READING MODULE HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AUTHOR | Ts. SITI ZURAIFA BINTI MD SAH Introduction to Highway and Traffic
READING MODULE HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AUTHOR | Ts. SITI ZURAIFA BINTI MD SAH Introduction to Highway and Traffic Politeknik Mukah Sarawak 2024
READING MODULE HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Unit 1 : Introduction to Highway and Traffic Author by : Ts. SITI ZURAIFA BINTI MD SAH eisbn : Copyright © 2024 Politeknik Mukah
FOREWORD Ts. Siti Zuraifa Binti Md Sah
ABSTRACT
Contents Introduction Define traffic Name the construction structures used in transportation List act related to roads Describe the history of highway and road List the category of highways in Malaysia Explain agencies that are involved Demonstrate the connection between government agencies involved in Malaysia Identify the importance of the introduction of acts related to roads 2 4 - 10 11-14 15-18 19-34 35-56 57-67 68-71 72-73 Discuss the importance of acts enforcement aspects related to roads and road laws 74-75 Relate the Environmental Quality Act 1974 76-79 Preface 1 Assessment 80-88 References 89-90
Preface 1
Introduction COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO) Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:- Apply appropriate model to solve problem in highway and traffic engineering. CONTENT 1.1.1 Define traffic 1.1.2 Name the construction structures used in transportation 1.1.3 List act related to roads 1.1.4 Describe the history of highway and road 1.2.1 List the category of highways in Malaysia 1.2.2 Explain agencies that are involved in: 1.2.3 Demonstrate the connection between government agencies involved in highways and traffic in Malaysia 1.2.4 Identify the importance of the introduction of acts related to roads 1.2.5 Discuss the importance of act enforcement aspects related to roads and road laws 1.3.1 Relate the Environmental Quality Act 1974 that resulting from motorized vehicles from the aspect of pollution UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC 1.1 Relate the history of highway construction and road laws and act 1.2 Apply the concept of traffic, highway and road laws and acts in Malaysia 1.3 Apply the concept of road laws and acts of traffic and transportation 2
Interactive Learning Source : History of the Road - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnhwKVKo53c Scan Me 3
01 Define traffic 4 Learning Outcomes: Relate the history of highway construction and road laws and act
the movement of persons Define Traffic the movement of vehicle Traffic is generally defined as of vehicles, ships, persons, etc., in an area, along a street, through an air lane, or over a water route. It also includes such as transportation and trades of goods for various purposes. in an area 5 the movement activities
Define Traffic Engineering Traffic Engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It focuses mainly on research for safe and efficient traffic flow, such as road geometry, sidewalks and crosswalks, segregated cycle facilities, shared lane marking, traffic signs, road surface markings and traffic lights. Traffic engineering deals with the functional part of transportation system, except the infrastructures provided. 6
Define Transportation Engineering Transportation is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods. Institute of Transportation Engineers, ITE (1987) people and goods 7
Define Road Engineering Road Engineering also known as Highway Engineering, Road Engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods 8
Try this Answer ✓ Traffic is generally defined as the movement of vehicles, ships, persons, etc., in an area, along a street, through an air lane, or over a water route. ✓ It also includes activities such as transportation and trades of goods for various purposes. 9
Feedback Answer ✓ Traffic is generally defined as the movement of vehicles, ships, persons, etc., in an area, along a street, through an air lane, or over a water route. ✓ It also includes activities such as transportation and trades of goods for various purposes. 10
02 Define traffic Name the construction structures used in transportation 11 Learning Outcomes: Relate the history of highway construction and road laws and act
Name the construction structures used in transportation Transport or transportation is a movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Construction structure used in transportation : ✓ Road and highway ✓ Railroad ✓ Tunnels, Bridges and Overpasses ✓ Airport/ Public Transit System ✓ Pipe network ✓ Power and telecommunication cablings 12
Try this Answer ✓ Road and highway ✓ Railroad ✓ Tunnels, Bridges and Overpasses ✓ Ports and Jetties ✓ Airport ✓ Pipe network ✓ Power and telecommunication cablings ✓ Public Transit System 13
Feedback Answer ✓ Road and highway ✓ Railroad ✓ Tunnels, Bridges and Overpasses ✓ Ports and Jetties ✓ Airport ✓ Pipe network ✓ Power and telecommunication cablings ✓ Public Transit System 14
03 Define traffic List act related to roads Learning Outcomes: Relate the history of highway construction and road laws and act 15
List Act related to roads 16
Try this Answer ✓ Road Transport Act 1976 ✓ Environmental Quality Act 1974 ✓ Urban and Rural Planning Act 1976 ✓ Local Government Act 1976 and Federal Territory Act 1973 17
Feedback Answer ✓ Road Transport Act 1976 ✓ Environmental Quality Act 1974 ✓ Urban and Rural Planning Act 1976 ✓ Local Government Act 1976 and Federal Territory Act 1973 18
04 Define traffic Describe the history of highway and road Learning Outcomes: Relate the history of highway construction and road laws and act 19
Describe the history of highway and road construction • Traces of early roads have been found since the recorded history of the man kind. • The first and oldest mode of travel obviously was foot path. • Before invention of wheel, people used to move on foot, thus creating foot paths. • Men and material must have been transported either on backs of men or animals. • The historical road development can be divided in to the following era : ✓ Early/ Basic roads ✓ Roman roads ✓ Modern roads 20
Describe the history of highway and road construction Early/ Basic roads The needs of road started from the invention of wheel in Samaria in 3000 BC. Among the early road inventions in many parts of the world were : • China Dynasty – ‘China Silk Route’ was the first road built around 2600 BC. The road was used to transport silk and elephant tusks between China and India • Parsian Empire – Big trade involving import and export such as silk, porcelain and wood crafts between China and Europe. • Britain – ‘Raft Road’ believed was built around 2500 BC • India – Indus Valley where roads made of bricks with drainage system equipped with pipe • Mesopotamia and Egypt – Brick road and asphalt road was found in Babylon and mountainous area of Mesopotamia. In Egypt, the road was built to transport block of rock to construct pyramid 21
Roman roads • Roman’s developed very elaborate system of roads mainly for the purpose of military movement. • They constructed in all about one lakh kilometers of road, extending in whole of their empire. • An important road constructed by Romans in 312 B.C called Appian way is still in existence in Rome. Describe the history of highway and road construction 22
Roman roads • The main characteristics of Roman roads were as follows: • They weary very thick. Total thickness of the road varied from about 0.7m to as much as 1.2m. • They were straight, without any regard for gradient. Probable reason for straightness may be their main use for army. • Roads were not built on soft soil formations but on hard stratum reached after excavation. Describe the history of highway and road construction 23
Modern roads • In eighteenth century, improved construction methods for roads again began to develop. Mr. Pierre Tresaquet developed an improved method of construction in 1764 in France. • At the time when Mr. Pierre Tresaquet was busy in developing his road construction method, Mr. John Metcalf was engaged in his development in England. • Metcalf constructed about 290 Km road in northern region of England. Since Metcalf was blind, his work was not recorded and thus got lost. • Telford and Macadam were the pioneers in road development in England. Telford believed in using heavy foundation stones over the soil sub-grade, while Macadam advocated the use of compacted crushed aggregate layer at the bottom. • Macadam’s method of road construction is still in used and is named after his name. Describe the history of highway and road construction 24
The famous road designers in 18th century ✓ Pierre Tresaquet ✓ John Metcalf ✓ Thomas Telford ✓ John Macadam Describe the history of highway and road construction 25
Robert Philips • The frontier of road design. • In 1736, he suggested that a layer of gravel placed on roadbase with good drainage would be compacted by traffic and become hard surface Describe the history of highway and road construction 26
Tresaquet’s roads • Mr. Pierre Tresaquet was inspector general of roads in France from 1746 to 1775. • He developed an improved method of road construction and was used continuously in France from 1775 until 1820 when the country changed to the cheaper Macadam method. • He also made consideration of sub-grade moisture and drainage from the surface. • He also emphasized the need for continuous maintenance of road to keep it in good shape. At the time of Napoleon, quite elaborate road system was developed in France mainly for use of military adventures. Describe the history of highway and road construction 27
John Metcalf roads (1717-1810) • He was working in England at the time when Tresaquet was busy in France. • He experimented road construction with a graded mixture of earth and gravel. • Since Mr. Metcalf was blind, his work could not be recorded. • But it is believed that he was following the procedure outlined by Robert Philips in 1737. • Robert Philips method consisted of laying gravel layer upon a well drained and dried sub-grade. • Gravel layer was used to be compacted in due course of time, by the action of the traffic using road. • Metcalf constructed about 290 km of road in northern parts of England. Describe the history of highway and road construction 28
Telford roads (1757-1834) • Thomas Telford was Scottish road engineer and founder of the institution of civil engineers. • He used big size stones in foundation wearing from 17 – 22 cm to develop a firm base. • He also provided cross drains under foundation layer to keep the sub-grade in dry condition. • He proposed provision of cross drains at intervals of about 90 m. • Total thickness of road advocated by him was about 36 to 38 cm. 365 to 388mm Describe the history of highway and road construction 29
Macadam Roads ( 1756-1838 ) • John Macadam, for the first time put forward entirely new concept of road construction in 1826. • He was a Scottish engineer and was surveyor general of roads in England. • He designed road with cambered formation and small angular aggregate as road material. • He developed an inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate (known as macadam). • He discovered that massive foundations of rock upon rock were unnecessary, and asserted that native soil alone would support the road and traffic upon it, as long as it was covered by a road crust that would protect the soil underneath from water and wear. Describe the history of highway and road construction 30
Cambered Formation 250mm Macadam Roads ( 1756-1838 ) • The method of construction for Macadam roads ✓ Sub-grade was prepared and compacted to the required width of the road. ✓ Prepared sub-grade with a camber ✓ Construction of road consists of three layers: foundation layer, intermediate layer and wearing surface layer. ✓ Cross slope of finished surface was kept as 1 in 36. ✓ Macadam method was first scientific method based on modern concepts and hence is still in use in most parts of the world. Describe the history of highway and road construction 31
Try this Answer The method of construction for Macadam roads ✓ Sub-grade was prepared and compacted to the required width of the road. ✓ Prepared sub-grade with a camber ✓ Construction of road consists of three layers: foundation layer, intermediate layer and wearing surface layer. ✓ Cross slope of finished surface was kept as 1 in 36. ✓ Macadam method was first scientific method based on modern concepts and hence is still in use in most parts of the world. 32
Feedback Answer The method of construction for Macadam roads ✓ Sub-grade was prepared and compacted to the required width of the road. ✓ Prepared sub-grade with a camber ✓ Construction of road consists of three layers: foundation layer, intermediate layer and wearing surface layer. ✓ Cross slope of finished surface was kept as 1 in 36. ✓ Macadam method was first scientific method based on modern concepts and hence is still in use in most parts of the world. 33
Describe the history of highway and road construction 34
05 Define traffic List the category of highways in Malaysia Learning Outcomes: Apply the concept of traffic, highway and road laws and acts in Malaysia 35
Types of Road Pavement 1. Laterite/Dirt Road – Original soil or compacted embankment as surface. Normally constructed in rural area and typical soil is laterite 2. Gravel Road – Layer of aggregate spread on compacted soil forming stronger road Soil subgrade Soil subgrade List the Category of Highway in Malaysia 36
3. Flexible Road Pavement – cater for higher volume and heavier traffic compared to gravel and dirt roads i. Asphaltic Concrete – more superior material and widely used. Designed for higher traffic volume and provide good riding quality ii. Porous Pavement – same structured layer with asphaltic concrete pavement except the wearing course is constructed with open graded mix to provide interconnected voids to enable water to infiltrate and flow on the impermeable binder course layer to side drain. The advantages of porous pavement are : ✓ Reduce flash flood on road surface ✓ Reduce water spray from front vehicle ✓ Reduce glare effect ✓ Reduce noise from tyre-surface contact However, the cost is more expensive and prone to clog problem List the Category of Highway in Malaysia 37
iii. Stone Mastic Asphalt – same structured layer with asphaltic concrete pavement except the wearing course is constructed with gap graded aggregate 4. Rigid Road Pavement – similar structure layer s with flexible pavement except concrete is used as surface material. The advantages are : ✓ Stronger material ✓ Longer service life ✓ Less maintenance ✓ However, the cost is much higher need more time before open to traffic and could cause higher maintenance cost if defects occur List the Category of Highway in Malaysia 38
5. Semi-rigid road Pavement – used widely at intersection, curves, bus stops and terminals and ports where interlocking block is used as surface material List the Category of Highway in Malaysia 39
• Road Mileage ▪ Federal Roads : 18,157 km • State Roads : 73,855 km • Surfacing Types ▪ Concrete Road : 343 km ▪ Asphalt Roads : 87,626 km ▪ Earth/Gravel Roads : 3,651 km • In 2008, there are approximately 90,000 km of roads in Malaysia where 96 % are paved. Roads can be categorized to FIVE types based on the source of funding for construction and maintenance : ✓ Toll Highway ✓ Federal Road ✓ State Road ✓ Council / City Council /District and Municipality Road ✓ Rural / Small Road List the Category of Highway in Malaysia 40
Try this Answer ✓ Toll Highway ✓ Federal Road ✓ State Road ✓ Council / City Council /District and Municipality Road ✓ Rural / Small Road 41
Feedback Answer ✓ Toll Highway ✓ Federal Road ✓ State Road ✓ Council / City Council /District and Municipality Road ✓ Rural / Small Road 42
1. Toll Highway • Built and maintained by concession company under the Malaysian Highway Authority monitoring • Alternative to federal road and maintained by Malaysian Highway Authority • Typical concession period is 30 years under “design, built and operate” • The facilities such as rest and relax areas, shelters for motorcyclists and emergency phones are also provided • PLUS, NKVE, ELITE, SPRINT and KESAS are some examples of Toll Highway in Malaysia List the Category of Highway in Malaysia 43
Toll Highway List the Category of Highway in Malaysia 44