Glass handbook PREPARED FOR: PN HAJAH HAZWANI RAMLI CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY II UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MARA AP2242A OCTOBER 2022 - FEBRUARY 2023
Group members ATHIRAH NUR HUSNA BINTI ROSLAN 2022977851 ALYA AFRINNA BINTI RUSDI 2022946681 GWYNETH LO 2022909833 ALEXIS EMERALD ALEXSON 2022946765
Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENT INTRODUCTION JKR DESCRIPTION TYPE OF GLASS PROPERTIES MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF GLASS ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES CONCLUSION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
INTRODUCTION GLASS IS A HARDSUBSTANCE WHICH MAY BE TRANSPARENT OR TRANSLUCENT ANDBRITTLE. THE FUSION PROCESS USEDTO MANUFACTURE GLASSES.IN THIS PROCESS, SANDIS FUSED WITH LIME, SODA, ANDSOME OTHER ADMIXTURES ANDTHEN COOLEDRAPIDLY. GLASSES USEDIN CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES ANDARCHITECTURAL PURPOSES IN ENGINEERING. THE STRENGTH OF GLASS DEPENDS ON THE MODULUS OF RUPTURE VALUE OF GLASS.IN GENERAL GLASS IS A BRITTLE MATERIAL BUT BY ADDING ADMIXTURES ANDLAMINATES WE CAN MAKE IT AS MORE STRONG.IT IS MANUFACTUREDBY THE FUSION PROCESS.GLASS IS A HARD TRANSPARENT MATERIAL PRODUCED WHEN MOLTEN SILICATE IS COOLED RAPIDLY.GLASS IS A BIOLOGICALLY MATERIAL THAT HAS A SMOOTH SURFACE ANDIS WATERPROOF.GLASS IS HARDBUT BRITTLE ANDCAN BE BROKEN.HOWEVER,GLASS CANNOT BE A HEAVY LOADS. THIS HANDBOOK IS TO TELL THE IMPORTANCE OF GLASS ANDTHEDETAILS ABOUT GLASS. THIS INCLUDES TYPES, PROPERTIES, FUNCTIONS, MANUFACTURING PROCESS ANDTHE ADVANTAGES ANDDISADVANTAGES
Acknowledgement FIRST AND FOREMOST, ALHAMDULILLAH WE WOULD LIKE TO WEALTH OF GRATITUDE TO OUR LECTURER MADAM HJH. HAWAII RAMLI. THIS FLIPBOOK WOULD HAVE NEVER BEEN COMPLETED AND ACCOMPLISHED WITHOUT HER GENEROUS HELP, ASSISTANCE AND DEDICATED INVOLVEMENT IN EVERY STEP THROUGHOUT THE PROCESS. WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR SUPPORT AND UNDERSTANDING OVER THESE PAST FEW MONTHS. WE WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK TO OUR FRIENDS FOR THEIR SUGGESTIONS AND ENCOURAGEMENT WHILE COMPLETING THIS FLIPBOOK ABOUT INTRODUCTION OF GLASS SUCCESSFULLY DESPITE GOING THROUGH VARIOUS TESTS AND CHALLENGES. WE CANNOT BEGIN TO EXPRESS OUR GRATITUDE AND APPRECIATION FOR THEIR CONSTANT HELP AND ENCOURAGEMENT. WE ARE GRATEFUL TO ALL OF OUR FRIENDS WHO HAVE GIVEN US THEIR HELP, PUT UP WITH OUR ODD HOURS AND PROVIDE US WITH PRACTICAL HELP. MOST IMPORTANTLY, NONE OF THIS COULD HAVE HAPPENED WITHOUT OUR FAMILY. WE WOULD LIKE TO TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGE THEM FOR THEIR LOVE AND CONSTANT ENCOURAGEMENT AND MOTIVATION.IT IS OUR PLEASURE TO EXPRESS OUR THANKS TO ALL THOSE WHO CONTRIBUTED IN MANY WAYS TO THE SUCCESS OF THIS ASSIGNMENT AND MADE IT A MEMORABLE EXPERIENCE FOR US.
JKR STANDARD SPECIFICATION SECTION N: GLAZING 1 generally, all glass shall comform to MS1135 and shall be free from bubbles, specks and other defects. Samples shall be submitted for the approval of the S.O. Unlessotherwise specified or shown on the drawings, the type and minimum thickness of glass shall be as stated in the schedule of glass in appendix N/1. General 2 All doors and windows, et cetera except louver windows shall be glazed as shown on the drawings or the schedule of doors and windows. All glass shall be cut to size with 2mm clearance all around the rebates. All exposed edges glass panes shall be rounded off. All glazing works shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the manufacture's instruction. Figuredor textured glass surface for windows shall be installed facing the interior. Glazing
3 Glass units shall be delivered, handled and stored in accordance with manufacture's instructions. The units shall be protected prior to installation, to prevent damage to glass and glazing materials from temperature changes, moisture and direct exposure to sun. Product Delivery, Storage and Handling 4 All glass shall be stored on site in a dry, sheltered location in racks in near vertical position with the edges of the glass protected from damage. A protective sheeting shall be provided to prevent spillage of materials on to the surface of the glass. Water collection between sheets shall be controlled by the use of spacers Storage 5 All installed products shall be protected until completion of project. Alldamaged or broken panels shall be repaired or replaced before substanial completion. Glass shall be protected from damage. Glass units with damage or imperfections of type that impairs performance or appearance shall be removed and dispose of and disposed of and replaced with new units of specified materials. Protection
TTyyppeessooff GLASS we can use it as per our needs and requirements. Toughened glass is a durable glass that has low visibility. It is available in all thicknesses, and when it is broken it forms small granular chunks that are dangerous. This is also called as tempered glass. This type of glass is used for fire-resistant doors, mobile screen protectors, etc -For making window shields of fast moving vechiles , Windows of furnace and automatic opening doors Float glass manufactured from sodium silicate and calcium silicate so, it is also called as soda-lime glass. It is clear and flat, so it causes glare. Thickness of the float glass is available from 2mm to 20mm, and its weight range from 6 to 36 kg/m2. As the most basic type of glass there is, float glass is a starting material used when processing to create laminated, toughened and coated glass.It is available in a variety of sizes and thicknesses and is used in the glass cutting process so it can be cut to the exact size required for the application.It is also suitable for the construction of furniture such as tables,walls and so on. Float Glass Toughened Glass Y
Laminated glass is the combination of layers of ordinary glass. So, it has more weight than a normal glass. It has more thickness and is UV proof and soundproof. These are used for aquariums, bridges, etc. Strong and durable - heat insulation Sound insulation UV reduction Tinted Glass LAMINATED GLASS Uv protection Aesthetics Privacy - maintains transparency Tinted glass is nothing but colored glass.A color producing ingredients is mixed to the normal glass which does not affect other properties of glass
A metal coating is applied to one side of the glass.Sealed with a protective layerfor mirrored effect Aesthetic interior design illusion of a larger space It can control the transparent effiency of glass protect the interior from daylight may be photochromatic which is light sensitive lamination,thermos chromatic which is heat sensitive . Chromatic Glass Mirror Glass
Separated into two or three layers by vacuum or air They cannot allow heat through it because or air between the acts as good insulators and the layers double glazed units also the name of it. Glass wool is made of fibers of glass its is fire resistant glass GLASS WOOL INSULATED GLAZED UNITS
Shatterproof glass is used for skylights,flooring and windows and so on.In the manufacturing process is a kind of plastic which is polyvinyl butyral is used. others than that,they called as glass bricks which is two different halves and there are pressed and annaled together while melting process of glass. These are for architectural purposes in the building of sky;ights and wall GLASS BLOCK SHATTER PROOF GLASS
PROPERTIES 1 . G L A S S D E N S I T Y Its average density is 2500kg/m3 but varies depending on the type of materials that make up the different types of glass. Its relative density ranges from 2 to 8 times the density of water, which makes it sometimes lighter than aluminum (relative density 2.7) but sometimes heavier than steel (relative density 7.85).
40 N per Sq.mm (407.88 Kg per Sq.cm) at 200 C temperatures for annealed glass and 120 to 200 N per Sq.mm (1223.66 to 2039.43 Kg per Sq.cm) at 200 C temperature for toughened glass. Tensile strength 2 . C O M P R E S S I V E & T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H 1000 N per Sq.mm (10197.2 Kg per Sq.cm) at 200 C temperature which is very high. It means that a load of 10 tonnes is required to break a 1 cm cube of glass. Compressive strength
3 . T H E R M A L C O N D U C T I V I T Y Glass can reach a certain temperature without changing its solid properties and it also has a thermal-type conductivity. So it can conduct both hot and cold.
4 . O P A C I T Y Glass has different optical properties, which make it ideal for different uses. It can transmit the visible spectrum of light. This depends on the composition and purity of the glass. Those with the highest light transmission capacity are those free of iron compounds..
5 . S O L I D M A T E R I A L Glass is a solid substance and in solid objects, the molecule bonds are tighter compared to a liquid material. There is a less movement among them in this case. It only means that glass is a type of solid material that will not change its shape unless it being heated to a certain high temperature.
THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF GLASS 1 Batching Of Raw Materials ·One of the first stages of glass manufacturing process is batch preparation which is involves weighing fine ground raw materials. ·This process involves formers, fluxes, stabilizers and sometimes colourants which depending on the recipe for the final glass product. -Following that, the fine raw materials are mixed together to achieve a homogenous composition before being transferred into the melting furnace.
·The central phase in glass manufacturing is the melting of raw materials which at the high temperature to form a molten glass. ·Temperatures in the furnace too can be reach up to 1600°C. ·Moreover, there are numerous methods for melting glass which according to the desired product, its end use, the prevailing commercial factors and also the scale of operation. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF GLASS 2 Melting In The Furnace
·At a temperature of around 1000°C, the molten glass is floated onto a bath of molten tin. ·It forms a ribbon and by drawing the glass through a complex process that involves top roll machines, ribbon thicknesses of specific ranging can be achieved. ·The highly viscous glass and the very fluid tin do not mix, and the contact surface between these two materials is perfectly flat and also giving the final product which is term of flat glass. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF GLASS 3 Drawing The Molten Glass Onto The Tin Bath
·At a temperature of 600°C, it has cooled sufficiently to pass to an annealing chamber known as a lehr. ·It is the process of slowly cooling hot glass objects after they have been formed. It is the process of relieving residual internal stresses created during manufacturing. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF GLASS 4 Cooling Of The Molten Glass In The Annealing Lehr
·After cooling, the glass undergoes to stringent quality checks. ·Moreover, if the bubble or sand grain refuses to melt, the final glass product is rejected. Nowadays, inspections too are performed automatically to detect defects in glass that cannot be seen with the naked eye. ·It is then cut into sheets of sizes varying to the required shape and size and then automatically stacked, stored and ready for transport. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF GLASS 5 Quality Checks, Automatic Cutting And Storage
Compared to other construction materials, glass is significantly lighter and making it ideal for high rise steel structures as it helps to lower the overall dead load. material like concrete contribute to the total stres of a building, thus increasing the chances of failure over time. however, it is possible to keep the total weight of a building low with glass thus promoting structural soundness. ADVANTAGES OF GLASS Lightweight Construction Ready Glass is unlike cast in-situ concrete that must allowed adequate caring time, glass is usually ready for installation once delivered on-site to speed up the construction process since no time will be wasted in mixing up elements like concrete.
ADVANTAGES OF GLASS Aesthetics Glass offers unobstructed views thus making the interior and exterior look big. It helps bringing the outdoors into the indoors. Modern construction trends are leaning more twards large scale glass usage because of its ability to transform the appearance of a structure. glass completes the work by adding a touch of uniqueness that makes the building stand out. UV Stable The external glass is treated so as to reduce glare, prevent heat absorption and resistance to UV light. this helps in making the building enery efficient. Glass is UV stable, it can retain its physical properties for years without being affected by UV radiation. this explains why glass normally retains its colour and does not crack despite years of use.
DISADVANTAGES OFGLASS Fairly Hard to Maintain In high rises external cleaning and maintenance can be very challenging. The costs of cleaning glass can be astronomical, especially when used as building facade. Glass cleaning may need to be done frequently especially in areas prone to dust. Regular cleaning will help to maintain the aesthetics of the structure and keeping it looking good as new. costs The costs of using glass in construction are usually high. This is because glass manufacture is an energy cosuming process since the raw materials must be melted before being cooled to form glass. The costs of glass usually varies depending on the type of glass needed. Extra hand and multicoloured glass types tend to cost more that ordinary glass which can increase the project budget significantly.
13 GALLERY Issue. 1 DISADVANTAGESOFGLASS Security Concerns Extensive use of glass might result in both psychological and actual security concerns. Although aesthetically appealing, glass structures are not strong or consistent as concrete or steel hence the need for heightened security features, more security needed to keep the showcased valuables safe from burgulars. Easily Breakable It is very costly material and has to be handled woth care during installation, this is because glass is amorphous in nature. Chances of glass breaking are usually high when set up in areas with high wind pressure, heavy loads and impact. While some glass types are naturally strong and durable enough to withstand stress, they can eventually break when the stress exceeds the accceptable limits.
Conclusion In conclusion glass is a common material used in construction mainly to provide light into the building but still provide cover and privacy We learned that there are various type of glass. We also learn properties and how glass are manufactured. Lastly we found the advantages and disadvantages of glass.
REFERENCES priorities notes : to-do list : Desai, M. (2017, September 12). Raw Materials Used In Glass Manufacturing Process. Gharpedia. Retrieved from https://gharpedia.com/blog/raw-materialsused-in-glass- manufacturing-process/ Bazin, B. (2019, January 29). Glass Manufacturing Process. Saint-Gobain. Retrieved https://in.saint-gobain-glass.com/glass-manufacturing process#:~:text=The%20main%20components%2C%20comprising%20silica,mixi ng%20later%20under%20computerized%20control. 1) 2) BuilderSpace. (2021, January 9). 14 Advantages of Using Glass in Construction - BuilderSpace. BuilderSpace. https://www.builderspace.com/advantages-of-usingglass-in-construction 3) 4) Swift Glass. (n. d.). Composition and Properties of Glass Materials. Retrieved from https://www.swiftglass.com/blog/glass-materials-properties#tab-3