STRUCTURAL

STRUCTURAL METAL

A SIMPLE PRESENTATION

Structural metal 01 INTRODUCTION
02
03 GENERAL
04
05 PROPERTIES
06
07 TYPES OF METAL

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
OF STRUCTURAL METAL
JKR SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE

Introduction What is metal structure?
Metal structures are built of structural steel
components that are connected to one another to
carry loads and offer complete stiffness. This
construction is dependable and uses fewer raw
materials than others like concrete and timber
structures due to the high strength grade of steel.
Almost every sort of structure in modern
construction is made of steel, including airport
terminals, major industrial plants, pipe racks, high-
rise buildings, equipment support systems,
infrastructure, bridges, and towers.

GENERAL INFORMATION:

All materials shall conform to the
relevant British Standards and
equivalent standards may be accepted
with the approval of the S.O.

Properties Density
Density of a material is defined as mass per
unit volume. Structural steel has density of
7.75 to 8.1 g/cm3.

Elastic Modulus
Elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity is
the measurement of tendency of an object to
be deformed when force or stress is applied
to it. Typical values for structural steel range
from 190-210 gigapascals.

Poisson's Ratio
It is the ratio between contraction and
elongation of the material. Lower the value,
lesser the object will shrink in thickness
when stretched. Acceptable values for
structural steel are 0.27 to 0.3.

Tensile Strength
Tensile strength of an object is the
determination of limit up to which an object
can be stretched without breaking. Fracture
point is the point at which an object breaks
after application of stress. Structural steel
has high tensile strength so is preferred over
other materials for construction.

Properties Yield Strength
Yield strength or yield point is the stress at which an object deforms permanently.
It cannot return to its original shape when stress is removed. Structural steel
made of carbon has yield strengths of 187 to 758 megapascals. Structural steel
made of alloys has values from 366 to 1793 megapascals.

Melting Point
There is no defined value for melting point due to the wide variations in types of
structural steel. Melting point is the temperature at which object starts to melt
when heated.

Specific Heat
Specific heat or heat capacity is the amount of heat which needs to be applied to
the object to raise its temperature by a given amount. A higher value of specific
heat denotes greater insulation ability of the object. Values are measured in Joules
per Kilogram Kelvin. Structural steel made of carbon has values from 450 to 2081
and that made from alloys has values ranging from 452 to 1499.

Hardness
Hardness is the resistance of an object to shape change when force is applied.
There are 3 types of hardness measurements. Scratch, indentation and rebound.
Structural steel made by using alloys has hardness value between 149-627 Kg.
Structural steels made of carbon has value of 86 to 388 Kg.

Parallel Flange Channels

Type of metal These channelled beamsParallelFlangeChannels are U-shaped with right angled

corners, similar to the shape ofThese channelled beams are U-shaped with right angled corners, similar to the shape of a staple. They come in various different sizes, however, the two sides are always the same length and are parallel to one another. They also offer a high strength to weight ratio and have similar uses to angled sections. a staple. They come in



various different sizes, however, the two sides are

always the same length and are parallel to one another.

They also offer a high strength to weight ratio and have

similar uses to angled sections.

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Tapered Flange Beams

Taper flange beams come in an I-shaped and are also

available in a vast variety of sizes. In construction,

these are often used as cross-sections for girders.

Though they have a particularly resistance ratio, it is

not usually recommended when pressure is present

along the length as they are not torsion (twisting)

resistant.

Type of metal Universal Beam

Universal beams, also known ad I-beams or H-beams, come in the
shape of their namesake: an ‘I’ when standing upright, and a ‘H’ on their
side. Universal beams are usually made of structural steel and are used

in construction and civil engineering, among other industries.

Universal Column
Universal beams are also widely used for structural purposes. They are
similar to beams and are often referred to as I-beams or H-beams, however,
all three sections are the same in length. As their name suggests, they are
mainly used for columns, and have a brilliant load-bearing capabilities.

Ttype of metal Angled Sections
Angled structural steel sections can come as either equal
or unequal. Both will be right angled, however, unequal
sections have different sized axis’ making them L-shaped.
This kind of section is much stronger (up to 20%) with a
much higher strength to weight ratios. Angled sections are
used in residential construction, infrastructure, mining and

transport. Also, they are available in a wide range of
lengths and sizes.

Circular Hollow Sections
Circular Hollow Sections come as a hollow tubular cross
sections and have a much higher resistance to torsion that
tapered flange beams. The density of the walls is uniform
within the entire circle which makes this beams great for

use with multi-axis loading processes.

Types of metal Rectangular Hollow Sections
These types of structural steel are much like the

circular hollow sections,however they have
rectangular cross sections. They are very popular in

many mechanical and construction steel
applications. Their flat surfaces make them prime for

use in joining and metal fabrication.



Flat Sections
Arguably the most versatile type of steel section

as they require to be attached to another
section. In some cases, they can be attached to
another section as a strengthening tool. They

are also often referred to as ‘plates’ (for
example, checker plates).

Advantages of Structural Metal

Parallel Flange Channels

These channelled beams are U-shaped with right angled corners, similar to the shape of a staple. They come in various different sizes, however, the two sides are always the same length and are parallel to one another. They also offer a high strength to weight ratio and have similar uses to angled sections.



Steel is tensile. It has a high strength to weight ratio which means it has

high strength per unit mass. So no matter how large the overall structure

is, the steel sections will be small and lightweight, unlike other building

materials.

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Steel can be easily fabricated and produced massively. Steel sections can

be produced off-site at shop floors and then assembled onsite. This saves

time and increases the efficiency of the overall construction process.

Structural steel is very flexible. You can mold it into any shape, without

changing its properties. You can convert it into sheets or turn it into wires

as per the design.

Structural steel is relatively cheap compared to other building materials.

Disadvantages of Structural Metal
Parallel Flange Channels

These channelled beams are U-shaped with right angled corners, similar to the shape of a staple. They come in various different sizes, however, the two sides are always the same length and are parallel to one another. They also offer a high strength to weight ratio and have similar uses to angled sections.



Steel is available only at the steel shops where it's produced and should be
transported for long distances to the construction point, not at all like

concrete or different materials that might be accessible right at the point of
development.

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Due to rust in steel, expensive maquillages are needed to reestablish from
time to time so that resistance against severe conditions increments

Steel can not fester in any path you needed. It must be employed in structures
in which areas originally live.

Steel is a good captain of heat, touches off accoutrements in contact, and
frequently causes fires, snappily spreading to different parts of a structure.

Hence, steel structures may bear redundant fireproofing treatment.

JKR Standard 3.1 All prefabricated components shall be manufactured only by
Specification reputable licensed truss suppliers listed in J - TRUSS system online (

Application and A
pproval of Truss System Provider ) and approved by

the S.O .. This supplier duly termed as System Provider is responsible
for the analysis , design , detailing , drawing , manufacture , material
handling and erection of the roof members , and their ancillary fixing .
components . The full requirement is outlined in the Specification for
Prefabricated Cold Formed Steel Roof Trusses ( JKR 20601-0186-11 ) . t

3.2 . System Provider The System Provider ( S.P ) is a supplier of a
proprietary roof truss system appointed by the Contractor and approved
by the S.O , which employs Quality Assurance procedures in the design ,

detailing , connection , bracing , erection criteria and manufacture of
truss components for the structural roof truss system .

JKR Standard 3.6 . General Truss Limitation :
Specification 3.6.1 . Prior to any prefabricated cold formed roof trusses works , the
following general limitation shall be applied


3.6.1.1 . Maximum unsupported truss span 13 m with permitted deviation of

0.05m .
3.6.1.2 . Maximum truss spacing of 1.2m with permitted deviation of 0.025 m
. 3.6.1.3 . The minimum basic wind speed shall be 35m / s . However , the
minimum basic wind speed shall be increased to 41m / s for lightweight roof
covering .
3.6.1.4 . Minimum base steel thickness for main truss member shall be
a) 1mm for unsymmetrical section or open cross section
0.6mm for symmetrical machine - manufactured box or closed cross section
. 3.6.1.5 . Minimum base steel thickness for other truss element shall be :
a)0.5mm for batten or purlin ;
b)1.2mm for wall plate :
c)1mm for all bracings a ) b )

References
ATAD STEEL STRUCTURE CORPORATION. STEEL STRUCTURE INTRODUCTION .

Retrieved from https://atad.vn/steel-structure-introduction/.

Akmarn Makmur . (Dec 06, 2015) . Final_130314_JKR_Steel_Spec_JKR_20601_0191_12 [PDF
FILE].Cupdf.com.Retrieved from
https://cupdf.com/document/final130314jkrsteelspecjkr20601019112.html?
page=1#tabSectionPart.

Future Steel Buildings/Properties.(2020, 20 September ). Retrieved from
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Future_Steel_Buildings/Properties