N U R A I S Y A A T H I R A H B T Z U L K A R N A I N ( 2 0 2 2 9 7 1 7 3 7 ) N U R A N I S A B T A B U H U R A I R A H ( 2 0 2 2 9 7 1 5 7 1 ) S H A R I F A H N U R A I S H A H B T S Y E D A B D U L R A J A K ( 2 0 2 2 7 9 3 9 4 1 ) I S S U E 02 JA N U ARY 2023 Universiti Teknologi Mara T IMBER PREPARE D F O R: MA D AM HAZWA N I BT RAML I
A CK N O W L ED G E M E N T B I S M I L L A H I R R A H M A N I R R A H I M In the name of Allah, praise be to Him who is the master of all creation, for providing strength and patience to complete this assignment. It is in our pleasure to share the biggest gratitude for the golden opportunity to carry out this research study with the help of our supervisor, Madam Hazwani Ramli that never fails to keep us motivated and provide any guidance necessary in order to complete this subject, Construction Management II. We wholeheartedly want to give out our greatest appreciations to all the great advices that our supervisor have given us regarding this subject that is proved to be pivotal to its success. Lastly, to my groupmates, this final study will not run smoothly and be of a success without you.
C O N T E N TS INTRODUCTION PA G E 1 SELECTION & SUITABILITY PA G E 9 MAINTENANCE PA G E 4 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES PA G E 5 Door and window PA G E 2 PROPERTIES OF TIMBER PA G E 7 USES OF TIMBER Guide on how and when to select the suitable type of timber fordoor and window. TABL E O F PA G E 1 0 CONCLUSION
Timber is transformed into a wide range of construction materials that are used in building and home construction. This includes dimensional lumber products that are built into walls, floors, and ceilings, such as studs, plates, joists, rafters, beams, firebreaks and supports. Timber also is used along with adhesives to generate sheets of plywood to function as sheathing, or for the creation of Oriented Strand Boards (OSB), veneer panels, or Structural Insulated Panels(SIPs). Timber also can be fabricated into structurally engineered wood products that are suitable for sustaining high loads, substituting for other materials such as steel I-beams. Timber is also fabricated into architectural or custom woodwork as well as other architectural mouldings. Timber is a versatile raw material that offers several advantages, enabling it to be used in a wide range of applications. Timber is a renewable resource and is grown in countries around the globe. This broad availability reduces the amount of transportation needed, allowing the material to be used closer to where it is produced. Timber has a fast growth rate with softwood varieties able to replenish at a faster rate than hardwoods. Timber does not require a great deal of energy for it to be produced into a useable form, relative to other material such as steel which requires furnaces operating at high temperature as part of the process. Timber stores the excess carbon that is removed from the atmosphere and continues to do so or the duration of its existence. Timber is a natural material, is non-toxic, is safe to handle, and does not produce hazardous vapors when cut or machined. Timber is easy to harvest and can be managed effectively to assure regrowth and replenishment. Timber is easy to handle, cut, and shape with readily available tools, lending to its ability to have widespread use. Its scrap or waste products can be repurposed so that there is little to no unused material from a given cut of timber. It has aesthetic appeal and can be stained, painted, or coated to produce a wide variety of finishes. Introduction Softwood timber is relatively inexpensive, making it suitable for wide use as a building and construction material. The material has relatively high strength and can be designed into configurations that function as load-bearing supports. Timber has good thermal insulating properties and can reduce the energy use of homes when the material is used in doors and windows. When properly dried as part of the processing of harvested wood, timber is not subject to fungal degradation, and the removal of excess moisture reduces the weight of the material, making it less expensive to transport and easier to handle. Timber construction is simpler and faster than with the use of stone or concrete. Timber is durable, can last centuries, and is easier to maintain than other materials. 01.
THE Properties t i m b E r Timber is the most eco-friendly building material available. Timber is a net carbon absorber and has low energy requirements during manufacture. Renewable resources include wood. With few negative effects on the values of soil and water, well-managed forests provide timber on a steady, continuing basis. 2022 01 T i m b e r Environmentally Friendly Construction using timber is easier and safer than using steel or concrete since it is robust, light, and dependable. Radiant pine structural timber, for instance, has a strength to weight ratio that is 20% greater than structural steel and four to five times better than unreinforced concrete under compression, according to a comparison with steel and concrete. Reduced foundation costs, decreased earthquake loading, and simpler shipping are all benefits of the lightweight constructions made feasible by wood. When a building's useful life is through, its parts and the entire construction are easy to erect, safe, and less expensive to disassemble or reuse. 02 Strong and lightweight 02.
Safe Working with timber doesn't require any extra safety measures because of its low toxicity; standard protection from dust and splinters is sufficient. Because timber frame construction uses less heavy lifting equipment, construction sites are safer places to work. Timber's non-conductive nature has obvious advantages for electrical safety. Because light frames are protected by incombustible linings, modern timber construction is more fire resistant. Timber buildings are guaranteed to endure a lifetime with proper finishing, painting, and upkeep. Timber structures can last an unlimited amount of time if they are properly constructed and maintained, however many structures grow outdated and are torn down much before the end of their natural lifetimes. Protection from weather, insect assault, and decay is the key to a long lifespan. This can be achieved through established design detailing, surface coating systems, the choice of hardy species, and preservative treatment procedures. Timber is a fantastic insulator. This implies that it contributes to a more stable temperature. Timber will aid in lowering heating and associated energy requirements as compared to materials like masonry, concrete, or steel. For instance, a brick wall 11.4 cm thick resists heat loss better than a 2.5 cm board. January Edition | 2023 03 04 durable 05 Natural insulator 03.
Timber Maintanence Requirement Over time, the appearance of wood deteriorates. The level of maintenance depends on the type, application, environment, and coating selected. Discoloration, loose boards, moth bites, wear, shrinkage, cracking, mildew, and popping nails are the most common problems. To keep the wood to look like new, regular maintenance is necessary. Drying Period Let the clean wood dry for at least 3 to 7 days, depending on the weather. The moisture content of wood should be dry and less than 8% using a wood moisture meter. Cleaning Regular cleaning should be done to remove mold, fungi, organic growths, and airborne contaminants growing from the surface of the wood. Clean with water, mild detergent, and a soft brush, taking care to remove any residue. When using high-pressure water jets, keep the nozzle at least 30 cm away from the wood to avoid damaging the wood surface. It is also not recommended to concentrate the nozzle in one place for a long time. Use a soft brush to remove leaves and other debris from the wood, or use a stiff broom to scrape the wood and rinse with water to remove any remaining residue. Sanding & Stripping Using the wrong application on your property or increasing maintenance hours can result in maintenance costs and hassles. In general, he recommends conditioning the wood every 6 to 12 months. If it's been around for a long time, we highly recommend sanding to remove the wood. Simply sanding the wood allows more dirt to penetrate deep into the cells of the wood, opening up the pores for an even, consistent and longlasting finish. To prepare for wood coating, use a hand tool or Use a machine to sand with 60-80 grit sandpaper. Once the current coating has been completely removed, remove any remaining polishing dust from the wood surface. If the existing wood finish has painted such as boat paint or wood paint, the existing paint should be removed with a paint stripper before sanding. Sand the wood with 60-80 grit sandpaper to open up the pores in the wood and allow the coating to penetrate the wood cells. Exterior Oil / Water-based Coating Exterior oils are superior to other paint finishes and water-based treatments for two reasons; No sanding or peeling is required, but recommended every 12 months and to facilitates cheap and quick maintenance by simply cleaning and re-oiling the wood surface. Sanding and stripping are required for maintenance work using water-based paints or coatings. If the wood surface is completely exposed, the coating should be reapplied at least twice. If not, we recommend painting during the maintenance stage. 04.
Versatility and Durability As briefly mentioned above, wood is one of the most adaptable materials used in the construction industry. This material has many uses, including bonding with other materials and bending into desired shapes. Many different types of wood are resilient and can withstand bad weather. Cost The price, of course, depends on the size of the project, but wooden structures can be built in a short period, so they can be cheaper than steel or stone structures. However, if large open spaces are required, steel frames are required to maintain structural stability. Insulation Buildings can greatly benefit from the sound and/or insulation that wood can provide. When used as exterior siding to retain heat, wood often performs significantly better than steel or brick, making it extremely useful for those looking to build more efficient and environmentally friendly structures. Beneficial. Because wood is a renewable resource, it is very environmentally friendly, which is also an important factor. ADVANTAGES 05.
DISADVANTAGES Wood is a natural substance that shrinks and swells because it can absorb water. Wood should always be properly treated according to its intended use and environment. It may cause spoilage and quality deterioration. Condensation is a problem that can occur in any type of construction, but it can be very difficult to deal with. Condensation occurs when warm air in a room hits cold, poorly insulated walls. When this occurs in wooden buildings, it can lead to skeletal collapse. Frame houses cannot withstand the heat and flames of a fire like brick or steel buildings. Timber frame houses can be coated with flame retardants, but this tends to reduce smoke production and It also slows down the spread of flames on the surface. SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING CONDENSATION FIRE 06.
As a Fuel Source The combustion of timber is a significant fuel source that may be used to heat buildings, generate energy for cooking, and warm water for everyday use. It is possible to send wood pellets and other byproducts of the timber processing, such as biomass, for use as a suitable type of wood-based fuel for stoves or heaters. According to some estimates, up to 40% of all the wood harvested from forests across the world is used as fuel. Depending on the availability of other fuel sources like oil, natural gas, electricity, and renewable energy sources like wind and solar power, the usage of timber as fuel will vary from region to region. Additionally, timber can be utilised as a fuel source to run generators that power electricitygenerating boilers that heat water to make steam. Furniture Many hardwoods are the material of choice for cabinet and furniture makers because of their higher density and attractive natural grain patterns. These woods are more expensive than softwoods because they are heavier, more resilient, and sluggish to grow. For more expensive furniture, oak, maple, walnut, cherry, and poplar are typical options. The softwoods pine, redwood, spruce, and cedar, which are less expensive, are utilised to make furniture. USES OF TIMBER January, 2023 07.
Uses of Timber Paper and Pulp Timber is used in applications that require the support of loads, such as on telephone and utility poles, docks, piers, jetties, and railroad or railway track ties. The use of wood that is typically larger than 5 inches in size is a hallmark of the wooden home construction style, which is also widely used. For design or aesthetic purposes, the timber may in some applications be left in its natural state, including the tree bark. Other use for timber include boat timbers for situations where wooden boat construction is still prized, as well as landscape timbers for retaining walls or other decorative uses. Pulpwood from timber is used to make a wide range of paper products. All types of paper, including copy paper, envelope paper, kraft paper, parchment paper, packaging paper, photographic paper, magazines, newspapers, and other printed goods including brochures, flyers, and marketing materials, are ultimately made from wood. Timber Beams 08.
SELECTION & SUITABILITY Density The weight and toughness of the wood are indicated by this term. Higher density wood is often more suitable for furniture, whilst lower density wood is frequently used for tasks like woodcraft. Colour WHERE The first thing to consider is whether your finished item will be used indoors or outside. Hardwoods are obviously the best option for outdoor use, but it's important to keep in mind that some softwoods, like pine, might still be good after treatment. When selecting a wood for outdoor use, take into account the amount of direct sunlight, potential exposure to rain, and if the wood will be in direct touch with the ground. Although some woods, including European Oak and the West African hardwoods Idigbo and Iroko, have a better natural resilience to decay than others, timber can be chemically treated to avoid rot. The kind of timber needed for indoor projects is much more diverse, and based on your needs, both soft and hardwood can be used. Harder wood, such as oak or beech, is required for sturdy and structural things like flooring or bannisters. Pine and other softer woods are frequently utilized to make lighter furniture pieces like doors and cabinets. FINISH Consider whether your timber will be exposed to the elements, the type of finish you want to achieve, and the level of upkeep it will take to determine whether it needs treatment. The Malaysian hardwood Balau is a well-liked option for tasks like outdoor decking since it may be utilized raw. This method is the least maintenance-intensive due to the timber's excellent resistance to rot, even though the colour of the wood does naturally change over time and take on a weathered grey appearance. Utilizing topcoats or preservative treatments with water resistance and UV protection will be beneficial for other hardwoods. WORKABILITY It's crucial to pick the right wood for whatever you're building. Although the aesthetics of your finished product should come first, it is still important to take the pricing and workability of the wood into account. Due to how simple it is to cut, plane, and sand redwood pine, it is frequently used for woodworking and joinery applications. The beautiful finish of American white oak contributes to its popularity. Many furniture makers prefer walnut because wood is simple to machine and has a genuine "quality" appearance. The colour of the wood will significantly affect how your product looks in general. For instance, white pine and cherry wood will look extremely different when used naturally. Texture Continue reading at next page > To determine the texture you desire from the timber, you must look at how the wood has been finished. Timber is available in a wide range of sizes, designs, and cuts. When selecting the sort of lumber for your project, you must carefully consider the exact qualities you are seeking. When choosing lumber, keep the following in mind: -Robert Peters 09.
One of the most valuable and significant building materials is timber. There are many various types of timber, choosing the best one for your project requires careful consideration. Timber is an expensive material to use and to maintain in a construction of various purposes, thus it must be solid, resilient, and long-lasting. Timber windows, doors, and other interior features provide a significant contribution to the aesthetics of the space. Timber is used for things like windows, doors, cabinets, shelves, floor, furniture, and railings. Additionally, plywood and unfinished wood are often utilized forms of timber. such as plywood planks and plywood blocks. Solid wood or timber are used in the construction of heavy-patterned doors and windows to ensure their strength, toughness, and durability. Thus, it is wise to keep guard of the nature as there are more to woods than just to keep us warm. Thank You! 10. CONCLUSION
references: Advantages and Disadvantages of Timber in Structures. Martin Perry Associates. Retrieved January 2023, from https://mperryassociates.com/2022/11/16/advantages-and-disadvantagesof-timber-in-structures/ Edwards, E. (n.d.). What is timber and what is it used for? Thomasnet® - Product Sourcing and Supplier Discovery Platform - Find North American Manufacturers, Suppliers and Industrial Companies. Retrieved January 2023, from https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/other/what-is-timber/ HENNIK RESEARCH 2023. (2020, August 17). Choosing materials to last: A guide to timber. The Manufacturer. Retrieved January 2023, from https://www.themanufacturer.com/press-releases/choosing-materials-lastguide-timber/ Jamal, H. (2017, July 6). Properties of Wood & Timber - Physical & Chemical Properties of Wood. aboutcivil.com. Retrieved January 2023, from https://www.aboutcivil.org/Properties%20of%20Wood%20and%20Timber.html Kanwarjot Singh, (nd) What Is Wood | What Is Timber | Difference Between Wood And Timber. Civil Engineering Portal. Retrieved January 2023 from https://www.engineeringcivil.com/what-is-wood-what-is-timber-differencebetween-wood-and-timber.html Mentors, Civil. (2019, January 24). Top 6 properties of wood and timber used in construction. CivilSeek. Retrieved January 2023, from https://civilseek.com/properties-of-wood-timber/ Sayigh, A. (2021). The importance of wood and timber in sustainable buildings. Google Books. Retrieved January 2023, from https://books.google.com.my/books? id=69FCEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=importance%2Bof%2Bt imber&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=impor tance%20of%20timber&f=false Stuart. (2015, December 18). Timbersource Ltd. Hardwood & Softwood Online Timber Merchants. Retrieved January 2023, from https://www.timbersource.co.uk/blog/how-choose-right-timber-yourproject-1 Timber Care And Maintenance Guide. MMF Timber Hub. Retrieved January 2021, from https://www.mmftimberhub.com/uploads/cmsfile/files/MMF%20TIMBER%20HU B%20-%20TIMBER%20CARE%20%26%20MAINTENANCE%20GUIDE.pdf Timber Maintenance. Wood Solution. Retrieved January 2021, from https://www.woodsolutions.com.au/timber-maintenance