2D STRUCTURAL AND NON STRUCTURAL

BEST SELLING
HANDBOOK

STRUCTURAL &
NON-

STRUCTURAL
METAL

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY II

GROUP 4

Name

MOHAMMAD ALIF SYAABAN BIN MOHD
ASRI

2020452792
MUHAMAD NUR ARIF BIN LATIF

2020819866
NUR ALYA IRDINA BINTI ASMI

2020452954
AQILAH BINTI MOHD ASKOLLANI

2020845194
FATANIAH BINTI MOHD SALLEH

2020847188

cToanblteeonf ts

01

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

02

INTRODUCTION

04

STRUCTURAL
STEEL

Table of
Content

25

NON-
STRUCTURAL

STEEL

47

CONCLUSION

48

REFERENCES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are really grateful as we manage to complete this
group assignment within the time given successfully.
The success and final outcome of this assignment
required a lot of guidance and assistance from many
people especially our lecturer, Puan Hazwani Binti
Ramli. Without her, we might get lost on tract. We
respect and very thankful to our lecturer for giving us
opportunity to do this assignment and she also does
not forget to provide us guidance and full support to
finish this assignment.

Besides, we also want to show our gratitude to all of
our friend that willingly to help us without asking for
reply. Thank you so much for help us when we are in
trouble and does not have any ideas what to do but
you guys spend some time for us and gave us your
opinion and it was really helpful. Last but not least,
not forget about our parent who are always pray and
support us from behind until we manage to complete
this assignment. We are sincerely very thankful for
their encouragement and love.

1

INTRODUCTION

Steel is recycled at a rate of about 70% in North
America every year, far outnumbering aluminium,
paper, and glass combined, with eighty million
tonnes recycled each year. This is because steel is
1,000 times stronger than iron, making it easy to
recycle without losing strength

Steel is the world's second-largest industry (after
oil), with a $900 billion turnover. This allow the
industry to employ over two million people
globally, and it is one of the few that has been
around since before WWII and is still growing

Concrete bridges can weigh four to eight times as
much as steel bridges at the same size, and
construction processes are improving every year.
Engineers believe that if the Golden Gate Bridge
were built today, it would only require half the
83,000 tons of steel it took to erect in 1937.

2

INTRODUCTION

One of the most appealing qualities of steel is its
flexibility. When it is exposed to extreme high
temperature, it will not fracture or break like
concrete. Because of this the Eiffel Tower is six
inches taller in the summer than in the winter.
Steel makes up twenty-five percent of the average
computer, and seventy-five percent of all significant
appliances contain variable amounts of steel. Steel is
still used in almost every major industry, including
energy and construction, as well as housing,
transportation, and technology.

3

STRUCTURAL STEEL

DEFINITION

WHAT IS

STRUCTURAL

METAL?

Structural metal or known as steel is
a type of steel that is common used
in construction or building projects.
Structural steel also can be
described as steel that has been
shaped to be used in construction.

COMPOSITION IN
STRUCTURAL STEEL

Structural steel is a carbon steel which is contains up to 2.1 percent
carbon by weight. Carbon is the most important element in carbon steel
after iron. The more amount of carbon used in composition steel, the
higher the strength of the steel and lower its ductility. The amount of
carbon needed is depend on the purpose of steel will be used.

The most common steel that is used for construction purpose is mild steel

which is low-carbon steel. That is why low-carbon steel is commonly thought

of when structural steel is mentioned. Low-carbon steel has a carbon content

of 0.04 percent to 0.30 percent, making it stronger but also more ductile than

steel with a higher carbon content.

4

STRUCTURAL STEEL

SHAPE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

Structural steel is simple steel that is designed for different purpose in
construction building. Because structural steel is ductile, it can be
customized in a wide range of shapes, thicknesses, and even sizes to satisfy
specific architectural requirements. A structural steel shape is a profile with a
particular cross section manufactured from steel.
The common of structural steel shape are :
i. I-beam: An I-shaped cross section capped with flanges on either side
ii. Z-shape: Half a flange going in opposite directions resembling a “Z”
iii. Angle: An L-shaped cross section
iv. Tee: A T-shaped cross section
v. Bar: A rectangular, cross-sectioned long piece of steel
vi. Rod: A round or square long piece of steel

.

5

PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL
STEEL

Buildings that last longer

Density
Density of a material is defined as mass per unit volume.
Structural steel has density of 7.75 to 8.1 g/cm3.

Elastic Modulus
Modulus of elasticity is the measurement of tendency of an
object to be deformed when force or stress is applied to it.
Typical values for structural steel range from 190-210
gigapascals.

Poisson's Ratio
It is the ratio between contraction and elongation of the
material. When the value is lower, the object will shrink
lower in it thickness when stretched. Acceptable values for
structural steel are 0.27 to 0.3.

Tensile Strength
The tensile strength of an object is the measurement of how
far it can be stretched without breaking. The point at which
an object fractures after being stressed is known as the
fracture point. Because structural steel has a high tensile
strength, it is preferred for construction over other materials.

6

Yield Strength
The yield strength, also known as the yield point, is
the stress at which an object permanently deforms.
When stress is removed, it does not reform into its
former shape. Carbon structural steel has yield
strengths ranging from 187 to 758 megapascals. Alloy
Structural steel has values from 366 to 1793
megapascals.
Specific Heat
The amount of heat required to raise an object's
temperature by a particular quantity is known as specific
heat or heat capacity. A higher specific heat value
indicates that the object is more insulating. Specific heat is
measured in Joules per Kilogram Kelvin. Carbon structural
steel has a range of values from 450 to 2081, while alloy
structural steel has a range of values from 452 to 1499.

Hardness
The resistance of an object to shape change when force
is applied is referred to as hardness. There are three
different way to measure hardness which is through
scratch, indentation, and rebound. Carbon structural
steels have a range of 86 to 388 kg. Meanwhile the
hardness of structural steel manufactured with alloys
ranges from 149 to 627 kg.

7

COMPONENT OF STRUCTURAL
STEEL

I.Tension Members

A tension member is designed as a structural member subjected
to tensile force in a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. A
tension member is also called a tie member or simply a tie. The
types of structure and method of end connections determine the
type of a tension member in structural steel construction. There
are 4 types of tension members.

a) Wires and Cables
The wire types are used for hoists, derricks, rigging slings, guy
wires and hangers for suspension bridges

b) Rods and Bars
The round and square bars are frequently used for the small
tension members. The round bars having threaded ends are used
along with pin connections at the ends, in place of threads. The
ends of the rectangular plates or bars are enlarged by forging and
are bored to form eye bars. The eye bars too are used along with
the pin connections. The rods and bars have a disadvantage of
inadequate stiffness which results in the accumulation of
noticeable sag under its own weight.

8

c) Single Structural Shapes and Plates
The single structural shapes (angle sections and tee sections) are
used as tension members. The angle sections are more rigid than
the wires, cables, rods, and bars. If the length of a tension
member is too long, the single angle sections also become
flexible. The single angle sections have a disadvantage of
eccentricity in both planes in a riveted connection. The channel
section has eccentricity in just one axis. The single channel
sections have low rigidity in the direction of flange and high
rigidity in the direction of web.

d) Built-up Sections
Two or more tension members are used to form built-up members.
When the single structural steel sections cannot furnish the
required area, built-up sections are used. The double angle
sections having unequal legs are used as tension members in the
roof trusses. The angle sections are placed on the two sides of a
gusset plate. When both angle sections are placed on the same
side of the gusset plate, it can be subjected to tension and
bending. These two angle sections can also be arranged in a star
shape and can be connected by batten plates. The star shape
arrangement offers a symmetrical and concentric connection

9

Ii. Compression Member

Compression members are encountered in many practical
applications, such as pole structures, columns in building
frames and members of truss structures. A structural member
loaded axially in compression is generally called a
compression member. Vertical compression members in
buildings are called columns, posts or stanchions. A
compression member in roof trusses is called struts and in a
crane is called a boom. compression member Columns which
are short are subjected to crushing and behave like members
under pure compression. Columns which are long tend to
buckle out of the plane of the load axis

A compression member is a very commonly encountered
structural member whose function is to receive a compressive
force. A column in a building is meant to support the gravity
loads applied to the building frame. In a braced frame a brace
is provided to provide lateral restraint to a column to resist
horizontal forces due to wind or earthquakes. In a roof truss
compression member are present as struts in the form of web
members and top chord members.

10

III. Bending Members

Pending members are structural elements subjected to loads
that are generally applied perpendicular to their long axis.
Bending members are usually horizontal and are often loaded on
the narrow face. This produces bending about the major axis of
the beam and is generally the most efficient configuration for
resisting bending actions. The application of forces to a bending
member results in a range of actions, including bending
moments (flexure).

IV. Combined Force Members

Combined force members are also known as beam-columns and
are subjected to bending compression. Connecting members
bring the entire building together.

V .Connections

Steel connections can be grouped into various classifications. The
classification of the various types of steel connections assists with
the design of steel connections by narrowing down the choices
based on practical considerations. In general, steel connections
can be classified into 5 different categories

11

V. Connections

Connecting Medium (fasteners / fixtures)

In modern times, the most common types of connecting mediums
are welds and bolts. Welds offer simplicity, whilst bolts off
economical installation in the field. Rivets have historically been
used, but have been mostly replaced by bolts for a number of
reasons. These include:
·Riveted
·Connections
·Bolted Connections
·Welded Connections

Internal forces the connections are expected to transmit

One of the most important considerations when designing a
steel connection is to design based on the internal forces that
the connection is expected to transmit. Connections are
classified as axial, shear (semi-rigid), or moment (rigid)
connections based on the primary load that the connection is to
carry. Connections however are most typically expected to carry
two or more of these loads. These include:
·Moment Connections
·Shear Connections
·Axial Connections

Type of structural elements that make up the connections
The type of structural element(s) that make up a steel connection
is a common classification. There are many different types of
structural elements, and the various placements to the structural
members results in many different connection types. The most
common structural elements are angles and plates. Angles can
be placed at an i-beam's web (web angle), or at the i-beam's
flange (seat angle), and plates can as well in a similar way
(resulting in web plates and flange plates).

12

Members being joined

The classification of steel connections is also commonly made
to the structural members that they are to connect. In fact, the
consideration for connecting columns and beams should act as
one of the primary considerations when needing to design a
steel connection. The common configurations include:
·Beam to Column Connections
·Beam to Beam Connections
·Column to Column Connections
·Column Base PlateConnections

Method of erection

The method and location of erection of the steel connection is
one type of classification that makes a big impact on the cost of
the project. In general, field operations are more costly than shop
operations. For this reason, the installation of steel connections is
usually a combination of both to reduce the overall cost.

13

THE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AND THEIR
USES IN CONSTRUCTION

Parallel Flange Channels
These channelled beams are U-shaped with right
angled corners, similar to the shape of a staple. They
come in various different sizes, however, the two
sides are always the same length and are parallel to
one another. They also offer a high strength to
weight ratio and have similar uses to angled sections.

Tapered Flange Beams
Taper flange beams come in an I-shaped and are
also available in a vast variety of sizes. In
construction, these are often used as cross-sections
for girders. Though they have a particularly resistance
ratio, it is not usually recommended when pressure is
present along the length as they are not torsion
(twisting) resistant.

Universal Beam
Universal beams, also known ad I-beams or H- beams,
come in the shape of their namesake: an ‘I’ when
standing upright, and a ‘H’ on their side. Universal
beams are usually made of structural steel and are
used in construction and civil engineering, among
other industries.

Universal Column

Universal beams are also widely used for structural

purposes. They are similar to beams and are often

referred to as I-beams or H-beams, however, all

three sections are the same in length. As their

name suggests, they are mainly used for columns,

and have a brilliant load-bearing capabilities

14

THE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AND THEIR

USES IN CONSTRUCTION

Angled Sections
Angled structural steel sections can come as either equal or
unequal. Both will be right angled, however, unequal
sections have different sized axis’ making them L-shaped.
This kind of section is much stronger (up to 20%) with a
much higher strength to weight ratios. Angled sections are
used in residential construction, infrastructure, mining and
transport. Also, they are available in a wide range of
lengths and sizes

Circular Hollow Sections
Circular Hollow Sections come as a hollow tubular cross
sections and have a much higher resistance to torsion that
tapered flange beams. The density of the walls is uniform
within the entire circle which makes this beams great for use
with multi-axis loading processes.

Rectangular Hollow Sections
These types of structural steel are much like the circular hollow
sections, however they have rectangular cross sections. They
are very popular in many mechanical and construction steel
applications. Their flat surfaces make them prime for use in
joining and metal fabrication.

Square Hollow Sections
Like their hollow section counterparts (except with square
cross sections), these are used within smaller applications such
as columns or posts. However, they are unsuitable for beams as
their shapes are inherently difficult to bolt into other types of
shape. They are also known as ‘box sections’.

Flat Sections

Arguably the most versatile type of steel section as they

require to be attached to another section. In some cases, they

can be attached to another section as a strengthening tool.

They are also often referred to as ‘plates’ (for example,

checker plates)

15

TYPE OF STRUCTURAL FRAMING
SYSTEM

SKELETON STEEL FRAMING

Steel structures are constructed up of a skeleton
frame made up of steel elements such as vertical
columns, horizontal beams, and so on, which are
riveted, welded, or bolted together in a rectilinear
grid. Steel structures are commonly utilized in
medium and high-rise buildings, as well as industrial,
warehouse, and residential structures

The column - beam structural framework system
transmits all lateral and gravitational loads to the steel
framework, then it is passed to the foundation. The
walls are constructed as a load-bearing curtain wall of
body text

Steel connections such as bolt connections and welded
connections, are used to link steel beams to columns in
skeleton frame structures in various forms and
combinations. There are various types of bolted connection
including flexible end plate, fin plate and double angle
cleat

16

Spandrel beams, main or primary beams, intermediate or
secondary beams, wall and interior columns, and a reinforced
concrete slab are include to make up a skeleton framing.
Many technique are used for eccentric connections between
columns and beams like the use of metal brackets, gusset
plates, and haunches, which help to distribute the produced
stresses. Shims are used for adjusting line and height. The
spandrel beam and column are attached with the help of shelf
angle brackets

All gravity loads in a skeleton frame structure are supported
by beams and columns. The distance between columns can
be determined based on the structure's functions and
requirements. As a result, there are no constraints on the size
of the building's floor and roof. Skeleton framing allows for the
construction of multi-story structures.

17

WALL BEARING STEEL FRAMING

Wall Bearing Steel Framing is a structured system
built around wall bearings. This framing system is
most commonly used with lower rising structures such
as a single-story home. These framing systems
typically have trouble with heavier loads.
Occasionally, these systems reinforced by concrete
walls which help the system to endure heavier
weights.
Wall bearing framing involves the erection of masonry walls
on the perimeter and interior of the building and the
structural steel members are then anchored on the masonry
walls using bearing and end steel plates and anchor bolts.
The design and construction of the wall bearing framing
depends on the load intensity and the span distance
between successive supports. While lower depth beams
help to increase the clear headroom height of the building
it also poses a requirement for the closer spacing of the
columns and hence limits the clear floor space area.

18

In a wall bearing steel framing structure, building wall
whether it is interior or exterior is used to carry the end of
structural members that support floor or roof loads. Wall
bearing should be adequately strong to not only be able to
carry vertical reactions but also to resist any imposed
horizontal loads. Wall bearing framing is suitable for the
construction of low-rise structure. This is because the size of
the bearing wall must be increased significantly to
withstand considerably loads exerted in the case of
multistory buildings. This problem might be solved to
certain extent if the reinforced concrete walls are applied.
There are several cases in which wall bearing frame system
is suitable to be used. For example, single story house in
which steel beams are used to carry wall and floor loads
and the end of the steel beams are placed on foundation
walls.

19

LONG SPAN STEEL FRAMING

Long span steel framing is considered when
huge clearance is required and such long
spanning cannot be realized using steel bars
and columns. Long span steel framing
alternatives can be categorized into different
types, for instance, girders, trusses, rigid
frames, arches and cantilever suspension
spans. These classes of long span steel
surrounding choices along side their
applications

Types Long span framing system
Glider

Application condition

- must support loads from above storeys across cleared
area.
- selected if the depth of the member is restricted over
a large unobstructed area in lower storeys

20

Types Long span framing system

- used when the restriction on the element
depth is not impose
- better compare to other option in
controlling deflections due to it better
stiffness.

Truss

Types Long span framing system

- used to carry walls and roof with
open or solid web arches

Arches

Types Long span framing system

Rigid Frame - used to span long distances
-due to it appereance which is
aesthetically pleasing, its usually
applied in the construction of
churches, gymnasiums, auditoriums,
bowling alleys and shopping centers

21

EXAMPLES OF

STRUCTURAL STEEL

Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa in Dubai is currently the world’s tallest building –
surpassing others on the tallest building list by at slightest 350
meters. Standing at 2,716.5 feet tall with 160 stories, Burj
Khalifa right now holds a few different world records. The main
frame of the building consists of reinforced concrete, but Burj
Khalifa contains 31,400 tons of steel. Laid end to end, this much
steel would wrap ¼ of the way around Earth. Based on a triple-
lobed (Y-shaped) impression, this building was inspired by the
hymenocallis blossom, with three components around one
central center.

The Empire State Building
Built in 1931 in New York, the Empire State Building broke
records as the world’s tallest building . the title is held for
nearly 40 a long time. Containing 730 tons of steel and about
10 million bricks of limestone, this mind blowing structure
shockingly only took 13 months to construct. Planned by
William F. Sheep, the Domain State Building was inspired by
an craftsmanship deco stylish. It stands at an astonishing
1,250 tall and scales 102 stories.

The Brooklyn Bridge
Built in 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge in New York took 14
years and more than 600 laborers to complete, killing two-
dozen individuals (counting the first architect) within the
process. The Brooklyn Bridge was the primary suspension
bridge ever built using steel wire. It uses a hybrid wire plan
and two stately towers made from limestone, cement, and
rock. Nowadays, the bridge carries more than 150,000
vehicles and pedestrians each day.

22

ADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

1. Reliability
Steel structures are exceptionally reliable. The reasons for this reliability incorporate
consistency and consistency in properties, way better quality control since of factory
manufacture, large elasticity, and ductility. If different examples of a few sort of steel are tried
within the research facility for yield stress, extreme qualities and elongations, the variety is
much lesser at that point other materials like concrete and wood. Encourage, since of
genuinely homogeneous and elastic fabric, steel fulfills most of the presumptions included
within the induction of the analysis and design formulas and the comes about gotten and
dependable. This may not be the case in concrete structures since of heterogeneous fabric,
splitting and non-linearity of stress-strain relationship.

2. Industrial Behavior
Rolled steel sections are manufactured in manufacturing plants. Also, the members may be
cut and arranged for get together in industrial facilities wile only joining of these
components is carried out at the location by introducing rivets or bolts and by welding
different components. Some of the time parts of the structure are moreover collected
within the factories, that's , there's a incredible adjustment to construction. Manual
mistakes decrease greatly in such cases, the speed of development increases and the
overall cost decreases.

3. Lesser Construction Time / Greater Erection Speed
work's progress is quick making the structures economical since of the industrial nature of
steel construction. The reason is that these structures can be put to utilize prior. The
reduction in labor cost and overhead changes and the benefits gotten from the early
utilize of the building contribute to the economy.

4. High Strength And Light Weight Nature
The high strength of steel per unit weight implies that the dead loads will be smaller. It is to be
famous that dead loads are a greater part of the full loads on structure. When dead load
diminishes, the underneath members ended up still smaller due to less weight acting on
them. This reality is of great significance for long-span bridges, tall building, and for structures
having poor foundation conditions.

5. Uniformity, Durability And Performance
Steel is a very homogeneous and uniform fabric. Thus, it fulfills the fundamental
presumptions of most of the analysis and design formulas. If properly kept up by painting, etc.
the properties of steel don't alter obviously with time; while, the properties of concrete in a
reinforced concrete structure are significantly modified with time. Thus, steel structures are
more solid.

23

DISADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

1. High Maintenance Costs And More Corrosion
Most steels are vulnerable to erosion when openly exposed to air and water and must
subsequently be occasionally painted. This requires additional cost and special care. The
utilize of weathering steels, in stable plan applications, tends to kill this taken a toll. In case not
properly kept up, steel members can loose 1 to 1.5 mm of their thickness each year.
Appropriately such constructions can loose weight up to 35% during their indicated life and
can come up short beneath the external loads.

2. Fireproofing Costs
In spite of the fact that steel individuals are incombustible, their quality is massively decreased
at temperatures winning in fires. At almost 400ºC, creep becomes much more articulated.
Creep is characterized as plastic deformation under a consistent load for a long period of
time. This produces too much huge deformations of primary members forcing the other
members to higher stresses or even to break down. Steel is an excellent conductor of heat
and may transmit sufficient heat from a burning compartment of a building to start fire in other
parts of the building to start fire in other parts of the building. Additional cost is required to
properly fire proof the building.

3. Susceptibility To Buckling
The steel sections usually consist of a combination of thin plates. Further, the overall steel
member dimensions are too smaller than reinforced concrete individuals. If these slender
members are subjected to compression, there are greater chances of buckling. Buckling
could be a sort of collapse of the members due to sudden expansive bowing caused by a
basic compressive load. Steel when utilized for columns is sometimes not very
conservative since impressive material has got to be utilized just to solidify the columns
against buckling.

4. Higher Initial Cost / Less Availability
In some countries, steel is not available in abundance and very costly compared with the other
structural materials. This is the most significant factor that has resulted in the decline of steel
structures in these countries.

5. Aesthetics
For certain types of buildings, the steel frame is compositionally preferred. However, for
majority of residential and office buildings, steel structures without the utilize of false ceiling
and cladding are considered to have poor stylish appearance. A significant cost is to be went
through on such structures to improve their appearance. Cladding is a covering of metal,
plastic or timber put on the surface of a basic member to completely encase it. The cladding
not as it were protects the member but also improves its appearance.

24

NON-STRUCTURAL STEEL 25

DEFINITION

Non-structural metal framing, also known as light
gauge metal framing, is a versatile and durable
structure that is utilised all over the world. The ASTM
A1003 standard specifies that light gauge metal
frame elements be made from structural steel
sheets shaped into a solid C, Z, or S shape and
capable of withstanding heavy loads.

To protect the light gauge metal frame from
corrosion, it is coated with zinc or a mixture of zinc
and aluminium. This layer's thickness may be
adjusted to suit different situations. The thickness of
structural sections ranges from 1 to 3 mm, while non-
structural parts have a thickness of 1 to 2 mm.

A steel member frame is built first then covered with
dry sheets on both sides to produce a load-bearing
wall in wood-framed construction. Steel
construction is designed to the platform frame of
the home structure, with self-tapping drilling screws
used to join the components. Non-structural
frameworks such as interior partitions or external
cladding can also be built using this method.
Originally, this type of architecture was created for
office interior walls.

CHARACTERISTIC & PROPERTIES OF NON
STRUCTURAL STEEL

CHARACTERISTIC FOR WROUGHT IRON 26

1.Does not carry load, the reason why the
non structural metal not transfer the load
from the building to the ground is because
usually the non structural metal is use for
the part cosmetic part or the finishing part,
for example use for the ornamental railing
and balustrade.

2. Soft, since it is non structural, the metal is
soft and can be easily shaped for example
the wrought iron is soft but it can be welded.

3. Since it use at the outer area such as at the
stair so this type of metal is have a high
resistance to corrosion

*Component : The component for this type of
metal is, its contains almost 100% of pure iron
and about 0.02% of carbon.

CHARACTERISTIC & PROPERTIES OF NON
STRUCTURAL STEEL

CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE CAST IRON
1.FOR THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THIS TYPE OF
METAL IS IT HAS A BRITTLE ON THE SURFACE.
2.THIS TYPE OF METAL IS STRONG AND CHEAP.
3.EVENTHOUGH ITS STRONG BUT ITS NOT
SUITABLE FOR THE STRUCTURAL USE DUE TO
ITS LOW TENSILE STRENGTH
*COMPONENT: THE COMPONENT OF THIS TYPE
OF METAL IS, ITS CONTAINS ABOUT 95% OF
IRON AND MIXTURE OF 2% OF CARBON.

27

CHARACTERISTIC & PROPERTIES OF NON
STRUCTURAL STEEL

CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE ALUMINIUM
1. IT HAS LOW DENSITY, IS NON-TOXIC, HAS
A HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, HAS
EXCELLENT CORROSION RESISTANCE AND
CAN BE EASILY CAST, MACHINED AND
FORMED.
COMPONENT: THE COMPONENT FOR THE
ALUMINIUM IS USUALLY ALLOYED WITH
COPPER, ZINC MAGNESIUM, SILICON,
MANGANESE AND LITHIUM.

28

GENERAL TERM OF NON STRUCTURAL STEEL

Corrosion resistance and lightweight high strength sheet metal
are features of this cold form and galvanised steel.

The bottom plate is at the end of the wall studs, whereas the top plate
is U-shaped and may not have a lip.

Studs, beams, beams, rings, and rafters are examples of skeletal
structures that employ this C section.

These studs are vertically positioned and span the length of the 29
wall, sustaining both vertical and lateral stresses. To transfer the
load to the limb below, the waist and truss must be correctly
positioned.

GENERAL TERM OF NON STRUCTURAL STEEL

Noggins are horizontally placed plates used on load-bearing walls
to provide lateral retention on the wall studs.

Floor joist are horizontal members designed to support roof service
loads including wind and rain dead loads. It depends on its design
which can be single or double joists

Blocking is required in planning the distance between higher
joists to avoid the occurrence of rotational problems on the joists.

30

GENERAL TERM OF NON STRUCTURAL STEEL

Anchor bolts are where the lift and shear forces when attached to
the foundation then we need to fix the walls and columns to the
track.

X brackets measuring 5-7 cm flat and with steel brackets 2.0 mm
wide or more should be installed from corner to corner as
diagonally to the wall. This will provide resistance to shear
forces and protect the load-bearing walls from racks and falls.

31

MANUFACTURERS OF
NON STRUCTURAL
STEEL

Manufacturing: The metal will be melt at its melting point which is at
1540 celcius and oxidized until all carbon content burned off and
then will be hammered to thin strip. Pig iron was smelted and
oxidised with iron oxide in a puddling furnace to make wrought
iron. Wrought-iron elements are often simple in design and
homogeneous in appearance, with signs of rolling or handwork.
Forging, bending, and sketching are all easy ways to work with it.
The wrought iron plate girder became the standard building device.
Example of item: Grillwork, ornamental railing, balustrade

32

MANUFACTURERS OF
NON STRUCTURAL
STEEL

Manufacturing: Pig iron is produced by melting iron ore in a blast
furnace and is used to make cast iron. Cast iron can be manufactured
directly from molten pig iron or by re-melting pig iron with a large
amount of iron, steel, limestone, carbon (coke), and other procedures to
eliminate unwanted pollutants. Sulfur and phosphorus can be burned
off of molten iron, however, this destroys the carbon, which must be
refilled. Carbon and silicon content are adjusted to the necessary
amounts, which can range from 2–3.5 percent and 1–3 percent,
depending on the application. Other components can then be added to
the melt if required, before the final shape is cast. Cast iron is sometimes
melted in a special type of blast furnace known as a cupola, but in
modern applications, it is more often melted in electric induction
furnaces or electric arc furnaces

Example of item: manhole covers, waste, vent and sanitary pipes

33

MANUFACTURERS OF
NON STRUCTURAL
STEEL

Manufacturing: Aluminium is manufacture in two phases which is bayer
process, where during this bayer process it will refining the bauxite ore
to obtain aluminium oxide, and then there will be second process
which is called Hall- Heroult Process where during this process it will
smelting the aluminium oxide to release the pure aluminium.
Example of item: Aluminium window, can for soft drink and etc

34

ADVANTAGES OF NON STRUCTURAL STEEL

1. Buildability

In light gauge steel framing construction, structure and non-structural
members are produced in factory. This would decrease works at
project site, declines waste, and enhance quality of construction.

2. Lightweight

The weight of light weight steel framing system is considerably low
which require smaller size of foundation, and can be handled easily.

3. Strength

The light gauge steel has great strength even thought its weight is low.
This is one of the most crucial advantages of this construction material.

4. Design Flexibility

The strength of light gauge steel frames permit longer spans,
larger open spaces without the need for intermediate columns or
load bearing walls.

5. Speed of Construction

The structural steel frame can be erected quickly since the structural
members are prefabricated and can be easily handled due to their
lightweight.

6. Structural Safety

The strength and non-combustible properties of steel enables it to
withstand fires, earthquakes, and hurricanes.

35

DISADVANTAGES OF NON STRUCTURAL
STEEL

Light framed structures allow the passage of sound more
readily than the more solid masonry construction.
Light gauge steel will lose strength in the advent of fire.
Adequate fire protection must be used. The easiest form of fire
protection is to clad the steel with fire rated sheeting or drywall.

36

Conclusion

The conclusion that can be made after we have completed
the task is, first we have gain more understanding and
knowledge regarding on the topic that we write which is
structural and non-structural metal, with the
understanding and knowledge that we gain we hope that
we can use it when we have the real working world, and
apply it during it. We also learn on the teamwork where we
help each other, where this skill is very crucial when we
enter the working world as a team, like we know quantity
surveyor is a working in a group.

37

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The Different Types of Structural Steel and Their Uses in Construction. Steel

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construction.

Future Steel Buildings/Properties. Wikibooks, open books for an open world.
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Kuang, W. (2021, April 1). Types of Steel Connections and their
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https://skyciv.com/technical/types-of-steel-connections-and-their-
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Types of Tension Members in Structural Steel Construction. The Constructor.
(2016, September 20). https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-of-
tension-members/4800/.

Types of Tension Members Made of Structural Steel. Edmonton Structural
Steel Fabrication. (2018, February 7). https://northern-weldarc.com/types-
tension-members-made-structural-steel/.

38

REFERENCE

-Hamakareem, M. I. (2018, January 3). What are the Types of
Structural Steel Framing Systems? The Constructor.
https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-structural-steel-
framing- systems/18554/

-S. (2017, April 18). The Most Famous Structural Steel Structures in the
World. Blog Swanton. https://blog.swantonweld.com/famous-
structural- steel-structures

-Community, S. (2020, April 4). Advantages & Disadvantages of Steel

Construction. Structural Community.

https://structural.community/articles/advantages-of-steel-

construction/

-Building, D. (2020, May). Steel structural framing systems. Designing

Buildings Wiki.

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Steel_structural_framing_

syste ms

5 Interesting Facts About Steel. (2017, April 21). Midwest Steel.
https://www.midweststeel.com/about/news/5-Interesting-Facts-
About- Steel_AE30.html

ATAD STEEL STRUCTURE CORPORATION. (2020, November 17).
Steel Structure Introduction. https://atad.vn/steel-structure-
introduction/

M. (2020, October 7). Common types of structural steel. Melsteel.

https://melbournesteelsales.com.au/common-types-of-structural-

steel/ 39