Regenerated cellulose fibres

331

Index

Index Terms Links

acetate see cellulose acetate

Acordis Fibres

acrylic, see synthetic fibres

Aizawa, H. 129

Akzo-Nobel 18 19 195 196 274

alginate fibres 168 169 170 171 263

applications of 170

properties of 170

Alleston, R. 126

alloy rayons 256 257

American Enka 14 17 18 256

American Viscose Company 10

amine-oxide technology 14 15 16 17 18

19 63 64 65 72

see also lyocell and NMMO technology

Arnell 160

artificial fibres see cellulose fibres

regenerated and synthetic fibres

artificial kidney 147 148

artificial silk, see Chardonnet silk

Asahi Chemical Industries Co. 5 20 107 115 116

119 120 126 127 128

129 132 133

output 140 141

products 145 146 147 158 261

264

productivity 138

waste recovery 135 136 137

Audemars, George 2

Avtex 249 250 256

Avril Prima 249

banknotes, see paper; see also inflated 126
viscose rayons 128
Barker, S.W. 126 128 135 137 157
Barmen 208
Bayer Co
57
Beadle, Clayton 127 128
Beaunit Mills
J.P. Bemberg A G 5 11 96 97 98
99 101 103 105 115
methodology 126 143
output 140 141

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332

Index Terms Links

silk 5
Bemliese 144 146 261 262 264
Bernigaud, Count L.M.H., Comte de
Chardonnet 34

see also Chardonnet 5678 37
Bevan, E.J. 105 156 174

bleaching 56
Boerstoel, H. 199 200 208 221
Bonded Fibre Fabrics 262
Boss, E. 126
British Celanese Ltd. 14 158 208
British Cellulose Co. Ltd. 157 160
Bronnert, E. 94 103 105

carbamate derivatives 19

Celanese 157 158

Cellit 157

cellulose acetate 156 157 158 159 160

161 162 163 164 165

166 167 168 200 201

fibre structure 208

products 157 158 160

production 158 159 160 237 277

278 279 280 281 282

secondary fibres 160 161 162 163 164

165 166 167 168 229

properties 209 210 211 222 225

227 228 232

cellulose derivatives, unstable see cellulose

cellulose/urea systemsnitrite, methylol

cellulose and cellulose/urea systems

cellulose fibres, regenerated; see also wood

fibre

crosslinking 231

dissolution, see solvents

diversity 201

fineness 201

history 1–20

lyocell, see lyocell

markets/production 265–82

market trends 282 283 284 285 286

287 288 289

by spinning route 283

unspun 253 284

molecular characterization 123 124 125 202 203

204 205 206 207

morphology of 201 202

properties 189 199 208 226 227

228 231 232

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333

Index Terms Links

absorbency 143 144 145 270 271
276 277
comparative 209 210 211
density 212 213 214
durability 228 229 230
elasticity 222 223 224 225 226
230 231
methylol cellulose 184 185 186
moisture absorption 212 213 214
tensile strength 214 215 216 217 218
219 220 221 222
and viscose process
wet collapse 53 54 55 56
research and development 270 271
103 104 105 106 107
sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 113
fibres
171 172
steam explosion 20
structure of 199 202 203 204 205
206 207 208 217 218
crystalline 204 206 207 208 219
220 230
thermodynamic requirements for 175 176
viscose, see viscose
cellulose/hydrazine system 194 10 200
cellulose membranes 15 147 148
cellulose nitrate 234

see also Chardonnet silk 235
denitration
cellulose nitrite 34
fiber properties 178 179 180 181
recycling 179 180
cellulose/phosphoric acid 180 181
cellulose solvent systems, see solvents 194 195 196
cellulose triacetate
fibre structure 168 200 201
properties 208
209 210 211 227 229
cellulose/urea systems 231
fibre properties 186 187 188 189
recycling 189
189
cellulose xanthate
56789
see also viscose 10 11 12 13 14
Chardonnet. H.B. 19 248
Chardonnet silk
105 106 107
34568

89 91 95 235 236
237

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334 Links

Index Terms 245
101
see also viscose
flammability 165 166 167 270
price 125 126 127 128 130
chemical recovery, see recycling 245 246
cigarette filter tow 200 221
continuous spinning
2 216
cordenka 275 276 286
cotton 238
238 240
production 238 24
qualities 240 246 248 249 250
shortages 251 252 253
spinning
substitutes 107
207
see also, rayon
cotton linter 8 9 10 11 208
Coulsey, H.A. 235 239 240 274
Courtauld Samuel & Co Ltd. 169 170
251
alginate fibres 157 158 160
banknotes 250 251 252 253
cellulose acetate products
cotton substitutes 14
economic strategies 8 9 10 11 235
history 240
14 15 16 17 18
lyocell 19 64
12 13 14 138 239
productivity 240 243
261
spun-laid nonwovens 63 65 175
Tencel 14
Courtelle 243
Cox, Norman 71 200 247
crimping 88 89
Crooks, William 5 6 7 8 37
Cross, C.F. 105 156 174
214 216
Cumberbirch, R.J.E. 10 95 200 235
cuprammonium rayon 101 148 149
140 148 149 150 199
disadvantages 88–107
future of 137 138 139 140
history 140 141 142 201
labour productivity 95 96 100 102 103
morphology 140 279
output 88–155
108 109 110 111
process
chemical solution

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335

Index Terms Links

chemistry of dissolution 111 112 113 114
microphase separation method 120 121 122 123
raw materials 107 108
research and development 103 104 105 106 107
113
spinning 96 97 98 99 100
101 102 103 115 116
waste recovery 117 118 119 120 121
products 122 123
properties 135 136 137
144 145 146 147 148
hydrophilic 209 210 211
mechanical 143 144 145
Cupresa 142 143
Cupresal 208
126

de Réaumur, Renee-Antoine 1
Despeissis, Louis-Henri 4 5 89 90 91
92 97 106 107 138
Despeissis silk 94 115
Dicel 208
disposable products 252 256 258 259 260
261 262 263 264 269
see also nonwovens and SI Fibre 270 271 272

absorbency 270 271
dissolution, of cellulose, see solvents
DMSO 178 181 182 183 184
Dobson and Barlow spinning table 8
Donnersmarck, Prince 7 8 9 10 11

Dreyfus, C. and H. 157
Dulesco 156 157
DuPont 241
Dureta method 11 274
dyeing 128
78 79 236

Eckersall, N. 212 213
Eckman, C.D. 6
Elizabethton
environmental concerns; see also recycling 127 128

cuprammonium rayon 149 150
lyocell 62 63
viscose 7 60 61
wood pulp 28 29 30
Evlan 14 201 208

fabric industry 274

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336 Links

Index Terms 274

Farbenfabriken Bayer see Bayer Co 167
fibre industry 63 230
fibres, see cellulose fibres 201 208 240
Fibrid 13 238 239 241 242
fibrillation, lyocell 279 280 281 282
Fibro 253 254 255 256
filament, cellulose 93 94

production 208
flame retardant (FR) rayons 160 200 208 215 221
Foltzer, Joseph 222 227
Ford, J.E. 156
Fortisan
5 91 92 94 103
Franchimont, A. 105 138
Fremery, M.
253 256
Galaxy 7
General Artificial Silk Co. 3 11 95 96 98
Glanzstoff silk
Glover, Walter 241
guncotton 2

Hagen, W.G. 135
hank spinning
Harrop, J. 119 127
Hearle, J.W.S.
Hermans, P.H. 137
high-tenacity yarn
high wet modulus rayons (HWM) 156–73 199–234
Hoechst
Hoermann, O. 213 232
Hofmann, H.
Hooke, Robert 200
hosiery
248 250
artificial silk
staple fibre 274
hydroentanglement (HE) bonding
156
ICI
Iijima, H. 127
Industrial Rayon Corporation (USA)
industrial yarns 12
inflated viscose rayons
Ingham, C.E. 236 237
Ishida, F.
ITT Rayonier 3 5 235 236 237
Iwase, K.
241
Johnson, T.F.M.
271 272

274
120
11 127 128 244
242 243 244 245 246
251 252
135
129
174 249
131 133

273–89

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337 Links

Index Terms 128

JPB 20 88–155
199 221
Kamide, Kenji
Kevlar 5678
Kew laboratories 236 237
knitting
Koppe, Paul 8
Kurashiki Rayon 250

Laminariae see alginate fibres 36
lamp filaments 14
Lancashire Cotton Corporation 3 103
Lehner Artificial Silk Ltd. 19
Lenzing 156
Liebermann, C. 200
Lilienfeld 201
liquid crystal fibres 190 191 192 193 194
lithium chloride/dimethyl acetamide 191 192
7 156 157
fibre properties 22–36
Little, A.D. 160
Lönnberg, Bruno 236
Lustron Company 200 201
Luvisca 63
lyocell 14 15 16 17 18
fibrillation 19
history of 207 208
264
molecular structure 258 260
nonwovens 277 278 280 281 282
papers 63 172
production 62 63 65 66
properties 63 64 65
lyocell process 63
amine oxide technology 71
blending 71
crimping, cutting and baling 70
fibre drying 69 70
fibre treatments 66
fibre washing 62
pulping 68
raw materials 66 67
solution filtration 67 68
solution making 17 71 72 73
solution transport 17 18 68 69
solvent recovery
spinning 17 18
214 216
McCorsley, Clarence C. 130
Mack, C.
Makita, M.

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338

Index Terms Links

membranes see cellulose membranes 88 89
Mercer, John 181 182 183 184 185
methylol cellulose 186
184 185 186
fibre properties 186
solvent recycling 195
Michelin Research 156
Miles, G. 262 263
Mitsubishi Rayon Co. 112 114
Miyamoto, I. 126 130 132
Miyazaki, T.
modal staple, see staple fibres 131 133
Moroe, I. 212 216 217 222 223
Morton, W.E. 225 227

Müller spinbath 8 9 10 15 236
248

Nadin, L. 156

natural fibres 274 275

see also cotton, silk and wool

net process 132 133 134

Nishiyama, Kazunari 88–155

nitrate process 101 102 105 106

nitrocellulose 200

NMMO technology 15 16 17 20 174

175 177

see also amine oxide technology and lyocell

Nobel, Alfred 26

nonwovens 253 257–67

disposable 258

dry-laid 257 258 259

markets 265 266 267

spun-laid 260 261 262 263 264

wet-laid 259 260

Northolt, M.G. 205

paper 6 15
banknotes 251
lyocell 258 260
rayon, see inflated viscose rayons
5 91 92 94 97
Pauly, Hermann 104

Payen, Anselme 1
Pears, Andrew 67
Pellerin, Augustin 238
Planova 134 148
Plonsker, H.R. 223
polyester market trends 282 283 284 285 289
polymerization, degree of 202 214 216

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339

Index Terms Links

polynosic staple fibres 200 248 249
polypropylene 274 275 276 283

rayon see also cuprammonium rayon and viscose

alloy rayons 256 257

flame retardant 253 254 255 256

high wet modulus (HWM) 248 250

hydroentanglement (HE) bonding 271 272

inflated viscose rayons 251 252

recycling 174 180 181 238

cellulose nitrite 180 181

cellulose/urea systems 189

cuprammonium process 135 136 137

lyocell process 71 72 73

methylol cellulose 186

soda 43 44

solvents 17

viscose process 57 58 59 60 61

237 238

crystallization 59

degassing 58 59

effluent treatment 60

evaporation 59

spinbath clarification 59 60

waste 135 136 137 237 238

renewable resources 62

Ribbonfil 201

Rushbrook, G.H. 10

Saito, M. 124

Sarille 201

Schützenberger, P. 156

Schweizer, Matthias Eduard 4 88 89 104

seaweed, see alginate fibres

second generation fibres see cellulose fibres

regenerated

Seraceta 158

SI Fibre 252 255 256

silk 1 2

see also Chardonnet silk

Smith, S.B. 207

Snia Viscosa 158 186 240 249

sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)

fibres 171 172

solvent recycling see recycling

solvents, cellulose

amine-oxide 14 15 16 17 18

19 63 64 65 72

see also lyocell and NMMO technology

cupro 4 5 108 109 110

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340 Links

Index Terms 111 112 113 114
178 181 182 183 184
see also cuprammonium rayon
DMSO 56789
cellulose xanthate 10 11 12 13 14
19 248
see also viscose
novel 176 177
19
carbamate derivatives 194
cellulose/hydrazine system 178 179 180 181
cellulose nitrite
cellulose/phosphoric acid 194 195 196
cellulose/urea systems 186 187 188 189
lithium chloride/dimethyl acetamide 190 191 192 193 194
methylol cellulose 181 182 183 184 185
186
spinning technology 273
advancing reel method 126 127 128
cellulose nitrite solutions 179 180
cellulose/phosphoric acid 195 196
cellulose/urea solutions 191 192
continuous belt method 126 128
continuous spinning 125 126 127 128 130
245 246
cotton system 238 24
Dobson and Barlow spinning table
fibre properties 8
hank spinning 189
history 119 127

lithium chloride/dimethyl acetamide 12345
lyocell 6789
methylol cellulose solutions 191 192
net process 68 69
simple continuous method 184 185 186
simple roller method 132 133 134
stretch-spinning 126 128
127 128
commercial 5 95 96 97 98
dynamics of 99 100 101 102 103
yarn denier 115 116 117 118 119
technical innovation 129
velocity 119
viscose 115 116 117 118 119
99 100 101 164
wet-spinning 129 130 131 132
129 134 135
spun-laid nonwovens 50 51 52 53
Stanford, E.C.C. 243 245 246
14 114 115 119 120
121 122 123 139
261 262 263 264
168

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341 Links

Index Terms 11 273
240 246 247 248 249
staple fibres 250 251 252 253
cotton substitutes 200 247
242 243 244 245 246
crimping 200 201 216 227 229
industrial yarns 237 238 248
modal staple 241
240 241
product development 200 248 249
productivity 279 280 281 282
polynosic fibres 11 242 244 246 249
production 14 247
tyre yarns 246 247 248
use in carpets 20
wool substitutes
steam explosion 6 7 104 105
Stearn, C.H. 5 95 96 97 98
stretch-spinning 99 100 101 102 103
115 116 117 118 119
commercial 129
dynamics of 119
115 116 117 118 119
yarn denier 99 100 101 164
Super AB 264
Swan, J.W. 3 6 89 105 106
synthetic fibres 14 259 260 265 266
270 273 275
acrylic 282 283 284 285 286
polypropylene 274 275 276 283
polyester, market trends 282 283 284 285 289

Tachikawa, S. 248
tampons 252 256 257 258 259

see also SI Fibre 138
Teikoku Jinken 201 208 218
Tenasco
Tencel 19 63 65 175 199
207 228
see also lyocell
properties 216 99
tension drying 127
Tetley, H.G.
textile industry 8 10
Thiele, E. 273 274
95 96 97 98
Topham, C.F. 105 115 119 138
candle filter
spinning box 6 7 105
spinning pump 7
7 119
tow 7
273

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342 Links

Index Terms 257
160 208
toxic shock 249
Tricel
Tufcel 15 174–98
Turbak, Albin 199 221
Twaron
tyre yarns 11 242 244 246 249

unspun markets 253 284
Urban, J. 5 91 92 94 105

Urquhart, A.R. 138
212 213
Vereinigte Glanzstoffe Fabriken (VGF)
5 10 11 94 99
output 105 115
productivity 95 96 100
Viloft 138 240
viscose 201 254
alloys 200 235
crimped staple 256 257
filament 200 247
13 238 239
production 279 280 281 282
history of
45678
industrial yarns 9 10 11 12 13
inflated viscose rayons 14 15 37 236
labour productivity 242 243 244 245 246
molecular structure 251 252
nonwovens 137 138
output 206 207
257–72
price 10 11 12 13 14
process unreliability 15 102
production 101
7
properties 11 14 237 238 239
strength 244 277 278 279
209–32 242 249 250 251
raw materials 242 243
staple see staple fibres 39 40 41 42
use in carpets
waste 14 247
viscose process 237 238
additives 37–61 201
ageing
alkcell transportation 10 50
bleaching 48–9 49
chemical recovery
deaeration 46
dyeing 56
57–61
50
236

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343 Links

Index Terms 46
7 60 61
electron processing 53 54 55 56
environmental concerns 51 52
and fibre properties 49 50
filament regeneration 56 57
filtration 45 46
finishing 236 237
irradiative depolymerisation 45
knitting 52 53
mercerizing 43 44
modifiers 44 45
pressing 201
shredding 43 44
skin 50 51 52 53 243
soda recovery 245 246
spinning 42 43
53
steeping 262
stretching 55 56 241 243
tow-laying 47 48 53
washing 678
xanthation 256
Viscose Spinning Syndicate Ltd.
Visil 236 271 28
3 34
waste recovery see recycling 27
Wardle and Davenport 89 26
Weibel, J.P. 270 23
Weston, Edward 62–87 32
wet collapse 37–61 33
White, Patrick 22–34
Wilkes, Andrew G.
wood fibre, see also cellulose fibres 26
23
bleaching technology 22
delignification 31
sources 32
wood pulp production
long-term trends 22 23 24 25
uses, see lyocell 24
wood pulping methods 28 29 30
acid bisulphite processes 28 29 30
alkaline pulping 34
environmental impact 34
Milox concept 25 29 32 39 40
modern approach 25
prehydrolysis Kraft processes 1–21 156–73 204 206 215
sulphite-soda processes 235–72
Woodings, Calvin 286
246 247 248
wool
substitutes

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344 Links

Index Terms 170 171 172 263

wound dressings 273 274
99 100 101 164
yarn 200
denier 242 243 244 245 246
high-tenacity 287 288
industrial 286 287
knitted 11 242 244 246 249
markets 287
tyre
woven 56789
xanthate process 10 11 12 13 14
19 47 48 53 174
248

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Contents

Preface ix
Contributors xi

1 A brief history of regenerated cellulosic fibres 1
calvin woodings
1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Cellulose nitrate
1.3 Direct dissolution in cuprammonium hydroxide: 4
5
cupro 14
1.4 Dissolution via cellulose xanthate: viscose 19
1.5 Direct dissolution in amine oxide: lyocell 20
1.6 Other routes
22
References
22
2 Industrial cellulose 22
bruno lönnberg 24
28
2.1 Wood fibre sources 31
2.2 Pulping methods 32
2.3 Dissolving pulp processes 34
2.4 Environmental assessment
2.5 Dissolving pulp production 37
2.6 Future of dissolving pulp processes and pulps
37
References 39
50
3 The viscose process 57
andrew g wilkes
v
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Viscose making
3.3 Spinning
3.4 Chemical recovery and environmental control

vi Contents 62

4 Lyocell: the production process and market 62
development 63
patrick white mbe 65
72
4.1 Overview 76
4.2 Amine oxide technology – timeline 86
4.3 Process description
4.4 Lyocell conversion
4.5 Dyeing and finishing of lyocell
4.6 Lyocell marketing

5 Cuprammonium processes 88
kenji kamide and kazunari nishiyama

5.1 Short history 88

5.2 Science and technology of manufacturing processes 107

5.3 Morphology and properties 140

5.4 Products and application 144

5.5 Conclusion and future prospects: does the cuprammonium

rayon industry have a future? 148

References 150

6 Fibres related to cellulose 156
john w s hearle and calvin woodings
156
6.1 Cellulose acetate 168
6.2 Alginate fibres 171
6.3 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose fibres 172

References

7 Other processes 174
albin turbak
174
7.1 Historical review 175
7.2 Thermodynamic requirements for dissolution 176
7.3 Cellulose solvent systems 178
7.4 Unstable cellulose derivatives 190
7.5 Cellulose as an acid or a base 196

References

8 Physical structure and fibre properties 199
john w s hearle
199
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 Fibre forms

Contents vii

8.3 Fine structure 202
8.4 Physical properties 208
232
References

9 Applications development 235

calvin woodings 235
237
9.1 Artificial silk 241
9.2 Artificial cotton 242
9.3 From speciality to commodity 246
9.4 Industrial yarns 257
9.5 Modified staple fibres 272
9.6 Nonwoven applications

References

10 Current and future market trends 273
tim f n johnson
273
10.1 Introduction 274
10.2 The broad picture 277
10.3 Breakdown by fibre type 278
10.4 Breakdown by main area 282
10.5 Capacity and production trends, 1980–2010 283
10.6 Trends in markets by end-use

Appendix A Lyocell end-use development datasheets 290
Appendix B Archive photographs of regenerated 318
cellulosic fibre processes

Index 331