ACTIVE SOLUTION EXPLORE KEY QUESTION ANSWERS IS PROVIDED ! Industrial and Current Issues in Chemistry OL EOCHEMICALS A DIVE INTO
Observation Worksheet Palm-based Oleochemicals Pay close attention to the video and write down your observations. Let's explore into the oleochemicals! How many oleochemical plants are currently operating in Malaysia, as mentioned in the video? A. 12 B. 21 C. 35 D. 48 What percentage of global palm oil production does Malaysia contribute, as stated in the video? Video Link : https://youtu.be/XYCyjH4FGlM?si=HThF0RUQemmfytvu Observations: Observations: A. 15 B. 28 C. 42 D. 55 1 Scan for video!
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a palm-based oleochemical derivative in the video? What method is used to produce crude fatty acids and glycerol, as described in the video? Observations: Observations: A. Fatty acids B. Glycerin C. Ethanol D. Fatty esters A. Distillation B. Filtration C. Hydrolysis D. Oxidation Observation Worksheet Pay close attention to the video and write down your observations. Let's explore into the oleochemicals! Palm-based Oleochemicals 2
Which ingredient is mainly used as a surfactant in personal care products, according to the video? Observations: A. Isopropyl palmitate B. Acetyl alcohol C. Glycerin D. Polyglycerol esters What advantage of palm oil usage in soaps and detergents is NOT mentioned in the video? Observations: A. Effective cleaning ability B. High vitamin E content C. Low foaming power D. Superior perfume retention Observation Worksheet Pay close attention to the video and write down your observations. Let's explore into the oleochemicals! Palm-based Oleochemicals 3
According to the video, what environmental benefit do palm-based oleochemicals offer? Observations: A. Non-renewable resource B. Non-biodegradable waste C. Cleaner waste disposal D. Increased pollution levels Observation Worksheet Pay close attention to the video and write down your observations. Let's explore into the oleochemicals! Palm-based Oleochemicals 4
1. B - 21 2. B - 28 3. C - Ethanol 4. C - Hydrolysis 5. B - Acetyl alcohol 6. C - Low foaming power 7. C - Cleaner waste disposal Observation Worksheet Pay close attention to the video and write down your observations. Let's explore into the oleochemicals! Palm-based Oleochemicals 5
Open-Ended Questions Pay close attention to the following points and write down your answers. Oleochemicals Explain the concept of oleochemistry and provide examples of feedstocks commonly used in the production of oleochemicals. Answers: Answers : Answers : Print-friendly worksheet Discuss the significance of palm oil in the production of oleochemicals. Describe the composition of palm oil and palm kernel oil in terms of fatty acids. Elaborate on the different processes involved in the production of palm oil, including milling, palm kernel processing, and refining. 6
Answers: Answers : Describe the process of hydrolysis in the production of oleochemicals. Explain the conditions, such as temperature and pressure, required for successful hydrolysis. Discuss the process of transesterification and its role in the production of methyl esters, biodiesel, and glycerin. Explain the catalysts commonly used in transesterification reactions. Open-Ended Questions Pay close attention to the following points and write down your answers. Print-friendly worksheet Oleochemicals 7
Open-Ended Questions (Answers) Oleochemistry is the branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of vegetable oils and animal oils and fats, as well as the chemical compounds derived from them, which are known as oleochemicals. Oleochemicals are produced through various chemical and enzymatic reactions. They have diverse applications and are used in industries such as home and personal care, pharmaceuticals, rubber, plastic, paint, and lubricants. Common feedstocks used in the production of oleochemicals include: Palm oil Palm kernel oil Coconut oil Tallow Sunflower seed oil Rapeseed oil Soybean oil Palm oil holds great significance in the production of oleochemicals. It is the world's most widely used vegetable oil and serves as a major feedstock for oleochemical production. Palm oil is derived from the fruit of the oil palm tree. It is rich in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, making it suitable for various applications. The composition of palm oil in terms of fatty acids is as follows: Saturated fatty acids: Palmitic acid: Approximately 44.3% Stearic acid: Approximately 4.6% Myristic acid: Approximately 1.0% 1. 2. OLEOCHEMICALS 8
Open-Ended Questions (Answers) Monounsaturated fatty acids: Oleic acid: Approximately 38.7% Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Linoleic acid: Approximately 10.5% Palm kernel oil, derived from the kernel of the oil palm fruit, has a different fatty acid composition. It is rich in lauric acid and has the following fatty acid composition: Saturated fatty acids: Lauric acid: Approximately 42.8% Myristic acid: Approximately 16.2% Palmitic acid: Approximately 8.4% Capric acid: Approximately 3.4% Caprylic acid: Approximately 3.3% Stearic acid: Approximately 2.5% Monounsaturated fatty acids: Oleic acid: Approximately 15.3% Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Linoleic acid: Approximately 2.3% OLEOCHEMICALS 9
Open-Ended Questions (Answers) The production of palm oil involves several processes, including milling, palm kernel processing, and refining. Milling Process: Sterilizing: The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized using high temperature and pressure to deactivate enzymes and facilitate oil extraction. Threshing: The sterilized fruit bunches are stripped to separate the fruit from the bunch. Clarification and purification: The fruit is pressed to extract crude palm oil, which is then further clarified and purified to remove impurities. Palm Kernel Processing: Cracking: The palm kernels are cracked to separate the palm kernel shells from the kernels. Separation of palm kernel and nut shell: The cracked kernels are separated from the shells. Cooking: The kernels are cooked to facilitate oil extraction. Pressing: The cooked kernels are pressed to extract crude palm kernel oil. Refining Process: Degumming: The crude palm kernel oil undergoes degumming to remove impurities such as phospholipids. Bleaching: The oil is bleached to remove pigments and further impurities. Fractionation: The oil may undergo fractionation to separate it into different components based on melting points. Deodorizing: The oil is deodorized to remove odor and unwanted flavors. Filtration: The final step involves filtration to obtain the refined palm oil. OLEOCHEMICALS 3. 10
Open-Ended Questions (Answers) Hydrolysis is a process used in the production of oleochemicals, where oil or fats are split into fatty acids and glycerol (glycerin) through the combined action of water, high temperature, and high pressure. The conditions required for successful hydrolysis include a temperature of approximately 250°C and a pressure of 50-55 bar. These conditions promote the breakdown of ester bonds in the oil or fats, resulting in the formation of fatty acids and glycerol. Transesterification is a process that plays a crucial role in the production of methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin from vegetable oils. In transesterification, a vegetable oil, such as palm oil, reacts with an alcohol, often methanol, in the presence of a catalyst. This reaction converts the triglycerides present in the oil into methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin. The catalysts commonly used in transesterification reactions include strong bases, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and strong acids, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4). These catalysts facilitate the conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters and glycerin, which can then be further processed and utilized in various applications. OLEOCHEMICALS 4. 5. 11
Choose the correct answers. OLEOCHEMICALS What is the main focus of oleochemistry? Which of the following is a feedstock for oleochemicals? What are the basic oleochemical substances? Where are oleochemicals widely used? In which industries can oleochemicals be used as raw materials or intermediaries? a) Study of minerals and metals b) Study of vegetable and animal oils and fats c) Study of synthetic chemicals 1 2 3 4 5 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS d) Study of organic compounds a) Natural fibers b) Synthetic polymers c) Palm oil d) Petroleum a) Amino acids and proteins b) Sugars and carbohydrates c) Fatty acids and glycerol d) Alcohols and aldehydes a) Construction industry b) Electronics industry d) Automotive industry c) Home and personal care a) Textile industry b) Food and beverage industry c) Pharmaceutical industry d) Entertainment industry 12
Which oil is the world's number one vegetable oil? Which part of the palm tree is used to produce palm stearin? What compound gives crude palm oil its reddish color? What is the predominant saturated fatty acid in palm oil? What is the main method used to transform vegetable oil into biodiesel? a) Coconut oil b) Soybean oil c) Palm oil 6 7 8 9 10 d) Sunflower oil a) Fruit mesocarp b) Palm kernel c) Palm fruit bunch d) Palm oil a) Beta-carotene b) Chlorophyll c) Anthocyanin d) Lycopene a) Palmitic acid b) Stearic acid d) Linoleic acid c) Oleic acid a) Transesterification b) Hydrolysis c) Hydrogenation d) Bleaching 13
What is the primary application of fatty alcohols? Which process is used to separate palm kernel from the nut shell? What is the main purpose of degumming in the refining process of palm kernel oil? Which catalyst is commonly used in transesterification reactions? What is the main application of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) derived from palm oil? a) Production of detergents b) Cosmetics and personal care products c) Food additives 11 12 13 14 15 d) Lubricants and greases a) Cracking b) Pressing c) Cooking d) Bleaching a) Sodium hydroxide b) Sulfuric acid d) Hydrochloric acid c) Nitric acid d) Paints and coatings a) Food preservatives b) Agrochemicals c) Personal care products a) Removal of impurities b) Color enhancement d) Moisture removal b) Odor reduction 14
Which fatty acid is present in high concentration in palm kernel oil? a) Lauric acid b) Myristic acid What is the purpose of hydrogenation in the production of solid fats? Which product is commonly made from a mixture of butter and palm/palm kernel oil? What are the applications of caprylic acid derived from palm oil? What is the primary use of linoleic acid? c) Palmitic acid 16 17 18 19 20 d) Oleic acid a) Flavor enhancement b) Shelf-life improvement c) Color stabilization d) Aroma preservation a) Surfactants and cosmetics b) Detergent soap raw material d) Metal and specialty soaps c) Lubricant ester and fungicides a) Quick-drying oil for oil paints and varnishes b) Lubricant ester and perfume c) Surfactants raw material and pharmaceuticals d) Cleansing soap raw material and lubricant ester a) Margarine b) Shortening d) Olive oil spread c) Mayonnaise 15
Oleochemicals (Answers Sheet) 1. B - Study of vegetable and animal oils and fats 2. C - Palm oil 3. C - Fatty acids and glycerol 4. C - Home and personal care 5. C - Pharmaceutical industry 6. C - Palm oil 7. A - Fruit mesocarp 8. A - Beta-carotene 9. A - Palmitic acid 10. A - Transesterification 11. B - Cosmetics and personal care products 12. A - Cracking 13. A - Removal of impurities 14. A - Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 15. C - Personal care products 16. A - Lauric acid 17. B - Shelf-life improvement 18. A - Margarine 19. C - Lubricant ester and fungicides 20. C - Surfactants raw material and pharmaceuticals 16
Across 2. What is the main application of fatty alcohols in the oleochemical industry? 4. Name a source of oleochemicals derived from the sea. 5. Name a source of oleochemicals derived from plants. 8. Name a fatty acid abundant in palm oil. 10. What is the process of converting a liquid oil into a solid fat called? 11. Fatty acid commonly used as a surfactant raw material is _____ acid. 12. What is the study of oils and fats called? 14 Oleochemical Down 1. What component gives crude palm oil its reddish color? 3. What is the main application of lauric acid in the oleochemical industry? 6. What is the process of splitting oil into fatty acids and glycerol called? 7. What are chemical compounds derived from oils and fats called? 9. One of the catalyst used in the hydrogenation process? 13. Name a source of oleochemicals derived from animals. 14. Glyceride reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst forming a mixture of fatty esters and __________. 15 10 8 7 4 5 3 12 9 2 1 6 11 13 17
Oleochemicals (Crossword Puzzle Answer) Across 2. Detergents 4. Marine 5. Palm 8. Palmitic 10. Hyrogenation 11. Lauric 12. Oleochemistry 15. Transesterification Down 1. Beta-carotene 3. Surfactants 6. Hydrolysis 7. Oleochemicals 9. Nickel 13. Tallow 14. Glycerol 18