungs, intestine of the children.
* Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease. It a ects di erent parts of the body like the

lungs, intestine, kidneys and bones.
* Diphtheria is a bacterial disease which is common among the children of age 2 to

5 years.
* Diphtheria mainly a ects the throat, nose and tonsils of children.
* Corynebacterium diphtheria is the causative agent of diphtheria.
* Pneumonia is a serious bacterial disease. It is caused due to cold and entry of dust

and dirt into the lungs.
* Trachoma is a bacterial disease. It mainly a ects the eyes.
* Polio is a viral disease in children below ve years of age.
* Polio mainly a ects the nervous system. As a result, the patient su ers from paralysis.

Three steps exercise

Step: 1

1. Tick (√) the correct statement and cross (x) the false one.
a) Communicable diseases transfer from a sick person to a healthy person. ( )
b) Pneumonia, polio, tuberculosis are non-communicable diseases. ( )
c) We should use jeevanjal during dysentery. ( )
d) Paramixo virus causes polio. ( )
e) Trachoma is an eye disease. ( )
f ) Polio causes paralysis. ( )

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
a) Frequent loose discharge with blood in stool is a symptom of …………
b) Amoebic dysentery is caused by…………
c) Pneumonia mainly a ects…………
d) …………mainly a ects the eyes.

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SOME COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Unit 20

e) ………… can cause paralysis.
f ) BCG vaccine should be given to children to prevent them from…………

3. Match the following. o Paramixo virus
a) Dysentery o Entamoeba histolytica
b) Measles o Polio virus
c) Tuberculosis o Mycobacterium tuberculosis
d) Diphtheria o Corynebacterium diphtheria
e) Trachoma o Chlamydia trachomatis
f ) Polio

4. Select the correct answer from the given alternatives.

a) DPT vaccine prevents

i. Polio ii. Measles

iii. Dysentery iv. Diphtheria

b) Which disease a ects the skin, intestine, windpipe and eyes of the body?

i. Measles ii. Trachoma

iii. Polio iv. AIDS

c) Which disease is caused due to paramyxo virus?

i. DPT ii. Polio

iii. Measles iv. BCG

d) Which vaccine prevents tuberculosis?

i. DPT ii. Polio

iii. Measles iv. BCG

e) Which disease mainly a ects the eyes?

i. Measles ii. Trachoma

iii. Polio iv. AIDS

f ) Which of the following diseases mainly a ects the lungs?

i. Measles ii. Trachoma

iii. Dysentery iv. Pneumonia

Step: 2

5. Di erentiate between:
a) Dysentery and measles
b) Tuberculosis and polio
c) Diphtheria and pneumonia

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Unit 20 SOME COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

6. Give reasons.
a) Why should we control ies around us?
b) Children below 5 years are given polio drops. Why?
c) We should not share the clothes and utensils of a sick person. Why?

Polio causes paralysis. Why?

7. Write down the causative agents of the following diseases.
a) Dysentery b) Measles c) Tuberculosis d) Diphtheria
e) Trachoma f ) Polio g) Pneumonia

8. Write three major symptoms of the following diseases.
a) Dysentery b) Measles c) Tuberculosis d) Diphtheria
e) Trachoma f ) Polio g) Pneumonia

9. Write down three important preventive measures for the following diseases.
a) Dysentery b) Measles c) Tuberculosis d) Diphtheria
e) Trachoma f ) Polio g) Pneumonia

10. Identify the diseases in the given gures and write any three preventive
measures.

a) b) c)

Step: 3

11. Answer the following questions.

a) De ne communicable diseases with ve examples.

b) What is dysentery? Describe the two types of dysentery.

c) Write down the main organs which are a ected by pneumonia, trachoma and

diphtheria.

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21Unit NON-COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES

Scientific terms and terminologies of the unit

1. Non-communicable diseases : Diseases which do not transmit from a sick person to
a healthy person are called non-communicable diseases.

2. Cancer : The uncontrolled growth of cells resulting in a tumor
in the body is called cancer.

3. Diabetes : Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot
conserve blood sugar.

4. Heart disease : The disorder in the normal functioning of the human
heart is called a heart disease.

Introduction

Some diseases like heart diseases, diabetes, blood pressure, paralysis, goitre, cancer
do not transmit from one person to another. these diseases are called non-
communicable diseases. Thus, diseases which donot transmit from a sick person to a
healthyy person are called non-communicable diseases. These diseases generally
are not caused by micro-organisms like bacteria, virus and protozoa.

Causes of non-communicable diseases

There are di erent causes of non-communicable diseases. The major causes of
non-communicable diseases are de ciency or excess of nutrients in the food and
lifestyle. Besides these, some other causes of non-communicable diseases are:
i) Long-time consuming of foods containing less or more nutrients.
ii) Lack of a regular balanced diet.
iii) Regular consumption of tobacco, drugs, alcohol.
iv) Consumption of spicy, fatty and oily food.
v) Lack of proper physical exercises.
vi) Breathing polluted air for a long period of time.
vii) Fear, mental tension and hypertension.
viii) Long time exposure to chemicals, radiations.

Cancer

Cancer is a non-communicable disease. It is an illness caused by malignant tumors in
the body. The tumor is due to uncontrolled growth of the cells in a tissue. Thus, the

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NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Unit 21

uncontrolled growth of the cells resulting
in a tumor in the body is called cancer.
Cancer can occur in di erent parts of the
body like the breast, prostrate, ovary,
lungs, skin, blood, intestine, uterus,
throat, lips.

Causes of cancer Fig. 21.1 Cancer patient

Cancer is caused by multiple factors. Long-time exposure to radiation and chemicals,
air pollution, smoking and chewing tobacco, pregnancy at an early age are some
factors which start cancer.

Symptoms of cancer

The symptoms of cancer vary according to the type of cancer. Some of the symptoms
of cancer are:
i) Growth of tissue in the uterus
ii) Indigestion for a long time
iii) A hard substance experienced in the breast
iv) Swelling and growth of tissues in the lungs
v) Growth of unusual rashes on the skin.
vi) Continuous occurring of blood in the stool
vii) Ulcer in the intestine.

Prevention and control measures of cancer

i) We should use a mask to protect from dust and dirt.
ii) We should avoid smoking and drinking alcohol.
iii) We should make the habit of eating a balanced diet at a proper time.
iv) We should avoid early marriage and early child birth.
v) We should treat with chemotherapy and radiotherapy of the cancerous organs.
vi) We should take out the cancerous organ from the body if required.
vii) Our body should not be exposed to sunlight for a long time.

Memory Plus

If the number of white blood cells is more than the normal, it is called blood cancer or
leukemia.

Diabetes

In some people, sugar passes out through the urine. Such people experience frequent
urination with excessive thirst and hunger. Ants accumulate on the urine of the
patient. Sugar passes out through the urine, so it is commonly called sugar disease or
diabetes. Thus, diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot conserve the blood
sugar. Diabetes may occur at any age.

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Unit 21 NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Causes of diabetes Fig. 21.2 Diabetic patient

Lack of required amount of insulin in the blood
causes diabetes. Insulin is a hormone which is
secreted by the pancreas. If the amount of insulin
becomes less than required, the body can neither
use sugar nor store it in the liver. The blood
contains extra amounts of sugar, but the body
cells cannot use it. So, sugar is passed out through
the urine.

Symptoms of diabetes

i) Frequent urination.
ii) Feeling excessive thirst and hunger
iii) Person becomes quickly tired.
iv) Weakness and laziness.
v) Loss of body weight.

Preventive and control measures of diabetes

i) We should not over eat sugar containing food.
ii) We should do physical exercise regularly.
iii) We should have a balanced and hygienic diet every day.
iv) A diabetic patient should be treated with insulin injection or anti diabetes medicine.

Heart Disease

The heart is the main pumping organ in the circulatory system of the body. It pumps
blood and helps to circulate food and oxygen throughout the body. Heart diseases
normally occur to the people above the age of 45 years. Thus, the disorder in the
normal functioning of the human heart is called heart disease.

Kinds of heart disease

Coronary heart disease, heart infection, atherosclerosis and heart attack are some
common types of heart disease.

Memory Plus

Deposition of cholesterol in the inner wall of the arteries causes atherosclerosis heart
disease.

Causes of heart disease

Lifestyle and heredity are the factors of heart diseases. Including them, some major
causes of heart diseases are mentioned below:
i) Excessive smoking and drinking alcohol.
ii) A diet having excessive fat, oil, cholesterol, spices, etc.
iii) Lazy lifestyle without proper exercise.
iv) Hereditary.

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NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Unit 21

v) Stale and unhealthy food.
vi) Mental tensions.

Symptoms of heart disease

i) Sudden and severe pain in chest area
ii) Slowing down of heartbeat
iii) Unconscious and short breathing
iv) Weakness, dizziness and tiredness
v) Increase in blood pressure

Prevention and control measures of heart disease

i) We should avoid smoking and drinking alcohol.
ii) We should not consume spicy, fatty and oily food.
iii) We should do regular physical exercise.
iv) We should eat a healthy and balanced diet.
v) We should avoid mental tensions.
vi) Blood pressure and cholesterol level should be checked regularly.

Memory Plus

Deposition of cholesterol in the inner wall of the coronary artery causes coronary
heart disease.

Activity

List the non-communicable diseases you have heard or seen in your community.
Mention their causes, symptoms and preventive measures.

Rapid fire revision

* Diseases which do not transmit from a sick person to a healthy person are
called non-communicable diseases.

* Heart diseases, diabetes, blood pressure, paralysis, goiter, cancer are some examples
of non-communicable diseases.

* The major causes of non-communicable diseases are de ciency or excess of nutri-
ents in the food and lifestyle.

* The uncontrolled growth of cells resulting in a tumor in the body is called cancer.
* Cancer can occur in di erent parts of the body like the breast, prostrate, ovary,

lungs, skin, blood, intestine, uterus, throat, lips.
* Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot conserve blood sugar.
* In diabetes, sugar passess out through the urine, so it is commonly called sugar

disease.
* The disorder in the normal functioning of the human heart is called heart disease.
* Coronary heart disease, heart infection, atherosclerosis and heart attackare some

common types of heart diseases.

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Unit 21 NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Three steps exercise

Step: 1

1. Tick (√) the correct statement and cross (x) the false one.
a) Non-communicable diseases do not transfer from one person to another. ( )
b) Cancer, diabetes, heart diseases are communicable diseases. ( )
c) Cancer is a common viral disease. ( )
d) Feeding habit and lifestyle are the main causes of non-communicable

disease. ( )
e) De ciency of insulin causes cancer. ( )
f ) Deposition of cholesterol causes heart disease. ( )

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
a) Cancer, diabetes, heart attack are ………diseases.
b) …………is also called sugar disease.
c) Uncontrolled growth of the cells causes…………
d) Deposition of cholesterol in the blood can cause ……disease.
e) If the numbers of WBC increases in the blood, it is called …………cancer.
f ) Diabetes is caused due to lack of …………in the blood.

3. Match the following. o Deposition of cholesterol
a) Diabetes o Uncontrolled growth of the cells
b) Heart diseases o Increased number of WBC
c) Cancer o De ciency of insulin
d) Blood cancer

4. Select the correct answer from the following alternatives.

a) Deposition of cholesterol in the blood causes………

i. Diabetes ii. Heart diseases

iii. Cancer iv. Anaemia

b) De ciency of insulin in the blood causes………

i. Diabetes ii. Heart diseases

iii. Cancer iv. Anaemia

c) Uncontrolled growth of the cells causes………

i. Diabetes ii. Heart diseases

iii. Cancer iv. Anaemia

d) Diabetes is caused due to de ciency of. ………

i. Sugar ii. Salt

iii. Insulin iv. Vitamin

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NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Unit 21

Step: 2

5. Di erences between:
a) Communicable and non-communicable diseases
b) Blood cancer and cancer
c) Diabetes and heart disease

6. Give reasons.
a) We should not consume tobacco, alcohol and drugs. Why?
b) Ants accumulate on the urine of patients su ering from diabetes, why?
c) We should not work in sunlight for a long time, why?

7. Identify the disease which has the following symptoms?
a) Severe chest pain.
b) Increased level of sugar in blood.
c) Increased level of cholesterol in blood.
d) Growth of tumors in the lungs.
e) Increased level of WBC in blood.
8. Circle the odd one.
a) Cholera, Dysentery, Rabies, Cancer
b) Cancer, Diabetes, Tuberculosis, Heart attack

9. The person given below is su ering from
diabetes.Suggest any three points to
control this disease.

Step: 3

10. Answer the following questions.
a) What are non-communicable diseases? Give three examples of non-

communicable disease.
b) What is cancer? Write down the causes, symptoms, preventive and control

measures of cancer.
c) What is diabetes? Write down its causes, symptoms, preventive and control

measures.
d) What is heart disease? Write its causes, symptoms and preventive and control

measures.

Modern Concept Science, Health & Physical Education - 4 165

22Unit SAFETY AND
FIRST AID

Scientific terms and terminologies of the unit

1. Accidents : Accidents are unexpected and unpleasant events that can damage
2. Safety measures our body and property.

3. First aid : Ways to stay safe from accidents, damage and danger are called
4. First aid-box safety measures.
5. Fracture
6. Sprain : The immediate treatment or support provided to an injured person
before taking him to a hospital is called first aid.

: A box that contains all the utilities needed for providing first aid
is called a first aid box.

: Breaking or cracking of bones is called afracture.

: Sprain means injury in the ligaments that are caused by twisting
of the joints.

Introduction

We perform di erent kinds of activities in our daily life. For example, ironing clothes,
cutting vegetables, cooking foods, swimming in the pool, walking, running, playing.
While performing these activities, sometimes, we feel and experience unpleasant
events. These events are called accidents. They may damage our body and property.
Thus, accidents are unexpected and unpleasant events that can damage our body and
property. Most of the accidents occur due to our carelessness. So, we must be careful
while performing di erent activities at home and outside. These careful measures
protect us from accidents and damage. Thus, the way to stay safe from accidents,
damage and danger are called safety measures. We should always follow safety meas-
ures to stay safe from accidents.
In this unit we will discuss about safety measures to prevent of some accidents and the

rst-aid to be provided.

Safety at home

While doing di erent works at home, we could face certain accidents. We might get
burned by a re, hot utensil, tea, milk, water. We might get an electric shock. Sometimes
we might cut our hands while cutting vegetables and fruits. We may fall down while
walking on the staircase. We can stay safe from these accidents by adopting the follow-
ing safety measures:

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SAFETY AND FIRST AID Unit 22

i) We should not play with knives and
sharp instruments.
ii) We should not play with kerosene,
petrol, re, hot utensils, milk, tea,
water. Cut with knife
iii) We should not wear nylon clothes Burn by fire
Falling from
while cooking food or sitting near stairs
around the re.
iv) We should turn o the gas stove and Fig. 22.1

cylinder after their use.
v) We should plug in an electrical wire
Electric shock

properly.
vi) We should not run on the staircase.
vii) We should not climb trees, on the furniture, pillars, windows.
viii) We should keep our oor, toilet, bathroom clean and dry.
ix) We should not take unnecessary medicines by ourselves.
x) We should not play with glass objects.

Safety at road

Most of the deadly accidents occur on the busy
roads. For example, a crash between vehicles,
knocking down of a pedestrian by a fast running
vehicle, falling from a running vehicle. Road acci-
dents can kill people instantly. Some of the safety
measures taken to avoid road accidents are :

Road safety

i) We should always walk on the footpath.
ii) We should use the overhead bridge to
cross the road.
iii) We should always use a zebra crossing
to cross the road.
iv) We should never run on the road.
v) We should never play on the road.
vi) We should cross the road by looking for
vehicles on the both sides.
vii) We should always follow the tra c Road accidents
Fig. 22.2
rules.
viii) We should not put out head and hands out of a moving bus.
ix) We should always get on and get down from a vehicle only after it stops com-
pletely.

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Unit 22 SAFETY AND FIRST AID

Safety at school

We play and run in school. While doing so, we could cut ourselves. To avoid such acci-
dents, we should follow these safety measures:
i) We should not run on the staircase.
ii) We should not push our friends while playing.
iii) We should not ght with friends.
iv) We should not play with sharp and pointed things.
v) We should not poke our friends with a pen, pencil or a compass.
vi) We should not climb over the desks and benches.
vii) We should not play rough games on the playground.

Fig. 22.3 Safety at school

Safety in swimming pool

Drowning is a major accident that occurs in the swimming pool. It can kill people.
Some safety measures that should followed in the swimming pool are:
i) We should not go swimming alone.
ii) We should use a rubber tube while swimming.
iii) We should inform the life guard before swimming
iv) in the pool.
v) We should follow the instructions written in the
vi) swimming pool.
vii) We should not dive in deep water.
viii) We should not swim in polluted and dirty water. Fig. 22.4 Drowning in the swimming pool

Activity 1

What are some major accidents that have happened in your community? List them.
Also, write down the safety measures to be taken to prevent such accidents.

First aid

Have you seen a person after an accident? You may also have seen some people
providing health assistance to the victim immediately. This health assistance is called

rst aid. Thus, the immediate treatment or support provided to an injured person
before taking him to a hospital is called rst aid. It is normally done at the place of the
accident.

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SAFETY AND FIRST AID Unit 22

The main objectives of rst aid are:
i) It is given to save the life of the victim.
ii) It is given to comfort the victim till the doctor arrives.
iii) After identifying the condition of the victim, we should apply the required rst aid

measures immediately. One of the most used techniques is ABC. A means airway. Is
the Airway open? B means breathing. Is the person breathing? Look, listen and feel
the person to see if he is breathing. C means circulation. Is there a pulse? Is there
bleeding externally? We can start rst aid after evaluating the situation of the
victim.
iv) Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

First-aid box

A box that contains all the utilities needed for providing rst aid is called a rst-aid box.
Normally, a rst aid box contains antiseptic liquids, quick pain killers, bandages, cotton,
scissors, blade, hot water bag and some basic medicines. We should always prepare a

rst-aid box for ourselves. We should have a rst-aid box ready in school if there is not
one.

First aid to treat cuts and scratches

Wash the cut part with clean water and soap. Use antiseptic cream or liquid over the
cut and cover it by using a clean cotton pad. If the scratch or cut is from rusted metals,
go to a hospital after the rst aid. You should wash the cut if the wound is deep and
bleeding is severe. Press the wound with clean cotton pads to avoid bleeding. Then,
go to hospital as soon as possible.

Fig. 22.5 Minor cut and heavy bleeding first aid

First aid to burns

Burns occur due to a re, hot objects, recracker, acid. It may
be minor or serious. For a minor burn, dip the burnt part in
cold water for about 10 minutes. We can also apply ice cubes
over the burnt area and cover it with cold wet clothes. If the
burn is severe with blisters, do not pop the blisters. After rst
aid, immediately move to a hospital.

Fig. 22.6 First aid to burns
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Unit 22 SAFETY AND FIRST AID

First aid for fractures

Breaking or cracking of bones is called a fracture. Fractures may be simple, compound
and complex. In a simple fracture, the bone dislocates or cracks. When the bone
breaks, it is called a compound fracture. If the bone breaks into pieces, it is called a
complex fracture. We should secure the broken parts of the body by strapping a splint
onto them or by using a cotton sling. We should not move the broken parts. We
should go to a hospital for further treatment.

Fracture Fig. 22.7 Splints

First aid to sprains

A sprain means injury in the ligaments caused by
twisting of the joints. It occurs normally in the legs and
sometimes in the hands. Ice cubes can be used to lessen
the swelling of the sprained joints. We can rub lightly
with DFO gel around the sprain. After rubbing, an elastic
bandage should be wrapped around the joint.

Fig. 22.8 First aid to sprain

First aid for nose bleeding

Nose bleeding is caused by various accidents or on
a hot summer day. It is common in children. During
nose bleeding, the nose of the victim should be
pinched for some time to stop bleeding. A large
clean object that can t between our jaws can also
be placed to stop bleeding. Ice cubes can also be
applied on the nose to control nose bleeding. Have
the victim lie down and raise the shoulders and
head above the body to control nose bleeding. Fig. 22.9 Safety measures for nose bleeding

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SAFETY AND FIRST AID Unit 22

First aid for animal bites

Animals like the dog, cat, rat, monkey, fox may bite us. The bite of these animals can be
dangerous as they may cause rabies. As soon as they bite us, the wound should be
washed with soap and clean water. A solution of washing soda and water can also be
used on the wound. Then the victim should be rushed to a hospital for further treatment.

Some snakes found in the hot regions are very Dog bite Snakebite
poisonous. Their bite can kill a person within minutes.
When a snake bites, the portion above the bite on
the hands and legs should be fastened tightly. This
will prevent blood circulation and prevent the
spread of the poison throughout the body. Some
experts cut the wound with a sterilized blade to
drain the infected blood. Then the victim should be
rushed to hospital as soon as possible.
The bites of wasps and bees can be treated using ice
cubes over the a ected area. It reduces the pain and
avoids swelling. The victim should consult a doctor
for further treatment.

We should not administer rst aid ourselves. It is Bee sting
better if we ask a trained person to provide rst aid. Fig. 22.10 Animal bites
We can take rst aid training when we grow up and
help people in accidents.

Project work

To make a rst-aid box

Take an unused cardboard box. Paste white paper on its surface. Use red ink to make
a “+” sign. Keep necessary materials like antiseptic liquids, quick pain killers, bandages,
cotton, scissors, blade, hot water bag and some basic medicines. Keep the rst-aid box
away from the reach of children.

Rapid fire revision

* Accidents are unexpected and unpleasant events that can damage our body and
property.

* Most of the accidents occur due to our carelessness.
* The ways to stay safe from accidents, damage and danger are called safety measures.
* We should always follow safety measures to stay safe from accidents.
* The immediate treatment or support provided to an injured person before taking

him to a hospital is called rst aid.

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Unit 22 SAFETY AND FIRST AID

* A box that contains all the utilities needed for providing rst aid is called a rst-aid box.
* Normally, a rst aid box contains antiseptic liquids, quick pain killers, bandages,

cotton, scissors, blade, hot water bag and some basic medicines.
* Breaking or cracking of bones is called a fracture. It may be simple, compound and

complex.
* A sprain means injury in the ligaments caused by the twisting of the joints.
* Nose bleeding is caused by various accidents or on a hot summer day.
* During nose bleeding, the nose of the victim should be pinched for some time to

stop bleeding.
* After an animal bite, the wound should be washed with soap and clean water.
* Bites of wasps and bees can be treated using ice cubes over the a ected area.

Three steps exercise

Step: 1

1. Tick (√) the correct statement and cross (x) the false one.
a) Accidents can happen at anytime and anyplace. ( )
b) Following safety measures increases accidents. ( )
c) First aid treatment is done at the place of an accident. ( )
d) We should go swimming alone. ( )
e) The bite of a poisonous snake can cause death. ( )
f ) We should pinch the nose to avoid bleeding. ( )
g) We should not keep a rst aid box at home and school. ( )

2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.
a) ……..is an unexpected and unpleasant event.
b) Most of the deadly accidents occur on the……..
c) We should always cross the roads from the……..
d) Strapping a splint is a rst aid measure for ……..
e) First aid is normally given at the place of ……..
f ) ……..box contains instruments required to provide rst aid service to the

victim.

3. Match the following. o Pinch the nose using ngers
a) Snakebite o Anti-rabies vaccine
b) Sprains o Twisting of joint
c) Nose bleeding o State of being safe
d) First aid o Immediate treatment or support
e) Safety

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SAFETY AND FIRST AID Unit 22

4. Select the correct answer from the given alternatives.

a) Most of the deadly accidents occur on the……..
i. School ii. Home
iii. Road iv. Playground

b) Bite of poisonous……. can kill people instantly.
i. Bee ii. Snake
iii. Dog iv. Cat

c) A rst-aid box does not contain…..
i. Bandages ii. Scissors
iii. Cotton iv. Wires

d) Snakebite may transfer……… ii. Blood
i. Milk
iii. Water iv. Rabies

Step: 2

5. Di erentiate between:
a) Safety measures and rst aid
b) Road accident and school accident
c) Burns and animal bites

6. Give reasons.
a) Why should we cross a road from the zebra crossing?
b) We should never go swimming alone. Why?
c) Why should we avoid playing with sharp and pointed things?

7. In which accidents or cases are the following rst aid necessary?
a) Dipping or washing the a ected area in the cold water
b) Using a splint
c) Washing the wound with soap and water
d) Cleaning the wound with antiseptic liquid
e) Wrapping the joint with an elastic bandage
f ) Pinching the nose tightly for some time

8. Where do the following accidents occur?
a) A burn by an iron
b) Falling from the desk
c) Accident due to crashing of vehicles
d) Drowning

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Unit 22 SAFETY AND FIRST AID

9. Identify the accidents happened in the given gures. Also, suggest the safety
measures for these accidents.

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

Step: 3

10. Answer the following questions.
a) What is an accident? How can we avoid it?
b) What do you mean by safety measures?
c) List three safety measures each to be taken at home, at school and on the

road.
d) List four safety measures while swimming in a pool.
e) What is rst aid and a rst-aid box?
f ) List the things that are present in a rst-aid box?
g) What is meant by a fracture? What should be done after a fracture?
h) De ne sprain and write the rst aid measures for a sprain.
i) Describe rst aid for a snake-bite.

11. Draw a picture showing an accident due to carelessness on the road.

174 Modern Concept Science, Health & Physical Education - 4

23Unit HEALTH SERVICES
AND COOPERATION

Scientific terms and terminologies of the unit

1. Health services : The services that are provided by health institutions to
2. Health institutions prevent, cure and promote health are called health
3. Preventive health services services.
4. Promotional health services
: Health institutions are places where health workers
5. Curative health services treat the diseases of the sick people.

: Health services that are provided to the people to
prevent them from susceptible diseases are called
preventive health services.

: Health services that promote health education and
awareness among the people about different health
issues and problems are called promotional health
services.

: Health services that cure the health problems of the
people through the use of medical facilities are called
curative health services.

Introduction

Sometimes people su er due to various accidents, communicable and
non-communicable diseases. They should be treated in time so that they can regain
their health again. The treatment is done in various health institutions. For example,
hospital, clinics, health posts, sub-health posts. Thus, the services that are provided
by the health institutions to prevent, cure and promote health are called health
services. Health institutes are the places where health workers treat the diseases of
sick people. Health workers like doctors, health assistants and nurses provide
di erent kinds of services to the sick people.

Health institutions in our country

There are di erent types of health institutions in our country. They provide health
facilities to the people. In Nepal, there are regional hospitals, district hospitals, health
centers, health posts, sub-health posts and primary health centers to provide health
services and facilities to the people. We also have private hospitals and clinics to
provide health services and facilities to the people.

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HEALTH SERVICES AND COOPERATION Unit 23

Health post Sub-health post

Hospital Fig. 23.1

Most of the private hospitals and clinics, regional hospitals and district hospitals are
located in towns and urban areas of the country. They have all kinds of facilities like
doctors, nurses, instruments, laboratories, medicines, ambulance, etc. They can treat
most of the diseases and solve the health problems. They provide health services
mostly to the urban people. People from di erent parts of the country come to
hospitals for treatment of their diseases and to solve their health problems.

In the big hospitals, there are ambulances to
transport sick people. All the patients are not
transported by ambulance. Normally an
ambulance is used to transport severely injured or
very sick persons who need immediate health
service.
Fig. 23.2 Ambulance

In the suburbs, there are primary health centers to provide health facilities to the
people. In these institutions, there is a doctor and a few other health workers. They
do not have specialist doctors, laboratories, instruments to diagnose and treat
complex diseases. Similarly, health posts and sub-health posts are found in the rural
areas of our country. They provide only basic health facilities. They cannot diagnose
diseases. They can treat only cuts, wounds, sprains and some communicable
diseases. A health assistant, some community health workers and nurses are present
in the health posts and sub-health posts.

Rural areas of Nepal lack roads and vehicles. So, sick and
severely injured people are transported by stretcher,
doko, doli, etc. A doko is a strong basket woven from
bamboo strips. A doli is a long wooden cabin with
curtains.

Carrying patient in stretcher Fig. 23.3 Carrying patient in doko

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Unit 23 HEALTH SERVICES AND COOPERATION

Types of health services

There are three types of health services which are provided to the people. They are:

a. Preventive health service

The health services that are provided to the people to prevent them from susceptible
diseases are called preventive health services. Free immunizations and vaccines are
its examples.

b. Promotional health services

Health services that promote health education and awareness in the people about
di erent health issues and problems are called promotional health services. Health
education, health awareness, health camps, sex education, family planning services,
etc. are some examples of promotional health services.

c. Curative health service

Health services that cure the health problems of the people through the use of medical
facilities are called curative health services. Hospitals, clinics, health centers provide
curative health services to the people.

Malpractices in health

In the rural areas, people donot have health education. When these people get sick,
they go to the Dhami, Jhanrki, Tantric and other traditional faith healers rather than
going to the hospital. The Dhami, Jhankri and Tantric resort to superstitious means
and medications to treat people. This makes the condition of the sick people even
more severe. At times, the people even die due to such treatments.

Fig. 23. 4 Dhami and Jhankri treating sick people

Co-operation in health

It is our duty to make the people aware about the things we know. We should ask the
sub-health posts and health posts to support in activities to create awareness. If
someone is ill, we should recommend his or her family to seek medical services. We
should make our home and surroundings clean to avoid communicable diseases. We
should love and take care of the sick people. We should not prescribe medicines to
the sick people ourselves. We should always be ready to provide and support sick

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HEALTH SERVICES AND COOPERATION Unit 23

people and his or her family. Health awareness, co-operation and support improve
the health condition of the whole community.

Activity 1

Ask your parents whether they believe in the Dhami, Jhankri, Tantric and other tradi-
tional healers. Also ask them, why they believe in them? Share what they have to say
in your class room.

Activity 2

Organize a debate in your class on the topic “ Better go to hospital than Dhami and
Jhankri”.

Rapid fire revision

* Health institutions are places where health workers treat the diseases of the sick
people. For example, hospital, clinics, health posts, sub-health posts.

* The services that are provided by the health institutions to prevent, cure and
promote health are called health services.

* In Nepal, there are regional hospitals, district hospitals, health centers, health posts,
sub-health posts, primary health centers, etc. to provide health services and facili-
ties to the people.

* Most of the private hospitals and clinics, regional hospitals and district hospitals are
located in towns and urban areas of the country.

* In the suburbs, there are primary health centers to provide health facilities to the
people.

* Health posts and sub-health posts are found in the rural areas of our country. They
provide only basic health facilities.

* In rural areas, due to lack of roads and vehicles, sick and severely injured people are
transported by stretcher, doko, doli.

* Health services that are provided to the people to prevent them from susceptible
diseases are called preventive health services.

* Health services that promote health education and awareness in the people about
di erent health issues and problems are called promotional health services.

* Health services that cure the health problems of the people through the use of
medical facilities are called curative health services.

* Due to lack of health education, people in the rural areas, go to the Dhami, Jhankri,
Tantric and other traditional healers instead of going to hospital.

* Health awareness, co-operation and support improve the health condition of the
whole community.

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Unit 23 HEALTH SERVICES AND COOPERATION

Three steps exercise

Step: 1

1. Tick (√) the correct statement and cross (x) the false one.
a) Dhami and Jhankri still treat sick people in rural areas. ( )
b) Hospitals provide a lot of health services. ( )
c) Stretcher, doko, doli are used to carry sick people in the cities. ( )
d) Ambulances are used to carry sick and severely injured people. ( )
e) Vaccination is a curative health service. ( )
f ) We should co-operate with and support sick people. ( )

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
a) We get………from health institutions like hospitals and clinics.
b) The services that are provided by …………are called health services.
c) Health posts and sub-health posts are found in …………areas of Nepal.
d) Health services that cure the health problems of the sick people through
e) the use of medical facilities are called …………… health services.
f ) People should not go to the ……..and……..for treatment of diseases.

3. Match the following. o Urban areas
a) Preventive o Vaccination
b) Curative o Rural areas
c) Promotional o Taking medicines
d) Ambulance o Health awareness
e) Stretcher

4. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.

a) Which is a preventive health service?

i. Medicines ii. Vaccination

iii. Health education iv. Health awareness

b) Which is a curative health service?

i. Medicines ii. Vaccination

iii. Health education iv. Health awareness

c) Which is a promotional health service?

i. Medicines ii. Vaccination

iii. Polio drops iv. Health awareness

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HEALTH SERVICES AND COOPERATION Unit 23

d) A vehicle that carries sick person is called

i. Pajero ii. Maruti van

iii. Ambulance iv. Lorry

e) Which is the biggest health institution?

i. Health center ii. Hospital

iii. Health post iv. Sub-health post

Step: 2

5. Di erentiate between:
a) Hospitals and health posts
b) Preventive and curative health services
c) Doctor and Dhami
d) Ambulance and doko

6. Give reasons.
a) Sick person are transported in an ambulance. Why?
b) We should keep our home and surroundings clean. Why?
c) Why do people go to a Dhami and Jhankri for treatment of disease?

7. Look at the given gures and identify the correct and incorrect practice to
treat a disease.

a) b)

8. What types of health services are mentioned in the given activities?
a) Mass awareness against HIV/AIDS
b) Providing polio vaccines to children
c) Taking medicine to cure dysentery.

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Unit 23 HEALTH SERVICES AND COOPERATION

9. Three di erent types of health institutions are given in the gures. Write
down the services provided by them.

a) b) c)

10. In which area, the patients are carried in this way? What should be done to
remove this problem?

Step: 3

11. Answer the following questions.
a) What are health services?
b) Name the di erent types of health institutions which are present in our

country?
c) What types of health facilities are available in the health posts and sub-health

posts?
d) Name three di erent types of health services.
e) What is promotional health service? Give example also.
f ) What do you mean by preventive health service?
g) State the meaning of curative health services with an example.

12. Draw gures of a stretcher, an ambulance and a doko.

Modern Concept Science, Health & Physical Education - 4 181

24Unit TOBACCO, ALCOHOL
AND DRUGS

Scientific terms and terminologies of the unit

1. Harmful habits : Habits that have negative effects on the health of people are
2. Tobacco called harmful habits.

3. Smoking : Tobacco is dried and processed leaves of tobacco used for
smoking and chewing.
4. Alcohol
5. Alcoholism : The act of chewing and consuming tobacco and tobacco products
6. Drugs in the form of smoke is called smoking.
7. Drug abuse
8. Drug addiction : Alcohol is a clear liquid which is produced by processing foods,
grains, herbs, fruits, vegetables, etc.
9. Drug addict
: The habit of drinking liquor is called alcoholism.
: Drugs are artificial or synthetic chemical substances which are

used in medicine to prevent and cure diseases.
: Continuous misuse of drugs is called drug abuse.
: When a drug makes a person highly dependent on it, it is called

drug addiction.

: A person who is addicted to a drug is called a drug addict.

Introduction

Some people have the habit of smoking and chewing tobacco. Some have the habit
of drinking and some take drugs. Smoking, drinking alcohol and taking drugs are bad
habits because they cause loss of health, wealth and prestige. Thus, habits that have
negative e ects on the health of people are called harmful habits. Smoking cigarettes,
bidis, hookah, chewing tobacco, taking drugs, drinking alcohols are examples of
harmful habits. This unit will discuss the e ects of tobacco, alcohol and drugs on
human health.

Tobacco

Tobacco is an example of a herb. It has thick and big leaves. It contains a chemical
called nicotine. The dried and processed leaves of tobacco are used for smoking and
chewing. Thus, tobacco is dried and processed leaves of tobacco, which is used for
smoking and chewing. The act of chewing and consuming tobacco and tobacco
products in the form of smoke is called smoking.

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TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND DRUGS Unit 24

Causes of taking tobacco

There are various reasons why people start smoking and chewing tobacco. Generally,
children and teenagers start smoking and chewing tobacco by imitating their family
members, seniors and friends. Some friends force their friends to smoke.

Some people smoke to get relief from tensions. Some teenagers start smoking and
chewing tobacco to look smart and tough.

Products of tobacco Tobacco plant Cigarette
Smoking Bidi Khaini
Paan parag, jarda, khaini, surti, gutkha are
di erent chewable products of tobacco. Hookah,
cigarettes, bidis, cigar are tobacco products for
smoking. Smoking is practiced in all countries of
the world.

E ects of smoking and chewing tobacco

Tobacco is a cancer causing agent. A carcinogenic
chemical called nicotine is found in tobacco.
Scienti c research has shown that, when smoking
about 4,000 harmful chemical substances enter
our body. For example, nicotine, tar, carbon
monoxide, etc.

Smoking kills more than a million people in the Chewing tobacco

world every year. Smokers are at high risk of

cancer of the lungs, larynx, oral cavity, esopha-

gus, gall bladder, kidney, pancreas. Yellow stains

on the ngers and teeth, damage to lung cells, Smoking cigarette Smoking hookah

constriction of the arteries, lowering the body Fig. 24.1

attack, breathing problems are other e ects of smoking. Coronary heart disease is

another important disease caused by smoking. Smoikng a ects pregnant mothers.

They give birth to premature or underweight babies.

Memory Plus
Smoking a ects not only smokers but also non-smokers if they are nearby the smok-
ers.

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Unit 24 TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND DRUGS

Alcohol

Alcohol is a clean and clear liquid. It is found in beer, whisky,
rum, tongba, vodka, rum, wine. It is produced by processing
food, grains, herbs, fruits, vegetables. Thus, alcohol is a clear
liquid which is produced by processing food, grains, herbs,
fruits, vegetables. It can be easily produced both by domestic
and industrial processes. So, it is easily available at every place
of the world. Rum, whisky, gin, beer are produced in the indus-
tries. Rakshi, chhyang, Jaand, tinpane are produced in homes.

Alcoholism

The habit of drinking alcoholic beverages is called alcoholism.

Culture, tradition, pressure from friends make people start

taking alcohol. People also drink alcohol to enjoy with friends,

get relief from mental tensions and to get along with the

crowd at oarties. Some people drink alcohol only on special Fig. 24.2 Alcoholic beverages

occasions like a picnic, marriage party, birthday party, anni-

versary party. But some people drink alcohol as a routine.

Alcohol is also used directly and indirectly in medicines. But

the quantity is very little. Therefore, it does not a ect the

health of the people.

E ects of alcohol

Drinking excessive alcohol has various health impacts. Some

of the health impacts of alcohol are liver damage, heart

attack, high blood pressure, loss of memory, blurred vision,

digestion problems, ulcers, gastrointestinal diseases. It also Fig. 24.3 Drinking alcohol
causes cancer in the liver, mouth, esophagus, stomach, in party and picnic

intestine, throat, breast. People who take alcohol regularly become lean, thin and

weak. They cannot speak and walk properly. They lose theri reproductive power,

social prestige and respect.

Drugs

Drugs are arti cial or synthetic chemical substances which are used in medicine to
prevent and cure diseases. All medicines are drugs but all drugs are not medicines.
More often, the word drug is used as an illegal substance that causes behavioral
change of a person. Sometimes it is used as a source of relief and relaxation. If a person
starts taking drugs regularly, he or she becomes an addict. Some harmful drugs are
opium, hashish, cocaine, marijuana, brown sugar, heroin.

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TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND DRUGS Unit 24

Opium plant Hashish plant Cocaine plant

Drugs addiction Fig. 24.4

Continuous misuse of drugs is called drug abuse.
When a drug makes a person highly dependent on
it, it is called drug addiction. A person who is
addicted to drugs is called a drug addict. Pressure
from friends, mental relief, copying from movies,
etc. invites people in drug addiction. If a drug
addict does not get drugs, he or she shows symp-
toms like nervousness, nausea, muscular cramps,
abdominal pain. These symptoms disappear when
the addict gets drugs.

E ects of drugs
Drugs have di erent types of health e ects on
human beings. Continuous use of drugs weakens
the immune system. As a result, a drug addict
su ers from heart problems and problems in blood Fig. 24.5 Drug addiction

circulation. Liver failure, mental disorder, loss of memory, nausea, vomiting, abdomi-
nal pain, blood pressure, loss of appetite, poor reproductive health are some
common e ects of drugs. People who share a syringe to inject drugs may su er from
HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C.

Social e ects of smoking, drinking alcohol and drug addiction

Smoking, drinking alcohol and drug addiction are harmful habits. They are banned in
our society. People with these harmful habits not only harm their health but also
harm their family and society. An alcoholic quarrels with family members and neigh-
bors. He loses respect and prestige in society. A smoker can also harm his or her family
members by smoking in front of them. A drug addict is a problem to his family and
society. A drug addict involves in immoral activities like robbery, theft. Once he has no
money, he can hurt and kill other people to get money to buy drugs. Drug addicts
also ght with each other and cause violence in society.

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Unit 24 TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND DRUGS

Our duty and responsibilities against smoking, drinking alcohol and drug addiction
We should always encourage our family members not to follow harmful habits. We
should avoid the company of smokers, drunkards or drug addicts to prevent
ourselves from learning such bad habits. We should keep ourselves busy in construc-
tive work. We should conduct programs against smoking, drinking alcohol and drug
addiction. It is necessary to generate awareness among the people against smoking,
drinking alcohol and drug addiction.

Rapid fire revision

* Habits that have a negative e ect on the health of the people are called harmful
habits.

* Smoking, drinking alcohol and taking drugs are bad habits because they cause loss
of health, wealth and prestige.

* Tobacco is dried and processed leaves of tobacco, which is used for smoking and
chewing.

* The act of chewing and consuming tobacco and tobacco products in the form of
smoke is called smoking.

* Children and teenagers start smoking and chewing tobacco by imitating their
family members, seniors and friends.

* Paan parag, jarda, khaini, surti, gutkha are di erent chewable products of tobacco.
* Hookah, cigarettes, bidis, cigar are tobacco products fro smoking.
* A carcinogenic chemical called nicotine is found in tobacco.
* Yellow stains on the ngers and teeth, damage to lungs, high blood pressure,

asthma, heart attack, breathing problems are some e ects of smoking.
* Alcohol is a clear liquid which is produced by processing food, grains, herbs,

fruits, vegetables.
* Rum, whisky, gin, beer are produced in industries.
* Rakshi, chhyang, jaand, tinpane areproduced at home.
* The habit of drinking alcoholic beverages is called alcoholism.
* Culture, tradition, pressure from friends make people start taking alcohol.
* Liver damage, heart attack, high blood pressure, loss of memory, blurred vision,

digestion problems, ulcers, gastrointestinal diseases are caused by alcohol.
* Drugs are arti cial or synthetic chemical substances which are used in medicine to

prevent and cure diseases.
* Some examples of drugs are opium, hashish, cocaine, marijuana, brown sugar,

heroin.
* Continuous misuse of drugs is called drug abuse.

186 Modern Concept Science, Health & Physical Education - 4

TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND DRUGS Unit 24

* When a drug makes a person highly dependent on it, it is called drug addiction. A
person who is addicted to drugs is called a drug addict.

* Liver failure, mental disorder, loss of memory, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
blood pressure, loss of appetite, poor reproductive health are some common
e ects of drugs.

Three steps exercise

Step: 1

1. Tick (√) the correct statement and cross (x) the false one.
a) Tobacco contains nicotine. ( )
b) Smoking, drinking alcohol and taking drugs are bad habits. ( )
c) Alcohol damages our liver. ( )
d) Heroin is a brand of alcohol. ( )
e) Rum, whisky, gin are alcohol. ( )

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
a) Bad habits cause loss of health, wealth and ………
b) Tobacco contains a harmful chemical called……..
c) Surti, jarda, khaini are chewable products of…….
d) The habit of drinking alcoholic beverages is called ………
e) A person who is addicted to drugs is called a drug ………

3. Match the following. o Present in tobacco
a) Beer, Rum and Wine o Alcoholic products
b) Opium and Cocain
c) Cigarette o Drugs
d) Nicotine o Chewing tobacco
e) Paan parag o Smoking tobacco

4. Select the best answer from the given alternatives.
a) ……… is the major cause of lung cancer.

i. Alcohol ii. Tobacco

iii. Drug iv. Wine
b) …….. a ect the health of the people.

i. Good habits ii. Bad habits

iii. Harmful habits iv. Playing habits

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Unit 24 TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND DRUGS

c) ……..is an alcoholic product.

i. Vodka ii. Opium

iii. Cigar iv. Hookah

d) ………is a drug.

i. Vodka ii. Marijuana

iii. Tamakhu iv. Jaand

e) Physical dependency in drugs is called……..

i. Drug abuse ii. Drug use

iii. Drug addiction iv. Drug misuse

Step: 2

5. Di erentiate between:
a) Smoking and alcoholism
b) Opium and beer
c) Cigarette and vodka
d) Drug abuse and drug addiction

6. Give reasons.
a) Smoking is injurious to health, why?
b) Pregnant women should not smoke, why?
c) Drug addicts are called problems of the family, why?
d) Why do people drink alcohol and take drugs?

7. Give any three examples of each.
a) Chewing tobacco products
b) Smoking tobacco products
c) Home-made alcohol products
d) Alcohol produced in industries
e) Drugs

8. What types of harmful habits are shown in the gure?

a) b)

188 Modern Concept Science, Health & Physical Education - 4

TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND DRUGS Unit 24

c) d)
9. Identify and name the given plants

a) b) c)

Step: 3

10. Answer the following questions.
a) What are harmful habits? Give three examples.
b) What is tobacco? Which harmful chemical is present in it?
c) What are smoking tobacco and chewing tobacco? Give three examples of

each.
d) Write down any four e ects of smoking on human health.
e) What is alcohol? Name any three local brands and industrial brands of

alcohol.
f ) Write down any three e ects of drinking alcohol on human health.
g) What are drugs? Give any four examples of drugs.
h) Who are called drug addicts?
i) Write any four e ects of taking drugs on human health.

11. Draw a picture showing awareness about the e ects of drugs

Modern Concept Science, Health & Physical Education - 4 189

25Unit LOCOMOTIVE
SKILLS

In our school and home, we perform di erent types of activities. While performing
these activities, we move our body parts. Some activities like walking, running,
jumping, etc. are helpful to make our body active and fresh. Due to these activities,
we become mentally and physically t.

Walking

Walking is a basic skill in which we move forward with the help of both legs. It is a
very simple body warming activity. It is a primary skill of a person. So, we should walk
properly. The skill of walking also helps us in running. Walking reinforces the muscles
and joints of our legs. When we walk, we should move our legs forward.

For proper walking, rst of all we should walk on the heel of the foot. Gradually take
help of the front side of the foot. While practicing to walk, we should walk along a
straight line. To develop proper skills of walking, we should practice the following
activities.

Activity 1
Proper walking

We should walk properly. In proper walking, both the legs should not be stepped
very far horizontally. In the same way, both the legs should not be stepped very
close.

Fig. 25.1 Proper walking
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LOCOMOTIVE SKILLS Unit 25

Activity 2
Pair walking

For pair walking, rst of all students form a pair. After making a pair, they walk in a
straight line together.

Activity 3 Fig. 25.1 Pair walking

Walking by imitation
Imitation skill of walking is done in rows. In the row, the rst student works like a
leader and others follow him. In this skill, we can walk by bending our body and then
walking by keeping our body straight.

Fig. 25.1 Walking by imitation 191
Modern Concept Science, Health & Physical Education - 4

26Unit RUNNING

Running means moving faster than walking. It is done by taking quick steps. Running
is a skill, which is very important in our life. It helps to improve our health, removes
the fat from our body and makes the bones strong. Running also helps to reach our
destination sooner. It also helps to escape from danger, threat, wild animals.
Running is an important step in most of the games, such as football, basketball,
marathon. There are varieties of running races such as 100 meter race, 200 meter race,
hurdle race, zigzag race.

Activity 1
Obstacle running

Obstacle running is the running by jumping over obstacles which are kept on a race
track. To run through a series of objects, people have to jump over the obstacles on
the track. These obstacles are kept at a distance of 5 to 7 meters depending upon the
size of the playground. Then students are supposed to run through the obstacles
safely.

Fig. 26.1 Obstacle running

Memory Plus-

An obstacle is an object which is kept on a racing track to make walking di cult.

Activity 2
Zigzag running or relay running

A zigzag run is exactly like a relay run but without a baton. It is a team sport, so team-
work is the key factor for victory. To play this game, students are divided into di erent
groups with an equal number of members in each group.

192 Modern Concept Science, Health & Physical Education - 4