51 Mat-Oral 12 ROLE OF HEAT TREATMENT PARAMETERS ON MICROSTRUCTURE OF TI6AL4V VIA LPBF Fathin Iliana Jamhari1,2, Farhana Mohd Foudzi1,2*, Minhalina Ahmad Buhairi1,2, Norhamidi Muhamad1,2, Intan Fadhlina Mohamed1,2, Abu Bakar Sulong1,2, Nashrah Hani Jamadon1,2 , Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan1,2 1Advanced Manufacturing Research Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract Residual stress is frequently reported in LPBF products due to the high thermal gradient between laser beam and powder bed during processing. High residual stress in final parts can lead to detrimental defects like pores, cracks and delamination. Heat treatment has been commonly applied as a method for stress relief. Four main heat treatment parameters include heating temperature, heating rate, cooling rate, and holding time. However, past studies rarely focused on all four parameters. Thus, this work aims to investigate the effect of heat treatment parameters on the microstructure of Ti6Al4V-LPBF samples. Ti6Al4V cubic samples were LPBF printed using parameters of laser power = 200 W, scanning speed = 1200 mm/s, layer thickness = 40 µm, and hatching distance = 60 µm. Annealing heat treatment were then applied at nine sets of varied parameters based on the DOE Taguchi L9 method. The heat treatment parameters used were (i) heating temperature: 835 oC, 935 oC and 1035 oC, (ii) heating rate of 2 oC /min, 5 oC/min and 10 oC/min, (iii) holding time: 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours and (iv) cooling rate controlled at 0.6 oC/min. The heat-treated cubic samples were evaluated on their microstructure properties using an optical microscope (OM). Heating temperature was found to be the most significant parameters in influencing the microstructure performance of Ti6Al4V-LPBF samples. Microstructure analysis revealed changes from acicular α’ martensite to α + β phases after heat treatment was applied. Keywords: Laser powder bed fusion, Ti6Al4V, Heat Treatment, Microstructure
52 Mat-Oral 13 FABRICATION OF BI-MATERIAL MICRO-SIZED PARTS EMPLOYING HYDROXYAPATITE AND ZIRCONIA CERAMICS THROUGH TWOCOMPONENT MICRO-POWDER INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS Al Basir, Norhamidi Muhamad, Abu Bakar Sulong* Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The way that the global market views micro-sized components has drastically changed in recent years, and the current paradigm is to combine multiple operational capabilities into a single micro-component. Due to this, the micro-powder injection molding (µPIM) method was modified to the two-component micro-powder injection molding (2C- µPIM) process, which enables the micro-scale joining of two dissimilar materials to produce bi-material microcomponents with diverse functionality. Through the use of the 2C-µPIM technology, bimaterial micro-parts made of hydroxyapatite (HA) and 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) were produced in this work. The optimal loadings for the HA and 3YSZ powders were chosen as 60 vol% and 45 vol%, respectively, based on the critical powder volume concentrations (CPVCs). Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and palm stearin binders were individually mixed with the optimal powder quantities to produce the HA and 3YSZ feedstocks. Pseudoplastic behaviour was shown by the feedstocks. Injection of the feedstocks led to the production of green, micro-sized HA/3YSZ components. It came out that 60.6% of the palm stearin binder was removed from the sample at a solvent debinding temperature of 70°C. In the thermal debinding stage, maximum 95% of the binder system was eliminated. The sintered HA/3YSZ micro-part made using 2C-µPIM had a linear shrinkage of about 17% during the 1300°C sintering process. Keywords: two-component micro-powder injection molding, HA/3YSZ micro-part, feedstock, debinding, sintering.
53 Mat-Oral 14 EFFECT OF BALL MILLING ON THE PRODUCTION OF NANOCELLULOSE FROM OIL PALM-BASED CELLULOSE Fatiha Ismail, Nur Eliyanti Ali Othman, Noorshamsiana Abdul Wahab Biomass Technology Unit, Engineering & Processing Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. *[email protected] Abstract In this study, nanocellulose was extracted from oil palm-based cellulose which was generated from empty fruit bunch cellulose, by planetary ball milling. The effect of ball milling time and rotational speed on the yield and properties of nanocellulose was investigated. The milling process of nanocellulose was conducted in an ethanol milling medium using 3mm stainless steel grinding balls. The characterizations of samples were carried out with determination for their chemical and morphological properties by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. FTIR results revealed that there was no obvious difference between the spectra of the empty fruit bunch cellulose fibres and nanocellulose, which indicated that the milling process is a non-derivative reaction. The morphological characterization clearly showed the formation of a web-like structure of nanocellulose with an average size below 21 nm. It was observed that the 2 hourmilling times presented smaller size, following by 4 and 6 hrs, thus milling time does affect the diameter size of the nanocellulose. This indicates that the diameter size of ball-milled cellulose increased with the increase of ball milling time, and without any changes of chemical structure. The presented results suggest that the ball milling can be utilized in wet conditions and this technique provides an easy, green and effective production method for producing nanostructures. Keywords: nanocellulose, ball milling, oil palm biomass, cellulose
54 Mat-Oral 15 SUSTAINABLE AND NOVEL DEVELOPMENT OF METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE USING SCRAP ALUMINIUM ALLOY REINFORCED WITH SCRAP BOROSILICATE GLASS PARTICLES BY STIR CASTING TECHNIQUE Said Al Oraimi, Pradeep Kumar Krishnan2 , Anasyida Abu Seman3*, Zuhailawati hussain4 1,3,4School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia 2Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Oman *[email protected] Abstract This research aims to achieve a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to the development of metal matrix composites (MMCs) by utilizing locally available Scrap Aluminium Engine Heads (SAEH) as the matrix material and powdered Scrap Borosilicate Glassware (SBG) as reinforcement. The stir casting technique was employed for composite fabrication, combining the benefits of cost-effectiveness and ease of processing. The research evaluates the mechanical properties of the developed MMC, including tensile strength, compressive strength, hardness, and impact resistance. Physical properties such as density and porosity were also investigated, alongside microstructural analysis using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and Xray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the composite compared to the as-cast SAEH material. The ultimate tensile strength increased from 70.3 MPa for as-cast SAEH to 117.3 MPa for SAEH reinforced with SBG. Similarly, ultimate compressive strength improved from 513.7 MPa to 700.67 MPa, and hardness increased from 32.56 HRB to 43.33 HRB. Furthermore, the impact strength showed a notable enhancement, increasing from 1.4 Joules to 1.8 Joules. Importantly, the porosity percentage decreased from 14.28% in as-cast SAEH to 9.97% in SAEH+BS composites, indicating improved material density.This research contributes to the development of sustainable MMCs using recycled materials, offering enhanced mechanical properties and reduced environmental impact, making it valuable for various engineering applications. Keywords: Metal Matrix Composite, Sustainable Development, Stir Casting Technique, Scrap Aluminum Alloy, Borosilicate Glass Reinforcement
55 Mat-Oral 16 INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT RATIOS OF GDC-SDC ON SSC/GDC-SDC DUAL COMPOSITE CATHODE FOR INTERMEDIATE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS Mohammad Fikrey Roslan1 , Muhammad Ruzaini Iskandar Mohamad Razal1 , Shahruddin Mahzan1 and Hamimah Abd.Rahman1* 1Functional Composite Structure Focus Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia * [email protected] Abstract Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) have emerged as highly promising contenders in the realm of energy conversion, offering enhanced efficiency and environmental sustainability. There has been a considerable amount of effort devoted to developing a version of SOFC that operates at intermediate temperatures. New material development is thus needed to enhance the cell performance due to limited operating temperatures. This study looked at SSC/GDC-SDC dual composite as a new potential cathode material for intermediate temperature SOFCs. Dual composite cathode powders were developed through high energy ball milling method at the weight ratios of 70-50GDC:30-50SDC (GDC-SDC) with SSC cathode powder. The dual composite cathode powders were calcined at 750 °C and pellets were sintered at 600°C. The chemical compatibility and microstructure properties of the composite powders were examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. Porosity and density of the composite cathode pellet was also measured. A good chemical compatibility between the SSC cathode and GDC-SDC electrolyte powders was observed when no secondary phases existed after the mixing of the dual composite cathode powders. The dual composite cathodes have produced an acceptable porosity (40-50%) of cathode component for the SOFCs application. Finally, the findings of this study significantly contribute to the investigation of the SSC/GDC-SDCC as a potential dual composite cathode material for intermediate temperature SOFC. Keywords: Cathode, Dual Composite, GDC, SDC, SSC
56 Mat-Oral 17 MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND HARDNESS PROPERTIES OF SIMODIFIED ALUMINIDE COATING ON 304 SS VIA SLURRY ALUMINIZING: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME Ambali Ibrahim Owolabi1,2, Anasyida Abu Seman 1*, and Tuti KatrinaAbdullah1 1 School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulai Pinang, Malaysia 2 Department of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria *[email protected] Abstract Surface modification of austenitic steel with a Si-modified aluminide coating enhances its lifespan by improving resistance to corrosion, oxidation, and high-temperature strength. To achieve this, a slurry composed of silicon, alumina, and aluminum was applied to 304SS samples. The samples were subjected to heat treatment at 750°C, 800°C, and 850°C for durations of 6, 8, and 10 hours. Microstructural analysis was carried out using a field scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed for phase identification. The hardness of the coating was measured using Vicker microhardness. The study revealed the presence of various binary intermetallic compounds, including Fe2Al5, Fe3Al, and FeAl, as well as ternary phases like Al2Fe3Si3 and Fe1.7Al4Si, within the coatings. The addition of silicon reduced intermetallic layer thickness by occupying vacancy sites along the crystal structure c-axis of Fe2Al5, thereby restraining the growth of this brittle intermetallic compound in favor of more ductile phases which is believed to increase stainless steel's resistance to corrosion. Notably, specimens heat treated at 850°C for 10 hours exhibited the highest thickness of FeAl intermetallic layers. As temperature and time increases, the number of voids at the interface between the aluminide layer and the steel substrate also grew. Microhardness measurement revealed that Fe2Al5, FeAl and Fe3Al layers had a hardness value of about 850-990 HV, 570-630 HV and 320-410 HV respectively for all the temperatures and aluminizing times. Fe2Al5 has the lowest toughness and is confirmed to be the hardest zone in the aluminide coating. Si-modified aluminide coatings on 304 stainless steels could be considered as a material candidate for high temperature application. Keywords: Si-modified aluminide coating, alumina, intermetallic layer, 304SS
57 Mat-Oral 19 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATIONS OF IRON-DOPED AKERMANITE CERAMICS BY SOL-GEL METHOD Yanny Marliana Baba Ismail1* and Nur Azika Diana Mat Yaki1 Biomaterials Niche Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. * [email protected] Abstract Calcium silicate-based (Ca-Si) ceramics have recently gained immense interest as an alternative to calcium phosphate (CaP) for treating bone defects. Among the Ca−Sibased ceramics, akermanite (AK: Ca2MgSi2O7) is unique from the viewpoints of controlled biodegradation rate, mechanical properties, and good bioactivity. This work aimed to synthesise a range of iron-doped akermanite (Fe3+= 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mol%) to improve the bioactivity property. The trivalent ions of Fe3+ were assumed to be substituted into the Mg2+ sites in the akermanite structure in accordance with Goldschmidt’s rules of substitution. Fedoped AK powders were synthesised by the sol-gel method and calcinated at 1300C. The powders produced were characterised using XRD, FTIR, XRF and FESEM/EDX analyses. The XRD patterns showed that Fe3+ substitution into akermanite did not change the phase formation, in which akermanite was detected as the primary phase with diopside and merwinite as the minor phases. FTIR spectra also demonstrated that the silicate remained unchanged, which could be attributed to the structural stability with dopant concentration. However, the amount of trivalent ions substituted into the Ca2MgSi2O7 becomes saturated after substituting 0.9 mol% Fe3+. Regardless of the composition, all the as-synthesised Fe-doped AK powders could support apatite formation, indicating enhanced bioactivity. Keywords: Akermanite, iron-doped akermanite, trivalent ion, sol-gel, bioactivity
58 Mat-Oral 20 EFFECT OF MANGANASE DOPANT ON THE STRUCTURE AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASSIUM SODIUM NIOBATE THIN FILM Muhd. Afiq Hafizuddin Azman1 , Mohd Warikh Abd Rashid2* , Umar Al-Amani Haji Azlan3 , Siti Rahmah Shamsuri4 , Adibah Haneem Mohamad Dom5 , Shah Rizal Kasim6 and Maziati Akmal Mat Harttar@Mohd Hatta7 1,2,3,4,5Faculty of Industrial and Manufacturing Technology And Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 6School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia 7Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract This research paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis and characterization of manganese (Mn)-doped potassium sodium niobite (KNN) thin films with different concentration of manganese starting from 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 0.9% prepared via the sol-gel method. The introduction of Mn dopants with different concentrations into KNN thin films offers a pathway to further enhance their performance. The Mn-doped KNN thin films were synthesized using the sol-gel method, a versatile technique known for its ability to produce uniform, high quality films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was employed to investigate the crystalline structure of the Mn-doped KNN thin films. The XRD analysis results show that the fabrication of Mn-doped KNN thin films exhibit an orthorhombic crystal structure. XRD peaks show that the occupancy of KNN thin films which indicate the synthesis was successfully done. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was employed to examine the surface morphology and microstructure of the thin films. 0.5% Mn-doped KNN thin films show the best result of a uniform grain size and dense grain growth. The electrical properties of the Mn-doped KNN thin films were evaluated through resistivity measurements. Resistivity analysis showed that 0.3% Mn-doped KNN thin films has the highest resistivity among the other concentrations. Keywords. KNN; manganese; thin film; doped; structural
59 Mat-Oral 21 STUDY OF CNTS DISPERSION IN CERAMIC FOR SURFACE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ENHANCEMENT Yazid Yaakob1,2,*, Kar Fei Chan, Aflah Abdul Aziz1 , Muhammad Izzat Muktar1 and Md Shuhazlly Mamat1 1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Microscopy Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. *[email protected] Abstract. Carbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively utilized in ceramics for their excellent properties, i.e, electrical, optical, mechanical and thermal properties. The reinforcement of CNTs as a filler has shown tremendous enhancement on the ceramic performance. However, the role of the CNTs fillers to the surface and mechanical performance stills remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between CNTs distribution in the ceramic matrix and the effect to the composite performance. The samples prepared by dispersing CNTs at different content (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 wt%) into two different ceramic matrice: aluminium oxide and zinc silicate (ZS) ceramic via anodizing methods and colloidal processing techniques, respectively. The CNTs incorporated in the ceramic matrix were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the dispersion behavior. In addition, the samples were subjected to Vicker microhardness measurement to investigate the mechanical properties. From the morphology study, the area that has more CNTs-free particles and microvoids, indicating a high degree of CNTs aggregation. In contrast, the area that has more CNTs-attached particles, indicating that the CNTs are well-dispersed in the ceramic. The Vickers microhardness results reveal that the dispersed CNTs with optimum content (1.0 wt%), display better performance in surface hardness compared to bare ceramic, while the aggregated CNTs contributed to defected surface morphology, resulting decline in surface hardness of the sample. These finding reveal that the CNTs filler dispersion were affected from the CNTs content, which lead to the improvement of surface hardness of the ceramic composite. Keywords: CNTs aggregation, well-dispersed CNTs, anodization, colloidal processing, surface microhardness
60 Mat-Oral 22 CLAY MODIFICATION ANALYSIS ON GUA SAGU POTSHERDS USING NONDESTRUCTIVE QUARTZ GRAIN THREE DIMENSIONAL (3D) DIGITAL MICROSCOPY IMAGING Ahmad Syahir Zulkipli1 & Suresh Narayanen1 * 1Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Abstract This paper aims to determine the manufacturing process of Gua Sagu prehistoric pottery by examining the characteristics of clay modification (tempering) through the identification of quartz grain (temper) morphology. The analysis was done by using the non-destructive digital microscopy method on selected pottery shards for 3D surface reconstruction imaging of both the cross-section and individual quartz grain, and their dimensions were measured and analysed. The results of the analysis revealed that the Gua Sagu pottery is rich in quartz (sand) mineral. This mineral could have occurred naturally in the clay or added intentionally by the potters during the clay preparation process to make the pottery solid and durable. The pottery fabric was characterized by homogenous shapes with both rounded- and sharp-edged angular quartz grains which have small average diameter but higher std deviation. It is suggested that, apart from clay pounding activity, the presence of rounded- and spherical shape of quartz grains could be due to soil sedimentation process and/or river conditions at the time. Interestingly, a similar clay modification process has been used by other prehistoric potting groups in Malaysia and Southeast Asia during the Neolithic Period, circa 4,500 years ago. Keywords: Gua Sagu, pottery, quartz grain, 3D microscopy imaging
61 Mat-Oral 23 THE INFLUENCE OF DISPERSION STRENGTHENING ON HARDNESS AND WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF TITANIUM CARBIDE METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE FABRICATED USING TIG AND LASER PROCESSES - A REVIEW Md Abdul Maleque1* , Ahmed Nazrin Md Idriss2 and Azmah Hanim Mohamed Ariff3 1,2Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 3Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. *[email protected] Abstract Surface modification using TIG or laser beam processes is a well-known method to alter the metal surface properties while leaving the substrate without changes in microstructural features or composition content. Surface modification to form the layers can either be achieved with or without the reinforcing material. One aspect that makes altering only the surface layer a priority is increasing surface hardenability. In tribology, increased hardenability is seldom associated with a reduced friction coefficient, which is achieved via carbide incorporation. In surface modification, bringing those coefficients of friction as low as possible has been a major concern over the years. This paper reviews several ways to produce titanium carbide on the surface of the titanium alloy and the hardness influences of adding carbon-based powder using TIG or laser beam processes. The microstructural features and diversity of wear failures were examined and classified by microscopic examination. The synergistic effect of the titanium carbide and the addition of the solid lubricant-based powder were reported to ease wear with a reduction in coefficient of friction and wear rate compared to the titanium carbide layer alone. This work provides exclusive information on the benefits of a titanium-carbon-based metal matrix composite layer that can be useful in the fields of automotive, aerospace, maritime, oil and gas, manufacturing, and construction industries. Keywords: laser, TIG, titanium carbide, titanium, hardness
62 Mat-Oral 24 EFFECT OF SIMULTANEOUS ADDITION OF PRASEODYMIUM (PR) AND ANTIMONY (SB) ON MICROSTRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AL-15%MG2SI IN-SITU COMPOSITE Zuu Ann Lim1, Hamidreza Ghandvar2 and Tuty Asma Abu Bakar3 1,3Department of Materials, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Johor Bahru Johor, Malaysia 2Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, New Uzbekistan University, 100007 Tashent, Mustaqillik Ave. 54 [email protected] Abstract Aluminium-based metal matrix composites are always promising materials for applications such as the automotive and aerospace industries. During the solidification of Al-Mg2Si alloy, the eutectic Mg2Si phase with large size and flake-like morphology forms in the structure of the alloy which results in deterioration of mechanical properties. Modification/refinement of eutectic Mg2Si phase using alloying elements is a prime concern. Previous studies showed that the simultaneous addition of rare earth elements and modifiers such as Gd and Y with Sb can modify and refine the microstructure of primary Mg2Si particles. Hence, this research aims to investigate the microstructure, tensile, and hardness properties of Al-15%Mg2Si insitu composite reinforced with the simultaneous addition of Pr and Sb. The composite materials were prepared using an in-situ casting procedure with high purity of the elements. The microstructure was examined by optical microscope and SEM/EDS. The tensile test and Vickers hardness test were used to measure the mechanical properties of the composite. The result showed that the simultaneous addition of 0.5wt%Pr-Sb gave the highest Mg2Si phase density of the area with the smallest average particle size, the highest value of tensile strength with 108.01MPa for 0.1mm/min strain rate and the hardness value of 58.50HV. Thus, the results show that the simultaneous addition of Pr and Sb can refine the primary Mg2Si particles and improve the mechanical properties of the Al-15%Mg2Si composite. Keywords: Mg2Si, Addition of Pr-Sb, Refinement, Microstructure, Tensile behaviour, Hardness
63 Mat-Oral 25 A STUDY OF DENSE/POROUS CERAMIC LAYERS WITH DIFFERENT CARBON BLACK CONTENTS Maziah Borhanuddin1 , Mohamed Lokman Jalaluddin2 , Umar Al-Amani Azlan2,* , Mohd Warikh Abd Rashid2 1 CIAST Satellite Campus (CSC) ADTEC Melaka, Bandar Vendor Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka 2Fakulti Teknologi Dan Kejuruteraan Industri Dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100, Durian Tunggal, Melaka Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This study examines the porous ceramics formed by blending clay (kaolinite), silica (silicon dioxide) and feldspar, while varying the proportions of added carbon black (CB). The research objectives are to evaluate the effect of carbon black as a pore forming agent on the porosity and microstructure of bi-layered ceramics. Besides, to determine the impact of CB on the compressive strength and mechanical characteristics of ceramics layers with different levels of porosity. The methodology involves synthesizing ceramic mixtures and conducting comprehensive material characterizations. According to the observations, the optimum sintering temperature in this study is 1175°C. The surface morphology and microstructure of the bi-layered ceramics were investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Among the tested compositions, it was found that the addition of 5% of CB yielded the most favorable outcome, characterized by uniform grain size and a porous structure. The sintered samples exhibited an average decrease in flexural strength from 60 to 55 MPa in the presence of CB, a phenomenon commonly associated with reduced mechanical properties in highly porous materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was utilized to explore the crystalline arrangement of mullite (2Al2Si2O7). The findings of the XRD analysis indicate that the mullite's production resulted in the development of an orthorhombic crystal structure. The XRD peaks confirm the presence of mullite within the sample, affirming the successful completion of the synthesis. In conclusion, bi-layered porous ceramics present a promising solution for the application in the construction industry. Keyword: ceramics, carbon black, pores structures.
64 Mat-Oral 26 INVESTIGATION ON MORPHOLOGY, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(LATIC ACID) (PLA)/HYDROXYAPATITE (FsHA) COMPOSITE TOUGHENED WITH NATURAL RUBBER Santhiya Peremel1 , Che Nor Aiza Jaafar1,2*, Ismail Zainol3 , Mohd Khairol Anuar Mohd Ariffin1 , Muhammad Affan Ishak1 and Ruey Shan Chen4 1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia 2Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center, (AEMC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Proton City, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia. 4Department of Applied physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite has been studied for their grear potential in load bearing applications. However, the brittleness of the PLA/HA composite has limited in their applications. The aim of this study is to toughen the PLA/HA composites with modified natural rubber (MG30 rubber) and fish scales hydroxyapatite (FsHA) as fillers. The composite samples were prepared by mixing PLA with 20 wt% FsHA and different % of MG30 rubber by using an internal mixer at 190 oC. The mechanical properties of toughened PLA/FsHA composites were characterized using tensile and impact tests. The fractured surface of the composites were monitored using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to study the morphology, also interaction between FsHA filler, MG30 rubber and PLA matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the chemical interaction between fillers and matrix. The thermal properties of the composite were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was seen that the tensile and impact properties of the composites were improved as the composition of MG30 rubber increased. From SEM analysis results, it was found that the MG30 rubber was well distributed in the polymer matrix of the composites. Meanwhile, there was good surface interaction between PLA matrix and MG30 rubber as shown from FTIR results. Additionally, thermal stability of the composites was improved by the addition of MG30 rubber. The higher the MG30 rubber content, the higher the impact properties. In conclusion, overall results indicated that the PLA/FsHA composites toughened with MG30 rubber have improved the thermal stability and mechanical properties. Thus, this inferred that the composite produced in this project has great potential to be used in load bearing applications. Keywords: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), fish scales hydroxyapatite (FsHA), MG30 rubber, mechanical properties, morphology
65 Mat-Oral 27 ISOTHERM AND KINETIC ANALYSIS FOR THE ADSORPTION OF BISPHENOL S ONTO TEA STALK BASED ACTIVATED CARBON Erniza Mohd Johan Jaya1 , Anis Atikah Ahmad2 , Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Yusop1, and Mohd Azmier Ahmad1,* 1School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal Penang, Malaysia 2Faculty of Chemical Enginering & Technology, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract Wastewater containing Bisphenol S (BPS) poses a risk to both human health and aquatic ecosystems, as conventional treatment plants struggle to effectively eliminate it. To address this challenge, this research focuses on transforming tea stalks into activated carbon (TSAC) for the efficient adsorption of BPS in water solutions. The production of TSAC involves physical activation with CO2 as the activating agent, resulting in a BET surface area of 712.49 m2 /g and a total pore volume of 0.25 cm3 /g. The equilibrium study demonstrates that as the initial concentration of BPS increases from 5 to 50 mg/L, the adsorption uptakes rise while the corresponding percentage removal decreases. The optimum removal of BPS by TSAC occurs at a solution temperature of 60 °C. Isotherm studies reveal that the BPS-TSAC adsorption system follows the Langmuir model, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (Qm) of 41.25 mg/g. In kinetic studies, the pseudo-second order (PSO) model provides the best fit for the adsorption of BPS by TSAC. Boyd plot analysis identifies film diffusion as the rate-limiting step in the adsorption process. Keywords: Activated carbon, adsorption process, BPS, isotherm, kinetic, mechanism
66 Mat-Oral 28 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES IMMOBILIZED ON PRISTINE FILTER PAPER AND MODIFIED FILTER PAPER: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Tan Shi Nin, Yuen Mei Lian* , Ros Azlinawati Binti Ramli and Muhammad Farid Rafiq Abdul Manaf Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Chitosan and cellulose are ubiquitous and biodegradable polysaccharides. With the presence of amino (-NH3) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups, chitosan and cellulose are introduced as supporting materials for metal nanoparticles. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) immobilized on two different substrates, which are pristine filter paper (FP) and chitosan-filter paper (CS-FP). Their photodegradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation is determined by parameters such as the initial concentration of MB, the photocatalyst dosage and the concentration of the reducing agent. The presence of chitosan impact on the composition of NiNPs was revealed through the application of scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the photodegradation efficiency of NiNPs/FP and NiNPs/CS-FP decreased from 67.4% to 62.8% and 61.4% to 38.7%, respectively, by raising the initial concentration of MB from 10 to 50 ppm. Additionally, increasing the photocatalyst dosage from 0.2 to 0.6 g resulted in the photocatalytic degradation of MB by NiNPs/FP and NiNPs/CS-FP increasing from 42.8% to 68.7% and 22.4% to 47.6%, respectively. As the reducing agent concentration (0–0.5 M) increases, the photodegradation efficiency of NiNPs/FP and NiNPs/CS-FP increases from 4.6% to 64.38% and 24.4% to 98.2%, respectively. It can be concluded that the photodegradation performance of NiNPs/FP is better than that of NiNPs/CS-FP. Taken together, the results of this study may contribute to an ideal nanoparticle immobilization matrix and thereby, its application in the photodegradation of dyes may achieve the third goal of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which is to increase global water recycling and safe reuse by minimizing the amount of untreated wastewater globally. Keywords: Chitosan, cellulose, nickel nanoparticles, photodegradation, methylene blue
67 Mat-Oral 29 EFFECT OF CALCINATION ON THE BIOACTICITY OF HYDROXYAPATITE (HAp) FROM BLACK TILAPIA FISH SCALE Muhamad Zaki Jaffri1 , Hasan Zuhudi Abdullah1*, Maizlinda Izwana Idris1 1Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. *[email protected] Abstract Hydroxyapatite, HAp is extensively used for orthopaedic and dental reconstruction as implant material due to their chemical and biological similarity to human hard tissue. Recently, vigorous research efforts made to obtain HAp from an animal bone in providing alternative feedstock materials for biomedical applications. Therefore, the extraction of natural HAp from the Black Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) fish scales was produced via a conventional heat treatment (calcination) at 1000 °C. To produce HAp fine powder, the natural HAp from the tilapia fish scale went through a grinding process before characterization and testing. The sample was characterized using powder X- rays Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The bioactivity of the samples was characterized using a Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) Test, AntiMicrobial and MTT-assay using a Human Fetal Osteoblast (hFOB) 1.19 cell line. XRD result shows the crystallinity of extracted HAp is similar to the standard HAp. The FESEM image shows the particles have different morphologies. The EDX analysis shows that the Ca/P ratio is 1.69 that slightly different from the standard HAp (1.67). The SBF result shows apatite deposition on top of the pellet sample surface after immersion for 7 days. Anti-Microbial shows that there are no anti-microbial properties on the extracted HAp and the MTT-assay analysis shows that the samples were not toxic to the cell. This work shows that studies on the extraction of fish scale into high value-added product are the promising alternative to produce natural HAp that is beneficial to medical applications. The bioactivities show that the natural HAp produced is bioactive and not toxic. Keywords: Hydroxyapatite, Biomaterial, Black Tilapia, Fish Scale, Bioactivity
68 Mat- Poster 01 EVALUATION OF CHITOSAN COMPOSITE COATING FOR MICROBIAL INFLUENCED CORROSION PROTECTION FOR LOW CARBON SUBSTRATES: CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENT AND ADHESION PROPERTY Mohd Fauzi Mamat1*, Zaharah Ibrahim2 , Rohah Ab Majid3 , Lailatul Harina Paijan1 , Mohd Hadzley Abu Bakar1 , Mohd Basri Ali1 and Nor Ana Rosli1 1Faculty of Industrial and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Kampus Teknologi, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia. 2Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. 3Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract An innovative self-healing approach that can simultaneously restore the contact angle and adhesion strength of coatings was presented in this work. The coating was created using an industrial epoxy paint containing chitosan particles incorporated into the hardener. It was then cured at a temperature that was close to ambient to encourage the fusing of adjacent chitosan particles, which improved the coating's ability to heal itself. In this study, the chitosan composite coating were created utilising in-situ polymerization, and different wt.% of chitosan particle were combined with commercial epoxy paint. Using a ball mill, the chitosan particles have been crushed down to a final size of 50 to 200µm. The influence of addition of different chitosan particle concentration on the surface roughness as well as on wettability and adhesive strength of the composite coating has also been investigated using contact angle measurement and pull off adhesion tester. A comparison is carried out among the six types of concentrations namely 2, 5, 7, 10, 13 and 15wt. % of chitosan particle for different properties. The contact angle measurement was loaded onto the sample stage and the motorized syringe dispended 0.2 µL drop of distilled water. The chitosan particle and surface morphology of the dolly after pull of adhesion test were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results obtained indicate that the higher adhesion strength of polymeric coating matrix increased by the addition of 10wt. % loading ratio of chitosan particle with 3.22Mpa and 79.18o wettability on coating surface. Keywords: chitosan particle, wettability, adhesion strength, low carbon steel
69 Mat- Poster 02 PROFITABLE USE OF WASTE ANNONA CITRULLUS LANNATUS AND MUSA ACUMINATE PEEL EXTRACT AS AN GREEN CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR MILD STEEL IN AGGRESSIVE ACID SOLUTIONS Mohd Fauzi Mamat1 *, Muhammad Alif Adam1 , Lailatul Harina Paijan1 , Mohd Hadzley Abu Bakar1 , Mohd Basri Ali1 and Muhammad Safwan Ismail2 , Abdillah Sani Mohd Najib3 1Faculty of Industrial and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Kampus Teknologi, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia. 2PETRONAS GPD-PD&T IRSO West Cost, Persiaran Penapisan, 76300 Sungai Udang, Melaka, Malaysia 3Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract Nowadays, industries place a significant emphasis on using eco-friendly materials to prevent steel corrosion at an affordable price. The aim of this study was to investigate whether it was possible to synthesize an innovative corrosion green inhibitor for carbon steel applications in solutions containing 1M HCl utilizing eco-friendly plant-based annona citrullus lannatus (watermelon) and musa acuminate (banana) peel. Visual inspection and immersion test techniques were used to assess the corrosion rate and inhibition effectiveness. The surface morphology of the corroded carbon steel samples without and with inhibitors was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS). SEM and EDS study suggested was occurred through molecular adsorption of organic moieties of the extracts on carbon steel surface. The EDS spectrum revealed the substrate surface of carbon steel was significantly reduced in presence of both green inhibitor and show exhibited clear evidence that the inhibitor had adhered to the iron's surface. The extract from both green peel extraction presence of O-H, N-H, C-O etc. functional group and was discovered to be a mixture of the chemical components gallocatechin and catechin based on the results of Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The results additionally indicated that the inhibition effectiveness and corrosion rate of low-carbon steel significantly decreased after the addition of inhibitor and that the immersion time had a profound impact on the corrosion behavior on both extractions. The highest inhibitory efficiency was produced by musa acuminate (banana) peel extract, compare to annona citrullus lannatus (watermelon) in 1M HCl medium. The study has shown that musa acuminate (banana) peel extracts are an efficient treatment for steel corrosion in acidic environments. Keywords: green inhibitor, weight loss, corrosion rate, carbon steel
70 Mat- Poster 03 THE EFFECT OF NANOCLAY FILLER ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED POLYPROPYLENE / VIRGIN POLYPROPYLENE Engku Zaharah Engku Zawawi1 *, Alim Amri Juraime1 , Nik Noor Idayu Nik Ibrahim1,2 , Hairani Tahir1 and Noor Najmi Bonnia1 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia 2Centre for Chemical Synthesis and Polymer Technology, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. *[email protected] Abstract In this study, recycled polypropylene (rPP) was blended with virgin polypropylene (vPP) using twin screw extruder. A nanoclay was added to rPP/vPP blend in an attempt to obtain a material with improved performance characteristics. Mechanical and morphological properties were studied using tensile test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All the blends were also characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The tensile test result obtained indicate that the incorporation of nanoclay filler led to increases in Young’s modulus of the blend compared to that of the neat polymers. However, decreased the tensile strength and strain at break as compared to samples without the nanoclay. rPP/vPP blend with 1% nanoclay loading shown the highest Young Modulus which is 1456.139 MPa. The fracture surface morphology of rPP/vPP:50/50 blends with 5% nanoclay filler indicate the presence of voids. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data obtained indicate that, rPP/vPP blends show better thermal stability compared to rPP. Meanwhile addition of 3 and 5 wt.% nanoclay loading, did not improved the thermal stability of rPP/vPP blend. DSC measurement indicates that the melting temperature (Tm) values of the rPP/vPP blend increased with the addition of 1 wt.% of nanoclay content, from 166 to 171 oC. However, there was no significant changes in melting temperature (Tm) as the nanoclay loading increased from 3 to 5 wt.%. Keywords: thermal properties; recycle polypropylene; morphology, nanoclay, Young’s modulus
71 Mat- Poster 05 THE EFFECT OF ECO-FRIENDLY CHEMICAL TREATMENT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE PALF USING WEIBULL ANALYSIS Zaleha Mustafa1* , Amirah Ain Asyiqin Sappa1 , Syahriza Ismail1 , Siti Hajar Sheikh Md Fadzullah2 1Faculty of Industrial & Manufacturing Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2Faculty of Mechanical Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia * [email protected] Abstract In the pursuit of eco-friendly composite materials, pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) emerges as a compelling candidate to be used as a degradable reinforcing material due to its outstanding intrinsic mechanical properties. However, given their hydrophilic nature, alkaline treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) often used to enhance the fibres' capabilities and improve interface bonding in polymer matrix. Though, NaOH, being a potent base, can pose environmental risks if not handled with proper precautions during disposal. Thus, opting for sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) could be regarded as an eco-friendly alternative. In this work, the pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) were subjected to an alkaline treatment using different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (5% and 10%) at room and elevated temperature for a duration of up to 96 hours. The main objective of this study is to analyse the impact of various treatment processes on the strength of the PALF and Young's modulus. The tensile single fibre test was carried out using a 20 mm gauge length on a Shimazhu Universal Testing machine attached with 50N load cell capacity. The Weibull analysis was used to determine the predicted tensile strength and modulus. SEM was used to analyze the surface morphology of the fibres. The results suggest that the fibres treated with a 5% concentration of NaHCO3 solution at room temperature demonstrate a significant 43% increase in tensile strength and a 24% improvement in Young's modulus when compared to their untreated PALF counterparts. SEM results show the NaHCO3 treated PALF appeared to be rougher than the untreated fibre. In summary, the alkaline treatment enhanced both the tensile and modulus strength of the fibre and NaHCO3 can be considered as an alternative for more eco-friendly surface treatment for natural fibre. Keywords: Pineapple leaf fibre palf, chemical treatment, weibull analysis, mechanical properties, SEM analysis
72 Mat- Poster 06 (Mat-Oral 30) FABRICATION OF SILICA WATER FILTER FROM RICE HUSK WASTE PRODUCT VIA SLIP CASTING METHOD Muhammad Syahmie Sufi Abdul Shukor1 , Sufizar Ahmad1*, Hamimah Abd. Rahman2 , Shahruddin Mahzan2 , Mohd. Azham Azmi2 , Azzura Ismail2 and Muhammad Firdaus3 1Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor, Malaysia. 2Functional Composite Structure (FCS) Focus Group, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia(UTHM), Johor, Malaysia. 3Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This study focuses on utilizing amorphous silica for silica water filters from rice husk waste product that can be obtained from the area of Pasir Puteh, Kelantan. The aim for this study is to fabricate silica water filters by using the Slip Casting method and investigate their physical properties. Synthetic silica will be used for preliminary studies to test the mould's work rate and the fabricated filters will undergo various testing processes consisting of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), shrinkage analysis, porosity analysis, density analysis and water absorption analysis. The composition of silica used is 50 wt. %, 60 wt. % and 70 wt. % has been chosen. In this research, kaolin clay is used as binder. The fabricated silica water filters will undergo sintering process of 1100 °C in a furnace. Under this research, amorphous silica with very low residual carbon content (approximately 1.0wt% residual carbon) was successfully being produced. The results indicate that Slip Casting method is suitable in producing silica water filters with the rate of density analysis shown for 50 wt. %, 60 wt. % and 70 wt. % of silica are 1.34 g/cm3, 1.183 g/cm3 and 1.194 g/cm3 respectively. Further indepth research is recommended to develop more effective and efficient silica water filters for those in need. Keywords: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), amorphous, process, treatment, sintering and green technology
73 Mat- Poster 07 SYNTHESIS AND SURFACE MODIFICATION OF IRON OXIDE-CNT NANOCOMPOSITE FOR POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN PHOTOCATALYSIS Syahriza Ismail1* , Noor Irinah Omar1 , Faisal Budiman2 and Mohd Fadhil Majnis3 1Faculty of Industrial and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Jalan Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka 2School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Jl. Telekomunikasi Terusan Buah BatuBandung 40257, Indonesia 3 School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) 40450 Shah Alam,Selangor Darul Ehsan *[email protected] Abstract Nanocomposite material combining carbon nanotubes and iron Oxide is developed for the photocatalysis application. A straightforward strategy via oxidation method has been used to prepare the iron oxide nanoleaf. The deposition of CNT on the nanowires to form the nanocomposites is prepared by spin coating with varying CNT content (5%, 7%, and 10%). The nanocomposite is characterized by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman Spectroscopy, and UV–Vis. FESEM revealed the well deposition ofthe CNT on the Iron oxide nanoleaf surface. Nanocomposite with 7% CNT have higher photocatalytic activity with 83% degradation of methyl orange dye in 60 min. The intensified photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the combined impact of iron oxide and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which effectively suppress the recombination of photo-generated charge carriers and promote the generation of highly active radical species such as OH• radicals and O2• radicals on the CNTs' surface. Keywords: iron oxide, nanocomposite, thermal oxidation, photocatalysis
74 Mat- Poster 08 EFFECT OF ELECTRODEPOSITION CURRENT DENSITY ON THE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY AND TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF NICKEL-RECYCLEDQUARRY DUST COMPOSITE COATINGS Intan Sharhida Othman1*, Anis Anizah Mohammad Baba1 , Rose Farahiyan Munawar1 , JariahMohamad Juoi1 , Liew Pay Jun1 , and Syahrul Azwan Sundi@ Suandi1 1Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan dan Industri, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract The study experimentally investigated the effect of various current density and quarry dust content on the surface properties and tribological properties of electrodeposited nickel quarry dust composite coatings on High Speed Steel (HSS) substrate. HSS is widely used as a high speed cutting tool due to their excellent red hardness and good wear resistance.Quarry dust is used in this study as a reinforcement because of its high silica and alumina content, which helps to improve the coating's properties. In order to get finer size of quarry dust particles, quarry dust has undergo ball milling process before electrodeposition process. Various current density with range from 2 A/dm2 to 8 A/dm2 and various quarry dust content with range between 15 g/L to 60 g/L were used in this study as the different range of current density and quarry dust content have different outcome. The composite coatings was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X- Ray Diffraction (XRD). The influence of current density and quarry dust content was investigated using hardness test and wear test. As the current density and quarry dust content increases, the hardness of the substrate will increases too. The highest hardness value is obtained when current density is at 6 A/dm2 and quarry dust content is 45 g//L. It is same as for the result of wear test as the weartrack length is smaller and the wear occur on the surface. With an increase in current density and quarry dust content, the COF value decreased. Therefore, the optimum experiment's parameters are current density at 6 A/dm2 and a quarry dust content at 45g/L. Keywords: Nickel composite coating, electrodeposition, quarry dust, current density
75 Mat- Poster 09 MICROSTRUCTURE AND PHASE ANALYSIS OF PLASMA SPRAYED TIO2 COATING ON MILD STEEL SUBSTRATE Toibah Abd Rahim1, * , Brandon Kua Li Sheng1 , Ng Shih Chien1 , Noor Irinah Omar1 , YuslizaYusuf1 , Ilyani Akmar Abu Bakar2 1Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Industri dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal MalaysiaMelaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract Mild steel is an essential engineering material with many applications. However, this specific steel is quite susceptible to rust and wear. TiO2 coating has been discovered to have low friction, good wear resistance, and outstanding corrosion resistance. In this study, plasma spray coating was utilized to prepare TiO2 coating on the mild steel substrate. The objectives of this study is to characterize the microstructural characteristic and phase analysis of the TiO2 coating deposited on the mild steel substrate using plasma spray method. From theSEM observations, it was revealed that TiO2 feedstock powders exhibit an angular and blocky morphology. The PSA result confirmed that TiO2 feedstock powders were in micron-sized which is suitable for plasma spray process. The thickness of the coating was about 300 µm, and a limited number of pores were observed on the cross-section of the coating. The SEM observation also confirmed that the resultant coating has a bi-modal structure composed of fully and partiallymelted regions within splats. The presence of distinct regionsin the bi-modal structure makes it more wear-resistant than a single-structure coating. Furthermore, microcracks were discovered on the as-prepared TiO2 coatings due to the stored strain during the thermal cycling of plasma spray process. Rutile was identified as the predominant phase inthe plasma-sprayed TiO2 coating by XRD analysis. Keywords: Titanium dioxide, plasma spray, coating, microstructure, phase analysis
76 Mat- Poster 10 VARIATION IN CALCINATION TEMPERATURE OF COCKLE SHELL-DERIVED CALCIUM OXIDE FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Nursyazwani Zulkefli1* , Eliza M. Yusup1 , Zulkefli Daud2 , Muhd Syahmi Sufi Shukor1 1Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia 2 Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Temenggong Ibrahim, 80350 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract This study focuses on the extraction of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from cockle shells (Anadara granosa), locally known as 'kerang' or blood cockle, which plays a significant role in Malaysia's aquaculture industry. Cockle shells contained 95-99% by weight of CaCO3, which enables the extracted CaCO3 to serve as a precursor for the production of calcium oxide (CaO), primarily intended for biomedical applications. To achieve this, the CaCO3 powder was subjected to calcination processes at temperatures of 800°C, 850°C and 900°C, resulting in the conversion to CaO. The choice of these calcination temperatures was determined as suitable based on previous research. To ensure clarity regarding the properties of the CaCO3 post-extraction and the characteristics of the CaO following the calcination process, morphological analyses using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis were employed and the CaO powder exhibited an irregular appearance, with some particles agglomerating together to form larger aggregates. All calcined samples reveal that CaCO3 is no longer present after calcination as it has been converted to CaO in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and supported by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) graphs. Overall, the sample calcined under 900°C is proven to be the most suitable temperature to use for calcination as per analyses. By investigating the structural and chemical transformations during the conversion process, this study not only contributes to the effective utilization of a valuable waste resource of cockle shells that can be found in Malaysia but also offers insights into the suitability of the chosen calcination temperatures for the intended biomedical applications. Keywords: Cockle shells, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, biomedical
77 Mat- Poster 11 ADSORPTION OF AMOXICILLIN BY ORANGE PEEL BASED ACTIVATED CARBON: ISOTHERM AND KINETIC STUDIES Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Yusop1 , Muhamad Azman Miskam2 , Erniza Mohd Johan Jaya1 , and Mohd Azmier Ahmad1,* 1School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal Penang, Malaysia 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal Penang, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract Producing biomass activated carbon (AC) is crucial for sustainable water purification, offering an eco-friendly alternative that utilizes renewable resources to adsorb pollutants and toxins effectively. Therefore, the objective of this study is to produce orange peel-based AC (OPAC) to adsorb Amoxicillin (AMOX) antibiotic in wastewater. AMOX present in wastewater poses a threat to bacterial antibiotic resistance and can impact aquatic ecosystems, as conventional wastewater treatment plants often struggle to adequately remove it. The production of OPAC involved physical activation with CO2 as the activation gas, resulting in a Brunauer-EmmettTeller (BET) surface area of 745.85 m2 /g and a total pore volume of 0.28 cm3 /g. The precursor and OPAC were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At a magnification level of 1000×, the SEM image for the precursor showed non-porous and dense surface. On contrary, the SEM image for the OPAC showed a highly porous surface. The equilibrium study revealed that when the initial concentration of AMOX increased from 10 to 100 mg/L, the adsorption uptakes increased whilst the respective percentage removal decreased. The optimal removal of AMOX by OPAC occurred at pH 12 and at solution temperature of 60 °C. The AMOX-OPAC Isotherm analysis indicates an adsorption process adheres toward Freundlich model where the largest monolayer adsorption capacity (Qm) was 131.65 mg/g. Meanwhile, for kinetic studies, the adsorption mechanism of AMOX by OPAC was found most suitably fitted the pseudosecond order (PSO) model. Finally, the rate-limiting step for the AMOX-OPAC adsorption process, as revealed by Boyd plot analysis, was identified as film diffusion. The gasification effect of CO2 has created well-developed pores on OPAC, which enhances its adsorption capacity towards AMOX antibiotic. Keywords: Activated carbon, adsorption process, amoxicillin, isotherm, kinetic, mechanism
78 Mat- Poster 12 SYNTHESIS OF TEA STALK BASED ACTIVATED CARBON VIA CHEMICAL ACTIVATION FOR SCAVENGING ZN(II) IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Erniza Mohd Johan Jaya1 , Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Yusop1 , Azduwin Khasri2 and Mohd Azmier Ahmad1,* 1School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal Penang, Malaysia 2Faculty of Chemical Enginering & Technology, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract Creating biomass activated carbon (AC) is essential for environmentally sustainable water purification, providing a green solution that harnesses renewable resources to efficiently adsorb pollutants and toxins. Consequently, the objective of this research is to manufacture AC from tea stalks (TSAC) for the purpose of adsorbing Zn(II) heavy metals in wastewater. The intricate nature of heavy metals in wastewater makes it challenging for conventional treatment systems to effectively address, posing potential harm to both humans and the delicate balance of aquatic ecosystems. TSAC production involves chemical activation using KOH, resulting in a BET surface area of 892.56 m2 /g and a total pore volume of 0.31 cm3 /g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to inspect both the precursor and TSAC. Zooming in at 1000× magnification, the SEM image of the precursor displayed a surface characterized by its lack of pores and dense. Conversely, the SEM image of the TSAC revealed a surface that was notably porous. The equilibrium study reveals that as the initial Zn(II) concentration increases from 5 to 30 mg/L, there is an increase in adsorption uptake while the corresponding percentage removal decreases. The optimal Zn(II) removal by TSAC occurs at a solution temperature of 60°C. Isotherm studies indicate that the Zn(II)-TSAC adsorption system adheres to the Freundlich model, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (Qm) of 28.74 mg/g. In kinetic studies, the pseudo-first order (PFO) model is the most suitable for describing Zn(II) adsorption by TSAC. Boyd plot analysis indicates that the controlling factor in the adsorption process is film diffusion. The application of KOH chemical treatment has resulted in the formation of well-defined pores on TSAC, thereby improving its ability to adsorb Zn(II) heavy metals. Keywords: Activated carbon, adsorption process, Zn(II), isotherm, kinetic, mechanism
79 Mat- Poster 13 A REVIEW ON NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMER BASED EMBOLIC AGENTS AS ANTI-CANCER EMBOLOTHERAPY APPLICATION Wan Ahmad Mustaqim Ahmad Zakhi1,2, Maizlinda Izwana Idris1,2* 1Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, 86400, Malaysia 2Bioactive Material Focus Group (BioMa), Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, 86400, Malaysia *[email protected] Abstract Embolotheraphy or therapeutic embolization is a procedure commonly used for intraarterial cancer treatments in order to tackle tumor cells. Practically, this procedure is carried out by inserting materials, also known as embolic materials or embolic agents, into the blood vessels to selectively monitor the blood occlusion of the tumor. The main aim of this work is to review the type and shape of the materials used for embolic materials. The macroscopic and microscopic images of the embolic materials were revealed as well. It can also be noticed that a wide variety of embolic materials are available with their specific usage, properties, and applications. It was also found that embolic agents have been fabricated both naturally or synthetically based ranging from temporary to permanent formed. Nevertheless, the permanent types are more pronounced as many applicable subsets include liquid agents, particulates, and coils. It is anticipated that future embolic materials have to possess distinctive characteristics and can be fabricated from natural-based and biodegradable materials. Nevertheless, the challenge of new embolic material is to be biocompatible with the human body and eliminate the toxic by-products from the selected materials. In conclusion, this review will give an insight into the type of material used for fabricating the embolic materials, their specific application, challenges, and limitations. Keywords: Embolotherapy, PVA, coils, gelatin foams, microspheres
80 Mat- Poster 14 ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF BIOGENIC BONE FILLERS USING GREEN SYNTHESIZED OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES Ismail Zainol1,*, Mira Azah Najihah Zainurin1 . Che Nor Aiza Jaafar1 , Mustafa Mudhafar3 , 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia. 2Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 Serdang, Slangor, Malaysia. 3Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Techniques, Faculty of AL, Tuff Collage, Karbala, 56001, Iraq. *[email protected] Abstract Biogenic collagen-apatite composites have been synthesized for bone fillers due to their excellent mechanical and biological properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are recognized as excellent antibacterial agents and are widely used in medical products. Incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the collagen-apatite composite is expected to enhance the antibacterial properties of the composite. The aim of this study is to synthesize antibacterial fish scales hydroxyapatite/fish collagen composite (FsHA/FsCol) using AgNPs as an antibacterial agent for potential bone fillers applications. Both FsHA and FsCol were extracted from Tilapia fish scales. Green chemistry method using neem extract as a reducing agent was used to synthesize AgNPs from AgNO3. The synthesized FsHA, FsCol and FsHA/FsCol composite materials were characterized using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) and x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) to identify the chemical structure and surface morphology. The cytotoxicity of the antibacterial FsHAp/FsCol composites was evaluated using Alamar blue assay. Antibacterial properties of the composite were conducted against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The results proved the presence of both hydroxyapatite and collagen functional groups in the samples from FTIR, EDX and XRD analysis. The FESEM-EDX analysis showed the interconnected porous structure of the composites with AgNPs were well dispersed in the matrix. The antibacterial FsHA/FsCol composite produced has shown good antibacterial properties and it is biocompatible. The composite produced in this work has a high potential to be used as bone filler material. Keywords: Fish scales, hydroxyapatite, collagen, silver nanoparticles
81 Mat- Poster 15 DEVELOPMENT OF POLYURETHANE–SILICA AEROGEL COMPOSITE AS THERMAL INSULATION MATERIAL FOR CRYOGENIC INSULATION APPLICATION Ibrahim Nuhu1,3 , Wan Fahmin Faiz Wan Ali1,2 , Nuha. Awang4 and Muhammad Azizi Mat Yajid1,2* 1 Department of Materials, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia 2 Materials Research and Consultancy Group (MRCG) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 3 Centre for Renewable Energy Research, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria 4 Plant Engineering Technology (PETECH), Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 81750 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. * [email protected] Abstract This study synthesizes polyurethane-silica aerogel (PU-SA) composites for use in thermal insulation applications. Using a typical sol-gel procedure and ambient pressure drying, silica aerogel (SA) was synthesized from sodium silicate solution. According to earlier research, combining PU and SA in a composite lead to brittle fracture at lower temperatures. The objective of this study is to study the effect SA addition on mechanical and thermal behaviour of PU-SA composites. The PU is reformulated with ethylene glycol acting as an antifreeze and chain extender. Various composites were then created by adding varying percentages of SA (0.5 wt.%, 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt.%, and 2.0 wt.%). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) between 0 and -80 °C, shows that the inclusion of SA can cause a 12 % shift in Tg in addition to stable heat flow exhibited by the material. The impact of SA particles on altering the morphology of the material matrix is visible in scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures. While introducing the particle at a greater content resulted in cell degeneration and disruption, smaller-sized cells were generated with the help of lower particle content between 1-2 wt.%, which improved the material's compressive strength and thermal insulation qualities. In conclusion, the developed PU-SA composite material is a promising option for application in a cargo containment system (CCS) that demands material with strong compressive strength to withstand loads caused by sloshing with better thermal performance. Keywords: Polyurethane (PU), silica aerogel (SA), thermal insulation, cryogenic
82 Thank you for your generous sponsorship for 31th Scientific Conference of Malaysia Microscopy Society (31st SCMSM 2023), we would like to extend our gratitude and appreciation for your continuous support and sponsorship in this conference. ASEPTEC SDN BHD NANOPERMAI ENTERPRISE . Gold Bronze Bronze
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