ALUMINIUM DOOR AND WINDOW

SMTERTUACLTURE

DOOR & WINDOW

BASED ON JKR SPECIFICATION
BQS452 - Construction Technology II

GROUP MEMBERS

SYAHIRUL BIN SABRIN@SAHRIN

2021106961

MUHAMMAD FAIDIL BIN KAMARUDDIN

2021124541

SAFFIAH BINTI MOHD JUZAD

2021122359

SITI SYAFIQAH BINTI DZULFAKARALI

2021700105

NUR SURAYA SHAZUREEN BINTI AZMI

2021780557

pn

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

‫ِبْس ِم ِهَّللا الَّرْحَم ِن الَّرِح ْيم‬



First and foremost, we wish to thank our Almighty Allah S.W.T for
giving us the ability and strength to complete this semester's

responsibilities. We'd want to express our gratitude to everyone who
helped us complete this research. We'd also like to offer our heartfelt
gratitude to our beloved parents for their steadfast support in terms of

counsel, financial support, and ongoing encouragement in helping us
complete this project.

Aside from that, we'd want to thank Madam Hazwani Binti Ramli, our
lecturer, for being an educational lecturer and providing us with all of the

essential facts, expertise, guidance, and proactive assistance. We were
blown away that because to your generosity, we were given enough time to

accomplish this task.
Last but not least, we'd like to thank our classmates, notably AP224 2A, for
their willingness to contribute to this effort by sharing their knowledge. All
of the kindness exhibited to us will be remembered for the rest of our lives.



‫إْن شاء الله‬

01 Introduction of Metal Structure TABLE OF CONTENTS
02 Steel Frames
03 Aluminium Frames
04 Frame for Adjustable Louvre Windows
05 Accessories
06 Sample
07 Installation
08 Maintenance
09 Conclusion
10 Reference

INTRODUCTION OF
METAL STRUCTURE

Metals are solid material that are
generally hard, shiny, malleable, fusible,
ductile, and have good electrical and
thermal conductivity. Metals are commonly
used in the construction industry due to
their durability and strength to form
structural components, pipework, cladding
materials and other components.

Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of A metal (from Greek μέταλλον
other elements, mainly carbon, that has a métallon, "mine, quarry, metal")
high tensile strength and relatively low is a material that, when freshly
cost and is used for structural and other prepared, polished, or
applications in the construction industry. fractured, shows a lustrous
appearance, and conducts
Because of its ductility, aluminium can be electricity and heat relatively
formed into many shapes and profiles. well. Metals are typically
Aluminium wall cladding systems are malleable (they can be
commonly used for building exteriors, with hammered into thin sheets) or
large wall panels requiring fewer joints, ductile (can be drawn into
resulting in time-efficient installation. wires). A metal may be a
Today, aluminium is the second most used chemical element such as iron;
metal in buildings after steel, used for an alloy such as stainless steel;
roofing, flashing, wall panels, windows and or a molecular compound such
doors, spandrels, and so on. as polymeric sulfur nitride.
(Wikipedia)

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Steel is the powerful element that offers a range of
grades and chemical compositions. Formulated of iron
combined simultaneously with carbon to give the iron
greater strength. The carbon content in the most widely
used grades of steel is 0.1% to 0.25% only.

STEEL FRAME

Steel framing is a cost-effective, code-compliant solution
to many of the constraints that builders face today when
using traditional building materials. They are made up of
vertical columns and horizontal beams that are bolted,
screwed, or welded together in a rectilinear grid. Steel
beams are horizontal structural components that can
withstand loads applied to their axis laterally. Vertical
structural components that convey compressive
loads are known as columns. It can be used to
create a building's skeleton. Steel has
incredible strength, lightweight, has
excellent overall stiffness and high
compressibility. As a result, it is
particularly suited to large-span,
super-high and heavy structures.
Construction of
steel frame consists of several types:

1) Conventional steel fabrication:
Steel components are manufactured
off-site, trimmed to length, then welded
together.

2) Bolted steel:
Steel components are manufactured
off-site and bolted together on-site.

3) Light gauge steel:
Identical to timber construction, but using
light gauge steel components instead of timber
studs.

HOW STEEL IS MADE?

BLAST FURNACE: ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES:

The blast furnace process, also known High-current electric arcs from
as the basic oxygen process (BOP), electrodes melt vast amounts of steel
mixes raw iron ore and tiny amounts of scraps into fluid in the electric arc
steel waste metal in a furnace. The furnace (EAF) technique. Whilst steel
furnace is then filled with pure oxygen, scrap metal is scorching, the specialists
which boosts its temperature. At this add different ferroalloys until the metal
temperature, not only does the scrap fluid has the proper steel-to-other alloy
metal melt into a liquid but the iron's ratio which forms stainless steel. The
impurities are also anodized and furnace then blows in oxygen, and lime
vaporized completely. Furthermore, the and fluorspar are added to cleanse the
extreme temperature decreases the steel. These chemicals react with the
carbon level to its optimal level, impurities in steel to form slag. The slag
yielding fluid steel. then rises to the top of the molten steel
and is eliminated, keeping only pure steel
left.

PAINTING

For painting of steel material, modern specifications typically include a sequential
coating application of paints, or paints applied over metal coatings to form a
'duplex' coating system. Primer, undercoats and finish coats are common
components of protective paint systems which comprises various purposes.

Types OF STEEL

CARBON STEEL ALLOY STEEL

Carbon steels contribute to roughly Include variable amounts of alloying
90% of global steel production. elements including manganese,
silicon, nickel, titanium, copper,
Despite containing only 2% carbon, it is chromium and aluminum to modify
a strong and durable material due to its the steel's properties.
elemental nature. Cheap.
Highly resistant to corrosion.
Carbon steels are categorized
depending on their carbon content:


• Low Carbon Steels/Mild Steels TOOL STEEL:
contain up to 0.3% carbon
• Medium Carbon Steels contain 0.3- Include various proportions of
0.6% carbon tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt
• High Carbon Steels contain more than and vanadium to boost heat
0.6% carbon resistance and durability for
excellency in cutting and

drilling equipment.

STAINLESS STEEL:

Contain between 10% to 20%
chromium as the main
alloying element and are
valued for high corrosion
resistance.

With over 11% chromium, steel
is about 200 times more
resistant to corrosion than
mild steel.

Advantages of steel frame

super-quick to build at site
flexible
a wide range of ready-made structural
sections are available
can be made to take any kind of shape,
and clad with any type of material
a wide range of joining methods is
available

Disadvantages of steel frame

lose strength at high temperatures, and
are susceptible to fire.
prone to corrosion in humid or marine
environments.

.

According to Section J.4.1 Steel Frames

4.1.1 The Contractor shall supply, assemble and fix
steel frames for doors and windows as shown on the
Drawings. The steel frames shall comply with BS
6510, and shall be from an approved source and
shop-primed with two coats of red lead oxide or
other approved rust resisting primer.

4.1.2 The steel frames shall be manufactured from
sections rolled from good commercial grade
galvanized mild steel in single sections, mechanically
straightened with all corners pre-cut with a 45
degrees mitre joint giving a snug and accurate fit,
fully electrically welded, and carefully ground and
cleaned, or shall be mechanically jointed by an
approved method.

4.1.3 All screws, nuts, bolts and washers shall be of
stainless steel.

4.1.4 Steel frames shall be painted as specified in
SECTION O: PAINTING WORKS.

SECTION J.4.3 -
ALUMINIUM FRAMES

Aluminium is most commonly alloyed with 1. Quality - material selection,
copper, zinc, magnesium, silicon,
manganese and lithium. Small additions of design, cutting, surface
chromium, titanium, zirconium, lead,
bismuth and nickel are also made and iron treatment, processing,
is invariably present in small quantities.
There are over 300 wrought alloys with 50 installation to service. Every
in common use.
Aluminium frame are constantly aspect is handled with care
developing whether from inside or outside
of the country. The door and window with and professionalism
aluminium frames combines a beautiful
aluminium profile and quality glass to 2. Durability - longevity is
create the perfect mix of louvres,
casement windows, swing doors, folding equivalent to quality will offer
doors and swing and slide doors.
Aluminium frame not only strong, durable strong warranties
and low maintenance, but also have a lot
of colour choices to suite various housing 3. Design - A quality design are
development building, commercial or
industrial building. With such a vast add values to it and It can be
variety, choosing a right window and door
frames are very important especially for customize
government project where subject to
comply with JKR Standard Specification. 4. Safety - sound insulation, and
Quality, durability, design and safety are
the important aspect before choosing a heat preservation are also
window and door frames supplier company
extreme weather and prevent

break-ins

Summary: Section J.4.2 Aluminium Frames ALUMINIUM FRAMES REQUIREMENT

i. The Contractor shall supply, assemble and fix aluminium frames for doors and windows
as shown in the Drawings. Unless otherwise specified, all aluminium frames shall be
fabricated from sections extruded from aluminium alloy conforming to MS 832

ii. Unless otherwise shown in the Drawings or described in the Bills of Quantities,
aluminium surfaces shall be natural anodised finish, free from alloy defects, dye marks,
scratches, and other surface blemishes in accordance with BS 3987 with an anodic
coating of 25 microns average thickness.

iii. All coloured anodised finish to aluminium

JKR Standard Specification Example Approved
- Section J.4.2 Aluminium Material Malaysian
Frames Standart (MS) by SIRIM

Example Description in Bill
of Quantities - Element
Windows

Example Product
Specification

Louvers Window Frame

Aluminium louvre frame offering the ultimate in
ventilation, vision and value for windows.
Window frame provide a practical and stylish
window alternative. The unique of louvre
windows ensures minimize interruption to your
view while adjusted the blades allow you to
control the airflow throughout our house.
Aluminum Louvres are a popular choice in
more warmer climates where maximizing air
circulation is important to a home’s livability.

A louvered window is one having louvered
construction, whether of glass or some other
material.

Arrangement of parallel, horizontal blades,
slats, laths, slips of glass, wood, or other
material designed to regulate airflow or light
penetration. Louvers are often used in
windows or doors in order to allow air or light
in while keeping sunshine or moisture out. They
may be either movable or fixed. This original
use of louvers is still current as covering for the
intake and exhaust system of some ventilation
and air-conditioning units.

For economical construction, the angle of
inclination of louver or blades to the vertical
style is usually kept 45°. The louver slopes
downward to the outside to run-off the rain
water. Sometimes Venetian shutters are
provided in which the louver can open or
close. These window shutters look fantastic
and are a great addition to any home.

LOUVERS WINDOW FRAME JKR SPECIFICATION SECTION J.4.3

Based on JKR Specification 4.3;

4.3.1 The contractor shall supply, assemble and fix frames for
adjustable louvre windows as shown on the drawing in compliance MS
1057.

4.3.2 Unless otherwise specified, the frames shall be supplied complete
with weather seal and non-ferrous bearings, springs clips, locking
device and weather stripping with all necessary spacing pieces. The
frames, coupling mullions and spacer brackets shall be minimum 1.2mm
thick (18 SWG) or otherwise specified cold-rolled steel strip galvanised
with hot-dipped process. Unless otherwise specified on the drawings,
the clips and pivot to receive the louvers shall be of durable nylon
material and sample submitted shall be to S.O.'s approval.

4.3.3 The operating rods shall be 2.13mm thick (14 SWG). The handle
and lock shall be 2.642mm thick (12 SWG) steel.

4.3.4 Unless otherwise specified, the finish shall be anodized coating of
15 u (average) minimum complying with BS EN 12373-1.

Accessories

All fasteners, such as bolts and screws must be To prevent noise and vibration, each
made of stainless steel type A2- 70 at a closing jamb has two rubber buffers.
minimum in accordance with ISO 3506, or Removable spreader bars to ensure a
other suitable materials as indicated in the precise square during shipping and
drawings. Rivets must be made of stainless installation. Welded mortar guard and
steel or an aluminium alloy that is suitable for adjustable stainless steel striker plate with
the application. a gently curved lead-in edge.
To establish a tight permanent fit, use at
For a company or brand that supply doors least eight (8) pieces of 4 mm brick ties.
and windows are designed to work with a
variety of transoms and mullions, both
horizontally and vertically. Special pressed
metal cills in a variety of profiles are
accessible.

Extruded aluminium frame members must be
made from specified alloys that meet MS
2289. Ancillary members made of sheet
materials such as sills, couplings, and the like,
must be made of approved alloys that comply
with MS 2040. The component of the framing
section that receives the fastener must be at
least 2.5 mm thick when pressure stays and
hinges are fastened.

For windows, glass blades can be replaced
with extruded aluminium louvre blades. A
restrictor may be used in ventilated windows
to limit the opening and closing of the
window. Internally, security bars can be
installed on ventilation windows. Depending
on the project's location, security
bladeholders are available.

A sufficient number of built-in stainless steel
hinges as per Schedule of Ironmongery under
SECTION H: TIMBER, JOINERY, AND
IRONMONGERY WORKS shall be supplied
with each steel or aluminium frame for doors
and windows.

SAMPLE

Prior to the start of any work, samples of steel
or aluminium sections with complete
accessories for doors and windows, as well as
a complete set of shop drawings for all works,
must be provided to the S.O's for approval.

Due to the exorbitant cost of wood, many
homes have switched to metal doors and
windows. They're not only robust and durable
enough to keep glasses in place but they're
also incredibly functional and maintenance-
free. They blend in perfectly with
contemporary design's clean lines.

Aluminium and steel doors, in particular are a
popular choice for modern doors and
windows due to a large selection of
customizable styles and patterns, as well as
the ease with which they can be designed in
any shape with minimal waste. They're also
fire and weather resistant, and they're free of
rotting issues. When it comes to planning your
next rebuild, here are some popular styles to
consider.

So samples of the materials are important to
make sure it fulfil the requirements that has
been given by JKR Specifications.

According to Section J.4.6.1 & J.4.6.4,all types of window, door frames and INSTALLATION OF METAL FRAME FOR DOOR AND WINDOW
adjustable louvre side frames shall be fixed to the aluminium frames (only for
adjustable louvre) and installed using the sub-frame method in accordance
with the manufacturer's advice and the S.O's approval, unless otherwise
indicated in the Drawings.

A sub-frame is either cast in or fastened to the wall in the sub-frame system.
The main frame is then attached to the sub frame at a later stage in the
building process.

Installation of Sub-Frame

The sub-frame must be properly aligned For effective watertightness, anchor/bolt
and set out in order for the window to heads and joints between the external wall
operate smoothly. and the sub-frame should be sealed with
sealant.

After you've double-checked the sub- Protective tapes should be kept in place for
placement, frame's secure it to the wall. Near the duration of the construction project. Prior
the point of anchoring/bolting, the sub-frame to installing the inner frames, the temporary
should be temporarily strengthened using stiffeners should also be left in place.
timber packs.

Installation of Main Frame INSTALLATION OF METAL FRAME FOR DOOR AND WINDOW (CONT'D)

The main frame is then attached onto the sub-frame once all the wet trades around the
window opening have been completed. Before repairing the main frame, inspect the
subframe for any physical damage. Any sub-frame that is damaged should be repaired
or replaced. Before installing the main frame, the sub-frame should be checked for
alignment.

The sub-frame should be cleaned and clear of dust and debris. Dust and debris
accumulated in the subframe could affect the alignment and fixing of the main frame. It
may also cause blockage to the weep holes, resulting in overflow of incidental water into
the interior.

Putting the main frame together with the The finishing trim is installed. To secure the

sub-frame finishing trim, millet should be used.

To get the most out of a product's service and Glazing MAINTENANCE OF METAL FRAME FOR DOOR & WINDOW
longevity, it's critical to keep it in good working Check for cracks and/or missing pieces of
order. The frame assembly for steel doors and glazing in the glazing material. All attaching
windows are the same. In fact, regular screws (if used) should be snug, and the unit
maintenance is critical in some circumstances should be properly mounted to the door,
where the door and window with frame according to the glazing mounting frame.
assembly is employed as a "fire rated" or Follow the manufacturer's guidelines to
"leakage rated" smoke barrier. Basic service the glass light or remove damaged
maintenance is required to ensure the parts and replace them. Also, in appropriate
assembly's good operation, and it is well worth applications/locations, use authorised safety
the effort to ensure human life safety. glass, or fire-rated glass and glazing in fire
doors, windows, or lights.
AREA TO BE EXAMINE
The building owner, insurance company, Door, window and frame finish
labelling authority (if applicable), and A visual assessment of the door, window and
maintenance service must choose the frame finish should be done on a regular
frequency with which these checks are basis. Any finish flaws that are too severe
performed. should be fixed and repainted. To prevent the
product from rusting prematurely and
HINGES decreasing its service life, adequate
Check all hinges for loose screws, worn hinge protection is required.
pins, and other noticeable flaws. The hinges
should be serviced or damaged parts should be Gasketing / Weather-stripping
removed and replaced according to the For gasketed or weather-stripped parts such
manufacturer's instructions. From the open to as perimeter seals, threshold seals, door and
the latched (if a latching device is utilised) window bottoms, and so on, a visual and
position, the door and window should always operational examination is required on a
swing and slide freely and smoothly. regular basis. Inspect flexible components for
symptoms of deterioration such as splitting,
Locksets, panic devices, fire exit hardware cracking, or deformation. Replace any
Examine all locksets for missing or loose screws, damaged or missing components as needed.
worn latches, or other noticeable flaws.
Replace any faulty parts or service the lockset The gasketing should be positioned such that
according to the manufacturer's instructions. appropriate contact is made around the full
Without blockage, the door and window should circumference of the door. The most popular
always latch readily and smoothly. As the door method for determining proper contact is to
and window swings into the closed position, use ordinary paper. By putting the paper
self-latching devices should always operate between the door and window and the
freely and smoothly. Latching should not gasket, and then shutting the door and
necessitate the use of additional force. When window, the paper should be firmly held in
the latch operation is hampered by wear, place. The seal is insufficient if the paper is
silencers (mutes) should be replaced. not firmly kept in place. The paper test should
be done all the way around the perimeter.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, limited availability and high cost of wood, as well as
the high cost of the aluminium, metal door and window frames, are
employed. By utilizing metal door and window frames, we are
becoming more ecologically friendly since we save numerous trees
that otherwise would have been chopped down to make these
frames, so as not to contribute to habitat loss. There are a lot of
benefits and drawbacks that we can gain by installing metal doors
and window frames.

Plus, after the completion of studies regarding metal on door and
window, we can gain more understanding regarding this material.
With those knowledges, we can use them for future purpose.

REFERENCE

1.7. Installation. (n.d.).
https://www.bca.gov.sg/professionals/Iquas/gpgs/AWindow/AWInstallation.pdf

2. Allplan. (n.d.). Steel for Construction. Blog.allplan.com.
https://blog.allplan.com/en/steel-for-construction

3. Columbia, U. of B., University, C., Twitter, T., & LinkedIn, L. (n.d.). What Are the
Different Types of Steel? ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/steel-grades-
2340174

4. Inc, B. (2021, February 1). 4 Types of Steel: What Makes Them Different? |
BigRentz. Www.bigrentz.com. https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/types-of-steel

5. JKR Standart Specification 2014

6. Mbond Aluminium Composite Panel. (n.d.). Mbond.com.my. Retrieved January 14,
2022, from https://mbond.com.my/pvdf-pe.html

7. My publications - BCON P1 - Page 101 - Created with Publitas.com. (n.d.).
View.publitas.com. Retrieved January 14, 2022, from
https://view.publitas.com/p222-11653/bcon-p1/page/101

8. Permohonan Perakuan Kelulusan (COA) | Lembaga Pembangunan Industri
Pembinaan Malaysia. (2020). Cidb.gov.my.
https://www.cidb.gov.my/ms/maklumat-pembinaan/kualiti/bahan-
binaan/produk-import/permohonan-perakuan-kelulusan-coa

9. Reed, B. (2020, April 10). The Steel Manufacturing Process - How is Steel Made?
Summit Steel & Manufacturing, Inc.
https://www.summitsteelinc.com/resources/blog/steel-manufacturing-process/

10. SIRIM Test Report and Construction Material Product

11. staff, W. (n.d.). What Are the Four Types of Steel? Www.weerg.com.
https://www.weerg.com/en/global/blog/what-are-the-four-types-of-steel