2A GLASS CURTAIN WALL

GLASS

MUHAMMAD HAKIM BIN WAN MASHITAH BT YUSMAN
KHAIRUNNIZAM BAHTIAR

2020859224 2020853164

NUR SYAZRINA HAZWANI BINTI
MOHD SUKRAN

2020449006

NOR AINI SYUHADA BT RAIHANA BINTI KHAIRIL
ABDULLAH YUSRIZAR

2020844514 2020878828

GROUP 3 TO : MADAM HAZWANI BINTI RAMLI

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION TO GLASS
TYPES OF GLASS

INTRODUCTION TO CURTAIN WALL
HISTORY OF CURTAIN WALL

CURTAIN WALL CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF CURTAIN WALL SYSTEMS
CURTAIN WALL VS WINDOW WALL

COMPONENTS
PROPERTIES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

GROUP 3

GLASS

ALGL LAABSOSUT

WHAT IS Glass is a brittle, rigid substance and can be transparent
GLASS or translucent. The fusion technique has been used to
make it. Glasses are used in engineering for construction
and architectural purposes.

DEFINITION Glass is mostly composed of silica. However, sodium
OF GLASS potassium carbonate must be added to lower the melting
point. Lime or lead oxide is added to make it more durable.
Manganese oxide is used to minimize the negative effects of
undesired iron in impure silica. The raw materials are
ground and sieved before being used. They are combined in
a precise ratio and melted in a furnace. The pieces are then
made by blowing, flat drawing, rolling, and pressing glass.

COMPOSITION OF IMPORTANT
GLASS PROPERTIES OF GLASS

Raw Materials: Light is absorbed, refracted, or
Silica transmitted through it. It's good to
Lime construct it translucent or
Soda transparent.
Oxide/aluminia/magnesia It's polished to perfection.
It's neither strong and brittle.
Soda functions as a flux, allowing silica It's possible to blow, draw, or
to melt at lower temperatures, press it.
limestone enhances weathering It is unaffected by the
properties, and other elements can be environment.
added to give the glass specific It has good chemical resistance.
characteristics or colours.

TYPES OF

GLASS

SODA LIME GLASS

1.

It is mainly a mixture of
sodium silicate and calcium
silicate. It is easy to melt at
low temperatures.

2.
It may be blown or welded easily in the
fusion phase. It doesn't have any
colour.

3.

It's utilised for laboratory
tubes and apparatus, as
well as window panes.

TYPES OF
GLASS

POTASH LIME GLASS

1.

Potassium silicate and calcium
silicate provide most of the
composition.

2.

It's also referred to as "hard
glass." It fuses when heated
to a high temperature.

3.

It is used to make glass
products that must
withstand high temperatures

TYPES OF
GLASS

POTASH LEAD GLASS

1.

Potassium silicate and lead
silicate are the primary
components.

2.

It has a bright luster and
excellent refractive power.

3.

It is used in the manufacture of
artificial gems, electric bulbs, lenses,
prisms etc.

TYPES OF

GLASS

COMMON GLASS

1.

It is mainly a mixture of sodium
silicate, calcium silicate and iron
silicate.

2.

It comes in brown, green, or
yellow colors.

3.

It is primarily used in the production
of pharmaceutical bottles.

TYPES OF

GLASS

SPECIAL GLASS

1.

By modifying the fundamental
elements and adding a few more,
the properties of glasses can be
designed to suit particular needs.

2.

It has now proven as a versatile
material capable of fulfilling a
wide range of engineering needs.

3.

The following is the list of some of
the special glasses:

Fiber glass
Foam glass
Bullet proof glass
Structural glass
Glass black
Wired glass
Ultraviolet ray glass
Perforated glass.

Curtain Wall

Glass What is Curtain

Glass is one of materials Wall
used in a building. Curtain
wall is one of the example A curtain wall is a thin, aluminum-
that used glass as main framed wall. It can come with
materials. different fillings which include
glass, metal panels, or thin stones.
The framing is joined to the
building structure. It doesn’t bear
the load of the roof or the floor;
instead, it relies on the building
structure, specifically at the floor
line.

Components of

Curtain Wall

Transom
Mullions
Vision Glass
Anchor

What is Vision

Glass

In curtain wall systems, the
transparent glass installed is
called the vision glass. It may be
double or triple glazed and can
include Low-E coatings or
reflective coatings.

Curtain Wall

Benefits of Curtain

Wall

Lightweight materials
Affordable.
Depending on the size of the building, the savings
may be compounded.
Curtain wall system's ability to resist water and
water infiltration, curtain wall are energy efficient.
Reduce cost of heating, cooling and lighting of the
building.
Long-term savings benefits.
Can be installed in small or large units.
Greater flexibility in design.
Attractive modern-looking.

Features of Curtain Wall

Curtain walls take into Curtain walls can be Can choose the length Can also choose
account important installed with several of your lines and the between a variety of
glazing options, either depths of the mullion face covers to have
elements, including the maximum control
effects of thermal inside, outside, or depending on the over the aesthetics of
expansion and structurally. They can requirements of the
also be installed as a the building.
contraction, the sway stick framed wall, which design.
and movement of a is split by mullions to
create smaller panes.
building, and thermal
efficiency

THE HISTORY OF

CURTAIN
WALL

Earlier building methods relied on external walls to carry
dead weight from the building and structures itself. Sturdier
column with reinforced concrete become the main load
bearing component. Thus, walls does not necessarily become
the primary structural support, leading glass as the external
facades become more popular.

THE FIRST 1909
BUILDING TO BOLEY
USE ALL GLASS

EXTERIOR
WALL SYSTEM

BUILDING,

KANSAS

Wood was first used as a rigid component for curtain
walls during Ottoman Empire in the 18th century.
Aluminum frames were introduced much later as
western economies were industrialized. British
engineer and architect Peter Ellis designed Oriel
Chambers and 16 Cook Street, both located in
Liverpool, England.

THE HISTORY OF

CURTAIN
WALL

In 1918, architect Willis Polk
built the Hallidie Building in
San Francisco, renowned for
its floating glass curtain wall
design

The first building in New York
that featured a curtain wall
was the Lever House in
Midtown Manhattan that was
built in 1952 by the design firm
of Skidmore, Owings and
Merrill.

Aluminium framed walled systems started developing rapidly after World
War II, sometime during the 1930’s when the production and supply of
aluminium became readily available. They became a cost-competitive and
cost-effective alternative to other facade treatments. ACP was extensively
used in the later part of the 20th century on wards, and soon became a
staple of the modernist movement of which we all know so nostalgically :
Bauhaus school , Hall idie building , Seagram’s building etc.

Curtain walls are symbolic of modernist
experimentalism as for the first time
architects and engineers toyed with the idea
of doing away with traditional load bearing
walls continuing since antiquity.

The production system can be
divided into two types:

manufacturing Batch production, which
all work units (extrusion,
PROCESS
painting, assembly,
Construction-centered work processing, glazing, etc)
involves the design of are performed in a single

curtain wall members and plant
systems, delivery and lifting, Distributed prodution,
which part or all of the
and site installation, work units are outsourced.
whereas manufacturing-
centered activity includes Aluminium panels,
member production and extruded bars, and
aluminium boards must
assembly. be manufactured
through extrusion,
INSTALLATION AND SHAPE painting, processing,

Stick Type Curtain Walls and assembly
- assembled and erected on site

Unit Type Curtain Walls
- assembled in a plant & installed

on site (high-rise building)

Raw Material Inspection Machining Glazing is the process
Packing of joining double-layer
glass to a curtain wall
with extruded bars and

aluminium panels

Final Inspection Product Assemble

The Basics Of

Curtain Wall
Construction

The glass and the frame are the two main components of a
glass curtain wall. Individual curtain wall systems are

differentiated by how these two elements are controlled,
including their proportions, characteristics, and anchors.

The frame is a support grid that holds the glass in
place and therefore is made of steel, aluminium,
multi-laminate glass, or other durable material.

STICK CURTAIN WALL UNITIZED CURTAIN WALL

SYSTEM SYSTEM

Stick systems are curtain Stick systems use the
walls at their most basic, same design concepts as
with individual mullions, or unitized systems, but
framing elements, curtain wall components
assembled in the site. are constructed in the
factory and erected as a
unit.

The Basics Of

Curtain Wall
Construction

The glass and the frame are the two main components
of a glass curtain wall. Individual curtain wall systems

are differentiated by how these two elements are
controlled, including their proportions, characteristics,

and anchors.

Depending on the manufacturing process, curtain wall glazing
varies in price, durability, impact resistance, safety, and
stability.

FLOAT GLASS ANNEALED GLASS

Alastair Pilkington's innovative pArococenstrsoimllepdrohveeastitnhgeafnradcctouoreling
float process permitted the resistance of annealed glass.
fabrication of the enormous aDnensepaitleeditsgilnacsrsecaasnedshdautrtaebr iilnittyo,
glass sheets that characterise sharp fragments, and its use in
curtain wall building in the construction is
1950s. Molten glass is poured building codes. restricted by many
into a tin bath, where it flows
smoothly and evenly across HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS
the surface, generating &CHEMICALLY STRENGTHENED GLASS
smooth glass of uniform
thickness. In terms of strength, this glass is in
between annealed and tempered.
TEMPERED GLASS Because strengthened glass, unlike
tempered glass, can be sharp when
To improve strength and fractured, it's best used in places
shatter resistance, tempered where access is restricted.
glass is chemically or Scratches have been demonstrated
thermally treated. to affect the strength of glass.
Tempered glass shatters
into small shards that are INSULATING GLAZING UNITS (IGUS)
less likely to cause injury
than larger shards when The use of double or triple panes of glass
struck. separated by a gap filled with air or an inert
gas can improve thermal performance.
LAMINATED GLASS

Two or more sheets of glass are
bonded to a plastic interlayer,
usually polyvinyl butyral (PVB),
which keeps the glass in place if
it is cracked. In hurricane-prone
areas or areas requiring blast
protection, laminated glass is
frequently required for curtain
walls.

TYPES OF Curtain wall systems are precast in
CURTAIN WALL the factory. They're delivered to the
SYSTEM
construction site and assembled.
These are of two types based on the
way each component is assembled.

STICK CURTAIN WALL ADVANTAGES STICK CURTAIN WALL
SYSTEM SYSTEM:

Stick curtain wall is the most traditional Wide availability of system choice on
curtain wall types the market at very competitive prices
and short lead-in times
in this system the frame verticals or the mullions and the Simple structure and installation
glass panels are erected and connected piece by piece.The compared with other curtain wall
vertical mullions are attached first to the floor slabs and then glazing systems
the horizontal mullions are fixed to the vertical mullions. The The glazing can be fabricated off-site
glass panel between the vertical and the horizontal mullions which can decrease the installation
along with the spandrel are installed into the erected grid time
work.
STICK BUILT CURTAIN WALL
Stick curtain wall is preferred to
be used in low rise buildings STICK BUILT CURTAIN WALL

preferred for buildings that A stick built curtain wall refers to
are not that tall, usually less the method of construction by
than 3-4 floors. which the curtain wall is assembled

FACTORS NEED TO BE CONSIDERED on site, piece by piece. The
DURING CONSTRUCTION manufacturer delivers each
individual component; glass,
Air, wind, and heat play a mullion, spandrel; and glaziers
vital role in stability, and the assemble the curtain wall directly
stick glass method takes
these factors into on the structure
consideration during
construction.

IKEA BATU KAWAN USE STICK CURTAIN
WALL SYSTEM

UNITIZED CURTAIN
WALLING

"The preferred method for enclosing buildings"

The parts are already ADVANTAGE OF UNITIZED
assembled in the factory. A CURTAIN WALLING:
panel system, also known as
a modular system, is made All the panels are pre-assembled
up of prefabricated glass, prior to arrival on-site so the
spandrels, and mullions the speed of construction is fast.
components are installed
and brought as a single unit Since the main assembly takes
from the factory to the site. place in a strictly controlled
This system is mainly used factory environment, the system
in high-rise buildings. has higher quality and is easier to
control.

CRITERIA OF THE
UNITIZED CURTAIN-
WALLING SYSTEM.
EXAMPLE UNITIZED
CURTAIN WALL

Thermal efficiency, sound
transmission and fire safety

have become the key
performance standards of

unitized curtain wall
systems.

CURTAIN WALL VS
WINDOW WALL

Curtain and window wall systems
are popular because they offer

design flair to architecture while
also allowing for the maximum

amount of light to enter a building's
space. Here's a rundown of the

differences between the two wall
systems, as well as their

advantages and disadvantages.

What is Curtain Wall?

A curtain wall is a glazed wall system hung off a
concrete slab using anchors. Curtain walls are
self-supporting and give a building’s exterior
the look of top to bottom glass. Most often
used on commercial buildings, curtain walls
are typically installed from the outside of a
building using cranes or rigs. Curtain wall
installation is a complex process and can be
more expensive than other systems.

What is Window Wall?

A window wall is achieved by placing glazing between a building’s
concrete slabs, using the slabs as structural support. Window walls
have a break between the glass, with slab covers used to conceal the
concrete. Window walls are often used in residential applications as

they allow for more customizable sections such as windows and
balcony doors. They are most commonly installed from the inside of a

building, which is a safer, more efficient and more cost effective.

CURTAIN WALL VS
WINDOW WALL

Curtain Wall Advantages

If installed correctly, curtain wall systems provide excellent
structural integrity, as there are fewer mullions and joints
required when compared to most window wall systems. Acting
as a single unit, curtain walls are highly resistant to moisture,
wind, heat and earthquakes. They require little maintenance..

Window Wall Advantages

Aside from advantages such as customizability, ease of
installation and cost savings, window walls also require less
engineering and safety considerations as the exterior wall is
broken up by each floors’ concrete slab, providing built-in fire
stopping. Also, because the separation of each window wall
unit creates a sealed space there is less noise transfer and
energy loss. Further, if a unit becomes damaged and needs
repair that specific unit can be removed and replaced without
affecting the adjoining units.

CURTAIN WALL VS
WINDOW WALL

Backpans and Window Wall

When used in conjunction with curtain wall systems,
insulated back pans are placed behind sections of the wall

that do not require vision glass. In a curtain wall, the
variances and design choices of the full assembly affect the

backpan sections just as they will the glazing and other
components. However, in a window wall application this
variation is eliminated. Since most buildings are similar floor

to floor, part repeatability is improved.

Cost Comparison

For the comparable amount of glazing, window walls can
be installed for half the cost – or even less – of curtain
walls. Window walls are easier to install, which reduces
the need for extra equipment, lifts, and handling time.
Because the installation process is safer, fewer special
precautions need to be taken, which further reduces cost
as well as shortens the timeline of a project. Window walls
also involve more repeatable components, improving
efficiency during the manufacturing process. Further, a
more rigid scope means most components can be
assembled in shop rather than on site, resulting in fewer
errors, less site disruptions and a higher quality product.

04 Two or more panes of glass
separated by a spacer and filled with
05 an inert gas (argon, krypton). Often
06 referred to as double-glazed or
double-pane (though can include
01 The metal extrusion between more than 2 layers), an IGU provides
glazing panels that supports improved insulation value over a
the system. Mullions are used single pane of glass.
both vertically (up & down)
and horizontally (left to Extruded rubber used as a glazing
right). seal between the IGU and mullion.
They are compressed into a joint
between frame and window at both
the exterior and interior.

As opposed to vision glass, a
spandrel is an opaque panel of either
obscured coated glass or another
material (metal, masonry veneer, thin
stone). They are typically used to
conceal structural elements (columns,
slab edges) or interstitial space
(above ceilings). There is often a
“shadow box” or “backpan” behind
the panel to hold/conceal insulation
to improve the thermal performance
of the overall system.

02 In lieu of a pressure plate,
the glass may be held in
place via structural silicone 07 The component that separates the
to give a more minimal 08 glass panes at the edge of the IGU. It
appearance. There is either a often includes a desiccant material to
gasketed joint or wet-sealed absorb moisture. Better spacer
joint a fraction of an inch materials can improve the overall
wide visible between glass insulation value of the system.
panels on the exterior, rather
than a 2-inch or wider metal Used with curtain wall systems, the
pressure plate and cap. anchor ties the curtain wall to the
slab edges or structural frame. The
03 A metal plate secured to the anchors can be embedded when the
mullion to retain the glass in slab is poured or fastened to slab
place, typically 2 or more after the slab is in place.
inches wide, present at each
horizontal & vertical mullion.
A snap cover, the exterior
“cap” of the mullion, covers
the pressure plate and is the
visible portion of the mullion
on the exterior.

PROPERTIES

It is a type of non
load- bearing
external cladding
that is lightweight

It needs to be sturdy
to carry its own
weight

To protect the
internal wall of the
building from
temperature
changes, sun
exposure, rain, wind
and earthquake

It provides adegree
of fire resistance
required

PROPERTIES

It is able to carry the wind loads
imposed by transferring the lateral
wind loads through the colums or

floors of the building

Provide for thermal and
structural movements

It is easy to fix, assemble and
maintain

Provide a degree of
sound insulation
Provide a degree of
thermal insulation
It is designed to control
water penetration to the
interior of the building
It can resist air infiltration
from the exterior to the
interior of the building
which passes through the
curtain wall

EL DORADO ELEMENTARY

CONCLUSION

It is a major curtain wall is
and unique an essential
invention in
part of building
Civil today, because
Engineering of its function,
light weight,
field
rapid
construction and
also significant

aesthetic
freedom

REFERENCES

admin. (n.d.). The Intersting Story of the Curtain Wall. Retrieved from WFM Media:
https://wfmmedia.com/interesting-story-curtain-wall-system/
Benefits and History of Curtain Wall Systems of Commercial Buildings. (2014, November 4). Retrieved from
APPLE GLASS: http://appleglasscompany.com/benefits-and-history-of-curtain-wall-systems-for-commercial-
buildings/
Curtain Wall VS Window Wall: What's The Difference? (2018, January 25). Retrieved from LENMAK:
https://www.lenmak.com/curtain-window-wall/
Defects, Z. (2017, November 8). Types of curtain wall system and their advantages. Zero Defects.
https://www.zerodefects.ca/types-of-curtain-wall-system-and-their-advantages/
Olsen, K. (2020, June 17). CURTAIN WALL AND WINDOW WALL SYSTEM. Retrieved from VERTEX:
https://vertexeng.com/insights/curtain-wall-and-window-wall-systems/
What are curtain walls? (2020, November 10). Façade + Envelope. https://facadenvelope.com/what-are-curtain-
walls/

GROUP 3